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Retraction. Retraction notice to "The NSI gene of H5N1 influenza viruses circumvents the host anti-viral cytokine responses" [Virus Res. 103 (2004) 107-113].Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Retraction. Retraction notice to "The NSI gene of H5N1 influenza viruses circumvents the host anti-viral cytokine responses" [Virus Res. 103 (2004) 107-113]. Virus Res. 2010 Apr;149(1):133 Authors: PMID: 20238474 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Virus Research)
Source: Virus Research - March 19, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

Codon usage bias and recombination events for neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes in Chinese isolates of influenza A virus subtype H9N2Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The representative complete neuraminidase sequences (NA) of 138 Chinese isolates and hemagglutinin sequences (HA) of 128 Chinese isolates of influenza A virus subtype H9N2 were analyzed to reveal codon usage bias and recombination events. A plot of the effective number of codons (ENC) against G + C context at the third position of the codons (ENC-plot) and correlation analysis demonstrated that mutational pressure is the main factor determining the codon usage bias in the H9N2 subtype. The high ENC values (51.31 for NA and 48.83 for HA) indicated that the codon usage bias in Chinese H9N2 i...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 19, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

The D225G change in 2009 H1N1 influenza virusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Last year a mutation in the HA gene of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus was identified in isolates from patients with severe disease. At the time I concluded that the emergence of this change was not a concern. Recently the Norwegian Institute of Public Health reported that the mutation, which causes a change from the amino acid aspartic acid to glycine at position 225 of the viral HA protein (D225G), has been identified in 11 of 61 cases (18%) of severe or fatal influenza, but not in any of 205 mild cases. Have these observations changed my view of the importance of this mutation? The cell receptor for influenza A virus str...
Source: virology blog - March 19, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: Information d222g d225G H1N1 influenza pandemic receptor sialic acid swine flu viral virology virulence virus Source Type: blogs

Protection against HIV-envelope-induced neuronal cell destruction by HIV attachment inhibitorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract We demonstrate that HIV attachment inhibitors (AIs) prevent HIV envelope-induced destruction of two neuronal cell lines (SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-M17) at low nanomolar concentrations. The fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide and the CCR5 inhibitors UK427,857 and TAK779 do not display protection activity, suggesting the involvement of Env/cell interaction site(s) distinct from the sites involved in the viral entry process. We surmise that by inducing conformation changes in the envelope, AIs likely obstruct novel interactions with a neuronal cell factor(s) required for induction of apoptosis. This antiretroviral cl...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 18, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Low prevalence of DNA viruses in the human endometrium and endometriosisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigates the possible involvement of a pathogenic virus in endometriosis patients and controls. DNA was purified from biopsies and subjected to highly sensitive PCR tests detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) types, the herpes family viruses HSV-1 and -2, CMV, and EBV, and the polyomaviruses SV40, JCV, BKV, KIV, WUV, and MCV. The prevalence of pathogenic DNA viruses in the human endometrium was generally low (0–10%). The virus prevalence was found to vary slightly when comparing the endometrium of healthy women and women with endometriosis. However, these were not significant differences, and no viruse...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 18, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Nucleolar localization of influenza A NS1: striking differences between mammalian and avian cellsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In mammalian cells, nucleolar localization of influenza A NS1 requires the presence of a C-terminal nucleolar localization signal. This nucleolar localization signal is present only in certain strains of influenza A viruses. Therefore, only certain NS1 accumulate in the nucleolus of mammalian cells. In contrast, we show that all NS1 tested in this study accumulated in the nucleolus of avian cells even in the absence of the above described C-terminal nucleolar localization signal. Thus, nucleolar localization of NS1 in avian cells appears to rely on a different nucleolar localization signal that is more conserved among infl...
Source: Virology Journal - March 17, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Romain VolmerBeryl Mazel-SanchezChristelle VolmerSebastien SoubiesJean-Luc Guerin Source Type: journals

