MedWorm: Azithromycin

ZITHROMAX (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated [PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Feb 7, 2012 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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Azithromycin: Bullous oral eruptions: case report

Reactions — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:29:54 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Azithromycin: DRESS syndrome in a child: case report

Reactions — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:29:54 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Azithromycin: Hepatocellular toxicity and hepatic encephalopathy in an elderly patient: case report

Reactions — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:29:54 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection patients in Shanghai City, China

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 07:22:05 +0100

In this study we investigated 37 H. influenzae strains isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI) in Shanghai city between Dec 2008 and Apr 2009. H. influenzae clinical isolates were identified, and β-lactamase production tests were conducted and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were measured. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was introduced as an effective fingerprinting method. Two isolates (5.4%) were verified as serotype b strains, and 30 strains (81.1%) were nontypeable H. influenzae. Furthermore, 10 (27.0%) were β-lactamase-producing ampicillin-resistance (BLPAR) (TEM-1 type) strains, 11 (29.8%) were low-β-lactamase-nonproducing ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae (Low-BLNAR) strains, and the rest were β-lactamase-negative...

Should urologists care for the pharyngeal infection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis when we treat male urethritis?

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 07:22:04 +0100

Abstract Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) or Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) from the pharynx of women or men is not uncommon. However, there is no recommendation how urologists should care for the pharyngeal infection of men with urethritis in Japan. The aim of this study is to clarify the prevalence of NG or CT infection in the pharynx of men and to show a recommendation for urologists. The Japanese reports about the detection of NG or CT from the pharynx or the oral cavity of men in Japan are reviewed in the literature from 1990 to 2011. The prevalence of NG or CT in the pharynx was 4% or 6% in men who attended clinics, and 20% or 6% in men who were positive for NG or CT from genital specimens, respectively. Single 1-g dose ceftriaxone was recommended to treat pharynge...

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AZITHROMYCIN DIHYDRATE (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated [Apotex Corp.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Feb 2, 2012 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Low‐dose Azithromycin improves phagocytosis of bacteria by both alveolar and monocyte‐derived macrophagesin COPD subjects

Respirology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions:: The data provide further support for the long term use of low dose azithromycin as an attractive adjunct treatment option for COPD. Improved clearance of both apoptotic cells and bacteria in the airway may have a dual effect; reducing the risk of secondary necrosis and release of toxic cell contents that perpetuate inflammation as well as contributing to a reduction in the rate of exacerbations in COPD.© 2012 The Authors. Respirology © 2012 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology (Source: Respirology)

[Comment] Oral azithromycin for treatment of yaws

LANCET — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Yaws—an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum subsp pertenue—affects children and adults in poor rural communities in tropical countries, causing disfiguring lesions of the skin and bones. The yaws elimination programme coordinated by WHO in the 1950s and 1960s screened more than 160 million people, treated more than 50 million people with intramuscular injections of benzathine benzylpenicillin, and reduced the prevalence of yaws by more than 95%; however, yaws was not eliminated. This disease is now re-emerging (largely unnoticed) in parts of Africa, southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands. (Source: LANCET)

[Articles] Single-dose azithromycin versus benzathine benzylpenicillin for treatment of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial

LANCET — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

A single oral dose of azithromycin is non-inferior to benzathine benzylpenicillin and avoids the need for injection equipment and medically trained personnel. A change to the simpler azithromycin treatment regimen could enable yaws elimination through mass drug administration programmes. (Source: LANCET)

Antimalarial Activity of 9a-N Substituted 15-Membered Azalides with Improved in Vitro and in Vivo Activity over Azithromycin

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 12:35:31 +0100

Journal of Medicinal ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/jm201615t (Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry)

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Diagnostic Characteristics of Tests for Ocular Chlamydia after Mass Azithromycin Distributions [Clinical and Epidemiologic Research]

Investigative Ophthalmology — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Basing treatment decisions after mass azithromycin distributions on the WHO simplified grading system will maximize the treatment of infected persons compared with a DNA-based test but will also result in more uninfected persons being treated. The RNA-based test was considerably more sensitive, and almost equivalently specific, compared with a DNA-based test. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00322972.) (Source: Investigative Ophthalmology)

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Powder, For Suspension [Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jan 24, 2012 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Ontario Sheep Flocks and Associations between Antimicrobial use and Antimicrobial Resistance

Zoonoses and Public Health — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in faecal Campylobacter spp. from lambs and adult sheep and associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR. A total of 275 faecal samples collected during initial and final visits from 51 sheep flocks, including one feedlot, across southern Ontario were tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 52% (143/275) of the faecal samples, Campylobacter coli in 7% (19/275), Campylobacter lari in 1% (2/275) and 2% (4/275) were non‐speciated Campylobacter. Broth microdilution was used to test antimicrobial susceptibility of 162 isolates to nine antimicrobials. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 142) were resistant to tetracycline (39%), ciprofloxacin (4%...

Clarithromycin therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis: A randomized controlled trial

Pediatric Pulmonology — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 09:32:09 +0100

AbstractThe clinically significant actions of oral azithromycin in modifying progressive cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease have been well documented. In vitro and clinical data suggests that clarithromycin has immunomodulatory properties similar to other 14‐member macrolides, however two previously reported short term, open label trials of clairthromycin in small numbers of patients with CF failed to show significant benefits in modifying lung function or inflammation. We performed an international double blind, cross‐over trial in which 63 subjects with CF were studied while receiving either placeo or 500 mg oral clarithromycin twice daily for 5 months, with a 1‐month wash‐out. The primary efficacy end point was the change in lung function (FEV1 and FVC) during the clarithromyci...

Epidemiological, clinical features and susceptibility pattern of shigellosis in the Buea Health District, Cameroon

BMC Research Notes — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Shigellosis is more prevalent in children below 15 years in the Buea District. There is a high level of resistance to most of the antibiotics used for the treatment of shigellosis including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) as well as evidence of resistance to quinolones. Azithromycin was found to be the drug of choice for shigellosis in this setting. (Source: BMC Research Notes)

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AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Anhydrous) Tablet [REMEDYREPACK INC. ]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jan 18, 2012 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Azithromycin once daily for 1 year reduced acute COPD exacerbations.

Annals of Internal Medicine — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: PMID: 22250172 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Annals of Internal Medicine)

[Articles] Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial

LANCET — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryBackgroundIn trachoma control programmes, azithromycin is distributed to treat the strains of chlamydia that cause ocular disease. We aimed to compare the effect of annual versus twice-yearly distribution of azithromycin on infection with these strains.MethodsWe did a cluster-randomised trial in 24 subdistricts in northern Ethiopia, which we randomly assigned to receive annual or twice-yearly treatment for all residents of all ages. Random assignment was done with the RANDOM and SORT functions of Microsoft Excel. (Source: LANCET)

Neglected Yaws Disease - Changing Oral Antibiotic Administration Might Help Eliminate It

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 14:00:00 +0100

A tropical bacterial disease of the skin, bones and joints called Yaws has re-emerged in rural, tropical parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. According to a study by Dr Oriol Mitja at the Lihir Medical Center in Papua New Guinea published Online First in The Lancet, a simple regimen of oral azithromycin has proven to be just as effective at clearing infection as a traditional penicillin injection... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

A Case of Prolonged Cholestatic Hepatitis Induced by Azithromycin in a Young Woman

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 11:11:41 +0100

Azithromycin, a semisynthetic macrolides, is frequently prescribed for the treatment of middle ear and upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia. This antibiotic is usually well tolerated, and a rapid resolving cholestatic hepatitis has been described up to now only in six patients all, except one, over 65 years of age. We here report the case of a prolonged cholestatic hepatitis after administration of azithromycin in a young woman with no history of liver disease. (Source: Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience)

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AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated [AvPAK]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jan 10, 2012 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Prevalence, molecular fingerprinting and drug resistance profile of enterovirulent Escherichia coli isolates from free-ranging yaks of Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Tropical Animal Health and Production — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 16:48:53 +0100

Abstract Of 273 samples (rectal swab) collected from free-ranging yaks of Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh, 42 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), six enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and 27 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains were isolated. All the STEC and EPEC strains were further investigated for respective stx variants (for STEC only) and additional putative virulence factors. The 27 ETEC strains were also screened for characteristic enterotoxin gene(s) and colonization factors. Occurrence of ETEC was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the diarrheic yaks and yaks of less than 1 year of age. Majority of enterovirulent E. coli isolates were resistant to amikacin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, colistin, doxycycline, furazolidone, nalidixic acid, ...

