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This page shows you the most recent publications within this specialty of the MedWorm directory. This is page number 36.

MicroRNA Signature at the Time of Clinical HCV Recurrence Associates With Aggressive Fibrosis Progression Post‐Liver Transplantation
Diagnosis and prediction of the severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence (HCVrec) after liver transplantation (LT) remain a challenge. MicroRNAs have been recently recognized as potential disease biomarkers. Archival liver biopsy samples from 43 HCV+ LT recipients were collected at clinical HCVrec time and at 3 years post‐LT. Patients were classified as progressors (P = F0/F1) or nonprogressors (NP = F3/F4) according to the severity of fibrosis on the 3‐year biopsy. Training (n = 27) and validation (n = 16) sets were defined. RNA was isolated from all biopsies at clinical HCVrec time, labeled and hybridized to miRNA‐...
Source: American Journal of Transplantation - January 1, 2013 Category: Transplant Surgery Authors: R. C. Gehrau, V. R. Mas, F. G. Villamil, C. I. Dumur, N. K. Mehta, J. L. Suh, D. G. Maluf Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Subcutaneous Infection with Dirofilaria immitis Nematode in Human, France.
Abstract TO THE EDITOR: In March 2012, a 48-year-old woman was hospitalized with a subcutaneous nodule on her right thigh that was present for 4 weeks. She was living in Martigues near Marseille in southeastern France, owned cats and dogs, and never traveled out of France. Ultrasonography examination showed a diffuse subcutaneous edema without abscess. Results of initial blood count; ionogram; and tests for urea, creatinine, and liver enzyme levels were within reference ranges, but slight hypereosinophilia (0.7 × 10(9) cells/L) was noted 1 month later. Serologic results for toxocariasis, schistosomiasis, trichinos...
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases - January 1, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Foissac M, Million M, Mary C, Dales JP, Souraud JB, Piarroux R, Parola P Tags: Emerg Infect Dis Source Type: research

Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease among HIV‐infected ART‐naïve patients in Mainland China: a multicenter cross‐sectional study
ConclusionThe incidence of CKD is high in Chinese HIV‐infected ART‐naïve patients. Traditional risk factors for renal disease, such as advancing age, HCV co‐infection, and higher plasma viral load were correlated with CKD in the present patient samples.
Source: Nephrology - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Ying Cao, Mengchun Gong, Yang Han, Jing Xie, Xuemei Li, Lixia Zhang, Yanling Li, Xiaojing Song, Ting Zhu, Taisheng Li Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Editorial Comment to Prostate cancer may trigger paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: A case report and a review of the literature
Source: International Journal of Urology - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Sunil K Munshi, Senthil K Raghunathan Tags: Editorial Comment Source Type: research

Wegener's granulomatosis: a review of clinical features and an update in diagnosis and treatment
Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is an idiopathic, systemic inflammatory disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and pauci‐immune small‐vessel vasculitis of upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys. The condition affects both genders equally, although some inconsistent gender differences have been observed. The aetiology of WG remains unknown although a number of exogenous factors have been suggested to be of aetiological relevance. Most clinical characteristics of this disease are non‐specific, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Histopathological examination of lesional and peritoneal t...
Source: Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine - January 1, 2013 Category: Pathology Authors: Hanan A. Almouhawis, Jair C. Leao, Stefano Fedele, Stephen R. Porter Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Risk factors for different phenotypes of hypospadias: results from a Dutch case–control study
Conclusions Our study provides some indications for aetiological heterogeneity of hypospadias, separating anterior and middle phenotypes from posterior hypospadias. Future research should continue to try to establish which specific risk factors and mechanisms may differ according to hypospadias phenotype.
Source: BJU International - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Iris A.L.M. Rooij, Loes F.M. Zanden, Marijn M. Brouwers, Nine V.A.M. Knoers, Wout F.J. Feitz, Nel Roeleveld Tags: Paediatrics Source Type: research