Prevalence of a virus similar to human hepatitis B virus in swineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Our research result implies that SHBV could be a causative agent of swine. The discovery of SHBV will unveil novel evolutionary aspects of hepatitis and provides new information for further hepadnavirus research. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - March 17, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Wengui LiRuiping SheLiqiang LiuHua YouJun Yin Source Type: journals

Human herpesvirus-8 in northwestern China: epidemiology and characterization among blood donorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: HHV-8 seroprevalence was significantly high among blood donors in Xinjiang, where the prevalence of KS correlates with HHV-8 prevalence and titers in Uygur and Kazak ethnic groups. Blood exposure represented by the frequency of blood donation indicated a possible blood-borne transmission route of HHV-8 in Xinjiang. Detecting anti-HHV-8 antibodies before donation in this region is therefore important. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - March 17, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Xing WangBin HeZhaoxia ZhangTao LiuHui WangXu LiQiong ZhangKe LanXiaomei LuHao Wen Source Type: journals

Contagion, the movieEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Contagion is the name of a new action-thriller movie about a global outbreak of a deadly viral disease. Slated to be released in 2011, it is directed by Steven Soderbergh and stars Matt Damon, Kate Winslet, Jude Law, Marion Cotillard, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Lawrence Fishburne. That’s certainly an outstanding crew, but will they get the science right? According to Beyond Hollywood, “the film will have most of the big names playing doctors who are called to duty by the Centers for Disease Control when a major viral outbreak starts killing people around the world. The cast will then be split up and jet off to differ...
Source: virology blog - March 16, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: Information contagion Ebola Hendra movie nipah paramyxovirus viral virology Source Type: blogs

Ectopic expression of H-1 parvovirus NS1 protein induces alterations in actin filaments and cell death in human normal MRC-5 and transformed MRC-5 SV2 cellsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract When grown in human cell lines, oncolytic H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV) replication preferentially occurs in transformed cells, which ultimately die upon infection. H-1PV-induced cytotoxicity is mainly due to P4 promoter-driven NS1 protein expression. Infection of untransformed cells generally does not induce deleterious effects because the P4 promoter is not activated. Here, we show that ectopic CMV-driven NS1 protein expression in normal human MRC-5 cells results in alterations of actin filaments and cell death, and both effects are prevented by a serine 473 mutation. The same substitution preserves acti...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 16, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Comparison of the coat protein genes of Lettuce big-vein associated virus isolates from Australia with those of isolates from other continentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The complete coat protein (CP) nucleotide sequences of seven Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) isolates from Australia were compared to those of 22 other LBVaV and five tobacco stunt virus (TStV) isolates. On phylogenetic analysis, clade I contained only LBVaV isolates from Europe, sub-clade IIa only Australian LBVaV isolates, IIb only Japanese LBVaV isolates, and IIc only TStV isolates from Japan. In the amino acid sequences deduced, the central region of the gene was most divergent. Mean Dn/Ds ratios were 0.283 and 0.124 for clades I and II, respectively. The suggestion that TStV is a stra...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 16, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Response of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251) to raltegravir: a basis for a new treatment for simian AIDS and an animal model for studying lentiviral persistence during antiretroviral therapyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: In line with the high conservation of the three main amino acids Y143, Q148 and N155 (responsible for raltegravir binding) and molecular docking simulations showing similar binding modes of raltegravir at the SIVmac251 and HIV-1 IN active sites, raltegravir is capable of inhibiting SIVmac251 replication both in tissue culture and in vivo. This finding may help to develop effective ART regimens for the simian AIDS model entirely based on drugs adopted for treatment in humans. This ART-treated AIDS nonhuman primate model could be employed to find possible strategies for virus eradication from the body. (Source: Retrovirology)
Source: Retrovirology - March 16, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Mark LewisSandro NorelliMatt CollinsMaria Letizia BarrecaNunzio IraciBarbara ChirulloJake Yalley-OgunroJack GreenhouseFausto TittiEnrico GaraciAndrea Savarino Source Type: journals