Azithromycin in Acute Bacterial Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: An Indian Non-Interventional Study

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 16:47:17 +0100

Abstract To assess the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of azithromycin in acute bacterial upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). In this open-label, prospective, multi-center, non-interventional study in bacterial URTI, the decision to prescribe azithromycin was independent of enrolment. Follow up was 1 week after treatment and if possible, at Week 2. Investigators’ assessment of clinical outcome (Success/Failure) at the end of study was the primary endpoint for efficacy analysis. Clinical outcome of ‘Success’ was defined as the global response of Cure or Improvement. A pharmacoeconomic analysis of management of URTIs was also attempted. Of the 410 patients recruited, all were evaluated for safety and 278 for efficacy. The median treatment duration w...

Azithromycin maintenance therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis: A dose advice based on a review of pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and side effects

Pediatric Pulmonology — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractAzithromycin maintenance therapy results in improvement of respiratory function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In azithromycin maintenance therapy, several dosing schemes are applied. In this review, we combine current knowledge about azithromycin pharmacokinetics with the dosing schedules used in clinical trials in order to come to a dosing advise which could be generally applicable. We used data from a recently updated Cochrane meta analysis (2011), the reports of clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies. Based on these data, it was concluded that a dose level of 22–30 mg/kg/week is the lowest dose level with proven efficacy. Due to the extended half‐life in patients with CF, the weekly dose of azithromycin can be divided in one to seven dosing moments, depending...

Open‐label, follow‐on study of azithromycin in pediatric patients with CF uninfected with pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pediatric Pulmonology — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionsDuring the open‐label study, we observed continued durability of treatment response to azithromycin, as measured by pulmonary exacerbations and continued weight gain, although use of oral antibiotics increased. There were no new safety concerns. Currently available data suggest that azithromycin reduces exacerbations and improves weight gain for 6–12 months among children and adolescents with CF uninfected with P. aeruginosa. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: Pediatric Pulmonology)

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Valosin containing protein (VCP) interacts with macrolide antibiotics without mediating their anti-inflammatory activities.

European Journal of Pharmacology — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Nujić K, Smith M, Lee M, Belamarić D, Tomašković L, Alihodžić S, Malnar I, Polančec D, Schneider K, Haber VE Abstract In addition to antibacterial activity, some macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin, also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo, although the targets and mechanism(s) of action remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify protein targets of azithromycin and clarithromycin which could potentially explain their anti-inflammatory effects. Using chemical proteomics approach, based on compound-immobilized affinity chromatography, valosin containing protein (VCP) was identified as a potential target of the macrolides. Validation studies confirmed the interaction of macrolides and VCP and gave some ...

Azithromycin drives in vitro GM-CSF/IL-4-induced differentiation of human blood monocytes toward dendritic-like cells with regulatory properties.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, azithromycin modulates the differentiation of blood monocyte-derived DCs to form iA-DCs with a distinct phenotype similar to that of iMDCs, accompanied by enhanced phagocytic and efferocytic capabilities. It also modifies LPS-induced DC maturation by decreasing surface molecule expression required for T cell activation, increasing IL-10 production, and inducing MLR-reducing properties. PMID: 22131344 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology)

Macrolide antibiotics for cystic fibrosis.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews — Tue, 20 Dec 2011 01:00:04 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence of improved respiratory function after six months of azithromycin. Data beyond six months were less clear, although reduction in pulmonary exacerbation was sustained. Treatment appeared safe over a six-month period; however, emergence of macrolide resistance was a concern. A multi-centre trial examining long-term effects of this antibiotic treatment is needed, especially for infants recognised through newborn screening. PMID: 22161368 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)

Comparative pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability study of coated and uncoated azithromycin powder for suspension in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers.

Arzneimittel-Forschung — Mon, 19 Dec 2011 07:30:02 +0100

Authors: Sultana TA, Islam MS, Bhuiyan NH, Shohag MH, Ahmed MU, Naznin SR, Al Maruf A, Huq SM, Hasnat A Abstract Azithromycin (AZT; CAS 83905-01-5) is an efficient antibiotic and is widely prescribed in Bangladesh. The taste of uncoated AZT suspension is bitter. Although several taste masked oral suspensions of AZT are available in Bangladesh, information regarding the bioavailability of these formulations in Bangladeshi population is unavailable. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic properties of two oral formulation of AZT (200 mg/5 ml) suspensions, the uncoated reference product and coated test product (Tridosil 200 mg/5 ml) and to evaluate whether these formulations meet the FDA criteria to assume bioequivalence in Bang...

Azithromycin Beats Tetracycline in Trichiasis Surgery TrialAzithromycin Beats Tetracycline in Trichiasis Surgery Trial

Medscape Today Headlines — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 16:31:00 +0100

In a study of antibiotic therapy after surgery for trichiasis, the recurrence rate at 3 years was 10% after oral azithromycin compared with 13% for topical tetracycline. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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Oral azithromycin superior to topical tetracycline after trichiasis surgery

Modern Medicine — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The advantage of a single dose of azithromycin over a six-week course of tetracycline at preventing recurrence of trichiasis was still apparent three years later, researchers report. (Source: Modern Medicine)

Preventing Trichiasis Recurrence After Surgery - Study Looks At Antibiotic Therapy

Health News from Medical News Today — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 17:00:00 +0100

A study being published Online First by the Archives of Ophthalmology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals reveals that, 10% of patients who received a single dose of oral azithromycin (antibiotic) after surgery for trichiasis (a significant worldwide eye problem) experience trichiasis again compared to 13% of patients who received topical tetracycline therapy, with the protective effects apparent for up to 3 years after surgery, although not considerably different between the two medications... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Related Allergic Syndromes

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 32: 682-692DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295716ABSTRACTWhile allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is well recognized as a fungal complication of asthma, severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) is not. In ABPA the total immunoglobulin E (IgE) is usually >1,000 IU/mL, whereas in SAFS it is <1,000 IU/mL, and either skin prick tests or fungus-specific IgE tests are positive. ABPA may present with any severity of asthma, and occasionally with no asthma or cystic fibrosis, the other common underlying disease. SAFS is a problem in patients with poorly controlled asthma and occasionally presents in the intensive care unit (ICU). Production of mucous plugs and coughing paroxysms is more common in ABPA. Certain underlying genetic defects seem to underpi...

Three-Year Outcomes of the Surgery for Trichiasis, Antibiotics to Prevent Recurrence Trial [Clinical Trial]

Archives of Opthalmology — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Trichiasis recurrence rates in the STAR trial remained low for up to 3 years following surgery. The protective effect of a single dose of azithromycin was less than at 1 year and, although not statistically significant, was still suggestive up to 3 years following trichiasis surgery. Application to Clinical Practice A single dose of azithromycin after surgery remains an integral component of the World Health Organization's strategy for the elimination of trachoma by the year 2020. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00347776. (Source: Archives of Opthalmology)

Concentration-dependent effects of antimicrobials on Staphylococcus aureus toxin-mediated cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions S. aureus toxins stimulate production of inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs. Antimicrobials with high tissue penetration, including tigecycline, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and linezolid, reduced cytokine production, which, along with their antimicrobial effects, may have importance in the therapeutic outcome of severe infections. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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Azithromycin for Prevention of Exacerbations of COPD

New England Journal of Medicine — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 22:00:07 +0100

New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 365, Issue 23, Page 2234-2237, December 2011. (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

InSite Vision wins patent case against UCSF

Modern Medicine — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

InSite Vision has announced that a U.S. Patent and Trademark Office panel of judges found in favor of the company in its patent interference litigation with the University of California, San Francisco. The judges have confirmed the inventorship of InSite Vision's U.S. patents protecting azithromycin ophthalmic solution (AzaSite). (Source: Modern Medicine)

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated [AvPAK]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 06 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Dec 6, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety evaluation of azithromycin in adult horses

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Leclere, M., Magdesian, K. G., Cole, C. A., Szabo, N. J., Ruby, R. E., Rhodes, D. M., Edman, J., Vale, A., Wilson, W. D., Tell, L. A. Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety evaluation of azithromycin in adult horses. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2885.2011.01351.x.Azithromycin is widely used in foals but has not been studied in adult horses. The goals of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and to make a preliminary assessment of the safety of azithromycin in adult horses. Azithromycin was administered intravenously (5 mg/kg) and intragastrically (10 mg/kg) to six healthy mares in a crossover design. Serial plasma samples, blood neutrophils, and pulmonary macrophages were collected for the measurement of azithromycin concentrations. Azithromycin ...