Comparison of the transduction efficiency of tyrosine-mutant adeno-associated virus serotype vectors in kidney.
Abstract Gene therapy has a distinct potential to treat kidney diseases. However, the efficient transduction of a significant number of renal cells by viral vectors has been difficult to accomplish. Previous studies indicate that adeno-associated virus (AAV) can transduce renal cells with variable and suboptimal efficiency. Because new and innovative mutants of AAV are now available, we compared their efficacy in transducing rat kidneys. We compared five types of AAV mutants (AAV2 mut-triple, AAV2 sextuple, AAV8 mut447, AAV8 mut733 and AAV9 mut446) carrying a green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene. A pressu...
Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Qi YF, Li QH, Shenoy V, Zingler M, Jun JY, Verma A, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK Tags: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Source Type: research

A transcriptional blueprint for human and murine diabetic kidney disease.
PMID: 23258910 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Diabetes - January 1, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Bhalla V, Velez MG, Chertow GM Tags: Diabetes Source Type: research

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Nephropathy: A Case Assessment
Abstract: Kidney disease and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are associated with and have important roles in the management of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). HIVAN can progress to deadly end-stage kidney disease. Current recommendations for HIVAN treatments are largely based on observational data and uncontrolled trials. Potential beneficial treatments include HAART, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, corticosteroid, dialysis, and renal transplant. Nurse practitioners play important roles in caring for patients with HIVAN.
Source: The Journal for Nurse Practitioners - January 1, 2013 Category: Nursing Authors: Kelly Connelly, Timothy Nguyen Tags: Features Source Type: research

Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the pathophysiology of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in two mice models
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that there is an increased expression of angiogenic factors in the liver in different mice models for NASH. We found that VEGFR2 blockage attenuates steatosis and inlammation in a diet‐induced mouse model for NASH in a preventive and therapeutic setting. Our findings warrant further investigation of the role of angiogenesis in the pathophysiology in NASH. (HEPATOLOGY2013.)
Source: Hepatology - January 1, 2013 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Coulon Stephanie, Legry Vanessa, Heindryckx Femke, Van Steenkiste Christophe, Casteleyn Christophe, Olievier Kim, Libbrecht Louis, Carmeliet Peter, Jonckx Bart, Stassen Jean‐Marie, Van Vlierberghe Hans, Leclercq Isabelle, Colle Isabelle, Geerts Anja Tags: Steatohepatitis and Metabolic Liver Disease Source Type: research

Of mice and men: the riddle of tubular regeneration
Abstract Regeneration can occur through multiple distinct mechanisms, such as pluripotent stem cells, lineage‐committed progenitors or dedifferentiation. The respective contribution of each of these regenerative strategies in every organ or tissue may be different. Recent results indicate that dedifferentiation contributes less than previously thought, and that stem or progenitor cells seem to be the main drivers of regenerative processes. Our views of regeneration in the kidney is undergoing the same process of revision. Indeed, studies in humans have established the existence of a scattered population of tubular progen...
Source: The Journal of Pathology - January 1, 2013 Category: Pathology Authors: Paola Romagnani Tags: Invited Commentary Source Type: research

Glucose intolerance and lipid metabolic adaptations in response to intrauterine and postnatal calorie restriction in male adult rats.
Abstract Enhanced de novo lipogenesis (DNL), an adult hepatic adaption, is seen with high carbohydrate or low-fat diets. We hypothesized that ad libitum intake after prenatal calorie restriction will result in adult-onset glucose intolerance and enhanced DNL with modified lipid metabolic gene expression profile. Stable isotopes were used in 15-month-old adult male rat offspring exposed to prenatal (IUGR), pre- and postnatal (IPGR), or postnatal (PNGR) caloric restriction vs. controls (CON). IUGR vs. CON were heavier with hepatomegaly but unchanged visceral white adipose tissue (WAT), glucose intolerant with reduced...
Source: Endocrinology - January 1, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Garg M, Thamotharan M, Dai Y, Lagishetty V, Matveyenko AV, Lee WN, Devaskar SU Tags: Endocrinology Source Type: research