Conservation of HHV-6 DNA polymerase processivity factor sequence and predicted structure suggests it as a target for antiviral development.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The replication of HHV-6 DNA is catalyzed by the viral DNA polymerase pU38 and the processivity factor pU27 which stabilizes the enzyme on the DNA template. The genetic polymorphism of pU27 among 46 clinical strains of HHV-6 variant A or B and four strains resistant to antivirals was investigated. Overall, 28 amino acid changes (7.6%) and a two-amino acid deletion were identified among the 368 residues of pU27, when using the U1102 (variant A) sequence as the reference. Eleven amino acid changes (3.0%) specifically differentiated both variants. The median intravariant amino acid variability was 1.2% and 0.3% for A and ...
Source: Antiviral Research - March 15, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Bonnafous P, Verbelen M, Petrella S, Deback C, Gautheret-Dejean A, Boutolleau D, Naesens L, Agut H Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: journals

'Let the phage do the work': Using the phage P22 coat protein structures as a framework to understand its folding and assembly mutants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The amino acid sequence of viral capsid proteins contains information about their folding, structure and self-assembly processes. While some viruses assemble from small preformed oligomers of coat proteins, other viruses such as phage P22 and herpesvirus assemble from monomeric proteins (Fuller and King, 1980; Newcomb et al., 1999). The subunit assembly process is strictly controlled through protein:protein interactions such that icosahedral structures are formed with specific symmetries, rather than aberrant structures. dsDNA viruses commonly assemble by first forming a precursor capsid that serves as a DNA packaging ...
Source: Virology - March 15, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Teschke CM, Parent KN Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

A poxvirus Bcl-2-like gene family involved in regulation of host immune response: sequence similarity and evolutionary historyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Based on the sequence/structure similarity, we propose that other members with unknown function, like vaccinia virus N2, C1, C6 and C16/B22, might have a similar role in the suppression of host immune response as A46, A52, B15 and K7, by antagonizing at different levels with the TLR signalling pathways. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - March 15, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Jose GonzalezMariano Esteban Source Type: journals

GPG-NH2 acts via the metabolite alphaHGA to target HIV-1 Env to the ER-associated protein degradation pathwayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The previously observed specificity of GPG-NH2 towards gp160 in HIV-1 infected cells, resulting in the production of Env (gp120/gp41) deficient fusion incompetent HIV-1 particles, was most probably due to the action of the GPG-NH2 metabolite alphaHGA. (Source: Retrovirology)
Source: Retrovirology - March 15, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Alenka JejcicStefan HoglundAnders Vahlne Source Type: journals

TWiV 73: Entering the endsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Rich Condit Vincent, Dickson, and Rich discuss multipotent progenitor bone marrow cells as a reservoir of HIV-1, integration of HHV-6 into telomeres, and dispersal of West Nile virus across the US by mosquitoes. This episode is sponsored by Data Robotics Inc. Use the promotion code VINCENT to receive $50 off a Drobo or $100 off a Drobo S. Win a free Drobo S! Contest rules here. Download TWiV #73 (63 MB .mp3, 87 minutes) Subscribe to TWiV (free) in iTunes , at the Zune Marketplace, by the RSS feed, or by email. Links for this episode: HIV-1 infects multipotent progenitor c...
Source: virology blog - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: This Week in Virology AIDS culex tarsalis hhv-6 hiv reservoir HIV-1 mosquito stem cell telomere TWiV viral viral latency virus West Nile virus Source Type: blogs

TWiV #73 - Entering the endsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vincent, Dickson, and Rich discuss multipotent progenitor bone marrow cells as a reservoir of HIV-1, integration of HHV-6 into telomeres, and dispersal of West Nile virus across the US by mosquitoes. (Source: This Week in Virology - MP3 Edition)
Source: This Week in Virology - MP3 Edition - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: Science Source Type: podcasts

