Zoology
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This page shows you the most recent publications within this specialty of the MedWorm directory. This is page number 16.
Immunolocalization of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) in the bovine mammary gland
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Lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), a member of the [beta]-defensin family in cows, is involved in the innate immune system and plays a crucial role in killing a large variety of microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the immunolocalization of LAP in the mammary glands of cows. A LAP antibody was raised in a rabbit by immunity with a synthetic 11 amino acid sequence out of a 42-amino acid sequence of the mature form of LAP. The specificity of the LAP antibody was checked using a competitive immunoassay and Western blotting. Paraffin sections of the mammary gland were immunostained with LAP antibod...
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Naoki ISOBE, Kenji HOSODA, Yukinori YOSHIMURA Source Type: journals
Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking treatmentEmail this article to a colleague.
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Microbes such as yeast and Aspergillus are known to produce phytase, and Aspergillus phytase has been used as a feed additive for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in monogastric animals. We measured phytase activity in some by-products from fermented food and beverage productions by yeast and Aspergillus. The phytase activity was as high as 3577 and 2225 PU/kg DM in raw and dried brewer's yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, the phytase activity was approximately 400 PU/kg DM in white-wine yeast and red-wine yeast. The phytase activity was further low in natto (fermented soybean) residue, soy sauce cake, ri...
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Gyo-Moon CHU, Hideyuki OHMORI, Tomoyuki KAWASHIMA, Masayuki FUNABA, Tohru MATSUI Source Type: journals
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization and their cycling in a beef-forage production systemEmail this article to a colleague.
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This study illustrates the importance of internal nutrient cycling for improving nutrient utilization in beef production systems.
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Yusuke TABATA, Daisuke TOGO, Masayuki KITAGAWA, Kazato OISHI, Hajime KUMAGAI, Shinichi KUME, Hiroyuki HIROOKA Source Type: journals
Increased blood concentration of isopropanol in ketotic dairy cows and isopropanol production from acetone in the rumenEmail this article to a colleague.
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To evaluate acetone and isopropanol metabolism in bovine ketosis, the blood concentrations of isopropanol, acetone, plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) and other metabolites were analyzed in 12 healthy controls and 15 ketotic dairy cows including fatty liver and inferior prognosis after laparotomy for displaced abomasum. In ruminal fluid taken from 6 ketotic cows, ruminal isopropanol and acetone were also analyzed. Ketotic cows showed higher concentrations of isopropanol, acetone, 3-HB and nonesterified fatty acid, and higher activities of aspartate transaminase and [gamma]-glutamyl transferase than control cows. Blood samples...
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Hiroshi SATO Source Type: journals
Effects of the fattening period on the fatty acid composition of fat deposits and free amino acid and inosinic acid contents of the longissimus muscle in carcasses of Japanese Black steersEmail this article to a colleague.
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The effects of the fattening period on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition of fat deposits, and muscle free amino acid (FAA) and inosinic acid (IMP) contents were evaluated in Japanese Black steers. Ten castrated, 10-month-old calves derived from the same sire were divided into five to be slaughtered at the age of 30 months after a 20-month fattening period (20-month group) and five to be slaughtered at the age of 34 months after a 24-month fattening period (24-month group). Concerning the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, the percentage of palmitoleic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in the 24- than in the...
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Eiji IWAMOTO, Akio OKA, Fumiyuki IWAKI Source Type: journals
Central L-cysteine induces sleep, and D-cysteine induces sleep and abnormal behavior during acute stress in neonatal chicksEmail this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, while both L-Cys and D-Cys caused a sedative effect when injected i.c.v, D-Cys caused abnormal behavior and may be detrimental to neonatal chicks.
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Haruka YAMANE, Mari ASECHI, Yousuke TSUNEYOSHI, D. Michael DENBOW, Mitsuhiro FURUSE Source Type: journals
Health-beneficial effects of probiotics: Its mode of actionEmail this article to a colleague.
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It is now widely recognized that probiotics have health-beneficial effects on humans and animals. Probiotics should survive in the intestinal tract to exert beneficial effects on the host's health. To keep a sufficient level of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, a shorter interval between doses may be required. Although adherence to the intestinal epithelial cell and mucus is not a universal property of probiotics, high ability to adhere to the intestinal surface might strongly interfere with infection of pathogenic bacteria and regulate the immune system. The administration of probiotic Lactobacillus stimul...
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Yuji OHASHI, Kazunari USHIDA Source Type: journals
Silage preparation and nutritive value of Chinese yam by-productEmail this article to a colleague.
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The objective of this experiment was to determine the ensiling characteristics, nutrient composition and nutritive value of Chinese yam by-product (CYBP) silage treated without additive (Control), with lactic acid bacteria (LY), with dried beet pulp (BY), or with mixtures of lactic acid bacteria and dried beet pulp (LBY) for a fermentation period of 150 days. The nutritive value of CYBP silage was studied in an in vivo digestibility trial using wethers in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Addition of lactic acid bacteria and/or dried beet pulp greatly improved fermentation quality of CYBP silage. The pH was reduced to below 4....
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Chuncheng XU, Yimin CAI, Koji TOYOKAWA Source Type: journals
Evo-devo and "typological thinking": an exculpation.Email this article to a colleague.
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This article distinguishes three accusations that have been levelled against the typological thinker. It argues that although there are indeed typological themes within evo-devo, they do not impugn its respectability as a research program. Moreover, an appreciation of the sense in which evo-devo is typological allows us to understand the distinctive contribution evo-devo can make to evolutionary studies. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 19418492 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution - May 5, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Lewens T Tags: J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol Source Type: journals
Explaining patterns of deformity in freshwater turtles using MacCulloch’s hypothesisEmail this article to a colleague.
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Christina M. Davy and Robert W. Murphy - A growing body of literature details the effects of teratogenic chemicals on embryonic development in freshwater turtles. However, other factors affecting developmental deformities have not...
Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology - May 4, 2009 Category: Zoology Source Type: journals
Effect of flow parameters of rumen digesta on effective degradability and microbial yield in sheepEmail this article to a colleague.
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The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of rumen digesta flow parameters on effective degradability (EDG) and microbial nitrogen (MBN) yield in sheep fed diets of identical provision of both metabolizable energy and rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN). Ruminal degradation parameters of early-harvested perennial ryegrass hay (EH), late-harvested perennial ryegrasses hay (LH) and winter sown barley straw (BS) were determined by a nylon bag technique. Subsequently, three experimental diets (EHD, LHD and BSD) were formulated using the tested forages, sucrose and urea as supplements. An in vivo feeding study was conduc...
Source: Animal Science Journal - May 4, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Toshiyoshi ICHINOHE, Tsutomu FUJIHARA Source Type: journals
Evolutionary conservation of mammalian HTRA3 and its developmental regulation in the rat ovary.Email this article to a colleague.
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In this study, we analyzed the rat Htra3 gene and determined its developmental regulation in the rat ovary. We localized the rat Htra3 gene on chromosome 14q21 and identified two alternatively spliced mRNA variants. The two protein sequences deduced from these mRNAs enabled the prediction of the domain organization of the two protein isoforms. Our comparative analysis has established that the key gene features of Htra3 including its genomic structure, intron-exon junction and alternative splicing are well conserved among the mouse, rat and human. The similarities are even higher at the levels of primary protein sequence an...
Source: Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution - May 4, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Bowden M, Drummond AE, Salamonsen LA, Findlay JK, Nie G Tags: J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol Source Type: journals
Chromosomal assignment of porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family.Email this article to a colleague.
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This study presents the chromosomal assignment of a multiple pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) gene family in the domestic pig (pPAG). The pPAG locus was identified by physical mapping (fluorescent in situ hybridisation-FISH; with various probes), and additionally confirmed by Southern hybridisation of pPAG amplicons using laser microdissected Sus scrofa chromosome 1 (SSC1), as genomic templates. Various pPAG probes were produced with the use of diverse identified templates: pPAG1-6, -8, -10 cDNAs (GenBank: L34360-1, AF315377, AF272734, AY188554, AF272735, AY373029 and AY775784, respectively), or genomic DNA (gDNA) p...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Majewska M, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
In vitro and in vivo fertility of ram semen cryopreserved in different extenders.Email this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, EY is difficult to be replaced in ram semen extenders. Heterologous fertilization seems to be a useful tool for predicting fertility of FT ram semen.
PMID: 19482446 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Valente SS, Pereira RM, Baptista MC, Marques CC, Vasques MI, Pereira MV, Horta AE, Barbas JP Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Freezing of boar semen can be simplified by handling a specific portion of the ejaculate with a shorter procedure and MiniFlatPack packaging.Email this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, such a faster freezing protocol of semen packed in MFP could be advantageously applied to P1-spermatozoa (P1-SF), while the rest of the ejaculated spermatozoa could still be used for production of conventional artificial insemination (AI) doses, thus allowing for a maintained routine management of commercially relevant stud boars.
PMID: 19481888 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Saravia F, Wallgren M, Rodríguez-Martínez H Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Alterations of sperm DNA integrity during cryopreservation procedure and in vitro incubation of bull semen.Email this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, sperm DNA integrity of NRF bull semen was altered during the cryopreservation procedure and in vitro incubation in mSOF. Dilution in Triladyl((R)) maintained bull sperm DNA integrity better than dilution in SMEY. Furthermore, alterations in Holstein sperm DNA integrity was more pronounced during in vitro incubation in mSOF compared to NRF bull spermatozoa.
PMID: 19481887 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Waterhouse KE, Gjeldnes A, Tverdal A, De Angelis PM, Farstad W, Håård M, Kommisrud E Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Effect of follicular wave synchronization on in vitro embryo production in heifers.Email this article to a colleague.
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Aiming to achieve the ideal time of ovum pick-up (OPU) for in vitro embryo production (IVP) in crossbred heifers, two Latin square design studies investigated the effect of ovarian follicular wave synchronization with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progestins. For each experiment, crossbred heifers stage of estrous cycle was synchronized either with a norgestomet ear implant (Experiment 1) or a progesterone intravaginal device (Experiment 2) for 7d, followed by the administration of 150mug d-cloprostenol. On Day 7, all follicles >3mm in diameter were aspirated and implants/devices were replaced by new ones. Afterwards,...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Ramos AF, Rumpf R, Câmara JU, Mollo MR, Pivato I, Marques AP, Sartori R Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Biochemical changes in the follicular fluid of the dominant follicle of high producing dairy cows exposed to heat stress early post-partum.Email this article to a colleague.
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In this study, which was performed in Egypt, 20 Holstein cows were followed during summer (n=10) and winter (n=10) seasons. All cows were multiparous and kept at the same herd. Blood was sampled from each cow starting 1 week before the expected calving date and then at 1-week intervals until week 6 post-partum. From week 2 to 6 post-partum follicular fluid was collected through transvaginal follicular fluid aspiration at 6 days intervals. Ambient air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated as well. Respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and body...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Shehab-El-Deen MA, Leroy JL, Fadel MS, Saleh SY, Maes D, Van Soom A Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Factors influencing conception rates of Arab mares in Tunisia.Email this article to a colleague.
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In order to investigate the factors affecting the reproduction efficiency of Arab breeding mares in Tunisia, breeding data corresponding to 2340 mated cycles, over 5 years (from 2000 to 2004), from 555 mares offspring of 50 sires and bred with 17 stallions were analysed using a multivariate logistic regression. We chose logit link function and binomial distribution and we used log-likelihood-ratio (LL) and Wald tests (X(2)Wald) to test the mean values. The factors of variation included in the model were the year, the stallion, the age of the mare at mating, the sire and the category of the mare. Logistic regression res...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Benhajali H, Richard-Yris MA, Ezzaouia M, Charfi F, Hausberger M Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Effects of lanosterol on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes.Email this article to a colleague.
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FF-MAS and T-MAS sterols, intermediaries in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway present in all cells, may represent the physiological signal that instructs the oocyte to reinitiate meiosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that exogenous lanosterol could be included in the sterol biosynthetic pathway from acetate to cholesterol and induce resumption of meiosis in oocytes cultured in vitro. Porcine oocytes were in vitro matured in medium supplemented with different concentrations of lanosterol. First, after 22h of in vitro maturation, cumulus cells were recovery and Delta7-Reductase gene expressi...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Marco-Jiménez F, Llobat L, Vicente JS Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
The effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of long chain fatty acids and/or l-carnitine on ovarian activity of Rahmani ewes.Email this article to a colleague.
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This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of long chain fatty acids with or without of l-carnitine on ovarian activity using 24 Rahmani ewes randomly allocated to four treatments. Control animals (n=6) were fed a basal diet of hay (64.2%) and barley grain (35.0%) plus minerals and vitamins (0.8%). Ewes on the three treatments received the same basal diet supplemented with calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFA) at 3% of the basal diet dry matter intake (1.4kg/ewe/d); 250ppm l-carnitine (LC); or both these supplements (CSFA+LC). All use exhibited natural estrus on one or two occ...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: El-Shahat KH, Abo-El Maaty AM Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into the uterine horn to improve pregnancy rate following bovine embryo transfer.Email this article to a colleague.
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Embryo transfer (ET) has been used to improve reproductive efficiency and genetic make-up in bovine species. However, the success rate of ET has not been improved since its inception. Here we examined whether administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the uterine horn can improve pregnancy rates following bovine ET. First we determined that the abundance of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8 transcripts in PBMCs was greatest after 24h of culture. PBMCs that had been cultured for 24h were gently administered non-surgically to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum on ...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - May 3, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Ideta A, Sakai SI, Nakamura Y, Urakawa M, Hayama K, Tsuchiya K, Fujiwara H, Aoyagi Y Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Habitat selection by river otters (Lontra canadensis) under contrasting land-use regimesEmail this article to a colleague.
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D. Gallant, L. Vasseur, M. Dumond, E. Tremblay, and C. H. Bérubé - Habitat preferences of river otters (Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)) are well known, but because most studies were conducted in regions with markedly low or high...
Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology - April 30, 2009 Category: Zoology Source Type: journals
Evaluative learning with single versus multiple unconditioned stimuli: The role of contingency awareness.Email this article to a colleague.
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This study compares how both variants of CS–US pairing affect awareness for CS–US pairings and ultimately EC effects. EC was assessed directly and indirectly, using evaluative ratings and the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. Memory for US identity and US valence was assessed to investigate effects of awareness. The multiple-US condition showed attenuated EC effects compared with the single-US condition. The direct measure showed EC effects when awareness of US valence or US identity was present. The indirect measure showed EC effects only when awareness of US identity was present. Results are discussed with regard to th...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Stahl, Christoph; Unkelbach, Christian Source Type: journals
Evaluative conditioning may incur attentional costs.Email this article to a colleague.
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Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to changes in the liking of an affectively neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, or CS) after pairing this stimulus with an affect-laden stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, or US). Several authors proposed that EC incurs little or no attentional cost. Using a rigorous design, we provide evidence that a reduction in attentional resources may have a negative impact on EC. Additional analyses also revealed that participants correctly encoded fewer CS–US pairings when their attentional resources were depleted. Replicating Pleyers, Corneille, Luminet, and Yzerbyt’s (2007) findings, EC was...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Pleyers, Gordy; Corneille, Olivier; Yzerbyt, Vincent; Luminet, Olivier Source Type: journals
Correction to Darredeau et al. (2009).Email this article to a colleague.
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Reports an error in "Competition between multiple causes of a single outcome in causal reasoning" by Christine Darredeau, Irina Baetu, Andrew G. Baker and Robin A. Murphy (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2009[Jan], Vol 35[1], 1-14). The URL provided for the supplemental material was incomplete. The complete URL is http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012699.supp (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-00257-001.) A strong positive predictor of an outcome modulates the causal judgments of a moderate predictor. To study the empirical basis of this modulation, we compared ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Darredeau, Christine; Baetu, Irina; Baker, Andrew G.; Murphy, Robin A. Source Type: journals
Evidence for a shift from place navigation to directional responding in one variant of the Morris water task.Email this article to a colleague.
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Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that rats display a preference for directional responding over place navigation in a wide range of procedural variants of the Morris water task (Hamilton, Akers, Weisend, & Sutherland, 2007; Hamilton et al., 2008). A preference for place navigation has only been observed when the pool is reduced as a cue by filling it with water. Studies using dry land mazes have suggested that rats place navigate early in training and later switch to other forms of responding (e.g., motor). The present study evaluated whether rats switch from place navigation to directional responding in ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Hamilton, Derek A.; Akers, Katherine G.; Johnson, Travis E.; Rice, James P.; Candelaria, Felicha T.; Redhead, Edward S. Source Type: journals
Factors determining the effects of associative activation on habituation.Email this article to a colleague.
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In 2 experiments, rats received flavor-aversion conditioning with two flavors, B and C, to which they had been preexposed. In both experiments, C was preexposed in compound with another flavor in a block of CX trials. In Experiment 1, B was presented in compound with Y, and BY trials were alternated with presentations of Y alone. In Experiment 2, B was presented in compound with X, and BX trials were alternated with presentations of X alone. No difference was detected in Experiment 1 between B and C in the ease with which they conditioned, but in Experiment 2 it was found that B conditioned more readily than C. This latter...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Hall, Geoffrey; Rodriguez, Gabriel Source Type: journals
Rotational object discrimination by pigeons.Email this article to a colleague.
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Four experiments examined the discrimination of directional object motion by pigeons. Four pigeons were tested in a go/no-go procedure with video stimuli of geons rotating right or left around their central y-axis. This directional discrimination was learned in 7 to 12 sessions and was not affected by changes in object starting orientation, but did require the coherent ordering of the videos’ successive frames. Subsequent experiments found no or little transfer of this motion discrimination to novel objects. Experiments varying the speed of rotation and degrees of apparent motion per frame revealed that both factors stro...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Koban, Angie; Cook, Robert Source Type: journals
Reinforcer probability, reinforcer magnitude, and the reinforcement context for remembering.Email this article to a colleague.
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Traditional theories of delayed matching-to-sample performance do not predict that accuracy will improve when absolute levels of reinforcement are increased. This prediction emerges only when reinforcement context is considered (J. A. Nevin, M. Davison, A. L. Odum, & T. A. Shahan, 2007). To provide quantitative data, the authors factorially manipulated between conditions the probability and duration of reinforcement for correct choices by pigeons. In Experiment 1, increasing the value of either variable improved initial discriminability of the forgetting functions, but did not affect the rate of forgetting. In Experiment 2...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Brown, Glenn S.; White, K. Geoffrey Source Type: journals
Renewal and spontaneous recovery, but not latent inhibition, are mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid in appetitive conditioning.Email this article to a colleague.
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Previous research has reported a role for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the extinction and renewal of conditioned fear. Here, the authors examine whether GABA is involved in the acquisition, extinction, renewal, spontaneous recovery, and latent inhibition of appetitive conditioning. Using Long-Evans rats, systemic injection of the GABA A receptor inverse agonist FG 7142 was shown to eliminate ABA renewal (Experiment 1) and spontaneous recovery (Experiment 4) of appetitive responding by selectively reducing the recovery of extinguished magazine approach. Furthermore, treatment with FG 7142 had no ef...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Delamater, Andrew R.; Campese, Vincent; Westbrook, R. Frederick Source Type: journals
The detection of pressure fluctuations, sonic audition, is the dominant mode of dipole-source detection in goldfish (Carassius auratus).Email this article to a colleague.
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Behavioral detection of a low-frequency (40 Hz) vibratory dipole at source distances of 1.5–24 cm was measured by classically conditioned respiratory suppression in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Detection thresholds were compared across distances and before and after ablation of individual octavolateralis sensory channels. Detection thresholds, expressed in units of pressure (SPL), remained roughly constant as distance between the stimulus source and animal increased. Lateral line inactivation, using CoCl2, had no measurable effect on sensitivity, although some other results can be construed as weak evidence for a small ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Dailey, Deena D.; Braun, Christopher B. Source Type: journals
Stimulus competition between a discrete cue and a training context: Cue competition does not result from the division of a limited resource.Email this article to a colleague.
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Several associative learning theories explain cue competition as resulting from the division of a limited resource among competing cues. This leads to an assumption that behavioral control by 2 cues competing with each other should always reflect a tradeoff, resulting in apparent conservation of total reinforcer value across all competing cues. This assumption was tested in 3 conditioned lick suppression experiments with rats, investigating the effects of changing the conditioned stimulus (CS) duration (Experiment 1), administering pretraining exposures to the CS (Experiment 2), and presenting nonreinforced CSs during the ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Urushihara, Kouji; Miller, Ralph R. Source Type: journals
Overexpectation and trial massing.Email this article to a colleague.
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Three experiments were conducted to examine the interaction of overexpectation treatment and trial massing using a Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure with rats. In first-order conditioning, Experiment 1 found the overexpectation effect (i.e., decreased conditioned responding to a cue after compound training when the elements were previously reinforced), the trial spacing effect (i.e., decreased responding to a cue when reinforced trials are massed), and a counteraction between overexpectation treatment and trial massing (i.e., an alleviation of the decrement in responding seen with overexpectation treatment or trial mas...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Sissons, Heather T.; Miller, Ralph R. Source Type: journals
The contribution of spatial cues to memory: Direction, but not cue, changes support response reversal learning.Email this article to a colleague.
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In four experiments, rats were trained on a response problem followed by three reversals. Rats that changed rooms between acquisition and reversals learned the reversals in fewer trials than rats that remained in the same room, even when distal visual cues were limited. Changes in orientation, even in the same room, also facilitated response reversal learning. The advantage observed with changes in orientation across reversals does not appear to be due to differences in local views or to different start positions. Direction changes, but not cue changes, may support response reversal learning by taking advantage of the natu...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Wright, Sandra L.; Williams, Dene; Evans, John H.; Skinner, Darlene M.; Martin, Gerard M. Source Type: journals
Is Perruchet’s dissociation between eyeblink conditioned responding and outcome expectancy evidence for two learning systems?Email this article to a colleague.
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P. Perruchet (1985b) showed a double dissociation of conditioned responses (CRs) and expectancy for an airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US) in a 50% partial reinforcement schedule in human eyeblink conditioning. In the Perruchet effect, participants show an increase in CRs and a concurrent decrease in expectancy for the airpuff across runs of reinforced trials; conversely, participants show a decrease in CRs and a concurrent increase in expectancy for the airpuff across runs of nonreinforced trials. Three eyeblink conditioning experiments investigated whether the linear trend in eyeblink CRs in the Perruchet effect is a res...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Weidemann, Gabrielle; Tangen, Jason M.; Lovibond, Peter F.; Mitchell, Christopher J. Source Type: journals
Human judgments of positive and negative causal chains.Email this article to a colleague.
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Three experiments investigated the way participants construct causal chains from experience with the individual links that make up those chains. Participants were presented with contingency information about the relationship between events A and B, as well as events B and C, using trial-by-trial presentations. The A-B and B-C contingencies could be positive, negative, or zero. Although participants had never experienced A and C together, A-C ratings were a multiplicative function of the A-B and B-C contingencies. These findings can be generated by an auto-associator using the delta rule. This explanation is also useful for...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Baetu, Irina; Baker, A. G. Source Type: journals
Correction to Killeen et al. (2009).Email this article to a colleague.
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Reports an error in "Progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement" by Peter R. Killeen, Diana Posadas-Sanchez, Espen Borgå Johansen and Eric A. Thrailkill (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2009[Jan], Vol 35[1], 35-50). The URL provided for the supplemental material was incomplete. The complete URL is http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012497.supp (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-00257-007.) Pigeons' pecks produced grain under progressive ratio (PR) schedules, whose response requirements increased systematically within sessions. Experiment 1 compared arithmetic ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Killeen, Peter R.; Posadas-Sanchez, Diana; Johansen, Espen Borgå; Thrailkill, Eric A. Source Type: journals
Memory for “what”, “where”, and “when” information in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Email this article to a colleague.
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The present study examined working memory for what, where, and when information in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using a computerized task. In Experiment 1, monkeys completed three delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) tasks: (1) identity DMTS, (2) spatial DMTS, and (3) temporal DMTS. In Experiment 2, the identity and spatial tasks were combined so that monkeys had to report both what and where information about an event. In Experiment 3, the identity, spatial, and temporal tasks were combined to examine what-where-when memory integration. The rhesus monkeys reported all three components of the events, and there was some evi...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Hoffman, Megan L.; Beran, Michael J.; Washburn, David A. Source Type: journals
Do pigeons (Columba livia) study for a test?Email this article to a colleague.
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In 4 experiments, the authors asked whether pigeons (Columba livia) would show metamemory by choosing to study a sample stimulus before taking a memory test. In Experiments 1a–1c, pigeons chose between cues that led either to exposure to a sample stimulus or directly to the comparison test stimuli without seeing the sample in a delayed matching-to-sample task. The same choice was used in Experiment 2 to see whether pigeons would take a reminder when memory of the sample was weak. In Experiments 3 and 4, pigeons’ responses led to either a choice between red and green side keys with a sample present to guide the choice o...
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Roberts, William A.; Feeney, Miranda C.; McMillan, Neil; MacPherson, Krista; Musolino, Evanya; Petter, Mark Source Type: journals
Effect of refuge distance on escape behavior of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana)Email this article to a colleague.
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P. A. Zani, T. D. Jones, R. A. Neuhaus, and J. E. Milgrom - Side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852) use sagebrush desert habitat above cliffs and typically flee over and down the nearest cliff when disturbed....
Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Source Type: journals
Egg neglect under risk of predation in Cassin’s Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus)Email this article to a colleague.
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R. A. Ronconi and J. M. Hipfner - We tested predictions concerning the significance of egg neglect for the burrow-nesting seabird Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas, 1811)) at a colony where endemic Keen’s...
Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Source Type: journals
ZOONET: perspectives on the evolution of animal form. Meeting report.Email this article to a colleague.
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What drives evolution? This was one of the main questions raised at the final ZOONET meeting in Budapest, Hungary, in November 2008. The meeting marked the conclusion of ZOONET, an EU-funded Marie-Curie Research Training Network comprising nine research groups from all over Europe (Max Telford, University College London; Michael Akam, University of Cambridge; Detlev Arendt, EMBL Heidelberg; Maria Ina Arnone, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli; Michalis Averof, IMBB Heraklion; Graham Budd, Uppsala University; Richard Copley, University of Oxford; Wim Damen, University of Cologne; Ernst Wimmer, University of Gött...
Source: Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution - April 29, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Fischer AH, Arboleda E, Egger B, Hilbrant M, McGregor AP, Cole AG, Daley AC Tags: J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol Source Type: journals
Fin regeneration from tail segment with musculature, endoskeleton, and scales.Email this article to a colleague.
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In this study, we used grass carp, common carp, koi carp, and zebrafish as experimental organisms. Some caudal fins could be distinctly regenerated in 2 weeks after tail amputation. After all-trans-retinoic acid treatment and tail amputation, zebrafish were unable to regenerate caudal fins that could be seen with the naked eye. However, after tail amputation, more than half of the zebrafish tested were able to regenerate caudal fins. Caudal fin regeneration depended on the presence of musculature and endoskeleton at the site of amputation. These caudal fins arose from segments of the endoskeleton, which contrast with curre...
Source: Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution - April 28, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Shao J, Qian X, Zhang C, Xu Z Tags: J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol Source Type: journals
Conflict and resolution between phylogenies inferred from molecular and phenotypic data sets for hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes.Email this article to a colleague.
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In this study I present results of phylogenetic analyses of combined phenotypic and molecular data sets that focus on relationships among hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes. Maximum parsimony analyses of 115 phenotypic characters combined with 4,638 rRNA sites and more than 10,000 amino acids each result in monophyly of lampreys and gnathostomes, demonstrating that the addition of relatively few phenotypic characters can alter phylogenetic inferences from large molecular data sets. On the other hand, Bayesian analyses of the combined data sets support monophyly of hagfish and lampreys, indicating that model-based analys...
Source: Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution - April 28, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Near TJ Tags: J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol Source Type: journals
Identification of Genes differentially expressed in dorsal and ventral Chick Midbrain during early Development.Email this article to a colleague.
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Conclusions:
This study reveals some possible and new networks, which might be involved in directing the different neuronal cytoarchitecture observed in the brain.
Source: BMC Developmental Biology - Latest articles - April 27, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: A Chittka, J n Volff and A Wizenmann Source Type: journals
Simple and integrated detours: field tests with Columbian ground squirrels.Email this article to a colleague.
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An internal representation of space offers flexibility to animals during orientation and allows execution of short cuts and detours. We tested the ability of 19 free-ranging Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus) to perform integrated detours that required travelling under- and aboveground. Squirrels were individually tested on their territories (2 tests) and in an arena (7 tests). During tests, animals could reach food by running aboveground and then through tunnels. For the territory tests, natural tunnels were available. For the arena tests, animals used artificial tunnels within a fenced-in part of t...
Source: Animal Cognition - April 25, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Nesterova AP, Hansen F Tags: Anim Cogn Source Type: journals
Horses (Equus caballus) select the greater of two quantities in small numerical contrasts.Email this article to a colleague.
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The ability to select the greater numerosity over another in small sets seems to stem from the calculation of which set contains more, and has been taken as evidence of a primordial representation at the roots of the primate numerical system. We tested 56 horses (Equus caballus) in a paradigm previously used with human infants and nonhuman primates. Horses saw two quantities paired in contrasts-2 versus 1, 3 versus 2, 6 versus 4 and a control for volume, 2 versus 1 big-and had to make a choice by snout touching the container holding the numerosity selected. The horses spontaneously selected the greater of the two quant...
Source: Animal Cognition - April 23, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Uller C, Lewis J Tags: Anim Cogn Source Type: journals
Disruption of the periovulatory LH surge by a transient increase in circulating 17beta-estradiol at the time of ovulation in mares.Email this article to a colleague.
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The mechanism for a reported temporal association between ovulation and a transient disruption in the periovulatory increase in LH concentrations was studied in nine mares treated with human chorionic gonadotropin when the preovulatory follicle was >/=32mm. Examinations for ovulation detection and blood collection were done at 2-h intervals and the results were retrospectively centralized to ovulation (Hour 0). Concentrations of LH began to increase (P<0.03) rapidly at Hour -18, decreased (P<0.04) between Hours 0 and 6, and again increased (P<0.0001) after Hour 12. A progressive decrease (P<0.0001) in es...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - April 23, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Ginther OJ, Almamun M, Shahiduzzaman AK, Beg MA Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
Processing and subcellular localization of ADAM2 in the Macaca fascicularis testis and sperm.Email this article to a colleague.
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Fertilin, a heterodimeric protein complex composed of ADAM1 and ADAM2 located on the sperm surface, is involved in sperm-egg interaction. In our study, we examined the physiological processing and subcellular localization of M. fascicularis ADAM2 during spermatogenesis in the testis and epididymal tract. M. fascicularis ADAM2 was initially synthesized as a 100kDa precursor in testicular germ cells. After passing into 50kDa intermediate form in the epididymal tracts, the precursor form was finally processed into a 47kDa protein in sperm. We found that M. fascicularis ADAM2 is localized on the sperm surface and contribut...
Source: Animal Reproduction Science - April 23, 2009 Category: Zoology Authors: Kim E, Lee JW, Baek DC, Lee SR, Kim MS, Kim SH, Kim CS, Ryoo ZY, Kang HS, Chang KT Tags: Anim Reprod Sci Source Type: journals