The microsomal enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 faces the cytoplasm and uses NADPH generated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
In conclusion, the results demonstrate a cytoplasmic orientation of 17β-HSD3 and dependence on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-generated NADPH, explaining the lack of a direct functional coupling with the luminal 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid metabolism. PMID: 23183177 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Endocrinology - January 1, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Legeza B, Balázs Z, Nashev LG, Odermatt A Tags: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Hydrogen sulfide impairs glucose utilization and increases gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes.
Abstract Mounting evidence has established hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) as an important gasotransmitter with multifaceted physiological functions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of H(2)S on glucose utilization, glycogen synthesis, as well as gluconeogenesis in both HepG(2) cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Incubation with NaHS (a H(2)S donor) impaired glucose uptake and glycogen storage in HepG(2) cells via decreasing glucokinase activity. Adenovirus-mediated cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) overexpression increased endogenous H(2)S production and lowered glycogen content in HepG(2) cells. Glyc...
Source: Endocrinology - January 1, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Zhang L, Yang G, Untereiner A, Ju Y, Wu L, Wang R Tags: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Human Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD-1) Gene Expression Is Negatively Regulated by Thyroid Hormone without Direct Binding of Thyroid Hormone Receptor to the Gene Promoter.
In conclusion, TH negatively regulates human SCD-1 gene expression in without direct binding of the TH receptor to the SCD-1 gene promoter. PMID: 23221600 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Endocrinology - January 1, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Hashimoto K, Ishida E, Miura A, Ozawa A, Shibusawa N, Satoh T, Okada S, Yamada M, Mori M Tags: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Insulin has multiple antiamyloidogenic effects on human neuronal cells.
Abstract Alzheimer's disease is increased in diabetic patients. A defective insulin activity on the brain has been hypothesized to contribute to the neuronal cell dysregulation leading to AD, but the mechanism is not clear. We analyzed the effect of insulin on several molecular steps of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and β-amyloid (Aβ) intracellular accumulation in a panel of human neuronal cells and in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing APP-695. The data indicate that insulin, via its own receptor and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway, influences APP phosphorylation at differ...
Source: Endocrinology - January 1, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Pandini G, Pace V, Copani A, Squatrito S, Milardi D, Vigneri R Tags: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Deferiprone (GPO‐L‐ONE®) monotherapy reduces iron overload in transfusion‐dependent thalassemias: 1‐year results from a multi‐centre prospective, single arm, open label, dose escalating Phase III pediatric study (GPO‐L‐ONE; A001) from Thailand
Abstract Accessibility to iron chelators including deferoxamine and deferasirox remains obscured in many developing countries. To provide an alternative, The Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand (GPO) manufactured deferiprone which has similar bioequivalent to the standard product. Seventy‐three pediatric patients with severe β thalassemias, age range 3.2‐19 yrs, were recruited to a 1‐year multi‐centre prospective, single arm, open label, dose escalating Phase III study of deferiprone to determine its clinical efficacy and safety. Sixty‐four patients (87.6%) completed the study with good compliance...
Source: American Journal of Hematology - January 1, 2013 Category: Hematology Authors: Vip Viprakasit, Issarang Nuchprayoon, Ampaiwan Chuansumrit, Kitti Torcharus, Bunchoo Pongtanakul, Jiraporn Laothamatas, Somdet Srichairatanakool, Julaporn Pooliam, Siriwat Supajitkasem, Prapat Suriyaphol, Voravarn S. Tanphaichitr, Soodsarkorn Tuchinda Tags: Research Article Source Type: research