Two new ‘legumoviruses’ (genus Begomovirus) naturally infecting soybean in NigeriaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Two new ‘legumoviruses’ (genus Begomovirus; family Geminiviridae) naturally infecting soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in Nigeria were molecularly characterized. Based on characteristic symptoms in soybean, the two viruses are provisionally designated as Soybean mild mottle virus (SbMMV) and Soybean chlorotic blotch virus (SbCBV). SbCBV has a bipartite genome, whereas SbMMV has only a DNA A component. The DNA A component of SbMMV is 2,768 nucleotides (nt) long and the DNA A and DNA B components of SbCBV are 2,708 and 2,647 nt long, respectively. In pairwise comparisons, the DNA A component of ...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Natural infection of vertebrate hosts by different lineages of Buggy Creek virus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report the first data on the BCRV lineages isolated from vertebrate hosts under natural conditions. Lineage A was overrepresented among isolates from nestling house sparrows, relative to the proportions of the two lineages found in unfed bug vectors at the same site at the start of the summer transmission season. Haplotype diversity of each lineage was higher in bugs than in sparrows, indicating reduced genetic diversity of virus amplified in the vertebrate host. BCRV appears to have diverged into two lineages based on different modes of transmission. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportDOI 10.1007...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Tomato chocolàte virus: a new plant virus infecting tomato and a proposed member of the genus TorradovirusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract A new virus was isolated from a tomato plant from Guatemala showing necrotic spots on the bases of the leaves and chocolate-brown patches on the fruits. Structural and molecular analysis showed the virus to be clearly related to but distinct from the recently described Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) and Tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV), both members of the genus Torradovirus. The name tomato chocolàte virus is proposed for this new torradovirus. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportDOI 10.1007/s00705-010-0640-1Authors Martin Verbeek, Plant Research International, Part of Wageningen UR ...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Molecular diversity of the DNA-β satellites associated with tomato leaf curl disease in IndiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract DNA-β satellites, referred to here as betasatellites, were found associated with tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) in India. The size of eight betasatellites isolated from different geographical locations in India varied from 1353 to 1424 nt; these molecules had an ORF βC1, an adenine-rich region, and a satellite conserved region. Their nucleotide sequence identity varied from 45 to 93%. In phylogenetic analysis, these betasatellites grouped according to their geographic locations rather than the host species. Two new betasatellites, tomato leaf curl Bangalore betasatellite and tomato leaf curl Mah...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Genomic and biological characterization of chiltepín yellow mosaic virus, a new tymovirus infecting Capsicum annuum var. aviculare in MexicoEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The characterization of viruses infecting wild plants is a key step towards understanding the ecology of plant viruses. In this work, the complete genomic nucleotide sequence of a new tymovirus species infecting chiltepin, the wild ancestor of Capsicum annuum pepper crops, in Mexico was determined, and its host range has been explored. The genome of 6,517 nucleotides has the three open reading frames described for tymoviruses, putatively encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a movement protein and a coat protein. The 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions have structures with typical signatures of th...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Development and evaluation of a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for universal detection of influenza A viruses from avian and mammal speciesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of our study was to develop and evaluate a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) assay for universal detection of influenza A (IA) viruses. The primers and LNA-modified octanucleotide probe were selected to correspond to extremely conserved regions of the membrane protein (MP) segment identified by a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis including 10,405 IA viruses MP sequences, i.e., all of the sequences of the Influenza Virus Sequence database collected as of August 20, 2009. The RRT-PCR has a detection limit of approximately five copies of target RNA/reaction and excellent reaction parameters tested in fou...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Expression of PSCA, PIWIL1 and TBX2 and its correlation with HPV16 infection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical squamous cell carcinoma specimensEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), piwi-like 1 (PIWIL1) and T-box 2 (TBX2) and its correlation with HPV16 infection in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). HPV16 was detected by amplifying the HPV16 E7 gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and the expression of PSCA, PIWIL1, TBX2 and HPV16 E7 in 59 CSCCs and matched adjacent normal cervix (MANC) was examined by the streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) method. Fifty-two CSCCs and MANC specimens that were positive for the E7 gene and the E7 protein were identified as infected with...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Glycoprotein C of equine herpesvirus 4 plays a role in viral binding to cell surface heparan sulfate.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as receptors for several herpesviruses. For herpes simplex virus 1, pseudorabies virus and equine herpesvirus 1, glycoprotein C (gC) homologues have been shown to mediate the binding to cell-surface heparan sulfate. However, the role of gC in equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) infection has not yet been analyzed. Using pull-down assay, we first determined that EHV-4 gC as well as gB are heparin-binding glycoproteins. To study the role of gC in EHV-4 infection, we constructed a gC-deletion mutant, WA79DeltagC, where the kanamycin resistant gene was inserted instead ...
Source: Virus Research - March 14, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Azab W, Tsujimura K, Maeda K, Kobayashi K, Mohamed YM, Kato K, Matsumura T, Akashi H Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