Streptococcus agalactiae, an Emerging Pathogen for Cultured Ya‐Fish, Schizothorax prenanti, in China

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, four strains of a Gram‐positive, chain‐forming coccus were isolated from moribund cultured ya‐fish (S. prenanti). The coccoid microorganism was identified as S. agalactiae using a commercial streptococcal grouping kit and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Susceptibility of the isolates to 22 antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. All isolates showed a similar antibiotic susceptibility, which were sensitive to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, vancomycin, azithromycin, florfenicol, cefalexin, cefradine and deoxycycline and resistant to gentamicin, sinomin (SMZ/TMP), penicillin, tenemycin, fradiomycin and streptomycin. Furthermore, the virulence tests were conducted by intraperitoneal injection of the isolated strain GY10...

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[Antimicrobial sensitivity of hippurate-negative Campylobacter and Helicobacter pullorum strains isolated from patients with diarrhea].

Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bascuñana P, Pena I, Picazo JJ, Velasco AC Abstract C. jejuni as well as some hippurate-negative Campylobacter species and related diarrheagenic organisms, are the leading cause of gastroenteritis in our environment all throughout the year. The aim of the present study was to determine thesensitivity of hippurate-negative Campylobacter and Helicobacter pullorum strains isolated from the stools of patients with diarrhea. We tested 39 Campylobacter coli, two C. lari and five Helicobacter pullorum strains identified by mass spectrometry analysis. The sensitivity to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erytrhomycin, azithromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, tigecycline and chloramphenicol was tested by E-test. Most hippurate-negative Campylobacter and H. pu...

CDC update on gonorrhea: Expand treatment to limit resistance.

The Journal of Family Practice — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Campos-Outcalt D Abstract In all cases, add azithromycin to ceftriaxone or an acceptable alternative agent, and screen asymptomatic individuals at high risk of infection. PMID: 22163356 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Journal of Family Practice)

Chlamydial infection during trachoma monitoring: are the most difficult‐to‐reach children more likely to be infected?

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions In a setting of repeated annual mass azithromycin treatments, after approximately 80% of individuals have been located in a community, extra efforts to find absent individuals may not yield significantly more cases of ocular chlamydia. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)

In vitro antichlamydial activity of garenoxacin against Chlamydia trachomatis

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Thu, 24 Nov 2011 06:50:27 +0100

In conclusion, garenoxacin is expected to be a useful quinolone in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by C. trachomatis. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s10156-011-0345-8Authors Naoko Futakuchi, Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, 930-8508 JapanMasatoshi Nakatani, Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, 930-8508 JapanMasahiro Takahata, Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, 930-8508 JapanJunichi Mitsuyama, Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, 930-8508 Japan Journal Journal of Infection and ChemotherapyOnline ISSN 1437-7780Print ISSN 1341-321X (Source: Journal of Infection and Chemoth...

Enteric fever in returning travellers: Role of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy

Journal of Infection — Thu, 24 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In a recent review of imported enteric fever in Leicester, UK, a shift in therapy from ciprofloxacin to ceftriaxone and azithromycin was observed between 1999 and 2009, reflecting reduced ciprofloxacin sensitivity (MIC 0.125–1 mg/L) amongst Salmonella enterica isolates across Asia. (Source: Journal of Infection)

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Macrolide Antibiotics and Survival in Patients with Acute Lung Injury.

Chest — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS:Macrolide antibiotics were associated with improved outcomes in acute lung injury. PMID: 22116799 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chest)

Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — Mon, 21 Nov 2011 18:03:38 +0100

Conclusion This review provides an overview on the properties of macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin), their efficacy in various respiratory diseases and their adverse effects. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Review ArticlePages 1-25DOI 10.1007/s00228-011-1161-xAuthors P. Zarogoulidis, Pulmonary Department, “G. Papanikolaou” Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010 GreeceN. Papanas, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GreeceI. Kioumis, Pulmonary Department, “G. Papanikolaou” Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010 GreeceE. Chatzaki, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexa...

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Powder, For Suspension [Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Nov 21, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

The effect of azithromycin on the maturation and function of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.

Clinical and Developmental Immunology — Sat, 19 Nov 2011 09:18:11 +0100

Authors: Iwamoto S, Kumamoto T, Azuma E, Hirayama M, Ito M, Amano K, Ido M, Komada Y Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells capable of initiating primary/adaptive immune responses and tolerance. DC functions are regulated by their state of maturation. However, the molecular pathways leading to DC development and maturation remain poorly understood. We attempted to determine whether inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is one of the pivotal pathways underlying these processes, could induce immunophenotypic and functional changes in lipopolysaccharide-induced mature DCs derived from murine bone marrow. A comparative in vitro study of five clinically used drugs that are known to inhibit NF-κB demonstrated that azithromycin, a macrolid...

Azithromycin Treatment of Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia in Renal Transplant Patients

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics — Sat, 19 Nov 2011 09:05:15 +0100

The objective of the study were to evaluate and compare the efficacy of azithromycin therapy in reducing drug-induced gingival hyperplasia as an adjunctive therapy in renal transplant patients (RTP) under cyclosporine (CsA) and those under tacrolimus (Tcr) therapy. (Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics)

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Wild-type MIC distribution and epidemiological cut-off values in clinical Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease — Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: All isolates were inhibited by low concentrations of the fluoroquinolones and macrolides tested, with somewhat higher MICs for the fluoroquinolones. Rifampicin was found to be the most active against L. pneumophila isolates in vitro. These data can be used as a reference for the detection of resistance in clinical L. pneumophila isolates and as a setting of clinical breakpoints. (Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)

Azithromycin induced hepatocellular toxicity and hepatic encephalopathy in asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy

Indian Journal of Pharmacology — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

We report a case of asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy with Azithromycin induced severe hepatocellular toxicity and hepatic encephalopathy. (Source: Indian Journal of Pharmacology)

In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Solithromycin (CEM-101) Against Plasmodium Species.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Wittlin S, Ekland E, Craft JC, Lotharius J, Bathurst I, Fidock DA, Fernandes P Abstract With the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum infections exhibiting increased parasite clearance times in response to treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies, the need for new therapeutic agents is urgent. Solithromycin, a potent new fluoroketolide currently in development, has been shown to be an effective, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Malarial parasites possess an unusual organelle, termed the apicoplast, which carries a cryptic genome of prokaryotic origin that encodes its own translation and transcription machinery. Given the similarity of apicoplast and bacterial ribosomes, we have examined solithromycin for antimalarial activity. Other antibiotics known to targ...

Evaluation of the preventive capacities of a topically applied azithromycin formulation against Lyme borreliosis in a murine model

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Our data indicate that topical treatment with a formulation containing azithromycin is a promising approach to prevent Lyme borreliosis shortly after a tick bite. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

Toxicity comparison of intraocular azithromycin with and without a bioadhesive delivery system in rabbit eyes

Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Purpose: To determine whether the addition of a bioadhesive drug-delivery system to topical azithromycin induces intraocular inflammation and damage when introduced intraocularly by different approaches and in varying doses.Setting: John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.Design: Experimental study.Methods: Commercial topical azithromycin 1.0% was duplicated, including the benzalkonium chloride, but without inclusion of the Durasite bioadhesive drug-delivery system. Injections of 50 μL, 25 μL, and 10 μL of the antibiotic solutions were administered in a masked fashion to 2 rabbits; 1 eye (study eye) in each rabbit was randomized to receive azithromycin with the delivery system and the fellow eye (control eye) to receive azithromycin without the delivery system. Two rabbits ...

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The effect of azithromycin on the maturation and function of murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells

Clinical and Experimental Immunology — Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:51:50 +0100

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells capable of initiating primary/adaptive immune responses and tolerance. DC functions are regulated by their state of maturation. However, the molecular pathways leading to DC development and maturation remain poorly understood. We attempted to determine whether inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), which is one of the pivotal pathways underlying these processes, could induce immunophenotypic and functional changes in lipopolysaccharide‐induced mature DCs derived from murine bone marrow. A comparative in vitro study of five clinically used drugs that are known to inhibit NF‐κB demonstrated that azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, significantly inhibited expression of co‐stimulatory molecules (CD40 an...

Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a Prospective Cohort Study.

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe COPD, baseline 25(OH)D levels are not predictive of subsequent AECOPD. PMID: 22077070 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine)

COPD Exacerbation Risk Not Raised By Low Vitamin D Levels

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 07 Nov 2011 14:00:00 +0100

A study published online before the American Thoracic Society's American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine print edition shows that vitamin D levels are not related to acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) in patients with severe COPD. The cohort study of 973 North American patients showed no association between baseline Vitamin D levels and both time to first AECOPD or AECOPD exacerbation rates during a secondary evaluation of data from a randomized controlled trial of the effects of azithromycin on the frequency of AECOPD. Ken M... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Co-morbidity of Kawasaki Disease

Indian Journal of Pediatrics — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 16:54:21 +0100

Abstract Despite more than four decades of investigation, the etiology of Kawasaki disease remains obscure, and none of the proposed etiologic theories for the disease have achieved independent confirmation. Clinical and epidemiologic features support an infectious cause, but the etiology remains unclear. The authors present a case of Kawasaki disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 3.5-y-old boy. He received two doses of intravenous immunoglobulin due to prolonged course of Kawasaki disease but later had complicated autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. His prolonged fever subsided after azithromycin administration. Epstein-Barr virus infection was confirmed by molecular microbiological pathology of cervical lymph node and serological t...

Azithromycin in periodontal treatment: more than an antibiotic

Journal of Periodontal Research — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Hirsch R, Deng H, Laohachai MN. Azithromycin in periodontal treatment: more than an antibiotic. J Periodont Res 2011.doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0765.2011.01418.x.©2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SAzithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used extensively in medicine for the treatment of a wide range of infections such as upper respiratory tract infections, middle ear infections, sexually transmitted infections and trachoma. It is also effective against the most common periodontopathogens. The versatility of the macrolides extends beyond their antibiotic properties as a result of their well‐documented immune‐modulating/anti‐inflammatory effects. Macrolides, including azithromycin, are therefore used to treat diseases not associated with bacteria, such as severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmo...

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NewsCAP: Azithromycin reduces acute flare-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The American Journal of Nursing — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: PMID: 22030915 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Nursing)

The Need for a New Animal Model for Chronic Rejection After Lung Transplantation

Transplantation Proceedings — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The single most important cause of late mortality after lung transplantation is obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), clinically characterized by a decrease in lung function and morphologically by characteristic changes. Recently, new insights into its pathogenesis have been acquired: risk factors have been identified and the use of azithromycin showed a dichotomy with at least 2 different phenotypes of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). It is clear that a good animal model is indispensable to further dissect and unravel the pathogenesis of BOS. Many animal models have been developed to study BOS but, so far, none of these models truly mimics the human situation. Looking at the definition of BOS, a good animal model implies histological OB lesions, possibility to measure lung fu...

Characterization of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010-2011.

Emerging Infectious Diseases — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Talkington D, Bopp C, Tarr C, Parsons MB, Dahourou G, Freeman M, Joyce K, Turnsek M, Garrett N, Humphrys M, Gomez G, Stroika S, Boncy J, Ochieng B, Oundo J, Klena J, Smith A, Keddy K, Gerner-Smidt P Abstract In October 2010, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received reports of cases of severe watery diarrhea in Haiti. The cause was confirmed to be toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. We characterized 122 isolates from Haiti and compared them with isolates from other countries. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion and broth microdilution. Analyses included identification of rstR and VC2346 genes, sequencing of ctxAB and tcpA genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SfiI and NotI enzymes. ...

Electrochemical behavior of azithromycin at graphene and ionic liquid composite film modified electrode.

Talanta — Sun, 30 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Pharmacodynamic evaluation of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics against respiratory bacterial pathogens

BMC Infectious Diseases — Tue, 25 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The only regimens to achieve high CFR against all three pathogen populations in both scenarios were gatifloxacin 400mg QD, moxifloxacin 400mg QD, and amoxicillin-clavulanate 500mg TID. These data suggest the need for reconsideration of empiric antibiotic regimen selection among adult patients with RTIs in the Sao Paulo area. Additionally, this type of study could be used to optimize prescribing patterns in specific regions in light of emerging resistance. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

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Antimicrobial efficacies of several antibiotics against uterine cervicitis caused by Mycoplasma genitalium

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Fri, 21 Oct 2011 16:01:27 +0100

In conclusion, AZM-SR 2 g single dose, MFLX 400 mg/day for 14 days, and STFX 200 mg/day for 14 days would each be an effective treatment for M. genitalium infection. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s10156-011-0329-8Authors Michinori Terada, Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University, 21 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi, 480-1195 JapanKoji Izumi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Izumi Ladies Clinic, Gifu, JapanEmiko Ohki, Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University, 21 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi, 480-1195 JapanYuka Yamagishi, Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University, 21 Karimata, Ya...

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Powder, For Suspension [Rebel Distributors Corp.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 21 Oct 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Oct 21, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Associated with Azithromycin in Acute Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection

Pediatric Dermatology — Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We report the first pediatric case of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms associated with azithromycin use in the setting of acute Epstein‐Barr virus infection in an 8‐year‐old boy. Our patient presented with fever, cutaneous eruption, eosinophilia, and hypotension requiring intensive care unit admission. He was discharged in good condition without any long‐term sequelae. This case underscores the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis of acute viral infections and appropriate use of antibiotics as well as recognition of the clinical signs of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. (Source: Pediatric Dermatology)

Multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 variant El Tor isolated in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010.

Journal of Medical Microbiology — Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study shows that multidrug resistant V. cholerae altered El Tor producing classical CT strains are now predominant in northern Vietnam. PMID: 22016560 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)

[Frequency and antibiotic resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in genital samples of sexually active individuals].

Orvosi Hetilap — Sun, 16 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Because none of the strains was sensitive to all examined antibiotics, the antibiotic sensitivity of U. urealyticum and M. hominis strains should be determined. The high rate of ofloxacin, erythromycin and clindamycin resistance should be considered in the therapy of U. urealyticum infections in Hungary. This is the first such a clinical microbiological study in this topic in Hungary. PMID: 21979223 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Orvosi Hetilap)

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ZITHROMAX (Azithromycin) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Solution [Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Thu, 13 Oct 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Oct 13, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011

International Journal of STD and AIDS — Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK gonorrhoea guideline has been updated in 2011. It offers advice on diagnosis, treatment and health promotion for anogenital and pharyngeal gonorrhoea. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are now being used more for diagnosis and are increasing detection rates in the pharynx and rectum. First line treatment using ceftriaxone with azithromycin is now advised, along with routine test of cure (TOC). The aim is to slow the spread of resistant gonorrhoea now that fewer antibiotics remain effective. A patient information leaflet has been developed. (Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS)

Gonorrhea Becoming Harder To Treat, Cefixime Often No Good Any More

Health News from Medical News Today — Tue, 11 Oct 2011 06:00:00 +0100

Gonorrhea is becoming more and more drug resistant, UK authorities are warning. The Health Protection Agency, UK, says it will no longer recommend cefixime as the first choice of treatment because laboratory tests show it is becoming increasingly less effective. The Agency says there have been reports of treatment failure in patients on cefixime. Cefixime has been the most widely used antibiotic to treat gonorrhea during the last ten years. The HPA (Health Protection Agency) is now recommending doctors use a combination of ceftriaxone by injection along with oral azithromycin... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

High Proportion of Nontypeable Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates among Sporadic, Nonoutbreak Cases of Bacterial Conjunctivitis.

Current Eye Research — Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The prevalence of nontypeable strains of S. pneumoniae was higher than expected, while the number of isolates responsive to the PCV7 vaccine was surprisingly low. These results highlight the need for new vaccines that can target all S. pneumoniae strains regardless of the presence or nature of a capsule. In addition, resistance to azithromycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim was greater than 10%, which may be relevant when selecting empiric treatments for ocular surface infections. PMID: 21988450 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current Eye Research)

WITHDRAWN: Azithromycin for treating uncomplicated typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever).