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the role of vascular resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma
ConclusionsPortal vein resection does not preclude curative resection; however, it is not routinely recommended unless there is suspicion of tumour invasion. There was no proven survival advantage with portal vein resection. Arterial resection results in higher morbidity and mortality with no proven benefit.
Source: HPB: official journal of the International Hepato Pancreat Biliary Association - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Saleh Abbas, Charbel Sandroussi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Recent advances of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in urological surgery
Abstract: Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery designates a surgical procedure that utilizes one or more patent natural orifices of the body with the intention to puncture a hollow viscera in order to enter the abdominal cavity. First carried out at the beginning of the 2000s in experimental models, it can be considered the natural evolution of laparoscopy towards the ideal of scarless surgery, as the avoidance of a large abdominal scar is associated with better cosmetic results and better recovery. However, the technology currently available does not allow the performance of complete pure natural orifice tra...
Source: International Journal of Urology - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Laura Izquierdo, Lluis Peri, Eduardo García‐Cruz, Mireia Musquera, Marta Piqueras, David Gosálbez, Antonio Alcaraz Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Optimizing the Program‐Specific Reporting of Pancreas Transplant Outcomes
The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients is charged with providing program‐specific reports for organ transplant programs in the United States. Monitoring graft survival for pancreas transplant programs has been problematic as there are three different pancreas transplant procedures that may have different outcomes, and analyzing them separately reduces events and statistical power. We combined two consecutive 2.5‐year cohorts of transplant recipients to develop Cox proportional hazards models predicting outcomes, and tested these models in the second 2.5‐year cohort. We used separate models for 1‐ and 3‐...
Source: American Journal of Transplantation - January 1, 2013 Category: Transplant Surgery Authors: B. L. Kasiske, S. Gustafson, N. Salkowski, P. G. Stock, D. A. Axelrod, R. Kandaswamy, E. F. Sleeman, J. Wainright, A. K. Israni, J. J. Snyder Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in hypogonadal men during 6 years of transdermal testosterone treatment
Conclusion These data support a strong safety profile for Testopatch, even at the highest registered dosage.
Source: BJU International - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Jean‐Pierre Raynaud, Jean Gardette, Jacques Rollet, Jean‐Jacques Legros Tags: Urological Oncology Source Type: research

Gut microbiota and non alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights
Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a severe liver disease whose prevalence increases with worldwide epidemic of obesity and its related insulin resistance state. A two hit mechanism has been proposed, however the complete physiopathogenesis remains incompletely uncovered. Evidence about the role of gut microbiota in energy storage and subsequent development of obesity and some of its related diseases is now well established. More recently, a new role of gut microbiota has emerged in NAFLD. Gut microbiota is involved in gut permeability, low‐grade inflammation and immune balance, it modulates dietary cho...
Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection - January 1, 2013 Category: Microbiology Authors: Judith Aron‐Wisnewsky, Bénédicte Gaborit, Anne Dutour, Karine Clement Tags: Invited Review Source Type: research

Beat-to-Beat Tracking of Systolic Blood Pressure Using Noninvasive Pulse Transit Time During Anesthesia Induction in Hypertensive Patients.
CONCLUSION: Beat-to-beat PTT was fairly well correlated with invasive systolic BP and could predict a reduction in systolic BP during anesthesia induction. Beat-to-beat PTT may show potential as a useful noninvasive index of systolic BP when invasive BP is unavailable in high-risk hypertensive patients. PMID: 23223109 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia - January 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Kim SH, Song JG, Park JH, Kim JW, Park YS, Hwang GS Tags: Anesth Analg Source Type: research

Considerations on the management of liver trauma.
PMID: 23216934 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia - January 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Brown TC Tags: Paediatr Anaesth Source Type: research

Leigh Syndrome in a Girl With a Novel DLD Mutation Causing E3 Deficiency
We present the biochemical and molecular diagnosis of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency (also known as E3 deficiency) and Leigh syndrome in a 14-year-old girl with learning disability and episodic encephalopathy and ketoacidosis. The diagnosis was based on values of plasma amino acids and urine organic acids, obtained during acute encephalopathy, lactic ketoacidosis, and liver failure, precipitated by infectious mononucleosis. Enzymatic and molecular analyses confirmed dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. E3 activity from cultured skin fibroblasts ranged from 9-29% of the mean. Molecular analysis revealed com...
Source: Pediatric Neurology - January 1, 2013 Category: Neurology Authors: Shane C. Quinonez, Steven M. Leber, Donna M. Martin, Jess G. Thoene, Jirair K. Bedoyan Tags: Case Reports Source Type: research

Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as an Independent Manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome: Results of a U.S. National Survey in Three Ethnic Groups
ConclusionsThe MetS is strongly associated with NAFLD. However, we found no evidence that NAFLD is an independent component or manifestation of the Mets. Interestingly, ethnic differences might be important in this relationship and require further study.
Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: M.M. Smits, G.N. Ioannou, E.J. Boyko, K.M. Utzschneider Tags: Clinical Hepatology Source Type: research

Multiple factors contribute to positive results for hepatitis a virus immunoglobulin m antibody.
Conclusions.-Current assays for IgM HAV antibodies are overused in the absence of clinical acute hepatitis; future clinical decision support may improve patterns of order entry. Most patients have findings consistent with HAV exposure but not acute hepatitis; dormant viral infection may be a continuing source of antigen. PMID: 23276180 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine - January 1, 2013 Category: Laboratory Medicine Authors: Alatoom A, Ansari MQ, Cuthbert J Tags: Arch Pathol Lab Med Source Type: research

Comparing Molecular Assessment of Implantation Biopsies With Histologic and Demographic Risk Assessment
We hypothesized that measurement of previously defined acute kidney injury‐induced transcripts at the time of implantation would add a new dimension to existing methods based on donor factors, histology and recipient factors. We analyzed microarray results from implantation biopsies taken after reperfusion from 70 kidneys from 53 deceased donors. We used two definitions of early dysfunction: serum creatinine > 265 umol/L at day 7 posttransplant; and dialysis in the first week. The strongest correlate with early dysfunction was the mean expression of 30 injury transcripts. Older donor and recipient age were associated ...
Source: American Journal of Transplantation - January 1, 2013 Category: Transplant Surgery Authors: C. Kreepala, K. S. Famulski, J. Chang, P. F. Halloran Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Comanagement of Diabetic Kidney Disease by the Primary Care Provider and Nephrologist
This article explores the barriers to effective collaboration between physicians in the management of patients with DKD, attitudes and perceptions of physicians toward collaborative management, and the physiologic challenges in patients with DKD that would warrant specialist involvement in their care. A model for collaborative DKD care delivery is also proposed.
Source: Medical Clinics of North America - January 1, 2013 Category: Primary Care Authors: Brendan T. Bowman, Amanda Kleiner, W. Kline Bolton Source Type: research

Diabetes Management in the Kidney Patient
This article reviews metabolic changes present in kidney impairment/failure, current views about glycemic goals, and treatment options for the diabetic patient with CKD.
Source: Medical Clinics of North America - January 1, 2013 Category: Primary Care Authors: Rajesh Garg, Mark E. Williams Source Type: research

Diabetic Kidney Disease in Elderly Individuals
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates diabetes and also has an increased prevalence in elderly individuals. Particularly in those older than 60 years, the most common cause of CKD and end-stage renal disease in the United States is diabetic kidney disease. This growing population represents unique challenges in multidisciplinary medical management. Elderly diabetic patients with CKD may be underserved with regard to fundamental standards of care like the role of glucose control, hypertension management, and the use of renin-angiotensin blocking agents. Current management therefore needs to be reassessed in terms of the ...
Source: Medical Clinics of North America - January 1, 2013 Category: Primary Care Authors: Mark E. Williams Source Type: research

Clinical Manifestations and Natural History of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Renal failure in type 2 diabetes has been termed “a medical catastrophe of worldwide dimension”. In 2001, we found in our unit that 49% of incident patients requiring maintenance hemodialysis had diabetes (i.e. 98/million population/year), 6% of whom had type 1 and most (94%) had type 2 diabetes, i.e. more than the than reported frequency in Germany (approximately 35% of incident patients). The frequency is underestimated because hyperglycemia is often lost in the preterminal phase when diabetic patients lose weight and fasting hyperglycemia.
Source: Medical Clinics of North America - January 1, 2013 Category: Primary Care Authors: Eberhard Ritz Source Type: research

Epidemiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetes currently affects 8.3% of the world's adults and will increase in prevalence in future decades. Diabetic kidney disease is a leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) and health care expenditure. Diabetic kidney disease can develop along an albuminuric or non-albuminuric pathway. The risks of death from all causes and from cardiovascular disease increase with lower glomerular filtration rates. For those with albuminuria, the risks of ESRD and of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality increase with higher levels of albumin excretion. Survival has improved compared to outcomes from the 1980s, and pro...
Source: Medical Clinics of North America - January 1, 2013 Category: Primary Care Authors: Anne T. Reutens Source Type: research

Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease: When the Other Shoe Drops
Diabetes mellitus currently affects over 8% of the world’s adult population. When chronic kidney disease complicates diabetes, as a patient recently confessed to me as her physician, it is like the other shoe has dropped. In the aggregate, the increasing prevalence of diagnosed diabetes mellitus in the United States and elsewhere over the past 2 decades has significantly affected practice within the medical clinics of North America and throughout the world. It is also associated with poorer outcomes and higher medical costs for patients with diabetes and kidney disease. The epidemic of chronic kidney disease complicating...
Source: Medical Clinics of North America - January 1, 2013 Category: Primary Care Authors: Mark E. Williams Source Type: research

Glutamine synthetase expression in activated hepatocyte progenitor cells and loss of hepatocellular expression in congestion and cirrhosis
ConclusionsGlutamine synthetase expression is increased in regenerating hepatocytes and in early HPCs prior to morphologic evidence of hepatocellular differentiation. This may be the earliest marker of HPCs yet demonstrated. Loss of expression may be a reflection of disrupted endothelium‐hepatocyte contact in hepatic vein walls caused by congestive injury as found in congestive heart failure and advanced cirrhosis.© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Source: Liver International - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kirsten E. Fleming, Ian R. Wanless Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Glutamine in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: The Trojan Horse Hypothesis Revisited.
This article reviews the mechanisms by which glutamine contributes to the pathogenesis of HE, how glutamine is transported into mitochondria and subsequently hydrolyzed leading to high levels of ammonia, the latter triggering oxidative and nitrative stress, the mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial injury, a sequence of events we have collectively termed as the Trojan horse hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathy. PMID: 23277414 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Neurochemical Research - January 1, 2013 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Rama Rao KV, Norenberg MD Tags: Neurochem Res Source Type: research

Pulmonary abnormalities associated with renal azotemia
Humans with kidney failure frequently have clinical signs associated with respiratory tract disease. The same has been anecdotally reported in dogs or cats. Azotemic respiratory disease, referred to as “uremic pneumonitis,” develop a high-protein concentration interstitial and alveolar edema with connective tissue proliferation, pulmonary hyaline membranes, and alveolar hemorrhage. Clinical signs range from mild changes in breathing pattern to progressive dyspnea. Acute respiratory distress is less common. Eventual major impairment in gas exchange can occur along with cyanosis.
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2013 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Respiratory Medicine Source Type: research

Issue Information
Source: Andrologia - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces the perfusion pressure response to angiotensin II and methoxamine via an endothelial nitric oxide-mediated pathway in cirrhotic rat liver
This study investigated the effects of Ang-(1–7) on vasoconstrictor-induced perfusion pressure increases in cirrhotic rat livers. Ang II or the alpha 1 agonist methoxamine (MTX) were injected in the presence or absence of Ang-(1–7), and the perfusion pressure response was recorded. Denudation of vascular endothelial cells with sodium deoxycholate was used to investigate the contribution of endothelium to the effects of Ang-(1–7). Ang-(1–7) alone had no effect on perfusion pressure. However, it reduced the maximal vasoconstriction response and area under the pressure response curve to Ang II and MTX ...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Herath, C. B., Mak, K., Burrell, L. M., Angus, P. W. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT Source Type: research

Mechanosensitive Cl- secretion in biliary epithelium mediated through TMEM16A
Bile formation by the liver is initiated by canalicular transport at the hepatocyte membrane, leading to an increase in ductular bile flow. Thus, bile duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), which contribute to the volume and dilution of bile through regulated Cl– transport, are exposed to changes in flow and shear force at the apical membrane. The aim of the present study was to determine if fluid flow, or shear stress, is a signal regulating cholangiocyte transport. The results demonstrate that, in human and mouse biliary cells, fluid flow, or shear, increases Cl– currents and identify TMEM16A, a Ca2+-activat...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Dutta, A. K., Woo, K., Khimji, A.-k., Kresge, C., Feranchak, A. P. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT Source Type: research

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid improves metabolic dysregulation and aberrant hepatic lipid metabolism in mice by both PPAR{alpha}-dependent and -independent pathways
In conclusion, the beneficial actions of NDGA on dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice are exerted primarily through enhanced fatty acid oxidation via PPARα-dependent pathways. However, PPARα-independent pathways also contribute to NDGA's action to ameliorate hepatic steatosis.
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Zhang, H., Shen, W.-J., Cortez, Y., Kraemer, F. B., Azhar, S. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT Source Type: research

Conditional knockout of the Slc5a6 gene in mouse intestine impairs biotin absorption
The Slc5a6 gene expresses a plasma membrane protein involved in the transport of the water-soluble vitamin biotin; the transporter is commonly referred to as the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) because it also transports pantothenic acid and lipoic acid. The relative contribution of the SMVT system toward carrier-mediated biotin uptake in the native intestine in vivo has not been established. We used a Cre/lox technology to generate an intestine-specific (conditional) SMVT knockout (KO) mouse model to address this issue. The KO mice exhibited absence of expression of SMVT in the intestine compared with sex...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Ghosal, A., Lambrecht, N., Subramanya, S. B., Kapadia, R., Said, H. M. Tags: MUCOSAL BIOLOGY Source Type: research

Oxidative modification of the intestinal mucus layer is a critical but unrecognized component of trauma hemorrhagic shock-induced gut barrier failure
Recent studies demonstrate that mechanisms underlying gut barrier failure include systemic processes and less studied luminal processes. We thus tested the hypothesis that mucus layer oxidation is a component of trauma/hemorrhagic shock-induced gut injury and dysfunction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trauma/hemorrhagic shock. Controls underwent trauma only. Mucus from the terminal 30 cm of the ileum was collected, processed, and analyzed for reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI)-mediated damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage, and total antioxidant capacity. The distal ileum was stained to quantify the ...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Fishman, J. E., Levy, G., Alli, V., Sheth, S., Lu, Q., Deitch, E. A. Tags: MUCOSAL BIOLOGY Source Type: research

The hepatic bile acid transporters Ntcp and Mrp2 are downregulated in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency of premature infants and is characterized by an extensive hemorrhagic inflammatory necrosis of the distal ileum and proximal colon. We have previously shown that, during the development of experimental NEC, the liver plays an important role in regulating inflammation in the ileum, and accumulation of ileal bile acids (BA) along with dysregulation of ileal BA transporters contributes to ileal damage. Given these findings, we speculated that hepatic BA transporters would also be altered in experimental NEC. Using both rat and mouse models of NEC, l...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Cherrington, N. J., Estrada, T. E., Frisk, H. A., Canet, M. J., Hardwick, R. N., Dvorak, B., Lux, K., Halpern, M. D. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT Source Type: research

Ethanol administration exacerbates the abnormalities in hepatic lipid oxidation in genetically obese mice
Alcohol consumption synergistically increases the risk and severity of liver damage in obese patients. To gain insight into cellular or molecular mechanisms underlying the development of fatty liver caused by ethanol-obesity synergism, we have carried out animal experiments that examine the effects of ethanol administration in genetically obese mice. Lean wild-type (WT) and obese (ob/ob) mice were subjected to ethanol feeding for 4 wk using a modified Lieber-DeCarli diet. After ethanol feeding, the ob/ob mice displayed much more pronounced changes in terms of liver steatosis and elevated plasma levels of alanine aminotrans...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Everitt, H., Hu, M., Ajmo, J. M., Rogers, C. Q., Liang, X., Zhang, R., Yin, H., Choi, A., Bennett, E. S., You, M. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT Source Type: research

Hepatocyte-specific deletion of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4{alpha} in adult mice results in increased hepatocyte proliferation
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4α) is known as the master regulator of hepatocyte differentiation. Recent studies indicate that HNF4α may inhibit hepatocyte proliferation via mechanisms that have yet to be identified. Using a HNF4α knockdown mouse model based on delivery of inducible Cre recombinase via an adeno-associated virus 8 viral vector, we investigated the role of HNF4α in the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of HNF4α resulted in increased hepatocyte proliferation. Global gene expression analysis showed that a majority of the downregulated ge...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Walesky, C., Gunewardena, S., Terwilliger, E. F., Edwards, G., Borude, P., Apte, U. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT Source Type: research

Critical role of interleukin-17A in murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes severe illness frequently complicated by remote multiorgan dysfunction and sepsis. Recent studies implicated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in regulating inflammation, autoimmunity, and I/R injury. Here, we determined whether IL-17A is critical for generation of intestinal I/R injury and subsequent liver and kidney injury. Mice subjected to 30 min of superior mesenteric artery ischemia not only developed severe small intestinal injury (necrosis, apoptosis, and neutrophil infiltration) but also developed significant renal and hepatic injury. We detected large increases in IL-17A...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lee, H. T., Kim, M., Kim, J. Y., Brown, K. M., Ham, A., D'Agati, V. D., Mori-Akiyama, Y. Tags: INFLAMMATION/IMMUNITY/MEDIATORS Source Type: research

3-D imaging and illustration of mouse intestinal neurovascular complex
Because of the dispersed nature of nerves and blood vessels, standard histology cannot provide a global and associated observation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vascular network. We prepared transparent mouse intestine and combined vessel painting and three-dimensional (3-D) neurohistology for joint visualization of the ENS and vasculature. Cardiac perfusion of the fluorescent wheat germ agglutinin (vessel painting) was used to label the ileal blood vessels. The pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5, sympathetic neuronal marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin, and glial markers S100B and GFAP were used as the immunosta...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Fu, Y.-Y., Peng, S.-J., Lin, H.-Y., Pasricha, P. J., Tang, S.-C. Tags: CALL FOR PAPERS Source Type: research

B7-1 expression regulates the hypoxia-driven cytoskeleton rearrangement in glomerular podocytes
Chronic hypoxia has been recognized as a common mechanism driving the progression of many glomerular diseases. Glomerular cells, although susceptible to hypoxic injuries, are less studied to unravel the hypoxia-related influences. In the present study, we showed that both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia induced B7-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression in podocytes. B7-1, an essential player in the regulation of podocyte stress fibers, interacted directly with the NH2-terminal oxygenation domain of HIF-1α protein and, therefore, might interfere with the HIF-related oxidative events. The suggest...
Source: AJP: Renal Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Chang, J.-M., Hwang, D.-Y., Chen, S.-C., Kuo, M.-C., Hung, C.-C., Hwang, S.-J., Tsai, J.-C., Chen, H.-C. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: research

Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2-a is essential for integrity of the glomerular barrier
Deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (Vhl) gene from renal podocytes of mice (podVhl KO) leads to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid loss of renal function and crescents on renal biopsy. Genomic profiling of glomeruli isolated from podVhl knockout (KO) mice and from patients with RPGN identified a fingerprint of genes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), important substrates of the product of the VHL gene. Here, we show that stabilization of Hifs in podocytes is both required and sufficient for the glomerular phenotype observed in podVhl KO mice....
Source: AJP: Renal Physiology - January 1, 2013 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Ding, M., Coward, R. J., Jeansson, M., Kim, W., Quaggin, S. E. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: research