Genetic characterization of HIV-1 from semen and blood from clade C-infected subjects from India and effect of therapy in these body compartments.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the effect of therapy on viral loads in semen and blood of HIV-1-clade C infected subjects from India and evaluated whether HIV-1 in the semen is different from that in blood in these subjects. HIV-1 RNA was detected in semen and blood at all stages of the disease. Viral loads in semen and blood were strongly correlated with each other, but not with the CD4+ T cell count. Anti-viral treatment reduced viral load drastically in blood and semen within one month of post therapy. Genetic characterization of HIV-1 in the semen and blood demonstrated that they were highly compartmentalized. These data have important i...
Source: Virology - March 13, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Shen C, Ding M, Craigo JK, Tarwater P, Chatterjee R, Roy P, Guha SK, Saha B, Modak D, Neogi D, Chen Y, Gupta P Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

It’s not easy to make the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus a killerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The second RNA segment of some influenza virus strains encodes a protein called PB1-F2 that might contribute to virulence. Speaking about the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, Peter Palese noted that “If this virulence marker is necessary for an influenza virus to become highly pathogenic in humans or in chickens, then the current swine virus doesn’t have what it takes to become a major killer.” If the pandemic virus mutated so that the PB1-F2 protein is produced, would it become a killer? The PB1-F2 protein is not produced in cells infected with the 2009 H1N1 strain because there are three translation stop codons at nucleo...
Source: virology blog - March 12, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: Basic virology Information H1N1 influenza PB1-F2 swine flu viral virulence virus Source Type: blogs

Isolation and characterization of a novel Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage, ϕMR25, and its therapeutic potentialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract A novel bacteriophage, ϕMR25, was isolated from a lysogenic Staphylococcus aureus strain by mitomycin C induction. Its biological features were analyzed in comparison with ϕMR11, which was described previously as a prototype therapeutic phage. ϕMR25 is morphologically similar to ϕMR11 (morphotype B1 of family Myoviridae) but has a broader host range than ϕMR11 on S. aureus strains. ϕMR25 can also multiply on S. aureus lysogens of ϕMR11. Its DNA is 44,342 bp in size, is predicted to include 70 open reading frames, and does not contain genes related to toxin or drug resistance. The lysogenic...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 12, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

A new strain of Indian cassava mosaic virus causes a mosaic disease in the biodiesel crop Jatropha curcasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Jatropha curcas mosaic disease is a newly emerging disease that challenges the productivity of a prospective biofuel crop, J. curcas. The aetiology of this disease has not been resolved. Here, we report the complete nucleotide sequences of a Jatropha virus isolated from Dharwad, Southern India. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus genome suggests it is a new strain of Indian cassava mosaic virus. Agroinfiltration of the two cloned viral DNA components produced systemic infection and typical mosaic symptoms in J. curcas, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The availability of infectious clones will ...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 12, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Virology lecture #12: Infection basicsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Download: .wmv (369 MB) | .mp4 (77 MB) Visit the virology W3310 home page for a complete list of course resources. (Source: virology blog)
Source: virology blog - March 12, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: Basic virology Information herpes infection basics influenza lecture polio viral virus w3310 West Nile virus Source Type: blogs

