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Neuroanatomy of the brachial plexus: normal and variant anatomy of its formationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The brachial plexus is the complex network of nerves, extending from the neck to the axilla, which supplies motor, sensory, and sympathetic fibers to the upper extremity. Typically, it is formed by the union of the ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves, C5–C8 & T1, the so-called “roots” of the brachial plexus. By examining the neural architecture of the brachial plexus, the most constant arrangement of nerve fibers can be delineated, and the most predominate variations in the neural architecture defined. A thorough understanding of the neuroanatomy of the brachial plexus, with an appreciat...
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - March 18, 2010 Category: Anatomy Tags: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Source Type: journals

Craniofacial measures of chronic otitis media patients by 2D reformatted CTEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Few authors have studied differences in craniofacial morphology of adults with chronic otitis media (COM). We sought to compare the craniofacial measurements of patients with COM with otherwise healthy adults. The study group included 120 adult patients. The control group had 30 men and 30 women without evidence of otitis media; a COM group consisted of 30 men and 30 women with COM. Craniofacial measurements were assessed retrospectively using a two-dimensional reformatted CT method. Multiple linear (bony and cartilaginous auditory tube length, size of the mastoid, height of the jugular bulbus, intercochlear distance, bite...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 17, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Suat Avci, Tarkan Ergun, Erdinc Aydin, Leyla Kansu Source Type: journals

Primates of All Types Swing Through the Pages of The Anatomical Record.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 20235308 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Laitman JT, Albertine KH Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

The Magic of the Monkey House: New Insights Into the Anatomy that Makes Primates Primates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 20235309 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Laitman JT Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

From Head to Tail: New Models and Approaches in Primate Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This special issue of The Anatomical Record (AR) is based on interest generated by a symposium at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) at Experimental Biology, entitled "An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Anatomy." The development of this volume in turn provided impetus for a Biological Anthropology Mini-Meeting, organized by members of the AAA for the 2010 Experimental Biology meeting in Anaheim, California. The research presented in these pages reflects the themes of these symposia and provides a snapshot of the current state of primate functional anatomy and biomechanics research...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Organ JM, Deleon VB, Wang Q, Smith TD Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Full-Field Characterization of Wishboning Strain in the Colobine Mandibular Symphysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The masticatory loading regime of lateral transverse bending (wishboning) is hypothesized to be instrumental in the evolution of symphyseal form among primates. The biomechanics of wishboning have largely been inferred by assuming that the mandible behaves as a curved beam under this load; however, the characterization of stress and strain in the anthropoid symphysis has been interpretively challenging. This is due, in part, to both limitations of sampling strain in an in vivo context and the incongruence of beam theory assumptions on the one hand, and the anatomical complexity of mandibular morphology on the other. Ut...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Bucinell RB, Daegling DJ, Scott McGraw W, Rapoff AJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Allometry of Masticatory Loading Parameters in Mammals.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Considerable research on the scaling of loading patterns in mammalian locomotor systems has not been accompanied by a similarly comprehensive analysis of the interspecific scaling of loading regimes in the mammalian masticatory complex. To address this deficiency, we analyzed mandibular corpus bone strain in 11 mammalian taxa varying in body size by over 2.5 orders of magnitude, including goats, horses, alpacas, pigs, and seven primate taxa. During alert chewing and biting of hard/tough foods, bone-strain data were collected with rosette gauges placed along the lateral aspect of the mandibular corpus below the molars o...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ravosa MJ, Ross CF, Williams SH, Costley DB Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship Between Jaw-Muscle Architecture and Jaw-Muscle Electromyography During Chewing Across Primates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, the relationship between masseter and temporalis muscle architecture and jaw-muscle activity patterns is explored using Belanger's treeshrews and 11 primate species, including two genera of strepsirrhines (Lemur and Otolemur) and five genera of anthropoids (Aotus, Callithrix, Cebus, Macaca, and Papio). Jaw-muscle weights, fiber lengths, and physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSA) were quantified for this preliminary analysis or collected from the literature and compared to published electromyographic recordings from these muscles. Results indicate that masseter architecture is unrelated to the superficial m...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Vinyard CJ, Taylor AB Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

The Structural Rigidity of the Cranium of Australopithecus africanus: Implications for Diet, Dietary Adaptations, and the Allometry of Feeding Biomechanics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Australopithecus africanus is an early hominin (i.e., human relative) believed to exhibit stress-reducing adaptations in its craniofacial skeleton that may be related to the consumption of resistant food items using its premolar teeth. Finite element analyses simulating molar and premolar biting were used to test the hypothesis that the cranium of A. africanus is structurally more rigid than that of Macaca fascicularis, an Old World monkey that lacks derived australopith facial features. Previously generated finite element models of crania of these species were subjected to isometrically scaled loads, permitting a dire...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Strait DS, Grosse IR, Dechow PC, Smith AL, Wang Q, Weber GW, Neubauer S, Slice DE, Chalk J, Richmond BG, Lucas PW, Spencer MA, Schrein C, Wright BW, Byron C, Ross CF Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

The Effect of Early Hominin Occlusal Morphology on the Fracturing of Hard Food Items.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tooth profile plays an important role in interpretations of the functional morphology of extinct species. We tested hypotheses that australopith occlusal morphology influences the fracture force required to crack large, hard food items using a combination of physical testing and finite element analysis (FEA). We performed mechanical experiments simulating both molar and premolar biting using metal replicas of four hominin specimens representing species that differ in occlusal relief (Praeanthropus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, and P. boisei). The replicas were inserted into an Instron ma...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Berthaume M, Grosse IR, Patel ND, Strait DS, Wood S, Richmond BG Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Mechanical Impact of Incisor Loading on the Primate Midfacial Skeleton and its Relevance to Human Evolution.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, the second of these two hypotheses is tested using finite element analyses of a monkey skull. Results indicate that incisor loading induces heavy stress in the anterior midface of macaques. Additional analyses using incremental increases in the anteroinferior tilt of the skull to simulate different magnitudes of facial projection revealed that comparable muscular force generates less stress in a less-projected face. However, the findings of our final analyses, which attempted to combine biting with the incisors and pulling with the hands, differed from the analyses that mimicked only incisor loading (without...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Wang Q, Wright BW, Smith A, Chalk J, Byron CD Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Microanatomical Assessment of Nasomaxillary Suture Patency.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In addition to acting as a growth site, sutures in the facial skeleton are important for distributing mechanical forces during mastication. In the present study, the extent of fusion of a facial suture is assessed in two samples of adult bushbabies (Galago moholi and Otolemur garnettii). Microanatomical techniques were used to determine the loci of osseous bridges across the nasomaxillary suture (NMS). Histological sections containing sutures with osseous bridging were rated as "fused." One of the specimens was studied using micro-computed tomography before paraffin embedding and serial sectioning. At all ages, O. garn...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Smith TD, Burrows AM, Dumont ER Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Edentulation Alters Material Properties of Cortical Bone in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton: Functional Implications for Craniofacial Structure in Primate Evolution.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Skeletal adaptations to reduced function are an important source of skeletal variation and may be indicative of environmental pressures that lead to evolutionary changes. Humans serve as a model animal to investigate the effects of loss of craniofacial function through edentulation. In the human maxilla, it is known that edentulation leads to significant changes in skeletal structure such as residual ridge resorption and loss of cortical thickness. However, little is known about changes in bone tissue structure and material properties, which are also important for understanding skeletal mechanics but are often ignored....
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Dechow PC, Wang Q, Peterson J Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Evidence for the Influence of Diet on Cranial Form and Robusticity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The evolutionary significance of cranial form and robusticity in early Homo has been variously attributed to allometry, encephalization, metabolic factors, locomotor activity, and masticatory forces. However, the influence of such factors is variably understood. To evaluate the effect of masticatory loading on neurocranial form, sibling groups of weanling white rabbits were divided into two cohorts of 10 individuals each and raised on either a soft diet or a hard/tough diet for 16 weeks until subadulthood. Micro-CT was used to quantify and visualize morphological variation between treatment groups. Results reveal trend...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Menegaz RA, Sublett SV, Figueroa SD, Hoffman TJ, Ravosa MJ, Aldridge K Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Masticatory Loading, Function, and Plasticity: A Microanatomical Analysis of Mammalian Circumorbital Soft-Tissue Structures.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In contrast to experimental evidence regarding the postorbital bar, postorbital septum, and browridge, there is exceedingly little evidence regarding the load-bearing nature of soft-tissue structures of the mammalian circumorbital region. This hinders our understanding of pronounced transformations during primate origins, in which euprimates evolved a postorbital bar from an ancestor with the primitive mammalian condition where only soft tissues spanned the lateral orbital margin between frontal bone and zygomatic arch. To address this significant gap, we investigated the postorbital microanatomy of rabbits subjected t...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Jašarević E, Ning J, Daniel AN, Menegaz RA, Johnson JJ, Stack MS, Ravosa MJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Mammalian Limb Loading and Chondral Modeling During Ontogeny.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The adaptive growth response of cartilage, or chondral modeling, can result in changes in joint and limb proportions during ontogeny and ultimately contribute to the adult form. Despite Hamrick's (1999) reevaluation of the mechanisms of chondral modeling, the process of chondral modeling remains poorly studied in animal models. Here, we characterize the macro- and microanatomical responses of the femoral growth plate, articular cartilage, and bone in 15 juvenile Sus scrofa domestica subjected to different locomotor activity patterns. The exercised animals exhibit thinner cartilage zones, greater cellularity and larger ...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Hammond AS, Ning J, Ward CV, Ravosa MJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Curvature Scaling in the Medial Tibial Condyle of Large Bodied Hominoids.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study tests the hypothesis that increases in body size within a species result in flatter joint contours of the joint articular surface. Joint flattening is expected to regulate the magnitude and direction of transarticular stresses passing through the joint. Three-dimensional laser scans of polyvinylsiloxane molds of the medial tibial condyle of gorillas (n = 40), common chimpanzees (n = 40), and modern humans (n = 40) were evaluated for differences in articular surface topography, with all measures of joint curvature examined in relation to femoral head superoinferior diameter (as a surrogate for body size). Analyse...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Sylvester AD, Organ JM Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Shouldering the Burdens of Locomotion and Posture: Glenohumeral Joint Structure in Prosimians.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study compares soft-tissue morphology of these three shoulder joint components among broad phylogenetic, locomotor, and postural behavior ranges in prosimian primates. Two adult specimens of Galago moholi (a vertical clinger and leaper) were dissected for study, along with one adult each of Cheirogaleus medius (an arboreal quadruped), Eulemur macaco (an arboreal quadruped that also frequently engages in suspensory behavior), and Tarsius syrichta (a vertical clinger and leaper). Because of their role in glenohumeral joint movement and stabilization, the rotator cuff muscles were also dissected and weighed among the spe...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Wright-Fitzgerald AS, Balceniuk MD, Burrows AM Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Studying Primate Carpal Kinematics in Three Dimensions Using a Computed-Tomography-Based Markerless Registration Method.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The functional morphology of the wrist pertains to a number of important questions in primate evolutionary biology, including that of hominins. Reconstructing locomotor and manipulative capabilities of the wrist in extinct species requires a detailed understanding of wrist biomechanics in extant primates and the relationship between carpal form and function. The kinematics of carpal movement, and the role individual joints play in providing mobility and stability of the wrist, is central to such efforts. However, there have been few detailed biomechanical studies of the nonhuman primate wrist. This is largely because o...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Orr CM, Leventhal EL, Chivers SF, Marzke MW, Wolfe SW, Crisco JJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Dynamic Pressure Patterns in the Hands of Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) During Terrestrial Locomotion: Implications for Cercopithecoid Primate Hand Morphology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Habitually terrestrial monkeys adopt digitigrade hand postures at slow speeds to increase effective forelimb length and reduce distal limb joint moments. As these primates move faster, however, their hands transition to a more palmigrade posture, which is likely associated with the inability of wrist and hand joints to resist higher ground reaction forces (GRF) associated with faster speeds. Transitioning to a palmigrade posture may serve to distribute GRFs over a larger surface area (i.e., increased palmar contact), ultimately reducing stresses in fragile hand bones. To test this hypothesis, dynamic palmar pressure da...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Patel BA, Wunderlich RE Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Trabecular Bone Structure in the Humeral and Femoral Heads of Anthropoid Primates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The functional significance of three-dimensional trabecular bone architecture in the primate postcranial skeleton has received significant interest over the last decade. Some previous work has produced promising results, finding significant relationships between femoral head trabecular bone structure and hypothesized locomotor loading in leaping and nonleaping strepsirrhines. Conversely, most studies of anthropoid femoral head bone structure have found broad similarity across taxonomic and locomotor groups. The goal of this study is to expand on past analyses of anthropoid trabecular bone structure by assessing the eff...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ryan TM, Walker A Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Structure and Function of Platyrrhine Caudal Vertebrae.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examines structural properties of the tail with external measurements that are selected to better approximate resistance to bending/torsion while also examining vertebral cross-sectional geometry with computed tomography-a direct measure of resistance to bending/torsion. Specifically, this study tests the hypotheses that the caudal vertebrae (and the tail as a whole) of prehensile-tailed platyrrhines are structured to resist higher torsional and bending stresses than their functional analogues in nonprehensile-tailed platyrrhines, and that the predicted differences become more drastic further distally within the...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Organ JM Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Bifid liver accompanied by hepatolithiasisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Xu Nan, Yan Lu-Nan Source Type: journals

Branching patterns of the lateral thoracic, subscapular, and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and their relationship to the posterior cord of the brachial plexusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study quantifies the frequency of variant branching of the lateral thoracic, subscapular, and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, how it they relate to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. Axillae of 83 cadavers were dissected to allow examination of the axillary artery and its branches. Data were collected observing the branching pattern of the lateral thoracic, subscapular, and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, as well as those branches spatial relationship to the two terminal branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. Some of the more common variations included the thoracodorsal artery ari...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Anthony Olinger, Brion Benninger Source Type: journals

AbstractsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Clinical Anatomy)
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Source Type: journals

The contribution of the palmaris longus muscle to the strength of thumb abductionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The palmaris longus muscle (PLM) is described as a weak flexor of the wrist and a tensor of the palmar aponeurosis, but not a thumb abductor. The PLM is believed to aid thumb abduction through its insertion onto the thenar eminence. Two groups, both right hand dominant, were selected from 1,200 sampled participants. The first group comprised of 38 subjects with unilateral presence of the PLM and was used to determine the strength of thumb abduction. The second group comprised of 30 subjects, with bilateral presence of the PLM, and it was used to calculate the effects of hand dominance. A significant number of subjects with...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Hope Gangata, Robert Ndou, Graham Louw Source Type: journals

The frequency of absence of palmaris longus in a South African population of mixed raceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, South African persons of mixed race (n = 201) were assessed by two anatomists for the presence of the PL tendon using three clinical tests, namely the Traditional Test, Mishra's Test II, and the Gangata Test. The most reliable of the three tests used was determined using Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Of the total number of subjects used, 11.5% had absence (either bilaterally or unilaterally) of the PL tendon. There was a 5.5% bilateral absence of the PL. The study revealed that the PL tendon may present in six different patterns according to the clinical assessment tests applied, the presence or abse...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Robert Ndou, Hope Gangata, Bontle Mitchell, Thandeka Ngcongo, Graham Louw Source Type: journals

Morphometric variations of the 7th cervical vertebrae of Zulu, White, and Colored South AfricansEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The 7th cervical vertebrae of 240 cadavers of South African Zulu, White, and Colored population groups were examined to determine morphometric variation. White and Colored females had statistically significant narrower cervical anteroposterior diameters than their male counterparts, whereas no statistically significant difference between sexes of the Zulu population group was observed in this variable. In addition, although Zulu and Colored females had statistically significant narrower cervical transverse diameters than their male counterparts, there was no statistically significant variation between South African white m...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Job M. Kibii, Rualing Pan, Phillip V. Tobias Source Type: journals

Spinal cord termination in adult Africans: Relationship with intercristal line and the transumbilical planeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The level of cord termination and level of vertebral intersection of intercristal line and transumbilical plane (TUP), frequently used landmarks, show ethnic variation. The relationship of the spinal cord termination to these lines is vital in spinal surgery and anesthesia, but data on these parameters are scarce in the African population. The purpose of this work is to determine the level of cord termination and establish its relationship with intercristal line and TUP. One hundred and twelve specimens obtained from the department of Human Anatomy at the University of Nairobi were used in this study. The conus medullaris ...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: P. Gatonga, J.A. Ogeng'o, K.O. Awori Source Type: journals

A review of the thoracic splanchnic nerves and celiac gangliaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Anatomical variation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves is as diverse as any structure in the body. Thoracic splanchnic nerves are derived from medial branches of the lower seven thoracic sympathetic ganglia, with the greater splanchnic nerve comprising the more cranial contributions, the lesser the middle branches, and the least splanchnic nerve usually T11 and/or T12. Much of the early anatomical research of the thoracic splanchnic nerves revolved around elucidating the nerve root level contributing to each of these nerves. The celiac plexus is a major interchange for autonomic fibers, receiving many of the thoracic splan...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Marios Loukas, Zachary Klaassen, William Merbs, R. Shane Tubbs, Jerzy Gielecki, Anna Zurada Source Type: journals

An uncommon variation of flexor digitorum superficialis indicis, a case report: Anatomical and clinical relevanceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Smita Kakar Source Type: journals

A combination method for preparing casting and transparent liver specimenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the combination method for preparing casting and transparent liver specimen created a new approach for the research of intrahepatic vessels, especially for applied basic research of hepatic segments. Clin. Anat. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Nan Zheng, Jin Gong, Sheng-Bo Yu, Jian-Fei Zhang, Wei Tang, Cheng-Hong Zhang, Jian Bai, Jie Liu, Hong-Jin Sui, Bing-Yi Shi Source Type: journals

Evaluation of interlobar and accessory pulmonary fissures on 64-row MDCTEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We aimed to describe the prevalence, morphology, and completeness of the oblique, horizontal, and accessory fissures on 64-row multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans. Three hundred and eighty-seven patients were included in this study. The lungs were scanned from apex to diaphragm using 1-mm collimation. Images were evaluated on a Philips workstation using the PACS system. Prevalence of the interlobar and accessory fissures and also incompleteness of the interlobar fissures was evaluated on axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. The frequencies of right oblique fissures, right horizontal fissures, and left oblique fi...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Cihan Akgul Ozmen, Hasan Nazaroglu, Aylin Hasanefendioglu Bayrak, Senem Senturk, Hatice Ozturkmen Akay Source Type: journals

Rapid ultrathin slice plastination of embalmed specimens with minimal tissue lossEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A modified technique of producing 1 mm (ultrathin) E12 plastinated slices of tissue specimens from embalmed cadavers for anatomical teaching and research is described. Specimens up to 150 mm in length and width were embedded in polyurethane foam and serially sectioned using an OMAS C300 food slicer. Individual slices were then processed by cold dehydration, degreasing, resin impregnation, mounting and curing. Bone-containing specimens were first decalcified. Tissue slices could be cut with remarkable accuracy (0.98 ± 0.01 mm per slice) and minimal tissue loss (less than 2% per slice). The entire production process could b...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: S. Soal, M. Pollard, G. Burland, R. Lissaman, M. Wafer, M.D. Stringer Source Type: journals

Morphological changes in the position of the mandibular foramen in dentate and edentate Brazilian subjectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study assessed the mandibular foramen (MF) position variability in dentate and edentate Brazilian mandibles. Eighty dentate and 79 edentate mandibles of unknown sex were measured bilaterally using a digital caliper (0.1-mm precision). Horizontal linear measurements (HM) were done from the MF to the anterior border of the mandibular ramus (MF-A) and from the MF to the posterior border of the mandibular ramus (MF-B). Vertical linear measurements (VM) were done from the MF to the most inferior point of the mandibular notch (MF-C) and from the MF to the inferior border of the mandibular ramus (MF-D). Data were analyzed by...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: F.B. Prado, F.C. Groppo, M.C. Volpato, P.H.F. Caria Source Type: journals

Anatomical observations of the moderator bandEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present these data that may prove useful in the setting of the surgical repair of apical ventricular septal defects through the right atrium. Clin. Anat. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)
Source: Clinical Anatomy - March 16, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Marios Loukas, Zachary Klaassen, R. Shane Tubbs, Trevor Derderian, Dan Paling, Drin Chow, Shilpa Patel, Robert H. Anderson Source Type: journals

Distribution of sympathetic fiber areas of radial nerve in the forearm: an immunohistochemical study in cadaversEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Sympathetic fibers area (Asym) was found to be more in RN when compared to SBRN-1 and SBRN-2. The sympathetic ratio (SI) and percentage of sympathetic fibers area (Asym %) was more in SBRN-1 when compared to RN and SBRN-2. These results of the study might help to explain sympathetic system-related diseases in the area of distribution of RN and SBRN. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-010-0648-yAuthors S. Chakravarthy Marx, Kasturba Medical College Department of Anatomy Manipal 576104 Karnataka IndiaPramod Kumar, Kasturba Medical College Department of ...
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - March 14, 2010 Category: Anatomy Tags: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Source Type: journals

Intramuscular innervations of muscle flaps that are commonly used in clinical settingsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The six muscles are divided into several compartments by the tendon or nerve branches, and all of them make good donor tissue for muscle compartment transfer in reconstructive surgery. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-010-0644-2Authors Da-zhi Yu, Second Military Medical University Department of Plastic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Shanghai 200003 ChinaAn-tang Liu, Second Military Medical University Department of Plastic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Shanghai 200003 ChinaRui-shan Dang, Second Military Medical University Department of Anatomy Shanghai 2...
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - March 14, 2010 Category: Anatomy Tags: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Source Type: journals

On two equations about brain volume, cranial capacity and ageEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion This study could be supplemented by the collection of data such as, the size of the individuals in order to study the relationship between size of the brain and stature because this relation remains unclear. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Medical ImagingDOI 10.1007/s00276-010-0650-4Authors Anne-Sophie Ricard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin Service de Chirurgie Maxillofaciale Place Amélie Raba Léon 33076 Bordeaux FrancePascal Desbarats, Université de Bordeaux Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche Informatique 33405 Talence FranceMathieu Laurentjoye, Université Bordeaux 2 ...
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - March 14, 2010 Category: Anatomy Tags: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Source Type: journals

Anatomical localization of submandibular gland for botulinum toxin injectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The aim of this study was to document the anatomical landmarks of the submandibular gland (SMG) for a botulinum toxin injection. Thirty-four SMGs from 20 cadavers were examined. The mean length of a reference line between the angle of the mandible and the gnathion was 94.8 ± 5.9 mm, the proximal and distal point of the SMG from the angle of the mandible was 10.6% (11.5 ± 3.5 mm) and 41.8% (40.9 ± 5.2 mm), respectively. The facial artery came out of the SMG at 11.6% (14.6 ± 3.4 mm) and the position of the intersection of the facial arter...
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Tags: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Source Type: journals

Evaluation of rhBMP-2 and Natural Latex as Potential Osteogenic Proteins in Critical Size Defects by Histomorphometric Methods.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This in vivo study evaluated the osteogenic potential of two proteins, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and a protein extracted from natural latex (Hevea brasiliensis, P-1), and compared their effects on bone defects when combined with a carrier or a collagen gelatin. Eighty-four (84) Wistar rats were divided into two groups, with and without the use of collagen gelatin, and each of these were divided into six treatment groups of seven animals each. The treatment groups were: (1) 5 mug of pure rhBMP-2; (2) 5 mug of rhBMP-2/monoolein gel; (3) pure monoolein gel; (4) 5 mug of pure P-1; (5) 5 mug o...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Issa JP, Defino HL, Netto JC, Volpon JB, Regalo SC, Iyomasa MM, Siéssere S, Tiossi R Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D as Significant Markers for Assessment of Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D induce lymphangiogenesis through activation of VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) and have been implicated in tumor spread to the lymphatic system. Lymph node dissemination critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relationship of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and lymph node metastasis in cancers, including NSCLC, is still controversial. To evaluate the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in NSCLC tumors were detected by immunohistochemi...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Feng Y, Wang W, Hu J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhang J Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Murine Metapodophalangeal Sesamoid Bones: Morphology and Potential Means of Mineralization Underlying Function.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study utilized radiography, whole mount staining, histology, and conventional electron microscopy to establish a maturation timeline of mineral formation in 1- to 6-week-old metapodophalangeal sesamoids from CD-1 mice. An intimate cellular and structural relationship was documented in more detail than previously described between the sesamoid bone, tendon, and fibrocartilage enthesis at the metapodophalangeal joint. Sesamoid calcification began in 1-week lateral sesamoids of the murine metacarpophalangeal joint of the second digit. All sesamoids were completely calcified by 4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy of...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Doherty AH, Lowder EM, Jacquet RD, Landis WJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Chronic Heart Rate Reduction Facilitates Cardiomyocyte Survival After Myocardial Infarction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that cell survival within the infarct region was enhanced by these two pharmacological agents. Four weeks after ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, the percentage of the LV that contained the infarct was similar in the untreated (MI) rats and those chronically treated with ivabradine (MI + IVA) or atenolol (MI + ATEN). However, the mean thickness (mm) of the ventricular wall containing the scar was significantly greater in the MI + IVA, 1.54 (P </= 0.01) and the MI + ATEN 1.32, compared to 1.1 in the MI group, due to a 2-fold greater area of surviving cardiomyoc...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Zhang RL, Christensen LP, Tomanek RJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Possible Mechanisms of Trichosanthin-Induced Apoptosis of Tumor Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein that is isolated from the root tubers of the Chinese medicinal herb Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz. TCS has been used as an abortifacient for 1,500 years in China because of its high toxicity on trophoblasts. Over the past 20 years, TCS has been the subject of much research because of its potential antitumor activities. Many reports have revealed that TCS is cytotoxic in a variety of tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Monoclonal antibody-conjugated TCS could enhance its antitumor efficacy; thus, TCS is considered to be a potential biological agent fo...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Li M, Li X, Li JC Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Identification and Expression Analysis of a Novel CW-Type Zinc Finger Protein MORC2 in Cancer Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Microrchidia2 (MORC2) is a member of the MORC protein family that is localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm when transiently expressed in gastric cancer cells. We identified and analyzed the functional domains of MORC2, which has specific unique structural characteristics compared to the other MORC proteins. Our data showed that nuclear localization signals (NLS) of MORC2 was mainly dependent on the NLS amino acids (aa) 657-781 and cytoplasmic localization of MORC2 was attributed to the nuclear export signal (NES) aa 481-657. Moreover, the NLS appears to predominate over the NES in the localization of full-length ...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Wang GL, Wang CY, Cai XZ, Chen W, Wang XH, Li F Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Interleukin-2 Enhances Dendritic Development and Spinogenesis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on dendritic filopodia, dendritic arborization, and spine maturation during the development of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The cultured hippocampal neurons were transfected with F-GFP (farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein) at DIV5 to display the subtle structure of dendrites, and were then treated with IL-2 at various concentrations for different time before living cell image observation. We found that both the dendritic arborization and the length of dendrites per neuron at DIV7, DIV10, and DIV14 were increased under IL-2 treatment in a do...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Shen Y, Liu SS, Zhan MY, Luo JH, Zhu LJ Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Distribution Analysis of Deacetylase SIRT1 in Rodent and Human Nervous Systems.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sirtuins function with other biogenic molecules to promote adaptation to caloric restriction in a broad spectrum of eukaryotic species. Sirtuin pathways also converge in the mammalian brain where they appear to protect neurons from nutrient stress. However, few anatomical studies on sirtuins (e.g., SIRT1) are available, particularly those detailing the spatial distribution and subcellular localization pattern of SIRT1 in the brain parenchyma. Here, we report the characterization of a panel of SIRT1-specific antibodies within rodent (i.e., rat and mouse) and human central nervous systems. Immunocytochemical and Western ...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Zakhary SM, Ayubcha D, Dileo JN, Jose R, Leheste JR, Horowitz JM, Torres G Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Expression of Muscle Segment Homeobox Genes in the Developing Myocardium.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Msx1 and Msx2 are essential for the development of many organs. In the heart, they act redundantly in development of the cardiac cushions. Additionally, Msx2 is expressed in the developing conduction system. However, the exact expression of Msx1 has not been established. We show that Msx1 is expressed in the cardiac cushions, but not in the myocardium. In Msx2-null mice, Msx1 is not ectopically expressed in the myocardium. The absence of myocardial defects in the Msx2 knock-out can therefore not be attributed to a redundant action of Msx1 in the myocardium. Anat Rec, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 20225205 [...
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Boogerd CJ, Moorman AF, Barnett P Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals

Coactivator P100 Protein Enhances STAT6-Dependent Transcriptional Activation But Has No Effect on STAT1-Mediated Gene Transcription.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, this study found no evidence that p100 functions as a transcriptional coactivator for STAT1-dependent gene regulation. Anat Rec, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 20225206 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)
Source: Anatomical Record - March 11, 2010 Category: Anatomy Authors: Wang X, Liu X, Fang J, Lu Y, He J, Yao X, Yao Z, Yang J Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: journals