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews — Tue, 11 Oct 2011 01:20:04 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin appears better than fluoroquinolone drugs in populations that included participants with drug-resistant strains. Azithromycin may perform better than ceftriaxone. PMID: 21975751 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)

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Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever).

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews — Tue, 11 Oct 2011 01:20:04 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Generally, fluoroquinolones performed well in treating typhoid, and maybe superior to alternatives in some settings. However, we were unable to draw firm general conclusions on comparative contemporary effectiveness given that resistance changes over time, and many studies were small. Policy makers and clinicians need to consider local resistance patterns in choosing a fluoroquinolone or alternative.There is some evidence that the newest fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin, remains effective in some regions where resistance to older fluoroquinolones has developed. However, the different fluoroquinolones have not been compared directly in trials in these settings. PMID: 21975746 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)

Onset of cutaneous vasculitis and exacerbation of IgA nephropathy after Bartonella henselae infection

Clinical And Experimental Dermatology — Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We report the first case, to our knowledge, of the simultaneous occurrence of cutaneous vasculitis and nephrotic syndrome in a 65‐year‐old woman with IgA nephropathy after a B. henselae infection transmitted by a cat scratch. The aetiopathogenetic role of B. henselae was hypothesized on the basis of the serological demonstration of acute B. henselae infection, the immunofluorescence findings, and the prompt resolution after azithromycin treatment. Patients reporting cat scratches or bites should undergo accurate clinical examination, routine laboratory examinations, urinalysis and clinical surveillance. (Source: Clinical And Experimental Dermatology)

Efficacy and safety of azithromycin for typhoid Fever.

Indian Pediatrics — Sat, 08 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: John TJ PMID: 22080694 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Association of mass treatment with azithromycin in trachoma-endemic communities with short-term reduced risk of diarrhea in young children.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Coles CL, Seidman JC, Levens J, Mkocha H, Munoz B, West S Abstract Abstract. A cohort study was designed to assess the impact of mass distribution of azithromycin (MDA) for trachoma control on incidence over six months of pediatric diarrhea in eight communities in rural Tanzania. A single dose of azithromycin was offered to all residents in four communities, where trachoma prevalence was ≥ 10%. Four geographically matched communities had trachoma prevalences < 10% and did not receive MDA. All randomly selected children (n = 1036) were followed-up for six months post-MDA with bi-weekly surveillance at home. In the 0-1-month and 1-3-month periods, MDA exposure was associated with a 39% (rate ratio = 0.61, 95% confidence interval = 0.39-0.95) and 24% (rate ratio = 0.76, ...

Phenotypic and genotypic properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Norway in 2009: antimicrobial resistance warrants an immediate change in national management guidelines

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Fri, 30 Sep 2011 06:24:43 +0100

Abstract Despite rapidly diminishing treatment options for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and high levels of ciprofloxacin resistance worldwide, Norwegian guidelines still recommend ciprofloxacin as empirical treatment for gonorrhea. The present study aimed to characterize phenotypical and genotypical properties of N. gonorrhoeae isolates in Norway in 2009. All viable N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 114) from six university hospitals in Norway (2009) were collected, representing 42% of all notified gonorrhea cases. Epidemiological data were collected from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases and linked to phenotypical and genotypical characteristics for each N. gonorrhoeae isolate. Resistance levels to the antimicrobials examined were: ciprofloxacin 78%, azithr...

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Primary Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Isolated from Beijing Children

Helicobacter — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 10:04:26 +0100

Conclusion: The high prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance was out of expectation in H. pylori strains isolated from the children in Beijing. Antibiotic susceptibility should be made clear before the antibiotic was used in the anti‐H. pylori therapy in this population. The A2143G was the most populated mutation in macrolide‐resistant strains, and Asn87 and Asp91 of GyrA were the most common mutation points in quinolone resistance strains. (Source: Helicobacter)

Safety of immunomodulatory therapy in patients with bronchiectasis associated with rheumatic disease and IBD: a retrospective and cohort analysis

Clinical Rheumatology — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 05:51:30 +0100

Abstract Rheumatic diseases as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been associated with the occurrence of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB). There are few data on NCFB and adverse events from immunosuppressive or biological response modifier therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or IBD and NCFB. We identified 37 patients with NCFB and rheumatic disease, and nine patients with inflammatory bowel disease that received immunomodulatory treatment. We retrospectively analysed adverse pulmonary events. In nine patients with RA, the association between disease activity score (DAS) and spirometry was analysed in a small cohort study. Pulmonary side effects occurred in 50% of patients, most commonly respiratory infections, and resulted in a change of ...

Empiric antimicrobial therapy and infectious diarrhea. Do we need local guidelines?

European Journal of Internal Medicine — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 05:47:19 +0100

DISCUSSION: In the vast majority of acute diarrhea in adults, antibiotics are of no benefit and overprescription may confer to side effects, costs and emergence of resistance. Antibiotics are initiated in cases of febrile diarrheas especially those believed to have moderate to severe disease. Considering the increased incidence of C. jejuni and the resistance of the great majority of isolated strains to quinolones as well as the sensitivity of Salmonella spp. to azithromycin, administration of azithromycin empirically for acute diarrhea, when indicated, could be appropriate in our region. PMID: 21925045 [PubMed - in process] (Source: European Journal of Internal Medicine)

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Solution [Sagent Pharmaceuticals]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 22, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD

The Aspergillus Website - articles — Tue, 20 Sep 2011 19:49:15 +0100

Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, Casaburi R, Cooper JA Jr, Criner GJ, Curtis JL, Dransfield MT, Han MK, Lazarus SC, Make B, Marchetti N, Martinez FJ, Madinger NE, McEvoy C, Niewoehner DE, Porsasz J, Price CS, Reilly J, Scanlon PD, Sciurba FC, Scharf SM, Washko GR, Woodruff PG, Anthonisen NR; COPD Clinical Research Network (Source: The Aspergillus Website - articles)

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ICAAC: E. Coli Superbug May Bow to Azithromycin (CME/CE)

MedPage Today Public Health — Mon, 19 Sep 2011 18:19:50 +0100

CHICAGO (MedPage Today) -- Azithromycin (Zithromax) given to patients with a new, ultra-dangerous strain of E. coli appeared to help rid them of the pathogen, German researchers said here. (Source: MedPage Today Public Health)

Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Pakistan (1992–2009)

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience — Thu, 15 Sep 2011 15:32:33 +0100

Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is global concern. We evaluated trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae over years 1992–2009 in Pakistan. Resistance rates were compared between years (2007–2009) and (1992–2006). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria using the disk diffusion methodology against penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Additional antibiotics tested in 100 strains isolated during 2007–2009, included cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefipime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, spectinomycin and azithromycin. Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 was used as control. Chi-square for trend...

Susceptibility of bacterial isolates from community‐acquired infections in sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia to macrolide antibioticsSensibilité aux macrolides des isolats bactériens provenant des infections acquises dans la communauté en Afrique subsaharienne et en AsieSusceptibilidad a macrólidos de aislados bacterianos provenientes de infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:38:21 +0100

Conclusions Susceptibility of the pneumococcus to macrolides in SSA remains high in many areas, and good activity of azithromycin has been shown against Salmonellae spp. in Asia. In urban areas where high antibiotic consumption is prevalent, there was evidence of increased resistance to macrolides. However, there is no information on susceptibility from large areas in both continents.Objectif: Passer en revue la littérature sur la sensibilité des agents pathogènes communs acquis dans la communauté en Afrique subsaharienne et en Asie, pour les antibiotiques macrolides.Méthodes: Les critères d’inclusion exigeaient que les isolats aient été collectés depuis 2004 pour s’assurer de résultats d’actualité. Les données ont été regroupées par région, par groupe d’â...

The effect of azithromycin on the maturation and function of murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells

Clinical and Experimental Immunology — Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells capable of initiating primary/adaptive immune responses and tolerance. DC functions are regulated by their state of maturation. However, the molecular pathways leading to DC development and maturation remain poorly understood. We attempted to determine whether inhibition of NF‐κB, which is one of the pivotal pathways underlying these processes, could induce immunophenotypic and functional changes in lipopolysaccharide‐induced mature DCs derived from murine bone marrow. A comparative in vitro study of five clinically used drugs that are known to inhibit NF‐κB demonstrated that azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, significantly inhibited expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40 and CD86) and MHC class II by ...

Antimicrobial Resistance and Ophthalmic Antibiotics: 1-Year Results of a Longitudinal Controlled Study of Patients Undergoing Intravitreal Injections [Clinical Sciences]

Archives of Opthalmology — Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Repeated exposure of conjunctival flora to ophthalmic antibiotics selects for resistant strains. Application to Clinical Practice Repeated use of ophthalmic antibiotics after intraocular injection promotes the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00831961 (Source: Archives of Opthalmology)

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Anti-biofilm Effects of Azithromycin and Erythromycin on Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We examined the in vitro efficacy of AZM against P. gingivalis biofilms. The susceptibility of adherent P. gingivalis strains 381, HW24D1, 6/26 and W83 to AZM, erythromycin (ERY), ampicillin (AMP), ofloxacin (OFX) and gentamicin (GEN) were investigated using a static model. The optical densities of adherent P. gingivalis cells were significantly decreased by using AZM and ERY at sub-MIC compared with controls in all the strains tested, except for the effect of ERY on strain W83. AMP and OFX inhibited P. gingivalis adherent cells at over their MICs, and GEN showed no inhibition in the static model. The effects of AZM and ERY against biofilm cells were investigated using a flow cell model. The ATP levels of P. gingivalis biofilms were significantly decreased by AZM at concentrations below th...

Azithromycin and spiramycin induce anti-inflammatory response in human trophoblastic (BeWo) cells infected by Toxoplasma gondii but are able to control infection

Placenta — Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, treatment of human trophoblastic BeWo cells with with azithromycin or spiramycin is able to control the infection and replication of T. gondii. In addition, treatment with these macrolides, especially with azityromycin induces an anti-inflammatory response and high MIF production, which can be important for the establishment and maintenance of a viable pregnancy during T. gondii infection. (Source: Placenta)

Investigators At LA BioMed Help Spearhead Study About Novel Approach To Acute COPD Illness

Health News from Medical News Today — Wed, 07 Sep 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Richard Casaburi, Ph.D., M.D., principal investigator at Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed), is co-author of a recent study that should help improve the condition for the millions of individuals who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, better known as COPD. The results of the study reveal that adding a common antibiotic - azithromycin - to the usual daily treatment for COPD reduced the occurrence of acute exacerbations by 27% and tended to improve the quality of life for COPD patients... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

LA BioMed investigators help spearhead study about novel approach to acute COPD illness

EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health — Tue, 06 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

(Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (LA BioMed)) Richard Casaburi, Ph.D., M.D., principal investigator at LA BioMed, is co-author of a recent study that should help improve the condition for millions of individuals who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study reveals that adding a common antibiotic - azithromycin - to the usual daily treatment for COPD reduced the occurrence of acute exacerbations by 27% and tended to improve the quality of life for COPD patients. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

[Primary Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Strains and Eradication Rate according to Gastroduodenal Disease in Korea].

Korean J Gastroenter... — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 01:25:29 +0100

Conclusions: Primary antibiotic resistance and H. pylori eradication rate were not different between cancer and non-cancer patients. PMID: 21873821 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Korean J Gastroenter...)

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Lack of efficacy of long‐term, low‐dose azithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial

Allergy — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: At the investigated dose of AZM over 3 months, no significant benefit was found over placebo. Possible reasons could be disease severity in the investigated group, under‐dosage of AZM and under‐powering of the study. Therefore, more research is urgently required. (Source: Allergy)

Latrine promotion for trachoma: assessment of mortality from a cluster-randomized trial in ethiopia.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, House JI, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, Ray KJ, Gaynor BD, Porco TC, Emerson PM, Lietman TM, Keenan JD Abstract Abstract. Trachoma control strategies, including latrine construction and antibiotic distribution, are directed at reducing ocular chlamydia, but may have additional benefits. In a cluster-randomized clinical trial, 24 subkebeles (administrative geographic units) in Ethiopia were offered a single mass azithromycin treatment, and half were randomized to receive an intensive latrine promotion. At a follow-up census 26 months after the baseline treatment, 320 persons had died. The mortality rate of children 1-5 years of age was 3.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.19-6.82) per 1,000 person-years in the latrine promotion arm, and 2.72 (95% CI = 1...

[Which is the best empirical treatment in patients with urethritis?].

Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. N. gonorrhoeae showed a level of resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin higher in the second period, being significant for ciprofloxacin. Quinolone resistance was higher in MSM. Haemophilus spp showed a level of resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline higher in the second period, being significant for tetracycline. U.urealyticum showed high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (80.7%)and ofloxacin (32.4%) and low level of resistance to doxycycline (0.8%) and tetracycline (3.5%). PMID: 21947096 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia)

Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in two patients with HIV infection in a tertiary care hospital in Morocco.

Annales de Biologie Clinique — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We report two cases of respiratory cryptosporidiosis in patients with HIV infection. The first patient was a 46-year-old person with chronic diarrhea, a two-month history of low-grade fever, progressive dyspnea and productive cough. The search for acid-fast bacillus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptococcus sp. in sputum was negative on several samples. The modified Ziehl has shown oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. in induced sputum. The patient's death occurred, due to electrolytes disorders. The second patient was a 45-year-old person hospitalized for chronic fluid diarrhea, complicated with weight loss, dry cough, dyspnea stage II and low-grade fever. The patient was HIV-positive with low CD4 count and pancytopenia. Acid-fast oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were observed i...

Antibiotics cut COPD exacerbations

HealthcareRepublic Pharmacist News — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Antibiotic treatment of COPD with azithromycin reduces exacerbations by a quarter, but may affect some patients' hearing, a US study suggests. (Source: HealthcareRepublic Pharmacist News)

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Patients With COPD Benefit From Azithromycin

Health News from Medical News Today — Wed, 31 Aug 2011 07:00:00 +0100

A common antibiotic can help reduce the severe wheezing and other acute symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to a large, multicenter clinical trial sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and conducted at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). The study appears in the August 25 New England Journal of Medicine. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is the third leading cause of death in the United States, surpassing strokes in 2008 - heart disease and cancer are the top killers... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Asia: report from the Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogen Surveillance (CARTIPS) study, 2009–2010

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents — Wed, 31 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: A multicentre resistance surveillance study [Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogen Surveillance (CARTIPS)] investigating the susceptibilities of 2963 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Streptococcus spp. from Asia against 12 antimicrobial agents was undertaken from 2009 to 2010. Based on the breakpoints for oral penicillin V recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, the prevalence of penicillin-non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSSP) ranged from 46% to 100%. Azithromycin and clarithromycin exhibited variable resistance rates of 0–88% against S. pneumoniae, 0–57% against MSSA and 0–76.5% against Strept...

Daily azithromycin plus treatment decreased COPD exacerbations, improved QOL

Drug Topics - Top News — Tue, 30 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

When added to usual treatment, azithromycin taken daily for 1 year decreased the frequency of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and improved quality of life among patients, reported a study published August 25 in the New England Journal of Medicine. (Source: Drug Topics - Top News)

Commonly prescribed antibiotic reduces acute COPD attacks; Study finds azithromycin lowers frequency and severity of flare-ups

ScienceDaily Headlines — Wed, 24 Aug 2011 23:23:23 +0100

Adding a common antibiotic to the usual daily treatment regimen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can reduce the occurrence of acute exacerbations and improve quality of life, reports new results from a clinical trial. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

RCT: Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD

NeLM - News — Wed, 24 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Source: N Engl J Med Area: News Several small studies evaluating whether macrolides decrease the frequency of acute exacerbations of COPD have reported conflicting results.This RCT tested the hypothesis that azithromycin decreases the frequency of acute exacerbations of COPD when added to the usual care of these patients. The study involved 1142 subjects at an increased risk of exacerbations but with no hearing impairment, resting tachycardia, or apparent risk of prolongation of the corrected QT interval, who were randomised to azithromycin 250 mg daily (n= 570), or placebo (n= 572) for 1 year in addition to their usual care. The primary outcome was the time to the first acute exacerbation of COPD, with acute exacerbation of defined as "a complex of respiratory symptoms (increa...

COPD Episodes Cut With Azithromycin (CME/CE)

MedPage Today Pulmonary — Wed, 24 Aug 2011 22:13:09 +0100

(MedPage Today) -- Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease declined significantly in high-risk patients treated with azithromycin, data from a large, randomized trial showed. (Source: MedPage Today Pulmonary)

Azithromycin for Prevention of Exacerbations of COPD

New England Journal of Medicine — Wed, 24 Aug 2011 21:00:12 +0100

New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 365, Issue 8, Page 689-698, August 2011. (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

Prolonged azithromycin decreases COPD exacerbations

Modern Medicine — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Long-term daily treatment with azithromycin reduces the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by more than one quarter, according to a multimillion-dollar U.S. trial reported in the August 25 New England Journal of Medicine. (Source: Modern Medicine)

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Ophthalmic Antibiotic Use and Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis: A Controlled, Longitudinal Study

Ophthalmology — Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Purpose: To analyze the emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis after repeated conjunctival exposure to topical macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics.Design: Prospective, controlled, longitudinal study with 1-year follow-up.Participants: Forty-eight eyes of 24 patients undergoing serial unilateral intravitreal (IVT) injections for choroidal neovascularization.Methods: Subjects received 4 consecutive monthly unilateral IVT injections and then were treated as needed. Each subject was assigned randomly to 1 of 4 antibiotics (azithromycin 1%, gatifloxacin 0.3%, moxifloxacin 0.5%, ofloxacin 0.3%) and used only their assigned antibiotic after each injection. Conjunctival culture specimens of the treated and untreated fellow eye (control) were obtained at baseline and after...

Differing Effects of Azithromycin and Doxycycline on Cytokines in Cells from Chlamydia trachomatis–Infected Women

DNA and Cell Biology — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 16:56:14 +0100

DNA and Cell Biology , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: DNA and Cell Biology)

Antimicrobial resistance in typhoidal salmonellae

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology — Tue, 16 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

BN Harish, GA MenezesIndian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2011 29(3):223-229Infections with Salmonella are an important public health problem worldwide. On a global scale, it has been appraised that Salmonella is responsible for an estimated 3 billion human infections each year. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that annually typhoid fever accounts for 21.7 million illnesses (217,000 deaths) and paratyphoid fever accounts for 5.4 million of these cases. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and South-eastern Asia experience the greatest burden of illness. In cases of enteric fever, including infections with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A and B, it is often necessary to commence treatment before the results of laboratory sensitivity tests are available. Hence, i...

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Solution [Hospira, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 16 Aug 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Aug 16, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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In vitro synergisms obtained by amphotericin B and voriconazole associated with non-antifungal agents against Fusarium spp

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease — Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Fusarium spp is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for causing invasive hyalohyphomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Due to its susceptibility pattern with a remarkable resistance to antifungal agents the treatment failures and mortality rates are high. To overcome this situation, combination therapy may be considered which must be subjected to in vitro tests.In vitro activities of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole associated with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, fluvastatin, ibuprofen, metronidazole, and also the combination of amphotericin B plus rifampin against 23 strains of Fusarium spp. through the checkerboard technique based on M38-A2 [Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2008). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility t...

Azithromycin: intrinsic cytotoxic effects on corneal epithelial cell cultures

Acta Ophthalmologica — Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:26:17 +0100

Conclusion Under our experimental conditions, unpreserved azithromycin 1.5 % showed a low cytotoxicity and did not interphere with wound healing process. (Source: Acta Ophthalmologica)

Inflammatory Events in Trachoma

Acta Ophthalmologica — Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:20:04 +0100

Conclusion The role of induced chronic inflammation in trachoma is more and more important to be taken in count. These results suggest that azithromycin is not only effective on Chlamydia trachomatis infection but also appears as a promising agent for preventing and treating ocular trachoma surface inflammation in this immuno‐inflammatory disease.Commercial interest (Source: Acta Ophthalmologica)

Azithromycin; clinical efficacy and safety in infants

Acta Ophthalmologica — Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:19:46 +0100

Conclusion The distribution of positive culture in bacterial conjunctivitis in infants and children is of interest for a better understanding of bacterial conjunctivitis. A short‐treatment course can be easily used in children, thus improving the quality of life of them and their parents.Commercial interest (Source: Acta Ophthalmologica)

Serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of 140 pneumococcal isolates from pediatric patients with upper respiratory infections in Beijing, 2010.

Vaccine — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zhou L, Yu SJ, Gao W, Yao KH, Shen AD, Yang YH Abstract In the present study, the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae from pediatric patients with upper respiratory infections in Beijing, 2010 were described. 140 pneumococcal isolates were obtained, and the prevailing five serotypes were 19F (18.6%), 23F (9.3%), 14 (9.3%), 15 (9.3%), and 6A (7.1%). The vaccine coverage of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 were 43.6%, 43.6%, and 60.0%, respectively. According to the CLSI 2010 criteria, 99.3% of the S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to penicillin. The resistance rates to erythromycin and azithromycin were 96.4% and 97.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, 64.3% (90/140) of all pneumococcal isolates were multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae (MDRSP). PCV13 covered ...

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Bilateral Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis with stellate maculopathy in a 6-year-old boy

Infection — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 19:49:56 +0100

Conclusion Stellate maculopathy should always include the differential diagnosis of B. henselae infection. In this rare case of bilateral stellate maculopathy, we observed full recovery of function following systemic macrolide therapy. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s15010-011-0168-7Authors C. H. D. Metz, Eye Clinic, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, GermanyJ. Buer, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyN. Bornfeld, Eye Clinic, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, GermanyA. Lipski, Eye Clinic, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany Journal Infection...

Novel C-4″ modified azithromycin analogs with remarkably enhanced activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: The synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry — Sat, 06 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ma X, Zhang L, Wang R, Cao J, Liu C, Fang Y, Wang J, Ma S Abstract Three novel structural series of C-4″ modified azithromycin analogs with two amide groups, which were connected by different alkyl linkage, were designed, prepared and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against seven phenotypes of respiratory pathogens. Among them, 7d, 8j and 9j, as representatives of corresponding series, exhibited remarkably improved activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae expressing the erm gene, the mef gene, and the erm and mef genes. In addition, 7a-c, 7f-h, 7j, 8d, 8g, 8i, 9a-b and 9i displayed favorable efficacy against erythromycin-resistant S.pneumoniaeA22072 expressing the mef gene. PMID: 21855183 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher...

ZMAX (Azithromycin) Powder, For Suspension [Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 05 Aug 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Aug 5, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Why Infection With A Mycobacterium Is Increased By Long-Term Antibiotic Use

Health News from Medical News Today — Tue, 02 Aug 2011 10:00:00 +0100

Azithromycin is an antibiotic that also has antiinflammatory properties. It is these antiinflammatory properties that are thought to account for the improvement in clinical outcome observed when patients with chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis are treated long-term with azithromycin. However, a recent study indicated that azithromycin treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with increased infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, a serious complication in such individuals... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Azithromycin blocks autophagy and may predispose cystic fibrosis patients to mycobacterial infection

Journal of Clinical Investigation — Tue, 02 Aug 2011 03:44:30 +0100

Azithromycin is a potent macrolide antibiotic with poorly understood antiinflammatory properties. Long-term use of azithromycin in patients with chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), results in improved outcomes. Paradoxically, a recent study reported that azithromycin use in patients with CF is associated with increased infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Here, we confirm that long-term azithromycin use by adults with CF is associated with the development of infection with NTM, particularly the multi-drug-resistant species Mycobacterium abscessus, and identify an underlying mechanism. We found that in primary human macrophages, concentrations of azithromycin achieved during therapeutic dosing blocked autophagosome clearance by preventing lysosomal...

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Why long-term antibiotic use increases infection with a mycobacterium

ScienceDaily Headlines — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 16:29:29 +0100

The clinical outcome is improved if patients with chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis are treated long-term with the antibiotic azithromycin. However, azithromycin treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis as recently associated with increased infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Now, researchers have confirmed that long-term use of azithromycin by adults with cystic fibrosis is associated with infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria and identified an underlying mechanism. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Novel evidence‐based colchicine dose‐reduction algorithm to predict and prevent colchicine toxicity in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4/P‐glycoprotein inhibitors

Arthritis and Rheumatism — Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

ConclusionThese studies provide quantitative evidence regarding drug interactions and necessary adjustments in the dose of colchicine if colchicine treatment is continued during therapy with multiple CYP3A4/P‐glycoprotein inhibitors. We demonstrated the need for specific reductions in the dose of colchicine when it is used in combination with 2 broadly prescribed calcium channel blockers (verapamil ER and diltiazem ER) and that the dose of colchicine does not need to be adjusted when it is used in combination with azithromycin. (Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism)

Adverse events after mass azithromycin treatments for trachoma in ethiopia.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ayele B, Gebre T, House JI, Zhou Z, McCulloch CE, Porco TC, Gaynor BD, Emerson PM, Lietman TM, Keenan JD Abstract. During a cluster-randomized clinical trial for trachoma in Ethiopia, two rounds of adverse event surveillance were performed in a random sample of communities after community-wide mass azithromycin treatment. The prevalence of any reported adverse event ranged from 4.9% to 7.0% in children 1-9 years of age and from 17.0% to 18.7% in persons ≥ 10 years of age. Adverse events appeared to cluster by household and perhaps by village. Mass azithromycin distributions were well tolerated in this setting. PMID: 21813850 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)

Management of quinolone-resistant typhoid osteomyelitis.

British Journal of Hospital Medicine — Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This article presents two patients with quinolone-resistant enteric fever with bone involvement and describes successful outcomes using oral azithromycin. PMID: 21841594 [PubMed - in process] (Source: British Journal of Hospital Medicine)

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AZITHROMYCIN DIHYDRATE (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated [Apotex Corp.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 29 Jul 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jul 29, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Do Infants Increase the Risk of Re-emergent Infection in Households after Mass Drug Administration for Trachoma? [Clinical and Epidemiologic Research]

Investigative Ophthalmology — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. This prospective study did not find evidence that living in a household with an infant increased the risk of infection 6 months post mass drug administration in other children residing in the household. (Source: Investigative Ophthalmology)

Significant decline in the erythromycin resistance of group A streptococcus isolates at a German paediatric tertiary care centre

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Wed, 27 Jul 2011 15:51:35 +0100

Abstract Group A streptococcus (GAS) is considered to be a major pathogen of bacterial tonsillopharyngitis in children. Although GAS is generally susceptible to penicillin, macrolides are often used as the second-line treatment. Over the last several decades, the rising macrolide resistance of GAS has been detected in several countries. With the current study, we aimed to determine the development of macrolide resistance at our paediatric centre. From March 2006 to May 2009, 350 GAS isolates were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, penicillin and cefotaxime. Macrolide-resistant isolates were screened for the presence of genes related to macrolide resistance (mefA, ermB, ermTR, prtF1). In comparison to a prior study at our hospital, the eryt...

Thin-section Computed Tomography findings before and after azithromycin treatment of neutrophilic reversible lung allograft dysfunction

European Radiology — Wed, 27 Jul 2011 05:49:34 +0100

Conclusions Within BOS patients those with NRAD differ from azithromycin non-responders by more centrilobular abnormalities on CT before azithromycin and improvement in bronchus dilatation, consolidation and air trapping during treatment. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00330-011-2224-1Authors Pim A. de Jong, Department of Radiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumRobin Vos, Lung Transplantation Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGeert M. Verleden, Lung Transplantation Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumBart M. Vanaudenaerde, Lung Transplantation Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumJohny A. Verschakelen, Department of Radiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ...

Is azithromycin adequate treatment for asymptomatic rectal chlamydia?

International Journal of STD and AIDS — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Rectal chlamydia is a common sexually transmissible infection (STI) in men who have sex with men (MSM) that is predominantly asymptomatic. The recommended treatment of azithromycin 1 g as a single oral dose has not been subject to randomized trials and so its efficacy is unknown. We conducted a retrospective case-note review of all MSM diagnosed at the Sydney Sexual Health Centre with asymptomatic rectal chlamydia in 2009. We identified 116 MSM who received azithromycin; 85 (73%) attended for the recommended re-test at varying times (median 78 days, range 21–372 days). Of the men who returned, 11 (13%) had a persistently positive result; we reviewed behavioural data to classify these men as probable re-infections (6/11) or possible treatment failures (5/11), suggesting an efficacy of...

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Rosacea fulminans in pregnancy: successful treatment with azithromycin

Clinical And Experimental Dermatology — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 16:31:12 +0100

(Source: Clinical And Experimental Dermatology)

AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Solution [Hospira, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jul 26, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Azithromycin: Blood coagulation disorders in a child with cerebral palsy: case report

Reactions — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 19:59:43 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Azithromycin: Acute interstitial nephritis: case report

Reactions — Wed, 20 Jul 2011 16:58:58 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

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Advances in the Treatment of Travelers’ Diarrhea

Current Gastroenterology Reports — Tue, 19 Jul 2011 23:44:07 +0100

Abstract Diarrhea is the most common complaint reported by travelers from industrialized countries visiting developing nations. High-risk areas for travelers’ diarrhea (TD) include South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, while moderate-risk areas include Southeast Asia, Middle East, Oceania and the Caribbean. Bacterial pathogens are the major cause of TD. Recent advances in the therapy for diarrhea include a better understanding of the potential benefit of symptomatic and antimicrobial therapy. The mainstay of treatment includes antibacterial therapy with one of three drugs, a fluoroquinolone, rifaximin, or azithromycin. Probiotics have been used in preliminary studies for both treatment and prevention of TD, but more studies are needed with these biologic age...

Selection of Mycoplasma genitalium strains harbouring macrolide resistance-associated 23S rRNA mutations by treatment with a single 1 g dose of azithromycin

Sexually Transmitted Infections — Mon, 18 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions The single 1 g dose treatment of azithromycin could select M genitalium strains harbouring macrolide resistance-associated mutations. For M genitalium, this regimen might increase the risk of macrolide resistance selection after treatment. (Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections)

Clinical and microbiological effects of azithromycin in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Journal of Clinical Periodontology — Mon, 18 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The data of the present study suggest no adjunctive benefit of AZM in the treatment of generalized ChP. PMID: 21770996 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology)

Fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis: retrospective analysis of pathogen eradication rates, inflammatory findings and sexual dysfunction.

Asian Journal of Andrology — Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion fluoroquinolone-macrolide therapy resulted in pathogen eradication and CBP symptom attenuation, including pain, voiding disturbances and sexual dysfunction. A once-daily 750-mg dose of ciprofloxacin for 4 weeks showed enhanced eradication rates and lower inflammatory white blood cell counts compared to the 500-mg dose for 6 weeks. Our results are open to further prospective validation.Asian Journal of Andrology advance online publication, 18 July 2011; doi:10.1038/aja.2011.36. PMID: 21765442 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Asian Journal of Andrology)

Azithromycin/phenytoin: Thrombocytopenia: case report

Reactions — Wed, 13 Jul 2011 16:51:36 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

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New gonorrhoea strain resists drugs

NHS News Feed — Tue, 12 Jul 2011 17:00:00 +0100

Doctors have found a new ‘superbug’ form of gonorrhoea’ that is resistant to a range of antibiotics, it has been announced. Several newspapers have reported on the first case of the strain, which was recently discovered in a Japanese woman. Testing has shown that the strain has resistance against a range of antibiotic drugs, including those commonly used to cure the sexually transmitted infection. The strain, called H041, was investigated by a Swedish research team lead by Dr Magnus Unemo from the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. Dr Unemo reportedly told the Daily Mirror that “the drug-resistant strain could spread around the world in 10 years”. Researchers are now trying to understand why this strain is resistant to existing treatments and how to stop it from sp...

Susceptibility of bacterial isolates from community‐acquired infections in sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia to macrolide antibiotics

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

AZASITE (Azithromycin) Solution [Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 08 Jul 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jul 8, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Cephalosporin Susceptibility Among Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates --- United States, 2000--2010.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... — Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This report summarizes trends in cephalosporin susceptibility among N. gonorrhoeae isolates in the United States during 2000--2010 using data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP). During that period, the percentage of isolates with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to cephalosporins (≥0.25 µg/mL for cefixime and ≥0.125 µg/mL for ceftriaxone) increased from 0.2% in 2000 to 1.4% in 2010 for cefixime and from 0.1% in 2000 to 0.3% in 2010 for ceftriaxone. Although cephalosporins remain an effective treatment for gonococcal infections, health-care providers should be vigilant for treatment failure and are requested to report its occurrence to state and local health departments. State and local public health departments should promote maintenance of labor...