Development of a new ultra sensitive real-time PCR assay (ultra sensitive RTQ-PCR) for the quantification of HBV-DNAEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: We report a new ultra sensitive real time PCR molecular beacon based assay with remarkable analytical and clinical sensitivity, calibrated against the WHO 1st International standard. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - March 12, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Dimitrios ParaskevisApostolos BeloukasCatherine HaidaAntigoni KatsoulidouZisis MoschidisHelen HatzitheodorouAgoritsa VarakliotiVana SypsaAngelos Hatzakis Source Type: journals

GCN5-dependent acetylation of HIV-1 integrase enhances viral integrationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The results presented here further demonstrate the relevance of IN post-translational modification by acetylation, which results from the catalytic activities of multiple HATs during the viral replication cycle. Finally, this study contributes to clarifying the recent debate raised on the role of IN acetylated lysines during HIV-1 infection. (Source: Retrovirology)
Source: Retrovirology - March 12, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Mariaelena TerreniPaola ValentiniVania LiveraniMaria Ines GutierrezCristina Di PrimioArmida Di FenzaValentina TozziniAwatef AllouchAlberto AlbaneseMauro GiaccaAnna Cereseto Source Type: journals

Genetic analysis of norovirus GII.4 variants circulating in Korea in 2008Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Noroviruses are the enteric pathogens most commonly responsible for infectious gastroenteritis and outbreaks of foodborne illness. The GII.4 norovirus, in particular, is responsible for the majority of epidemics. Here, we present data on the distribution of norovirus genotypes in Chungnam, Korea, in 2008, measure genetic variation among GII.4 strains, and compare Korean GII.4 variants with reference strains based on the 237-bp junction of ORF1 and ORF2. We detected 139 different strains, which formed two distinct genetic clusters with significant sequence diversity. One Korean cluster (2008-Korea_a)...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

First infectious clone of the propagatively transmitted Oat blue dwarf virusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Oat blue dwarf virus (OBDV) is a small, phloem-limited marafivirus that replicates in its leafhopper vector. We have developed complete cDNA clones of OBDV from which infectious transcripts may be derived––the first such clones for any propagatively transmitted plant virus. Prior to clone construction, the reported sequences of the 5′ and 3′ ends were confirmed using 5′ RACE, primer extension, and ligation-anchored PCR. Using vascular puncture of maize seeds with capped transcripts, multiple clones were shown to be infectious at an average rate of 24.3% (range 14–36%). Aster leafhopper...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Complete genomic sequence of a Tobacco rattle virus isolate from Michigan-grown potatoesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) causes stem mottle on potato leaves and necrotic arcs and rings in potato tubers, known as corky ringspot disease. Recently, TRV was reported in Michigan potato tubers cv. FL1879 exhibiting corky ringspot disease. Sequence analysis of the RNA-1-encoded 16-kDa gene of the Michigan isolate, designated MI-1, revealed homology to TRV isolates from Florida and Washington. Here, we report the complete genomic sequence of RNA-1 (6,791 nt) and RNA-2 (3,685 nt) of TRV MI-1. RNA-1 is predicted to contain four open reading frames, and the genome structure and phylogenetic a...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Surveillance and characterization of low pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild migratory birds in Korea.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Migratory waterfowls are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. However, interspecies transmission had occasionally caused outbreaks in various hosts including humans. To characterize the genetic origins of H5 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in South Korea, phylogenetic analysis were conducted. A total of 53 H5 viruses were isolated between October 2005 and November 2008. Full genetic characterization indicated that most of these viruses belong to the Eurasian-like avian lineage. However, some segments of the AB/Korea/W235/07 and the AB/Korea/W236/07 isolates were clustered with North Ameri...
Source: Virus Research - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Baek YH, Pascua PN, Song MS, Park KJ, Kwon HI, Lee JH, Kim SY, Moon HJ, Kim CJ, Choi YK Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

