MedWorm: Amphetamine

Mechanism of calming hyperactivity by psychostimulant drugs identified

EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(SUNY Downstate Medical Center) It has long been known that psychostimulant drugs have the paradoxical effect of reducing hyperactivity. But for more than seven decades, since the first experiment that gave an amphetamine drug to children diagnosed with behavioral problems, scientists have not known how stimulants work to control hyperactivity. Now, a researcher at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, working with colleagues in Mexico, has identified the probable mechanism by which certain stimulants accomplish this paradoxical reduction of motor activity. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)

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Effects of prenatal immune activation and peri-adolescent stress on amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in the rat

Psychopharmacology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 07:11:29 +0100

Conclusions Prenatal immune activation enhances drug-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference. These data demonstrate longstanding impact on behaviors with potential influence on risk for drug relapse as a consequence of prenatal immune activation. Further study is needed to determine clinical and epidemiological consequences of similar exposures in human populations. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-12DOI 10.1007/s00213-012-2646-8Authors Neil M. Richtand, Psychiatry Service (V116A), Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USARebecca Ahlbrand, Psychiatry Service (V116A), Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USAPaul S. Horn, Psychi...

Isomers of fluoroamphetamines detected in forensic cases in Denmark

International Journal of Legal Medicine — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:52:11 +0100

Abstract A study was performed on the detection, separation and quantification of isomers from the new designer drugs named fluoroamphetamines (FAs) in forensic cases in eastern Denmark. The drugs were detected in whole blood extracts by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) and thereafter verified and quantified by UPLC tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS). The quantitative method involved liquid–liquid extraction of FAs from whole blood, evaporation of organic solvent, and reconstitution with a mobile phase mixture. Identification of the FAs was achieved by the retention time, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) traces [154 > 109 (quantifier); 154 > 137], and ion ratio of the two transitions. For all FAs, LOQ...

Microfluidic chip based nano liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of abused drugs and metabolites in human hair.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the developed sample preparation method coupled with the nano-HPLC-Chip-MS/MS method was able to reveal the presence of drugs in hairs from the drug abusers, with the enhanced sensitivity, compared with the conventional HPLC-MS/MS. PMID: 22281681 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry)

Here Today, Gone Tomorrow…and Back Again? A Review of Herbal Marijuana Alternatives (K2, Spice), Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts), Kratom, Salvia divinorum, Methoxetamine, and Piperazines.

Journal of Medical Toxicology — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM Abstract Despite their widespread Internet availability and use, many of the new drugs of abuse remain unfamiliar to health care providers. The herbal marijuana alternatives, like K2 or Spice, are a group of herbal blends that contain a mixture of plant matter in addition to chemical grade synthetic cannabinoids. The synthetic cathinones, commonly called "bath salts," have resulted in nationwide emergency department visits for severe agitation, sympathomimetic toxicity, and death. Kratom, a plant product derived from Mitragyna speciosa Korth, has opioid-like effects, and has been used for the treatment of chronic pain and amelioration of opioid-withdrawal symptoms. Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogen with unique pharmacology that has thera...

The Substance Use among Forensic Psychiatric Patients. - Kivimies K, Repo-Tiihonen E, Tiihonen J.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 12:05:52 +0100

Objectives: The primary goal of this study was to examine the relative differences in the use of illegal substances (i.e., amphetamine, cannabis, opiates) among forensic patients who have committed a violent crime compared with the general population. The ... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

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Foreword

Disease a Month — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 23:33:36 +0100

Methamphetamine has a typical history of an illicit drug in that it actually was initially developed several decades ago to treat a variety of maladies ranging from weight loss to asthma to Parkinson's disease. As a sympathomimetic amine related to ephedrine and amphetamine with central nervous system stimulant properties, the illegal manufacture and use of methamphetamine exploded (first in the Midwestern USA, due to easy access to anhydrous ammonia) by the mid-1990s. Today, methamphetamine abuse is no longer a regional issue (confined by socioeconomic demographics), but an international problem with increasing potency (and availability) and has become a major concern that every primary care physician (whether urban or rural) must address. Dr. David Vearrier and colleagues from Drexel Uni...

Methamphetamine: History, Pathophysiology, Adverse Health Effects, Current Trends, and Hazards Associated with the Clandestine Manufacture of Methamphetamine

Disease a Month — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 23:33:36 +0100

Developed as an amphetamine derivative, methamphetamine quickly became a popular medication during the 1940s and 1950s, prescribed for a variety of indications. Extensive diversion of methamphetamine during the 1960s and an increasing awareness of the adverse health effects associated with methamphetamine led to the withdrawal of most of the indications for licit methamphetamine use and declines in legal production of the drug. However, the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine increased to meet the demand for methamphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse has increased with variable geographic penetrance over the last 30 years. (Source: Disease a Month)

Understanding the Effect Size of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate for Treating ADHD in Children and Adults

Journal of Attention Disorders — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The high LDX effect size for children could not attributed to measurement artifacts. The superiority of LDX in the pediatric clinical trial reflected the greater efficacy of amphetamine products, compared with methylphenidate products but required replication in children because (a) the results were based on only one trial of LDX in children, and (b) the finding did not generalize to adults. (Source: Journal of Attention Disorders)

Treatments for Methamphetamine Abuse: A Literature Review for the Clinician

Journal of Pharmacy Practice — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

The objective of this article is to critically review the literature of METH treatment options. Preclinical research and human research with compounds not yet available commercially in the United States will not be included. A literature review was conducted for research on pharmacological treatments for METH use and addiction. Trial information on the use of sertraline, bupropion, mirtazapine, modafinil, dextroamphetamine, ondansetron, risperidone, aripiprazole, baclofen, and gabapentin was reviewed. Aripiprazole trials appeared in the reviewed literature more frequently than the other medications. Based on the findings of this review, no single medication demonstrated consistent efficacy and each trial contained a variety of methodological limitations. (Source: Journal of Pharmacy Practi...

Distribution pattern of CART-containing neurons and cells in the human pancreas.

Acta Histochemica — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kasacka I, Janiuk I, Lewandowska A, Bekisz A, Lebkowski W Abstract Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has been shown to play a critical role in appetite suppression, cell survival, thermoregulation, glucose sensing, stimulation of hormone secretion, as well as for the regulatory function of the islets of Langerhans. Although the principal site of CART synthesis has already been reported, our knowledge of the subject is mainly based on and limited to research conducted on animals owing to difficulties in obtaining human samples. Therefore, the primary goal of the reported study was an attempt to identify and localize CART in healthy human pancreas. Nineteen deceased subjects (donors of organs) with normal pancreas and alimentary tract were used in the stud...

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Protein kinase C and oxidative stress in an animal model of mania.

Current Neurovascular Research — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Steckert AV, Valvassori SS, Mina F, Lopes-Borges J, B Varela R, Kapczinski F, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J Abstract The present study aims to investigate the effects of protein kinase C using the inhibitor Tamoxifen (TMX) on oxidative stress in a rat animal model of mania induced by d-amphetamine (d-AMPH). In the reversal model, d-AMPH or saline (Sal) were administered to rats for 14 days, and between days 8-14, rats were treated with TMX or Sal. In the prevention model, rats were pretreated with TMX or Sal, and between days 8-14, d-AMPH or Sal were administrated. In both experiments locomotor activity and risk-taking behavior were assessed by open-field test and oxidative stress was measured in prefrontal, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum. The results showed that TMX reverse...

Determination of methamphetamine in neonatal hair and meconium samples: estimation of fetal drug abuse during pregnancy

Forensic Toxicology — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 16:49:27 +0100

Abstract Determination of methamphetamine (MP) and its metabolite amphetamine (AP) in hair and meconium samples from a neonate was performed to estimate the fetal abuse of MP during pregnancy. Five hundred micrograms of the neonate’s hair spiked with 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (internal standard) were used for the determination. After digestion with 1 M NaOH for 20 min, the resultant was extracted with heptane and the organic layer was evaporated and labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. The MP in 10 mg of the neonate’s meconium was determined using the standard addition method. The determination of MP and AP in the hair was performed by a semi-micro-HPLC–peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence method. The hair sample (tota...

The Substance Use among Forensic Psychiatric Patients.

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Cannabis, amphetamine, and opiate use are associated with an increased risk of becoming a forensic psychiatric patient, but no substantial differences were observed among patients with psychosis diagnosis in the relative risk increase for cannabis versus amphetamine versus opiate use, indicating that none of these drugs are uniquely associated with violent offending among mentally ill. PMID: 22242792 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse)

Nucleus accumbens neuronal activity in freely behaving rats is modulated following acute and chronic methylphenidate administration.

Brain Research Bulletin — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Chong SL, Claussen CM, Dafny N Abstract Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant that enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system by using mechanisms similar to cocaine and amphetamine. The mode of action of brain circuitry responsible for an animal's neuronal response to MPD is not fully understood. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been implicated in regulating the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. The present study used permanently implanted microelectrodes to investigate the acute and chronic effects of MPD on the firing rates of NAc neuronal units in freely behaving rats. On experimental day 1 (ED1), following a saline injection (control), a 30min baseline neuronal recording was obtained immediately followed by a 2.5mg/kg i.p. MPD inject...

Pick Your Poison

The Poison Review — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 02:35:27 +0100

3 out of 5 stars The Not-so-Nice spice: A Teenage Girl With Palpitations and Dry Mouth. Shah AM et al. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011 Dec;27:1205-7. PubMed Listing This short case report is presented in the form of a diagnostic puzzler. A pregnant 17-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with palpitations, dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, tachycardia (131/min). She reports that several hours before presentation she had ingested a powder from the spice rack at home in an attempt to get high. [Click on the following questions to reveal the answer] What did this patient ingest? expand(document.getElementById('ddet2057913483'));expand(document.getElementById('ddetlink2057913483')) Nutmeg powder. This spice has a reputation as a hallucinogen, but the symptoms associated with ingestion o...

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Nitric oxide modulates dopaminergic regulation of prepulse inhibition in the basolateral amygdala

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Systemic injection of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (LNO) prevents the disruptive effect of amphetamine (Amph) on prepulse inhibition (PPI), a sensorimotor gating model in which the amplitude of the acoustic startle response (ASR) to a startling sound (pulse) is reduced when preceded immediately by a weaker stimulus (prepulse). Given that dopamine (DA) projections to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are involved in the control of information processing, our aim was to investigate if intra-BLA administration of LNO would modify the disruption caused by the DA agonists, Amph, apomorphine (Apo) and quinpirole (QNP), on PPI. Male Wistar rats received bilateral intra-BLA microinjections (0.2 µL/min/side) of combined treatments (saline or LNO 11 µg follow...

Dopamine in nucleus accumbens: salience modulation in latent inhibition and overshadowing

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Latent inhibition (LI) is demonstrated when non-reinforced pre-exposure to a to-be-conditioned stimulus retards later learning. Learning is similarly retarded in overshadowing, in this case using the relative intensity of competing cues to manipulate associability. Electrolytic/excitotoxic lesions to shell accumbens (NAc) and systemic amphetamine both reliably abolish LI. Here a conditioned emotional response procedure was used to demonstrate LI and overshadowing and to examine the role of dopamine (DA) within NAc. Experiment 1 showed that LI but not overshadowing was abolished by systemic amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.). In Experiment 2, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to lesion DA terminals within NAc: both shell- and core- (plus shell-)lesioned rats showed normal LI and overshadowing. ...

The role of nucleus accumbens shell GABA receptors on ventral tegmental area intracranial self-stimulation and a potential role for the 5-HT2C receptor

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Brain -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2C receptors are implicated in the neuronal regulation of reward- and aversion-related behaviour. Within the mesocorticolimbic pathways of the brain, relationships between GABA containing neurons and 5-HT2C receptor activity may be important in this context. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of NAc shell GABA receptors on ventral tegmental area intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and to examine the systemic effects of GABAergic ligands in this context. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between GABA receptor- and 5-HT2C receptor-related ICSS behaviour, using systemic administration of the selective agonist WAY 161503. Locomotor activity was assessed to compare the potential motor effects ...

Development of Parkinson’s disease in patients with Narcolepsy

Journal of Neural Transmission — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 19:35:21 +0100

Abstract Although amphetamine drugs can damage dopaminergic axons, it is unknown whether chronic treatment with amphetamine increases the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Of 1,152 consecutive PD patients, 3 had a prior diagnosis of narcolepsy. This rate is five times higher than expected (p = 0.02). These patients had typical onset of narcolepsy and underwent treatment with amphetamine. Although preliminary, this observation raises the possibility that some factors intrinsic to narcolepsy or its treatment may be a risk factor for PD. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Movement Disorders - Short communicationPages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s00702-011-0761-zAuthors Chadwick W. Christine, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 400...

Interaction of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Methamphetamine During Metabolism by In Vitro Human Metabolic Enzymes and in Rats - Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 12:09:00 +0100

Illicit amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) tablets commonly contain one or more active ingredients, which have hallucinogenic and/or stimulant effects. Because components such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA) in ATS tablet... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

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January eFactor

Environmental Factor - NIEHS Newsletter — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 22:46:51 +0100

Tox21 begins screening 10,000 chemicals NIEHS collaborates on autism database federation Balbus discusses health adaptation at climate change summit Copeland named chief of Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Grantee honored by association of science teachers Birnbaum and staff hold conversation with NIEHS Partners Nano Grand Opportunities researchers share findings mHealth Summit highlights advances in mobile health technology NIEHS postdocs learn the value of options at NC biotech career day Award-winning summer intern accepted by Stanford Freedman represents NIEHS/NTP at conference in Peru NTP advisor named as fellow of the Collegium Ramazzini Volunteers translate NIEHS cookstove research in Guatemala 2011 papers of the year Distinguished lecturer discusses the mechanism of a...

Amphetamine challenge decreases yohimbine binding to α2 adrenoceptors in Landrace pig brain

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 16:49:27 +0100

Conclusion These data suggest that the binding of [11C]yohimbine to α2 adrenoceptors may be displaceable by increases in synaptic concentrations of the endogenous ligand, NA, and possibly dopamine, suggesting the possibility that [11C]yohimbine may be used as a surrogate marker of NA release in vivo. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2632-6Authors Anne M. Landau, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, Building 10G, Aarhus C, 8000 DenmarkDoris J. Doudet, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, Building 10G, Aarhus C, 8000 DenmarkSteen Jakobsen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus Universit...

Opposite Effects of Amphetamine on Impulsive Action with Fixed and Variable Delays to Respond. - Hayton SJ, Maracle AC, Olmstead MC.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 15:21:09 +0100

Impulsive action, the failure to withhold an inappropriate response, is treated clinically with dopamine agonists such as amphetamine. Despite the therapeutic efficacy, these drugs have inconsistent effects on impulsive action in rodents, causing improveme... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

Drug Interactions between Common Illicit Drugs and Prescription Therapies.

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Although the use of illicit drugs is widespread, there are little experimental or clinical data regarding the effects of these agents on common prescription therapies. Scientific Significance: Potential drug interactions between illicit drugs and prescription drugs are described and evaluated on the Drug Interaction Probability Scale by Horn and Hansten. PMID: 22221229 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse)

Early life stress exacerbates cognitive dysfunction induced by d-amphetamine: amelioration by valproic acid

Journal of Neural Transmission — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 16:59:44 +0100

Abstract It has been demonstrated that experiences taking place early in life have a profound influence on brain development, interacting with the genetic background and determining differences in the vulnerability to the onset of bipolar disorder when the individual is exposed to a second adverse event later in life. Here, we investigated the effects of exposure to an early adverse life event (maternal deprivation) and to a later adverse life event [d-amphetamine (AMPH)] on cognition in an animal model of mania. We have previously demonstrated that that repeated AMPH exposure produces severe and persistent cognitive impairment, which was more pronounced when the animals were maternal deprived, suggesting that the early adverse life event could be potentiating the effects o...

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A Comparison of Rural and Urban Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Users' Lifetime and Recent Drug Use.

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that, in this sample, nonmedical prescription opioid use is dissimilar among rural and urban drug users. Additional research is needed to better understand the individual, social, and structural level factors contributing to the burden of nonmedical opioid use, particularly in rural populations, with the aim of developing tailored substance abuse treatment and prevention. PMID: 22211586 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse)

The Effects of Stimulant Medication on Working Memory Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Biological Psychiatry — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Stimulant medication has widespread effects on the functional connectivity of frontoparietal brain networks, which might be a mechanism that underlies their beneficial effects on working memory performance. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)

Neonatal treatment with a pegylated leptin antagonist has a sexually dimorphic effect on hypothalamic trophic factors and neuropeptide levels

Journal of Neuroendocrinology — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractIt is clear that the prenatal and early neonatal environments are important for determining metabolic equilibrium in the adult animal, with prenatal/neonatal leptin levels being at least one of the factors involved. Leptin modulates hypothalamic development and in particular, neuronal circuits involved in metabolic control. We have recently reported that maternal deprivation (MD) for 24 hours on postnatal day (PND) 9 modifies trophic factors and markers of cell turnover and neuronal maturation in the hypothalamus, as well as body weight and circulating leptin levels at PND13, with long‐ term effects on weight gain and circulating metabolic hormones in the adult. Moreover, these responses are sexually dimorphic. During MD a dramatic decline in leptin levels is observed; thus, we a...

Trends in the consumption of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications in Castilla y León (Spain): changes in the consumption pattern following the introduction of extended release methylphenidate

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionsThere has been an enormous increase in ADHD medication consumption in Castilla y León in the last few years; increase rocketed when extended‐release methylphenidate was marketed. A rapid increase in the consumption is a warning on possible overdiagnosis and inappropriate prescription. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety)

Amphetamine psychosis and eye autoenucleation.

The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Omidvar T, Sharifi V PMID: 22247101 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry)

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The effect of serotonin 5HT(1B) receptor ligands on amphetamine self-administration in rats.

European Journal of Pharmacology — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Miszkiel J, Adamczyk P, Filip M, Przegaliński E Abstract A number of data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT(1B) receptor ligands affect the behavioral effects of psychostimulants. In the present study we examined effects of the selective 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonist N-[3-[3-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-4-methoxyphenyl]-2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide hydrochloride (SB 216641) and the agonist 5-propoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine hydrochloride (CP 94253) on amphetamine self-administration in rats. SB 216641 administered in doses of 2.5-7.5mg/kg did not affect the self-administration of amphetamine injected in unit doses of 0.06 or 0.12mg/kg/infusion. On the other hand, CP 94253 administered in doses of...

Interaction of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Methamphetamine During Metabolism by In Vitro Human Metabolic Enzymes and in Rats*

Journal of Forensic Sciences — Wed, 28 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H Abstract Illicit amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) tablets commonly contain one or more active ingredients, which have hallucinogenic and/or stimulant effects. Because components such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA) in ATS tablets have similar chemical structures, they could be metabolized by common metabolic enzymes. To investigate potential metabolic interactions of ATS tablet components, we studied the in vitro metabolism of MDMA and MA using human metabolic enzymes. MDMA and MA were mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and mutually inhibited the production of their main metabolites. In vivo experiments were also performed using intravenous administr...

ADHD Medications and Risk of Serious Cardiovascular Events in Young and Middle-aged Adults [Original Contribution]

JAMA — Tue, 27 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Among young and middle-aged adults, current or new use of ADHD medications, compared with nonuse or remote use, was not associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events. Apparent protective associations likely represent healthy-user bias. (Source: JAMA)

Correlates of amphetamine-type stimulant use and associations with HIV-related risks among young women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 24 Dec 2011 06:10:35 +0100

Conclusion: ATS users had more sex partners, high level of alcohol use, and were at increased risk of STI. Our findings underscore ATS use as an important emerging risk exposure that should be integrated into HIV prevention interventions targeting this population. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

Increased risk of Parkinson's disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 24 Dec 2011 06:09:53 +0100

Conclusion: These data provide evidence that meth/amphetamine users have above-normal risk for developing PD. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

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Dose Effects and Comparative Effectiveness of Extended Release Dexmethylphenidate and Mixed Amphetamine Salts

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 14:09:17 +0100

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Dec 2011, Vol. 21, No. 6: 581-588. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

RGS4 overexpression in the rat dorsal striatum modulates mGluR5- and amphetamine-mediated behavior and signaling

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 06:49:10 +0100

Conclusions The present data demonstrate that RGS4 in the dSTR attenuates amphetamine-induced ERK signaling and decreases the behavioral efficacy of acute amphetamine likely by limiting mGluR5 function. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-15DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2606-8Authors Marek Schwendt, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425-5100, USAStacey A. Sigmon, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425-5100, USAJacqueline F. McGinty, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425-5100, USA J...

Comparison of intranasal methamphetamine and d-amphetamine self-administration by humans. - Kirkpatrick MG, Gunderson EW, Johanson CE, Levin FR, Foltin RW, Hart CL.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Sat, 17 Dec 2011 00:35:12 +0100

This study compared intranasal methamphetamine- and d-amphetamine self-administration and characterized the mood, performance, and physiolo... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

Effects of the selective 5-HT(7) receptor antagonist SB-269970 in animals models of psychosis and cognition.

Behavioural Brain Research — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Waters KA, Stean TO, Hammond B, Virley DJ, Upton N, Kew JN, Hussain I Abstract The 5-hydroxytryptamine(7) (5-HT(7)) receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor for serotonin that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. A number of studies have attempted to evaluate the potential role of the 5-HT(7) receptor in schizophrenia by utilising genetic or pharmacological tools but to date these have provided conflicting results. Here we investigate the effect of a selective 5-HT(7) receptor antagonist, SB-269970, in in vivo psychosis and cognition models of schizophrenia and relate efficacy to brain exposures of the compound. SB-269970 significantly attenuated amphetamine-induced rearing and...

The synergy of working memory and inhibitory control: Behavioral, pharmacological and neural functional evidences.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Stéphanie G, Marion R, Catherine LM, Françoise DH Abstract Concomitant deficits in working memory and behavioral inhibition in several psychiatric disorders like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, addiction or mania, suggest that common brain mechanisms may underlie their etiologies. Based on the theoretical assumption that a continuum exists between health and mental disorders, we explored the relationship between working memory and inhibition in healthy individuals, through spontaneous inter individual differences in behavior, and tested the hypothesis of a functional link through the fronto-striatal dopaminergic system. Rats were classified into three groups, showing good, intermediate and poor working memory and were compared for their inhibitory abilities. Th...

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Chewing Khat Raises Heart Disease, Death Risk: Study

The Doctors Lounge - Cardiology — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 15:00:00 +0100

Commonly used in the Middle East and spreading abroad, plant leaves give amphetamine-like high (Source: The Doctors Lounge - Cardiology)

Chewing Khat Raises Heart Disease, Death Risk

MedlinePlus Health News — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 14:00:00 +0100

Commonly used in the Middle East and spreading abroad, plant leaves give amphetamine-like high Source: HealthDay Related MedlinePlus Pages: Drug Abuse, Heart Diseases (Source: MedlinePlus Health News)

Risk Of Death And Stroke In Those With Heart Disease Increased By Herbal Amphetamine

Health News from Medical News Today — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 10:00:00 +0100

Chewing the natural stimulant khat increases the risk of death and stroke in patients with heart disease compared to those who are not users, according to new research in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. Since ancient times, people in the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa have chewed the fresh leaves of the Catha edulis plant which has effects similar to amphetamines and cocaine. It causes euphoria, hyperactivity, restlessness, loss of appetite and weight loss... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Herbal Amphetamine Increases Risk of Death and Stroke in Those with Heart Disease

MedlinePlus Health News — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 06:21:11 +0100

Source: American Heart Association Related MedlinePlus Pages: Drug Abuse, Heart Diseases (Source: MedlinePlus Health News)

Enantiomeric separation of some common controlled stimulants by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

Electrophoresis — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractCE methods with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) were developed for the enantiomeric separation of the following stimulants: amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), ephedrine (EP), pseudoephedrine (PE), norephedrine (NE) and norpseudoephedrine (NPE). Acetic acid (pH 2.5 and 2.8) was found to be the optimal background electrolyte for the CE‐C4D system. The chiral selectors, carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (CMBCD), heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (DMBCD) and chiral crown ether (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4), were investigated for their enantioseparation properties in the BGE. The use of either a single or a combination of two chiral selectors was chosen to obtain optimal condition of enantiomeric...

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Herbal Amphetamine Increases Risk of Death and Stroke in Those With Heart Disease

Medical News (via PRIMEZONE) — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 21:00:00 +0100

DALLAS, Dec. 12, 2011 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Chewing the natural stimulant khat increases the risk of death and stroke in patients with heart disease compared to those who are not users, according to new research in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. (Source: Medical News (via PRIMEZONE))

Ritalin, an amphetamine, is commonly used to treat ADHD. It doesn't increase the risk of heart attacks, stroke or sudden cardiac death, according to a new study from JAMA.

OrlandoSentinel: Medical Research — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 20:13:06 +0100

(Source: OrlandoSentinel: Medical Research)

Ritalin, an amphetamine, is commonly used to treat ADHD. It doesn't increase the risk of heart attacks, stroke or sudden cardiac death, according to a new study in JAMA.

OrlandoSentinel: Medical Research — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 20:13:06 +0100

(Source: OrlandoSentinel: Medical Research)

Shire readies Europe for first dose of amphetamine

Reuters: Health — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 16:45:44 +0100

LONDON (Reuters) - Shire has treated a generation of American children who can't concentrate, using amphetamine-based stimulants. As recognition of the condition known as attention deficit disorder grows in Europe, it believes it can overcome skepticism about the treatment to sell it here too. (Source: Reuters: Health)

Analysis: Shire readies Europe for first dose of amphetamine

Reuters: Health — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 10:48:41 +0100

LONDON (Reuters) - Shire has treated a generation of hyperactive American children with amphetamine-based stimulants. Now, with recognition of the condition growing in Europe, it believes the time is right to bring the franchise across the Atlantic. (Source: Reuters: Health)

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ADHD Medications and Risk of Serious Cardiovascular Events in Young and Middle-aged Adults [Original Contribution]

JAMA — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Discriminative stimulus, subject-rated and cardiovascular effects of cocaine alone and in combination with aripiprazole in humans

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Aripiprazole is a dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist undergoing evaluation as a pharmacotherapy for stimulant-use disorders. Acutely administered aripiprazole attenuates the discriminative stimulus and other behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans; however, whether aripiprazole attenuates the effects of more commonly abused stimulants is unknown. The aim of this experiment was to assess the discriminative stimulus, subject-rated and cardiovascular effects of oral cocaine alone and following acute administration of aripiprazole in humans. Eight cocaine-dependent subjects learned to discriminate 150 mg cocaine from placebo. After acquiring the discrimination, the effects of cocaine (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg) administered alone and in combination with aripiprazole (15 mg) were determ...

Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demonstrate this instability in the Netherlands, showing a decrease of ecstasy tablets containing 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) by more than 50% in 2009. In addition, we describe a partial replacement of MDMA in tablets sold as ecstasy by a previously unseen substance, mephedrone (or 4-methylmethcathinone). Mephedrone was quantified and ecstasy tablets contained between 96 and 155 mg of this new compound. So far, no studies about mephedrone’s effects have been published. For this study, we gathered information on the acute subjective effects of mephedrone from 70 regular ecstasy users. Overall, the majority of users considered the ef...

Rapid, simple, and highly sensitive analysis of drugs in biological samples using thin-layer chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we examined a simple preparation and highly sensitive analysis of drugs in biological samples such as urine, plasma, and organs using thin-layer chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (TLC/MALDI/MS). When the urine containing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) without sample dilution was spotted on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate and was analyzed by TLC/MALDI/MS, the detection limit of the MDMA spot was 0.05 ng/spot. The value was the same as that in aqueous solution spotted on a stainless steel plate. All the 11 psychotropic compounds tested (MDMA, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-hydroxymethamphetamine, amphetamine, ketamine, caffeine, chlorpromazine, tria...

Peptidergic Edinger-Westphal neurons and the energy-dependent stress response.

General and Comparative Endocrinology — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Xu L, Scheenen WJ, Roubos EW, Kozicz T Abstract The continuously changing environment demands for adequate stress responses to maintain the internal dynamic equilibrium of body and mind. A successful stress response requires energy, in an amount matching the severity of the stressor and the type of response ('fight, flight or freeze'). The stress response is generated by the central nervous system, which needs to be informed about both the threatening stressor and the availability of energy. In this review, evidence is considered for a role of the midbrain Edinger-Westphal centrally projecting neuron population (EWcp; synonym: non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus) in the energy-dependent stress adaptation response. It deals with studies on the neurochemical organizat...

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Impact of mGluR5 during amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned hyperactivity in differentially reared rats

Psychopharmacology — Mon, 05 Dec 2011 06:33:13 +0100

Conclusions Glutamatergic pathways are altered during differential rearing, which differentially alters the role of mGluR5 in EC, IC, and SC rats when administered psychostimulant acutely versus repeatedly. These findings suggest that differential rearing alters glutamatergic function, which reduces sensitivity to psychostimulants. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-11DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2565-0Authors Margaret J. Gill, Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAJennifer C. Arnold, Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAMary E. Cain, Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA ...

Dose Effects and Comparative Effectiveness of Extended Release Dexmethylphenidate and Mixed Amphetamine Salts

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology — Fri, 02 Dec 2011 19:31:03 +0100

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

Dissociable effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on distinct forms of impulsive behavior in rats

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 02 Dec 2011 06:45:35 +0100

Conclusions Elevation of DA neurotransmission increases impulsive action and reduces impulsive choice. Increasing NA or 5-HT neurotransmission reduces impulsive action. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-14DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2576-xAuthors Petra J. J. Baarendse, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The NetherlandsLouk J. M. J. Vanderschuren, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands Journal PsychopharmacologyOnline ISSN 1432-2072Print ISSN 0033-3158 (Source: Psychopharmacology)

Psychotherapeutic and Pharmacologic Treatment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: The Heuristic Utility of Stressing Function Over Form

Clinical Case Studies — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Although the traditional emphasis on overt symptomatology leads readily to diagnosis, such categorization typically assumes a pathological process within the individual that may at best be managed or modified. Conceptualization of symptoms in terms of adaptive and functional considerations may facilitate and broaden options for treatment, potentially improving outcome. This case study provides an example of treatment of schizotypal personality disorder using such an approach. Psychotherapy and medication were directed toward alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression producing functional impairment in memory, and development of interpersonal skills to increase prospects for reinforcement in interaction with others was implemented to decrease the need for fantasy as a means of obtaining...

Attenuation of chronic mild stress-induced 'anhedonia' by asenapine is not associated with a 'hedonic' profile in intracranial self-stimulation

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced ‘anhedonia’ is a predictive model of antidepressant activity. We assessed the reversal of CMS-induced behavioral changes by asenapine, the antidepressant imipramine, and the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone. Secondarily, the ability of these agents to facilitate intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was assessed to ensure that any attenuation of CMS-induced anhedonia was not associated with an overt hedonic profile. After 2 weeks of CMS, male Wistar rats were administered asenapine (0.06–0.6 mg/kg), olanzapine (2 mg/kg), risperidone (0.5 mg/kg), or imipramine (10 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection over 5 weeks to examine their ability to reverse CMS-induced reductions in the intake of a sucrose solution. For the ICSS stu...

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Negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors by RO4938581 attenuates discrete sub-chronic and early postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced cognitive deficits in rats

Psychopharmacology — Tue, 29 Nov 2011 22:22:03 +0100

Conclusions Taken together, these novel findings suggest that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors may represent an attractive treatment option for the cognitive impairments, and potentially positive symptoms, associated with schizophrenia. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-18DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2593-9Authors John P. Redrobe, Synaptic Transmission I, Neuroscience Research DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, DenmarkLisbeth Elster, Neuroscience Research DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, DenmarkKristen Frederiksen, Neuroscience Research DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, DenmarkChristoffer Bundgaard, Neuroscience Research DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, DenmarkInge E. M. de Jong...

Intranasal Leptin Reduces Appetite and Induces Weight Loss in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO).

Endocrinology — Tue, 29 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Schulz C, Paulus K, Jöhren O, Lehnert H Abstract Resistance to brain-mediated effects of leptin is a characteristic feature of obesity, resulting from alterations in leptin receptor signaling in hypothalamic neurons and/or transport across the blood-brain-barrier. We have shown previously, that the latter can be circumvented by intranasal (i.n.) application of leptin in lean rats. This prompted us to test i.n. leptin in animals with diet-induced obesity (DIO) as a basis for future human administration. DIO was induced in male Wistar rats by feeding a cafeteria diet for 25 or 32 wk, respectively. Consecutively, these DIO animals (seven to eight per treatment) and standard diet rats (lean) (14-15 per treatment, matched for age and diet duration) were treated with 0.1, 0.2 m...

Methamphetamine self‐administration acutely decreases monoaminergic transporter function

Synapse — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the present manuscript is the first to describe transporter function and METH/AMPH levels after self‐administration in rodents. These data provide a foundation to investigate complex questions including how the response of dopaminergic systems to METH self‐administration contributes to contingent‐related processes such as dependence. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. (Source: Synapse)

Unilateral nigrostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in mice I: Motor impairments identify extent of dopamine depletion at three different lesion sites.

Behavioural Brain Research — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Heuer A, Smith GA, Lelos MJ, Lane EL, Dunnett SB Abstract The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine mouse lesion models of Parkinson's disease have received increasing attention in recent years, but comparison of the different lesion models was largely focused at a histological level. An extensive behavioural comparison between different mouse models on tests of motor function has yet to be carried, to pin point tests that accurately discriminate between different extents of dopaminergic depletion. In the present study we examine the consequences of injection of the toxin at three sites along the nigrostriatal tract (substantia nigra, medial forebrain bundle, and striatum) on a broad range of simple motor tasks, and on the dopaminergic pathology. All lesion groups demonstrated mark...

The pharmacological sensitivity of a touchscreen-based visual discrimination task in the rat using simple and perceptually challenging stimuli

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 06:43:53 +0100

Conclusion These data improve our understanding of the basic neuropharmacology of a visual discrimination in cognitive tests employing touchscreens and will aid in the interpretation of pharmacological studies with more cognitively demanding methodologies. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-13DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2590-zAuthors J. C. Talpos, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, B2340 BelgiumA. C. Fletcher, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UKC. Circelli, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UKM. D. Tricklebank, Lilly Research Laboratories,...

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Poor inhibitory control and neurochemical differences in high compulsive drinker rats selected by schedule-induced polydipsia

Psychopharmacology — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 17:36:21 +0100

Conclusions These findings show that HD rats selected by SIP exhibit compulsive and impulsive behaviour based on measures of performance on the five-choice serial reaction time task and associated with changes in monoaminergic systems in limbic–striatal circuitry. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-12DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2575-yAuthors Margarita Moreno, Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, SpainValeria Edith Gutiérrez-Ferre, Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, SpainLuis Ruedas, Departamento de Neurociencia y Ci...

The Toxicology of Bath Salts: A Review of Synthetic Cathinones.

Journal of Medical Toxicology — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Prosser JM, Nelson LS Abstract Synthetic cathinones have recently emerged and grown to be popular drugs of abuse. Their dramatic increase has resulted in part from sensationalized media attention as well as widespread availability on the Internet. They are often considered "legal highs" and sold as "bath salts" or "plant food" and labeled "not for human consumption" to circumvent drug abuse legislation. Cathinone is a naturally occurring beta-ketone amphetamine analogue found in the leaves of the Catha edulis plant. Synthetic cathinones are derivatives of this compound. Those that are being used as drugs of abuse include butylone, dimethylcathinone, ethcathinone, ethylone, 3- and 4-fluoromethcathinone, mephedrone, methedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone, a...

Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5‐HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats

British Journal of Pharmacology — Tue, 22 Nov 2011 06:47:28 +0100

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The neurochemical and functional properties of mephedrone resemble those of MDMA, but it also shows an amphetamine‐like effect in that it evokes a rapid release and elimination of DA in the brain reward system, a feature that may contribute to its potent re‐inforcing properties. (Source: British Journal of Pharmacology)

Significantly increased detection rate of drugs of abuse in urine following the introduction of new German driving licence re-granting guidelines

Forensic Science International — Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: In this paper we present the first assessment of the new German driving licence re-granting medical and psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines by comparing over 3500 urine samples tested under the old MPA cut-offs to over 5000 samples tested under the new MPA cut-offs. Since the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) technology used previously was not sensitive enough to screen for drugs at such low concentrations, as suggested by the new MPA guidelines, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening kits were used to screen for the drugs of abuse at the new MPA cut-offs. The above comparison revealed significantly increased detection rates of drug use or exposure during the rehabilitation period as follows: 1.61, 2.33, 3.33, and 7 times higher for 11-nor-delta-9-...

Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

There are numerous medicinal chemistry reports in the literature describing the pharmacological properties of thousands of narcotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, sedative‐hypnotic drugs, cannabinoids, and other psychoactive substances as well as synthetic methods for their preparations. This information, while essential for the advancement of science, has been used by clandestine chemists to manufacture and market an endless variety of analogs of so‐called designer drugs. In this review, we describe how clandestine chemists used the principles of medicinal chemistry to design molecules, referred to as designer drugs, that elicit the effects of opioids, amphetamine and analogs, cannabinoids, and phencyclidine analogs while circumventing the law. (Source: Annals of the New York Academy of...

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Role of medial prefrontal cortex dopamine in age differences in response to amphetamine in rats: Locomotor activity after intra‐mPFC injections of dopaminergic ligands

Journal of Neurobiology — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 04:35:18 +0100

AbstractRationale:Changes in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopamine receptor expression and in mPFC projections to the nucleus accumbens in adolescence suggest that there may be age differences in the regulation of drug‐related behavior by the mPFC.Objectives:The age‐specific role of prelimbic D1 dopamine receptors on amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity was investigated.Methods:In experiment 1, rats aged postnatal day 30 (P30), P45 and P75, corresponding to early and late adolescence and adulthood, were given an injection of D1 and D2 antagonists into the prelimbic mPFC before a systemic injection of 1.5 mg/kg of amphetamine and locomotor activity was recorded. In experiment 2, effects of intra‐prelimbic injections of a D1 agonist and antagonist on locomotor activity produced ...

Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users? A Critical Review

Neuropsychopharmacology — Wed, 16 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users? A Critical Review Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, November 16, 2011. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.276 Authors: Carl L Hart, Caroline B Marvin, Rae Silver & Edward E Smith Keywords: addiction & substance abuse; psychostimulants; cognition; learning & memory; methamphetamine; amphetamine; impairment (Source: Neuropsychopharmacology)

Basic cell physiological activities (cell adhesion, chemotaxis and proliferation) induced by selegiline and its derivatives in Mono Mac 6 human monocytes

Journal of Neural Transmission — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 16:58:45 +0100

Abstract Selegiline (R-deprenyl), a monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor, has complex pharmacological effect that contributes to treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and presumably Alzheimer’s disease and might work as an inhibitor of tumor growth. In respect of tumorigenesis and metastasis formation, the controlled modifications of adhesion and migration have high therapeutic significance. In the present study, our purpose was to investigate cell physiological responses (adhesion, chemotaxis and proliferation) induced by selegiline, its metabolites and synthetic derivatives and to find some correlations between the molecular structure and the reported antitumor behavior of the derivatives. Our results demonstrated that both R- and S-deprenyls ha...

Discovery of potential antipsychotic agents possessing pro-cognitive properties

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 16:53:32 +0100

Abstract Current antipsychotic drug therapies for schizophrenia have limited efficacy and are notably ineffective at addressing the cognitive deficits associated with this disorder. The present study was designed to develop effective antipsychotic agents that would also ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with this disease. In vitro studies comprised of binding and functional assays were utilized to identify compounds with the receptor profile that could provide both antipsychotic and pro-cognitive features. Antipsychotic and cognitive models assessing in vivo activity of these compounds included locomotor activity assays and novel object recognition assays. We developed a series of potential antipsychotic agents with a novel receptor activity profile comprised of...

Roles of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the central nervous system.

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology — Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zhang M, Han L, Xu Y Abstract 1. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), first isolated by from the ovine hypothalamus, is a potential neurotransmitter widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in endocrine cells in the pituitary and adrenal glands, pancreatic islets and stomach. 2. Numerous studies have established the role of CART in food intake, maintenance of bodyweight, stress control, reward and pain transmission. Recently, it was demonstrated that CART, as a neurotrophic peptide, had a cerebroprotective against focal ischaemic stroke and inhibited the neurotoxicity of β-amyloid protein, which resulted in the concern of CART in the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological diseases. 3. In fact, littl...

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Amphetamine stereotypy, the basal ganglia, and the "selection problem"

Behavioural Brain Research — Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Amphetamine stereotypy, the basal ganglia, and the "selection problem" Behav Brain Res. 2011 Nov 11; Authors: Wolgin DL Abstract Amphetamine and other stimulant drugs induce stereotyped head movements in rats, which interfere with normal goal-directed behavior. However, rats given access to food while intoxicated learn to suppress these movements in order to feed. This suggests that the suppression of stereotypy is an instrumentally learned response reinforced by the ingestion of food. Consistent with this interpretation, rats learn to suppress stereotyped head movements when intraoral infusions of milk are made contingent on maintaining a stationary head position, but not when such infusions are given noncontingently. Although learning to suppress stereotypy occurs at diff...

A third of clubbers who take mephedrone may be addicted, survey finds

Guardian Unlimited Science — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 16:24:37 +0100

Contrary to the belief that mephedrone is less harmful than drugs like cocaine, many users showed signs of dependenceThree in 10 clubbers who take the drug mephedrone exhibit symptoms associated with addiction, a study has found. Many users of the banned substance, sometimes called "meow meow", had several signs of dependence, including withdrawal effects, failed attempts to give up, and taking larger and larger doses.UK Home Office figures published in July found mephedrone ranks joint second with cocaine behind cannabis in popularity among 16- to 24-year-olds, with 4.4% having taken it in the previous 12 months."Some have suggested mephedrone has a profile that is less harmful than other substances like cocaine, but our evidence suggests people are going to run into problems associated w...

One day of motor training with amphetamine impairs motor recovery following spinal cord injury.

Experimental Neurology — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Wong JK, Steward O Abstract It has previously been reported that a single dose of amphetamine paired with training on a beam walking task can enhance locomotor recovery following brain injury (Feeney et al., 1982). Here, we investigated whether this same drug/training regimen could enhance functional recovery following either thoracic (T9) or cervical (C5) spinal cord injury. Different groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a beam walking task, and in a straight alley for assessment of hindlimb locomotor recovery using the BBB locomotor scale. For rats that received C5 hemisections, forelimb grip strength was assessed using a grip strength meter. Three separate experiments assessed the consequences of training rats on the beam walking task 24h following a tho...

Validation of LUCIO®-Direct-ELISA kits for the detection of drugs of abuse in urine: Application to the new German driving licence re-granting guidelines

Forensic Science International — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: LUCIO®-Direct-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were validated for the screening of drugs of abuse cannabis, opiates, amphetamines and cocaine in urine for the new German medical and psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines with subsequent gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) confirmation. The screening cut-offs corresponding to 10ng/mL 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), 50ng/mL amphetamine, 25ng/mL morphine and codeine and 30ng/mL benzoylecgonine were chosen at the point where the number of false negatives was lower than 1%. Due to their accuracy, ease of use and rapid analysis, these ELISA tests are very promising for cases where a large proportion of the tests are expected to be negative such as for abstinence monito...

ADDERALL (Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate And Amphetamine Sulfate) Tablet [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 08 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Nov 8, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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Functional antagonism of amphetamine versus ethanol on adrenergic neurotransmission in vas deferens of adolescent rats.

European Journal of Pharmacology — Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: da Silva Júnior ED, Caricati-Neto A, Jurkiewicz NH, Jurkiewicz A Abstract Because of the few studies that emphasize the in vivo use of amphetamine and ethanol, and their consequences on autonomic neurotransmission, we decided to study the effect of these drugs on peripheral noradrenergic neurotransmission of young animals. We used contractions of the vas deferens of adolescent rats as a model for the study of pre-treatment with both agents. The 30 to 40day old adolescent rats were pre-treated with amphetamine, at doses of 3mg/kg, or ethanol at doses of 1.2g/kg. Both agents were also used simultaneously to investigate possible interactions. The group treated with amphetamine showed a potentiation of the vas deferens contractions evoked by noradrenaline and barium (about 20...

Governing through problems: The formulation of policy on amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in Australia

International Journal of Drug Policy — Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Producing and implementing credible and effective policies on illicit drug use is generally seen as an important aspect of health governance in the West. Yet the controversy surrounding illicit drug use means this is no easy task. With public opinion perceived by policy makers to be set against illicit drug use, and understandings of its effects tending towards generalisation and pathologisation, the need for timely and rational responses is considered self evident. These responses are, however, regularly criticised as driven as much by electoral politics and expedience as by research findings or expert opinion. Destined to receive close critical scrutiny from all sides, these policies, and the processes undertaken to develop them, are obliged to negotiate a complex political dom...

Amphetamine Use During Adolescence Linked To Permanent Changes In Brain Function And Behavior

Health News from Medical News Today — Sun, 06 Nov 2011 08:00:00 +0100

Amphetamine use in adolescence can cause neurobiological imbalances and increase risk-taking behaviour, and these effects can persist into adulthood, even when subjects are drug free. These are the conclusions of a new study using animal models conducted by McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) researcher Dr. Gabriella Gobbi and her colleagues. The study, published in The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, is one of the first to shed light on how long-term amphetamine use in adolescence affects brain chemistry and behaviour... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease

Nature AOP — Sun, 06 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease Nature advance online publication 06 November 2011. doi:10.1038/nature10648 Authors: Sonja Kriks, Jae-Won Shim, Jinghua Piao, Yosif M. Ganat, Dustin R. Wakeman, Zhong Xie, Luis Carrillo-Reid, Gordon Auyeung, Chris Antonacci, Amanda Buch, Lichuan Yang, M. Flint Beal, D. James Surmeier, Jeffrey H. Kordower, Viviane Tabar & Lorenz Studer Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a promising source of cells for applications in regenerative medicine. Directed differentiation of PSCs into specialized cells such as spinal motoneurons or midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons has been achieved. However, the effective use of PSCs for cell therapy has lagged behind. Whereas mouse PSC-derived DA...

Adh1 and Adh1/4 knockout mice as possible rodent models for presymptomatic Parkinson's disease.

Behavioural Brain Research — Sun, 06 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Anvret A, Ran C, Westerlund M, Gellhaar S, Lindqvist E, Pernold K, Lundströmer K, Duester G, Felder MR, Galter D, Belin AC Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) catalyze the reversible metabolism of many types of alcohols and aldehydes to prevent the possible toxic accumulation of these compounds. ADHs are of interest in Parkinson's disease (PD) since these compounds can be harmful to dopamine (DA) neurons. Genetic variants in ADH1C and ADH4 have been found to associate with PD and lack of Adh4 gene activity in a mouse model has recently been reported to induce changes in the DA system. Adh1 knockout (Adh1-/-) and Adh1/4 double knockout (Adh1/4-/-) mice were investigated for possible changes in DA system related activity, biochemical parameters and olfactory function comp...

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Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease

Nature — Sun, 06 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease Nature 480, 7378 (2011). doi:10.1038/nature10648 Authors: Sonja Kriks, Jae-Won Shim, Jinghua Piao, Yosif M. Ganat, Dustin R. Wakeman, Zhong Xie, Luis Carrillo-Reid, Gordon Auyeung, Chris Antonacci, Amanda Buch, Lichuan Yang, M. Flint Beal, D. James Surmeier, Jeffrey H. Kordower, Viviane Tabar & Lorenz Studer Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a promising source of cells for applications in regenerative medicine. Directed differentiation of PSCs into specialized cells such as spinal motoneurons or midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons has been achieved. However, the effective use of PSCs for cell therapy has lagged behind. Whereas mouse PSC-derived DA n...

Efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder previously treated with methylphenidate: a post hoc analysis

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: In this analysis, children with significant clinical ADHD symptoms despite MPH treatment improved during treatment with LDX and experienced similar improvements in their symptoms as the overall study population.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT00556296 (Source: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health)

Adolescent amphetamine use linked to permanent changes in brain function and behavior

ScienceDaily Headlines — Thu, 03 Nov 2011 16:04:04 +0100

Amphetamine use in adolescence can cause neurobiological imbalances and increase risk-taking behavior, and these effects can persist into adulthood, even when subjects are drug free. These are the conclusions of a new study using animal models. The study is one of the first to shed light on how long-term amphetamine use in adolescence affects brain chemistry and behavior. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Comparison of intranasal methamphetamine and d‐amphetamine self‐administration by humans

Addiction — Wed, 02 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Methamphetamine and d‐amphetamines appear to produce a similar dose‐related profile of effects in humans, which supports their equivalence for abuse potential. (Source: Addiction)

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amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, Adderall

MedicineNet Sleep General — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Title: amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, AdderallCategory: MedicationsCreated: 4/17/1999 8:28:00 PMLast Editorial Review: 11/1/2011 (Source: MedicineNet Sleep General)

Development and implementation of a three-choice serial reaction time task for zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Behavioural Brain Research — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study provides the foundations for development and further validation of this species as a model for some aspects of human attentional and impulse control disorders, such as substance abuse disorder. PMID: 22062587 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Behavioural Brain Research)

In Vivo Evidence for Low Striatal Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) Availability in Cocaine Abusers.

The American Journal of Psychiatry — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions:The results of this in vivo PET study confirm previous in vitro reports of low VMAT2 availability in the striatum of cocaine abusers. It also suggests a compensatory down-regulation of the dopamine storage vesicles in response to chronic cocaine abuse and/or a loss of dopaminergic terminals. Further research is necessary to understand the clinical relevance of this observation to relapse and outcome in abstinent cocaine abusers. PMID: 22193525 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry)

Why Does Coffee Make Us Feel So Good?

Psychology Today Addiction Center — Fri, 28 Oct 2011 15:47:05 +0100

Coffee makes us feel so good because it is able to tap into virtually every reward system our brain has evolved. Hidden within that hot black silken elixir is a chemical that has taken over your brain by mimicking the actions of cocaine and marijuana. Primary Topic: Diet read more (Source: Psychology Today Addiction Center)

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Increased affinity of dopamine for D2‐like versus D1‐like receptors. Relevance for volume transmission in interpreting PET findings

Synapse — Thu, 27 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

AbstractEvidence indicates that dopamine (DA) mainly acts as a Volume Transmission (VT) transmitter through its release into the extracellular fluid where the D1‐like and D2‐like receptors are predominantly extrasynaptic. It was therefore of interest to compare the affinities of the 2 major families of DA receptors. [3H] raclopride /DA and [3H] SCH23390/DA competition assays compared the affinity of DA at D2‐like and D1‐like receptors in rat dorsal striatal membrane preparations as well as in membrane preparations from CHO cell lines stably transfected with human D2L and D1 receptors. The IC50 values of DA at D2‐like receptors in dorsal striatal membranes and CHO cell membranes were markedly and significantly reduced compared to the IC50 values of DA at D1‐like receptors. These...

Call for action on 'legal high' drugs

NHS News Feed — Wed, 26 Oct 2011 18:00:00 +0100

Government drug advisers have today called for tighter regulation of ‘legal highs’ - recreational drugs sold legally due to loopholes in the law. In a new report the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) has published details of how drugs such as ‘meow meow’ (mephedrone), which was banned last year, have been openly sold over the internet under the guise of being ‘plant food’ or ‘research chemicals’. The report also highlighted the false perception that just because a drug is technically legal it must be safe, pointing out that there have been at least 42 deaths associated with the use of mephedrone, and dozens more where its use has been suspected. While the mephedrone family of drugs has now been banned, the ACMD said those manufacturing legal highs are increasin...

α- and β-Adrenergic Receptors Differentially Modulate the Emission of Spontaneous and Amphetamine-Induced 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Adult Rats

Neuropsychopharmacology — Wed, 26 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

α- and β-Adrenergic Receptors Differentially Modulate the Emission of Spontaneous and Amphetamine-Induced 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Adult Rats Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, October 26, 2011. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.258 Authors: Jennifer M Wright, May R S Dobosiewicz & Paul B S Clarke Keywords: psychopharmacology; behavioral science; psychostimulants, animal models; ultrasonic vocalizations; rat; noradrenaline; propranolol; prazosin; amphetamine (Source: Neuropsychopharmacology)

Microarray analysis in caudal medulla of cattle orally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Genetics and Molecular Research — Tue, 25 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Almeida LM, Basu U, Williams JL, Moore SS, Guan LL Abstract Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal disorder in cattle characterized by progressive neurodegeneration of the central nervous system. We investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration during prion infection through the identification of genes that are differentially expressed (DE) between experimentally infected and non-challenged cattle. Gene expression of caudal medulla from control and orally infected animals was compared by microarray analysis using 24,000 bovine oligonucleotides representing 16,846 different genes to identify DE genes associated with BSE disease. In total, 182 DE genes were identified between normal and BSE-infected tissues (>2.0-fold change, P < 0.01);...

The acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and d-methamphetamine on human cognitive functioning

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 21 Oct 2011 16:00:09 +0100

Conclusions Further research into the acute effects of amphetamine preparations is necessary to further quantify the acute disruption of aspects of human functioning crucial to complex activities such as attention, selective memory, and psychomotor performance. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2532-9Authors Con Stough, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, AustraliaRebecca King, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, AustraliaKatherine Papafotiou, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, AustraliaPhillip Swann, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swin...

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S(+)AMPHETAMINE INDUCES A PERSISTENT LEAK IN THE HUMAN DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER: molecular stent hypothesis

British Journal of Pharmacology — Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We report a hitherto unknown action of S(+)AMPH on hDAT that potentially impacts AMPH‐induced DA release. At ‐60mV, near neuronal resting potentials, S(+)AMPH induces a depolarizing current through hDAT, which after removing the drug, persists for more than 30 minutes. This persistent leak in the absence of S(+)AMPH is in contrast to the R(‐)AMPH‐ or DA‐induced current, which return to baseline immediately after removal. Our data suggest that S(+)AMPH and Na+ carry the initial S(+)AMPH‐induced current, whereas Na+ and Cl‐ carry the persistent leak current. We propose that the persistent current results from the internal action of S(+)AMPH on hDAT because the temporal effect is consistent with S(+)AMPH influx, and intracellular S(+)AMPH activates the effect. The persistent cur...

Behavioral phenotyping of glutathione-deficient mice: Relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Behavioural Brain Research — Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kulak A, Cuenod M, Do KQ Abstract Redox-dysregulation represents a common pathogenic mechanism in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). It may in part arise from a genetically compromised synthesis of glutathione (GSH), the major cellular antioxidant and redox-regulator. Allelic variants of the genes coding for the rate-limiting GSH synthesizing enzyme glutamate-cysteine-ligase modifier (GCLM) and/or catalytic (GCLC) subunit have been associated with SZ and BP. Using mice knockout (KO) for GCLM we have previously shown that impaired GSH synthesis is associated with morphological, functional and neurochemical anomalies similar to those in patients. Here we asked whether GSH deficit is also associated with SZ- and BP-relevant behavioral and cognitive anomalies. Accor...

Acute Demyelination in a Person with Amphetamine Abuse

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 01:48:25 +0100

We report the case of a 31-year-old woman, admitted to the hospital for chest pain, dying a few days later from septic multiorgan failure, and showing at autopsy foci of acute demyelination in the occipital lobe. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of amphetamine in the demyelinated area, which might be considered as the pathogenic agent, since other causes for demyelination could be excluded. This case represents the first report showing a demyelinating process due to a street drug. (Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology)

Stress-induced cross-sensitization to amphetamine is related to changes in the dopaminergic system

Journal of Neural Transmission — Tue, 18 Oct 2011 06:00:14 +0100

Abstract Repeated stress engenders behavioral sensitization. The mesolimbic dopamine system is critically involved in drug-induced behavioral sensitization. In the present study we examined the differences between adolescent and adult rats in stress-induced behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and changes in dopamine (DA) and its metabolite levels in the mesolimbic system. Adolescent or adult rats were restrained for 2 h, once a day, for 7 days. Three days after the last exposure to stress, the animals were challenged with saline or amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) and amphetamine-induced locomotion was recorded for 40 min. Immediately after the behavioral tests, rats were decapitated and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and amyg...

Risperidone Administered During Asymptomatic Period of Adolescence Prevents the Emergence of Brain Structural Pathology and Behavioral Abnormalities in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Bulletin — Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Schizophrenia is a disorder of a neurodevelopmental origin manifested symptomatically after puberty. Structural neuroimaging studies show that neuroanatomical aberrations precede onset of symptoms, raising a question of whether schizophrenia can be prevented. Early treatment with atypical antipsychotics may reduce the risk of transition to psychosis, but it remains unknown whether neuroanatomical abnormalities can be prevented. We have recently shown, using in vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging, that treatment with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine during an asymptomatic period of adolescence prevents the emergence of schizophrenia-like brain structural abnormalities in adult rats exposed to prenatal immune challenge, in parallel to preventing behavioral abnormalities. Here we a...

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Neurochemical classification and projection targets of CART peptide immunoreactive neurons in sensory and parasympathetic ganglia of the head

Neuropeptides — Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The aims of the present study were to determine if there is neuronal Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcripts (CART) peptide expression (CART+) in parasympathetic (sphenopalatine (SPG); otic (OG)) and sensory (trigeminal (TG)) ganglia of the head and to examine the neurochemical phenotype (calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurofilament 200 (NF200), isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactivity) and projection targets (lacrimal gland (LG), parotid gland (PG), nasal mucosa (NM), temporomandibular joint (TMJ), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and middle meningeal artery (MMA)) of CART expressing neurons in these ganglia. We found CART+ neurons in both the SPG (5.25±0.07%) and OG (4.32±0.66). A si...

Tests In Development To Catch The Makers Of Dangerous 'Legal High' Designer Drugs

Health News from Medical News Today — Sun, 16 Oct 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Urgently needed tests which could help identify the manufacturers of designer 'legal high' drugs are being developed in research led at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. The drugs, known by names such as 'ivory wave' and NRG-1" and sold labelled as bath salts, plant food and incense, mimic the effects of illegal drugs such as amphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy. Although these so-called 'designer drugs' can be dangerous, many have not yet been made illegal and are difficult to detect with current drug tests... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Quantitative analysis of amphetamine in femoral blood from drug-poisoning deaths compared with venous blood from impaired drivers. - Jones AW, Holmgren A, Ahlner J.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Sun, 16 Oct 2011 02:41:16 +0100

Background: Amphetamine is a major drug of abuse worldwide. Here we compare the concentrations of this stimulant amine in femoral blood in drug fatalities with venous blood from impaired drivers. Method: Amphetamine was determined in blood by isotope-dilut... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE, AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE, DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE AND AMPHETAMINE SULFATEcapsule, Extended Release [Global Pharmaceuticals, Division Of Impax Laboratories Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Thu, 13 Oct 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Oct 13, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Effects of exposure to amphetamine derivatives on passive avoidance performance and the central levels of monoamines and their metabolites in mice: Correlations between behavior and neurochemistry

Psychopharmacology — Wed, 12 Oct 2011 16:06:35 +0100

Conclusions These studies demonstrate that certain amphetamines impair PA performance in mice and that these impairments may be attributable to specific neurochemical depletions. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-14DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2504-0Authors Kevin Sean Murnane, Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Yerkes Imaging Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322-4250, USAShane Alan Perrine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USABrendan James Finton, Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Yerkes Imaging Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 3...

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Clozapine, but not olanzapine, disrupts conditioned avoidance response in rats by antagonizing 5-HT2A/2C receptors

Journal of Neural Transmission — Mon, 10 Oct 2011 15:06:10 +0100

Abstract The present study was designed to assess the role of 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the acute and repeated effect of clozapine and olanzapine in a rat conditioned avoidance response model, a validated model of antipsychotic activity. Male Sprague–Dawley rats that were previously treated with either phencyclidine (0.5–2.0 mg/kg, sc), amphetamine (1.25–5.0 mg/kg, sc), or saline and tested in a prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle study were used. They were first trained to acquire avoidance response to a white noise (CS1) and a pure tone (CS2) that differed in their ability to predict the occurrence of footshock. Those who acquired avoidance response were administered with clozapine (10.0 mg/kg, sc) or olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg, sc) together with eit...

The science of designer drugs: essential review

The Poison Review — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 17:07:49 +0100

4 out of 5 stars Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Hill SL, Thomas SHL Clin Toxicol 2011;49:705-719. Abstract This essential article will probably be of most interest to chemical structure geeks (like me) and academics, but it is the best review I know that gets granular about the pharmacology of the many new designer drugs. The authors did a comprehensive review of published medical literature involving new designer drugs. (Synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cocaine , and GHB are not covered.) They classify these drugs into four categories: piperazines phenethylamines tryptamines piperidines Piperazines are synthetic chemicals that do no exist in nature. Included in this group is BZP, a sympathomimetic stimulant with effects similar to those of amphetamine. BZP inhibi...

Glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1) activator ceftriaxone attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization in rats

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 15:01:19 +0100

Conclusion: The present demonstration that ceftriaxone attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization suggests its documented efficacy against adverse cocaine and morphine effects extends to amphetamine. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

Caffeine choice prospectively predicts positive subjective effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 15:01:17 +0100

Conclusions: Individual differences in caffeine reinforcement predicted subsequent subjective response to both d-amphetamine and caffeine. This observation may have clinical utility for identifying individuals who are vulnerable to the reinforcing effects of abused psychomotor stimulants. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

Effects of group exposure on single injection-induced behavioral sensitization to drugs of abuse in mice

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 15:01:17 +0100

Conclusions: These results provide preclinical evidence showing that while different drugs of abuse affect different components of social interaction, the neuronal adaptations related to drug dependence can be critically and specifically influenced by group exposure. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

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Use of item response theory and latent class analysis to link poly-substance use disorders with addiction severity, HIV risk, and quality of life among opioid-dependent patients in the Clinical Trials Network

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 15:01:14 +0100

Conclusions: A combined application of categorical and dimensional latent approaches may improve the understanding of comorbid SUDs and their associations with other clinical indicators. Abuse of sedatives and methamphetamine may serve as a useful marker for identifying subsets of opioid-dependent individuals with needs for more intensive interventions. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

Could Caffeine Use Predict Risk For Cocaine Abuse?

Health News from Medical News Today — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Parents of young caffeine consumers take heed: that high-calorie energy drink or soda might present more than just obesity risk. In fact, according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled study that examined responses to stimulants, an individual's subjective response to caffeine may predict how he or she will respond to other stimulant drugs, possibly reflecting differences in risk for abuse of other more serious drugs of abuse, such as amphetamine and cocaine. The new findings are reported in the November issue of the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence by Stacey Sigmon, Ph.D... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Caffeine may predict cocaine use

Health News - UPI.com — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 04:06:20 +0100

BURLINGTON, Vt., Oct. 8 (UPI) -- A person's response to caffeine may predict how he or she will respond to other stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine and cocaine, U.S. researchers say. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Amphetamine differentially modifies the expression of monoaminergic and GABAergic synaptic boutons and processes in lateral habenula, dorsal and ventral hippocampal formation.

Neurotoxicology — Thu, 06 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Yin HS, Tien TW, Li L, Yang YH, Lai CC Abstract The habenular complex is thought to be associated with cognitive functions and indirectly connected with the hippocampal formation (HF). Thus the responses of the monoaminergic and GABAergic neurons were examined in both structures to the psychostimulant, amphetamine (Amph). Immunocytochemical analysis was performed on brain sections prepared from adult mice treated with a single or multiple (2 doses/day, 7 doses in total) injections of saline or Amph, 5mg/kg. The synaptic boutons were verified by immuno-electron microscopy specific for parvalbumin (PV), glutamic acid decarboxylase(67) (GAD(67)), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) or dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). In the lateral part of the lateral habenula (LHb), at 4h...

Opposite Effects of Amphetamine on Impulsive Action with Fixed and Variable Delays to Respond

Neuropsychopharmacology — Wed, 05 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Scott J Hayton, Amanda C Maracle & Mary C Olmstead Keywords: addiction & substance abuse; dopamine; animal models; psychostimulants; impulsivity; cognition; disinhibition (Source: Neuropsychopharmacology)

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Methamphetamine, amphetamine, MDMA ('ecstasy'), MDA and mCPP modulate electrical and cholinergic input in PC12 cells.

Neurotoxicology — Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hondebrink L, Meulenbelt J, Rietjens SJ, Meijer M, Westerink RH Abstract Reversal of the dopamine (DA) membrane transporter is the main mechanism through which many drugs of abuse increase DA levels. However, drug-induced modulation of exocytotic DA release by electrical (depolarization) and neurochemical inputs (e.g., acetylcholine (ACh)) may also contribute. We therefore investigated effects of methamphetamine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) (1-1000μM) on these inputs by measuring drug-induced changes in basal, depolarization- and ACh-evoked intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) using a dopaminergic model (PC12 cells) and Fura 2 calcium imaging. The strongest ...

Toxicology in the ICU: Part 2: Specific Toxins.

Chest — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This article focuses on specific agents grouped into categories, including analgesics, anticoagulants, cardiovascular drugs, dissociative agents, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobinemia, cholinergic agents, psychoactive medications, sedative-hypnotics, amphetamine-like drugs, toxic alcohols, and withdrawal states. The first article discussed the general approach to the toxicology patient, including laboratory testing; the third article will cover natural toxins. PMID: 21972388 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chest)

Contextual conditioning enhances the psychostimulant and incentive properties of d‐amphetamine in humans

Addiction Biology — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study supports preliminary findings that humans, like animals, develop a preference for a place associated with d‐amphetamine that is related to its subjective effects. These findings also suggest that experiencing d‐amphetamine in a consistent environment produces context‐dependent changes in its subjective effects, including an enhanced rewarding efficacy and abuse potential. (Source: Addiction Biology)

Opposing efficacy of group III mGlu receptor activators, LSP1-2111 and AMN082, in animal models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Psychopharmacology — Wed, 28 Sep 2011 05:51:01 +0100

Conclusions Altogether, we propose that among group III mGlu receptors, mGlu4 receptor may be a promising target for the development of novel antipsychotic drugs. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-14DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2502-2Authors Joanna M. Wierońska, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, PolandKatarzyna Stachowicz, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, PolandFrancine Acher, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, FranceTomasz Lech, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, PolandAndrzej Pilc, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 K...

DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE, AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE, DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE AND AMPHETAMINE SULFATEtablet [Eon Labs, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Wed, 28 Sep 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 28, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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Maintaining class, producing gender: Enhancement discourses about amphetamine in entertainment media

International Journal of Drug Policy — Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: In reality, American cultural and political–economic contexts may encourage the use of amphetamine to meet a variety of social expectations and economic needs. However, many policy and prevention efforts surrounding amphetamine use disproportionately target methamphetamine users and women. Because policy and prevention efforts can be influenced as much by social values as by data, it is important to examine the many arenas in which social values are produced and disseminated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy)

DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE, AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE, DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE, AND AMPHETAMINE SULFATEcapsule, Extended Release [Barr Laboratories Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 27, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters MK-801-induced behaviours in adult offspring

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 15:46:06 +0100

Conclusions These results suggest that a transient prenatal vitamin D deficiency has a long-lasting effect on NMDA-mediated signalling in the rodent brain and may be a plausible candidate risk factor for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2492-0Authors James P. Kesby, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaJonathan C. O’Loan, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, AustraliaSuzanne Alexander, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, AustraliaChao Deng, Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Austral...

Effects of amphetamine on reactivity to emotional stimuli

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 15:46:03 +0100

Conclusions This study demonstrates a previously unexamined and potentially reinforcing effect of stimulant drugs in humans, distinct from more typically measured euphorigenic effects, and suggests new areas of research in stimulant abuse risk and adaptations occurring during drug dependence. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-11DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2498-7Authors Margaret C. Wardle, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC 3077, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, USAHarriet de Wit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC 3077, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, USA Journal PsychopharmacologyOnline ISSN 1432-2072Print ISSN 0033-3158 (Source: Psych...

Circadian modulation of amphetamine sensitization in rats does not require the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Biological Rhythm Research — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 04:25:45 +0100

(Source: Biological Rhythm Research)

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In Vivo Comparison of Norepinephrine and Dopamine Release in Rat Brain by Simultaneous Measurements with Fast‐Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Journal of Neurochemistry — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:54:12 +0100

AbstractBrain norepinephrine and dopamine regulate a variety of critical behaviors such as stress, learning, memory, and drug addiction. Here, we demonstrate differences in the regulation of in vivo neurotransmission for dopamine in the anterior nucleus accumbens (NAc) and norepinephrine in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) of the anesthetized rat. Release of the two catecholamines was measured simultaneously using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at two different carbon‐fiber microelectrodes, each implanted in the brain region of interest. Simultaneous dopamine and norepinephrine release was evoked by electrical stimulation of a region where the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNB), the pathway of noradrenergic neurons, courses through the ventral tegmental area...

Long‐lasting neuroprotective effect of sildenafil against 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine‐ induced 5‐hydroxytryptamine deficits in the rat brain

Journal of Neuroscience Research — Wed, 21 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, our data demonstrate that sildenafil produces a significant, long‐lasting neuroprotective effect against MDMA‐induced 5‐HT deficits. This effect is apparently mediated by an increased expression of MnSOD and a subsequent reduced susceptibility to the oxidative stress caused by MDMA. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. (Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research)

Chronic administration of the neurotrophic agent cerebrolysin ameliorates the behavioral and morphological changes induced by neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion in a rat model of schizophrenia

Journal of Neuroscience Research — Tue, 20 Sep 2011 19:45:36 +0100

This study sought to determine whether Cbl was capable of reducing behavioral and neuronal alterations in nVHL rats. The behavioral analysis included locomotor activity induced by novel environment and amphetamine, social interaction, and sensoriomotor gating. The morphological evaluation included dendritic analysis by using the Golgi‐Cox procedure and stereology to quantify the total cell number in PFC and NAcc. Behavioral data show a reduction in the hyperresponsiveness to novel environment‐ and amphetamine‐induced locomotion, with an increase in the total time spent in social interactions and in prepulse inhibition in Cbl‐treated nVHL rats. In addition, neuropathological analysis of the limbic regions also showed amelioration of dendritic retraction and spine loss in Cbl‐treat...

Amphetamine-Enhanced Motor Training after Cervical Contusion Injury

Journal of Neurotrauma — Mon, 19 Sep 2011 20:37:13 +0100

Journal of Neurotrauma , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Journal of Neurotrauma)

Activation and role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in extinction of ethanol-induced associative learning in mice.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory — Sun, 18 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Groblewski PA, Ryabinin AE, Cunningham CL Abstract Although the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been shown to be integrally involved in extinction of a number of associative behaviors, its role in extinction of alcohol (ethanol)-induced associative learning has received little attention. Previous reports have provided evidence supporting a role for the mPFC in acquisition and extinction of amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, however, it remains unknown if this region is necessary for extinction of ethanol (EtOH)-induced associative learning in mice. Using immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the current set of experiments first showed that the prelimbic (PL) and inf...

Involvement of tissue plasminogen activator "tPA" in ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned-place preference.

Behavioural Brain Research — Sat, 17 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Involvement of tissue plasminogen activator "tPA" in ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned-place preference. Behav Brain Res. 2011 Sep 17; Authors: Bahi A, Dreyer JL Abstract Ethanol is one of the most abused drugs in the western societies. It is well established that mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons mediate the rewarding properties of ethanol. In our previous studies we have shown that the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved in the rewarding properties of morphine and amphetamine. In the current study, we investigated the role of tPA in ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned-place preference (CPP). Ethanol treatment dose-dependently induced tPA enzymatic activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In addition, etha...

Drugs of Abuse: Old Familiar Culprits and New SuspectsDrugs of Abuse: Old Familiar Culprits and New Suspects

Medscape Today Headlines — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 14:18:38 +0100

A survey shows that the use of marijuana, hallucinogens such as ecstasy, salvia, K2 (a marijuana-like product), and amphetamine-like bath salts, are increasing. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

Genes and Pathways Co-associated with the Exposure to Multiple Drugs of Abuse, Including Alcohol, Amphetamine/Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Marijuana, Morphine, and/or Nicotine: a Review of Proteomics Analyses

Molecular Neurobiology — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 05:50:15 +0100

Abstract Drug addiction is a chronic neuronal disease. In recent years, proteomics technology has been widely used to assess the protein expression in the brain tissues of both animals and humans exposed to addictive drugs. Through this approach, a large number of proteins potentially involved in the etiology of drug addictions have been identified, which provide a valuable resource to study protein function, biochemical pathways, and networks related to the molecular mechanisms underlying drug dependence. In this article, we summarize the recent application of proteomics to profiling protein expression patterns in animal or human brain tissues after the administration of alcohol, amphetamine/methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, morphine/heroin/butorphanol, or nicotine. Fr...

ADDERALL (Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate, And Amphetamine Sulfate) Tablet [Barr Laboratories Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 16, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE, AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE, DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE AND AMPHETAMINE SUFLATE (Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Asparatate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate And Amphetamine Sulfate) Tablet [Barr Laboratories Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 16, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

CADTH systematic review and meta-analysis: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for adults with ADHD

NeLM - News — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Source: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) Area: News This systematic review and meta-analysis from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) addresses the following research questions: 1. What is the clinical efficacy of stimulant and non-stimulant therapies for adults (including prison population) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? 2. What is the clinical efficacy of psychological therapies or combination therapy with pharmacological and psychological treatments for adults (including prison population) with ADHD? Thirty-three RCTs were included in the review: five evaluated amphetamine-based medications, 15, methylphenidate (MPH)-based drugs, eight, atomoxetine (ATX)-based medi...

Rapid and Simple GC-MS Method for Determination of Psychotropic Phenylalkylamine Derivatives in Nails Using Micro-Pulverized Extraction*

Journal of Forensic Sciences — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kim JY, Cheong JC, Lee JI, Son JH, In MK Abstract A rapid and simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of five psychotropic phenylalkylamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and norketamine) in toenails. After external decontamination, nail clippings were mechanically pulverized with a bead mill and then incubated in methanol under ultrasonication at 50°C for 1 h. The resulting solutions were evaporated to dryness, derivatized, and analyzed by GC-MS. The intra- and inter-day precisions were within 10.7% and 13.9%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day accuracies were -4.2% to 5.0% and -2.4% to 8.4%, respect...

The co-layer method as an efficient way to genetically modify mesencephalic progenitor cells transplanted into 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Cell Transplantation — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ratzka A, Kalve I, Ozer M, Nobre A, Wesemann M, Jungnickel J, Köster-Patzlaff C, Baron O, Grothe C Abstract Exogenous cell replacement represents a potent treatment option for Parkinson's disease. However, the low survival rate of transplanted dopaminergic neurons (DA) calls for methodological improvements. Here we evaluated a method to combine transient genetic modification of neuronal progenitor cells with an optimized cell culture protocol prior to intrastriatal transplantation into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilateral lesioned rats. Plasmid-based delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increases the number of DA neurons, identified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-ir), by 25% in vitro, compared to enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) tr...

Distribution measurement of amphetamine-type stimulants in organs using micropulverized extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to complement drug distribution using mass spectrometry imaging.

Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM — Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, a simple and accurate analytical method for distribution measurement of drugs in organs was developed to visualize localization of ATS in organs and to complement drug distribution by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). The brain, liver and kidney from rats to which ATS had been administered were segmented into blocks of 2×2×2 mm3 at -30°C. Each organ block was micropulverized with a stainless-steel bullet at -80°C. The concentrations of drugs in each block were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The three-dimensional distribution of drugs in a whole organ was expressed using color gradation of drug concentration after reconstruction of all blocks to the original locations. The distribution was also compared with that obtained by MSI. This method en...

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Dexamphetamine Improves Upper Extremity Outcome During Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair — Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion. In this small trial that was based on prior positive trials, significant gains in ADL and arm function suggest that the dose and timing of dexamphetamine can augment physiotherapy. Effect size calculation suggests inclusion of at least 25 patients per group in future studies (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00572767). (Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair)

Co-occurring amphetamine use and associated medical and psychiatric comorbidity among opioid-dependent adults: Results from the Clinical Trials Network. - Pilowsky DJ, Wu LT, Burchett B, Blazer DG, Woody GE, Ling W.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Wed, 14 Sep 2011 01:00:09 +0100

BACKGROUND: In response to the rising rate of treatment admissions related to illicit use of amphetamines (eg, methamphetamine), we examined the prevalence of amphetamine use among treatment-seeking, opioid-dependent adults, explored whether amphetamine us... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

Amphetamine-type drugs nearly as common as cannabis: U.N.

Reuters: Health — Tue, 13 Sep 2011 17:32:23 +0100

VIENNA (Reuters) - Criminal gangs are selling more cheap and easy-to-make amphetamine-type drugs, such as ecstasy and crystal meth, in new markets, and cannabis is now the only more widely used illegal drug, a United Nations report released on Tuesday said. (Source: Reuters: Health)

Amphetamine-type drugs more common than cannabis: U.N.

Reuters: Health — Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:43:55 +0100