Intercontinental reassortment and genomic variation of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from northern pintails (Anas acuta) in Alaska: Examining the evidence through space and time.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Migration and population genetic data for northern pintails (Anas acuta) and phylogenetic analysis of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses from this host in Alaska suggest that northern pintails are involved in ongoing intercontinental transmission of avian influenza. Here, we further refine this conclusion through phylogenetic analyses which demonstrate that detection of foreign lineage gene segments is spatially dependent and consistent through time. Our results show detection of foreign lineage gene segments to be most likely at sample locations on the Alaska Peninsula and least likely along the Southern Al...
Source: Virology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Ramey AM, Pearce JM, Flint PL, Ip HS, Derksen DV, Franson JC, Petrula MJ, Scotton BD, Sowl KM, Wege ML, Trust KA Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

Modulation of apoptosis and immune signaling pathways by the Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Herein, we show a direct relationship between the Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleocapsid (N) protein and the modulation of apoptosis. We observed an increase in caspase-7 and -8, but not -9 in cells expressing HTNV N protein mutants lacking amino acids 270-330. Similar results were observed for the New World hantavirus, Andes virus. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) was sequestered in the cytoplasm after tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) stimulation in cells expressing HTNV N protein. Further, TNFR stimulated cells expressing HTNV N protein inhibited caspase activation. In contrast, cells expressing N protein truncatio...
Source: Virology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Ontiveros SJ, Li Q, Jonsson CB Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

SR proteins SRp20 and 9G8 contribute to efficient export of herpes simplex virus 1 mRNAs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report that siRNA knockdown of SRp20 or 9G8 resulted in about a 10 fold decrease in virus yields and in nuclear accumulation of poly(A+) RNA. In infected cells depleted of SRp20, newly transcribed Bromouridine-labeled RNA also accumulated in the nucleus. We conclude that SRp20 and 9G8 contribute to HSV-1 RNA export. PMID: 20227104 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Virology)
Source: Virology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Escudero-Paunetto L, Li L, Hernandez FP, Sandri-Goldin RM Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

The rare HIV-1 gp41 mutations 43T and 50V elevate enfuvirtide resistance levels of common enfuvirtide resistance mutations that did not impact susceptibility to sifuvirtide.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic impact against enfuvirtide and sifuvirtide of uncharacterized gp41 mutations 42G, 43T and 50V, selected in patients failing enfuvirtide-containing regimens. As single mutations, neither 42G, 43T nor 50V conferred resistance to enfuvirtide. However, 50V increased slightly resistance levels for 36D, 38M, 43D or 43T as did 43T for 38M. All mutants displayed a reduced replication capacity, except 42S, 50V and 36D+/-50V. None of the mutants displayed resistance to the next generation fusion inhibitor sifuvirtide. This study highlights the necessity to confirm the in vitro effect of...
Source: Antiviral Research - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Covens K, Megens S, Dekeersmaeker N, Kabeya K, Balzarini J, De Wit S, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: journals

Efficacy of 2'-C-Methylcytidine Against Yellow Fever Virus in Cell Culture and in a Hamster Model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Yellow fever virus (YFV) continues to cause outbreaks of disease in endemic areas where vaccine is underutilized. Due to the effectiveness of the vaccine, antiviral development solely for the treatment of YFV is not feasible, but antivirals that are effective in the treatment of related viral diseases may be characterized for potential use against YFV as a secondary indication disease. 2'-C-methylcytidine (2'-C-MeC), a compound active against hepatitis C virus, was found to have activity against the 17D vaccine strain of YFV in cell culture (EC(90)=0.32mug/ml, SI=141). This compound was effective when added as late as ...
Source: Antiviral Research - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Julander JG, Jha AK, Choi JA, Jung KH, Smee DF, Morrey JD, Chu CK Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: journals

Tax gene expression and cell cycling but not cell death are selected during HTLV-1 infection in vivoEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Therefore, virus-cell interactions alone are not sufficient to initiate early leukemogenesis in vivo. (Source: Retrovirology)
Source: Retrovirology - March 11, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Linda ZaneDavid SibonLionel JeanninMarc ZandeckiMarie-Helene Delfau-LarueAntoine GessainOlivier GoutChristiane PinatelAgnes LanconFranck MortreuxEric Wattel Source Type: journals

Trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2010-2011 seasonEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The World Health Organization and the US Food & Drug Administration have decided on the composition of the influenza virus vaccine that will be used during the 2010-2011 season in the northern hemisphere. The trivalent preparation will contain the following influenza virus strains: A/California/7/2009 (H1N1); A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2); and B/Brisbane/60/2008. The same trivalent vaccine is also being used to prepare for the upcoming winter in the southern hemisphere. The A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) virus is the pandemic strain that was used in the 2009 H1N1 monovalent vaccine. That virus has not yet undergone sufficient ...
Source: virology blog - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Vincent Racaniello Tags: Information H1N1 influenza swine flu trivalent vaccine viral virology virus Source Type: blogs

Identification of SARS-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros) in SloveniaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, samples were collected from 106 live bats of seven different bat species from 27 different locations in Slovenia. Coronaviruses were detected by RT-PCR in 14 out of 36 horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) fecal samples, with 38.8% virus prevalence. Sequence analysis of a 405-nucleotide region of the highly conserved RNA polymerase gene (pol) showed that all coronaviruses detected in this study are genetically closely related, with 99.5–100% nucleotide identity, and belong to group 2 of the coronaviruses. The most closely related virus sequence in GenBank was SARS bat isolate Rp3/2004 (DQ071615) wi...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Trypsin-induced hemagglutination activity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The hemagglutination (HA) activity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was investigated. Two cell-adapted strains of PEDV (KPEDV-9 and SM98LVec) were subjected to HA test against erythrocytes of various origin. Both strains showed HA activity with rabbit erythrocytes only after treatment with trypsin or neuraminidase. Optimal conditions for inducing HA activity of PEDV were 2 h incubation at 37°C using phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% BSA. These results suggest that the HA activity of PEDV is most likely caused by proteolytic action on it, which could be developed as a new diagn...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

A dual effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication on the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent Akt pathwayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract We have recently shown that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can undergo a productive replication in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Here, we further demonstrate that PRRSV activates the host’s phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Akt pathway (PI3K/Akt) to facilitate its replication in Mo-DCs at 90 min and 4 h after infection. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt by treatment with a PI3K-specific inhibitor (LY294002) prior to PRRSV infection reduced virus replication. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K/Akt by LY294002 at 90 min and 8 h aft...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Molecular detection and genetic diversity of norovirus genogroup IV: a yearlong monitoring of sewage throughout ItalyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Noroviruses cause acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. They are classified in five genogroups, of which GI, GII, and GIV infect humans. Little information is available on the prevalence and clinical effects of GIV noroviruses. We conducted a large-scale molecular-epidemiological investigation, a yearlong monitoring of 11 wastewater treatment plants throughout Italy, with the aim of studying the circulation of GIV NoV, as well as its genetic diversity. Eight percent of samples tested positive, and sequence analysis showed a considerable degree of genetic variability. These results imply the need fo...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Predominance of rotavirus G2P[4] and emergence of G12P[9] strains in Asunción, Paraguay, 2006–2007Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. Monitoring the diversity of rotavirus strains is of great importance for current and future vaccination programs. To determine the diversity of rotavirus circulating in Asuncion, Paraguay, between 2006 and 2007, we carried out a molecular characterization of rotaviruses detected in children <5 years old and adults (>18 years old). We found that the most common circulating strain was G2P[4] (69/143), followed by G9P[8] (37/143). The temporal distribution of strains showed that, in children, G2P[4] was predomi...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Hydroxyurea as an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus RNA replicationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main causative agent of chronic liver disease, which may develop into liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. By using a recently developed reporter assay system in which genome-length HCV RNA replicates efficiently, we found that hydroxyurea (HU), a DNA synthesis inhibitor, inhibited HCV RNA replication. Moreover, we demonstrated that the anti-HCV activity of the combination of IFN-alpha and HU was higher than that of IFN-alpha alone. These results suggest that HU may be an effective anti-HCV reagent that can be used not only singly but also in combination with ...
Source: Archives of Virology - March 10, 2010 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals