MedWorm: Baclofen

Baclofen overdose: Various toxicities: case report

Reactions — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:29:54 +0100

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Baclofen withdrawal: Withdrawal symptoms following intrathecal administration: case report

Reactions — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 18:34:27 +0100

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Baclofen/buprenorphine/neuropsychotherapeutics: Neurological disorders and other toxicities: 9 case reports

Reactions — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 18:34:27 +0100

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Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis

NeLM - Drug Class Focused Reviews — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Source: Cochrane Library Area: Evidence > Drug Class Focused Reviews Background Pain management is a high priority for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Muscle relaxants include drugs that reduce muscle spasm (for example benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan) and non-benzodiazepines such as metaxalone (Skelaxin) or a combination of paracetamol and orphenadrine (Muscol)) and drugs that prevent increased muscle tone (baclofen and dantrolene). Despite a paucity of evidence supporting their use, antispasmodic and antispasticity muscle relaxants have gained widespread clinical acceptance as adjuvants in the management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Objectives The aim of this review was to determin...

Changes in GABA and GABAB receptor expressions are involved in neuropathy in the rat cuneate nucleus following median nerve transection

Synapse — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study examined the relationship between changes in GABA transmission and behavioral abnormalities after median nerve transection. Following unilateral median nerve transection, the percentage of GABA‐like immunoreactive neurons in the cuneate nucleus and that of GABAB receptor‐like immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion in the injured side decreased and reached a nadir at 4 weeks after median nerve transection. Four weeks after bilateral median nerve transection and intraperitoneal application with saline, baclofen (2 mg/kg), or phaclofen (2 mg/kg) before unilateral electrical stimulation of the injured median nerve, we investigated the level of neuropeptide Y release and c‐Fos expression in the stimulated side of the cuneate nucleus. The neuropeptide Y release level...

2. The blink reflex: Long known, but still fascinating

Clinical Neurophysiology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:42:16 +0100

The blink reflex is routinely used in clinical neurophysiology to characterize the functional integrity of the trigemino-facial reflex pathway covering supraorbital nerve, pons, medulla oblongata, and facial nerve. Recent findings of unconditioned blink reflex alterations, as well as changes in blink reflex modulation by subthreshold prepulse stimuli or suprathreshold double pulse stimulation, in patients with spinal cord injury or chronic pain syndromes, e.g. fibromyalgia, suggest plastic changes at the brainstem level in these conditions. The blink reflex and its modulation also serve to document acute pharmacological effects, e.g. following intrathecal bolus application of the GABA-ergic drug baclofen, thus concurring with an antispastic action of baclofen at the brainstem level. Finall...

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Substitution therapy for alcoholism: time for a reappraisal?

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

A number of compounds already in use as medications for various indications substitute for ethanol at clinically relevant brain pathways, in particular, at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Nevertheless, although substitute medications have been recognized for heroin and tobacco dependence, patients with alcohol dependence are rarely offered an analogous approach. Benzodiazepines may have paradoxical effects, and abuse and dependence are known. Baclofen (GABAB agonist) has not been associated with dependence or misuse and has been effective in several trials in preventing relapse, although research is required to establish the optimal dosing regimen. GABA-ergic anticonvulsants, helpful in treating withdrawal, have yet to emerge as effective in relapse prevention. Clomethiazole and ...

Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 08:18:08 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Based upon the currently available evidence in patients with RA, benzodiazepines (diazepam and triazolam) do not appear to be beneficial in improving pain over 24 hours or one week. The non-benzodiazepine agent zopiclone also did not significantly reduce pain over two weeks. However, even short term muscle relaxant use (24 hours to 2 weeks) is associated with significant adverse events, predominantly drowsiness and dizziness. PMID: 22258993 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)

Questions about the role of oral baclofen in acute ethanol withdrawal

Journal of Hospital Medicine — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Hospital Medicine)

Baclofen in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Journal of Hospital Medicine — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Hospital Medicine)

Treatments for Methamphetamine Abuse: A Literature Review for the Clinician

Journal of Pharmacy Practice — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

The objective of this article is to critically review the literature of METH treatment options. Preclinical research and human research with compounds not yet available commercially in the United States will not be included. A literature review was conducted for research on pharmacological treatments for METH use and addiction. Trial information on the use of sertraline, bupropion, mirtazapine, modafinil, dextroamphetamine, ondansetron, risperidone, aripiprazole, baclofen, and gabapentin was reviewed. Aripiprazole trials appeared in the reviewed literature more frequently than the other medications. Based on the findings of this review, no single medication demonstrated consistent efficacy and each trial contained a variety of methodological limitations. (Source: Journal of Pharmacy Practi...

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Accidental Intoxication with 60 mg Intrathecal Baclofen: Survived

Neurocritical Care — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 06:55:15 +0100

Conclusions This case demonstrates that even excessive doses of ITB can let the patients survive without sequelae if treated promptly and offensively. A pertinent problem during detoxification is the question of when to restart ITB to avoid drug withdrawal. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Practical PearlPages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s12028-011-9669-6Authors Benjamin Berger, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyBarbara Vienenkoetter, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyMirjam Korporal, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyAndrea Rocco, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidel...

Baclofen/bupropion overdose: Various toxicities: case report

Reactions — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 23:22:43 +0100

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An In Vivo Canine Study to Assess Granulomatous Responses in the MedStream Programmable Infusion SystemTM and the SynchroMed II Infusion System®

Pain Medicine — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. In this in vivo canine model of IT drug delivery, catheter tip granuloma formation was associated with higher concentrations and daily doses of morphine infusion while none were seen with baclofen or saline, and was not associated with catheter type. For both pumps, granulomas were only produced in the presence of morphine infusion. These results suggest that the MedStream Programmable Infusion System has a granuloma safety profile at least equivalent to that of the SynchroMed II pump. (Source: Pain Medicine)

Management of status dystonicus in children. Cases report and review.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We report on three patients presenting with SD. Two of them were affected by a static encephalopathy and the other one by a neurodegenerative disorder such as megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC). To our knowledge this is the first patient affected by MLC presenting with SD. All our patients underwent continuous infusion of midazolam, in association with pimozide and trihexyphenidyl, which led to complete resolution of muscular spasms in two patients. In the other one a complete cessation of dystonic spasms was obtained after intrathecal baclofen. From a therapeutic point of view there are no evidence-based management guidelines in SD. The approach is empiric and based on very limited anecdotal reports. On the basis of our observations and an extensive review of...

The role of nucleus accumbens shell GABA receptors on ventral tegmental area intracranial self-stimulation and a potential role for the 5-HT2C receptor

Journal of Psychopharmacology — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Brain -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2C receptors are implicated in the neuronal regulation of reward- and aversion-related behaviour. Within the mesocorticolimbic pathways of the brain, relationships between GABA containing neurons and 5-HT2C receptor activity may be important in this context. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of NAc shell GABA receptors on ventral tegmental area intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and to examine the systemic effects of GABAergic ligands in this context. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between GABA receptor- and 5-HT2C receptor-related ICSS behaviour, using systemic administration of the selective agonist WAY 161503. Locomotor activity was assessed to compare the potential motor effects ...

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GABAB receptors in the NTS mediate the inhibitory effect of trigeminal nociceptive inputs on parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the rat masseter muscle.

Wed, 04 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ishii H, Izumi H Abstract The present study was designed to examine whether trigeminal nociceptive inputs are involved in the modulation of parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the jaw muscles. This was accomplished by investigating the effects of noxious stimulation to the orofacial area with capsaicin, and by microinjecting GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor agonists or antagonists into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), on masseter hemodynamics in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the cervical vagus nerve (cVN) in sympathectomized animals bilaterally increased blood flow in the masseter muscle (MBF). Increases in MBF evoked by cVN stimulation were markedly reduced following injection of capsaicin into the anterior tongue in t...

Pilot Study Assessing the Impact of Intrathecal Baclofen Administration Mode on Sleep-Related Respiratory Parameters

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 01:24:28 +0100

Conclusions: These results indicate that sleep function and sleep-related respiratory events should be assessed before ITB pump implantation. It is probably better to use a continuous mode of infusion if patients have preexisting sleep-disordered breathing. (Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation)

Defining the Role of Baclofen for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

CNS Drugs — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 13:41:11 +0100

(Source: CNS Drugs)

Effects of GABA(B) receptor agonists and antagonists on glycemia regulation in mice.

European Journal of Pharmacology — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bonaventura MM, Crivello M, Ferreyra ML, Repetto M, Cymeryng C, Libertun C, Lux-Lantos VA Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibits insulin secretion through GABA(B) receptors in pancreatic β-cells. We investigated whether GABA(B) receptors participated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in vivo. BALB/c mice acutely pre-injected with the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (7.5mg/kg, i.p.) presented glucose intolerance and diminished insulin secretion during a glucose tolerance test (GTT, 2g/kg body weight, i.p.). The GABA(B) receptor antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen (15mg/kg, i.p.) improved the GTT and reversed the baclofen effect. Also a slight increase in insulin secretion was observed with 2-hydroxysaclofen. In incubated islets 1.10(-5)M baclofen inhibited 20mM gl...

Role of medullary GABA signal transduction on parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the lower lip.

Brain Research — Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kawakami S, Izumi H, Masaki E, Kuchiiwa S, Mizuta K Abstract In the orofacial area, noxious stimulation of the orofacial structure in the trigeminal region evokes parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation, which occurs via the trigeminal spinal nucleus (Vsp) and the inferior/superior salivatory nucleus (ISN/SSN). However, the neurotransmitter involved in the inhibitory synaptic inputs within these nuclei has never been described. This parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation is suppressed by GABAergic action of volatile anesthetics, such as isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane, suggesting that medullary GABAergic mechanism exerts its inhibitory effect on the parasympathetic reflex via an activation of GABA receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of GAB...

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Baclofen overdose: Various toxicities following intrathecal administration: case report

Reactions — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 06:55:18 +0100

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Paradoxical Worsening of Spasticity and Pain in the Lower Extremities After Increasing the Dose of Intrathecal Baclofen—Case Report

Neuromodulation — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: We suggest that in patients who experience symptom aggravation at increased ITB doses, potential causative factors and ITB system malfunction should first be ruled out, and consideration should then be given to decreasing the ITB dose. (Source: Neuromodulation)

GABA(B) receptor GTP-binding is decreased in the prefrontal cortex but not the hippocampus of aged rats.

Neurobiology of Aging — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: McQuail JA, Bañuelos C, Lasarge CL, Nicolle MM, Bizon JL Abstract Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)(B) receptors (GABA(B)Rs) have been linked to a wide range of physiological and cognitive processes and are of interest for treating a number of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. As many of these diseases are associated with advanced age, it is important to understand how the normal aging process impacts GABA(B)R expression and signaling. Thus, we investigated GABA(B)R expression and function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of young and aged rats characterized in a spatial learning task. Baclofen-stimulated GTP-binding and GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 proteins were reduced in the prefrontal cortex of aged rats but these reductions were not associated with s...

Baclofen alters gustatory discrimination capabilities and induces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA)

BMC Research Notes — Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Our findings were not consistent with a simple amnesia-of-neophobia explanation. Instead, results indicated that 2 and 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC were capable of inducing a CTA, which was extinguishable via repeated presentations of SAC only. Our data indicate that, depending on the dose, BAC can alter SAC taste discrimination and act as a potent US in the context of a CTA paradigm. (Source: BMC Research Notes)

Effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen on primary drinking in rats.

European Journal of Pharmacology — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Houston AJ, Wong JC, Ebenezer IS Abstract The effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen were investigated on primary drinking in rats. Baclofen (1-4mg/kg) produced a dose-related reduction in cumulative water intake in 16h water-deprived rats during the 120min measurement period (Experiment 1). The suppressant effect of baclofen (2mg/kg) on water intake 16h water-deprived rats was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35348 (3-aminopropyl (diethoxymethyl)-phosphinic acid; 50mg/kg; s.c., Experiment 2.), indicating that the hypodipsic effects of the drug in thirsty rats are mediated by an action at GABA(B) receptors. Experiment 3 was undertaken to investigate the effects of baclofen on v...

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LIORESAL (Baclofen) Injection [Medtronic Neuromodulation]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Nov 25, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

[Baclofen will also have to be compared with approved medications of alcohol dependence.]

Presse Medicale — Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Rolland B, Bordet R, Cottencin O PMID: 22112640 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Presse Medicale)

BACLOFEN Tablet [Lake Erie Medical DBA Quality Care Products LLC]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Wed, 16 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Nov 16, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Role of hemodialysis in baclofen overdose with normal renal function

Indian Journal of Pharmacology — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Lorraine S Dias, G Vivek, M Manthappa, Raviraja V AcharyaIndian Journal of Pharmacology 2011 43(6):722-723The treatment of baclofen overdose is primarily supportive. There have been case reports of hemodialysis being used in patients with chronic kidney disease with baclofen overdose. A case report of hemodialysis in a baclofen-overdose patient with normal renal function is presented. Review of literature has also been provided. (Source: Indian Journal of Pharmacology)

Treatment of Nystagmus

Current Treatment Options in Neurology — Wed, 09 Nov 2011 17:45:36 +0100

Opinion statement Patients with congenital and acquired forms of nystagmus are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Many report visual symptoms, such as oscillopsia and blurred vision, which can be alleviated if the nystagmus can be suppressed. Pharmacologic, optical, and surgical treatments are available, with the choice of treatment depending on the characteristics of the nystagmus and the severity of the associated visual symptoms. Downbeat nystagmus can be treated with 4-aminopyridine, 3,4-diaminopyridine, or clonazepam. Upbeat nystagmus can be reduced with memantine, 4-aminopyridine, or baclofen. Torsional nystagmus may respond to gabapentin. Acquired pendular nystagmus in patients with multiple sclerosis is often partially suppressed by gabapentin or memantine....

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Peripheral and spinal GABAergic regulation of incisional pain in rats

Pain — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, GABA-A and GABA-B receptors are promising targets for postoperative, incisional pain in humans. (Source: Pain)

[Baclofen for alcohol addiction].

Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Helland A, Bramness JG Abstract Baclofen is approved for muscle spasms and cerebral spasticity. Several studies have recently investigated the use of baclofen for alcohol withdrawal symptoms and as an abstinence-promoting agent in alcohol-dependent subjects. The evidence is too weak to recommend baclofen for alcohol withdrawal, and drugs with better documentation such as benzodiazepines and carbamazepine should be preferred for this indication. The evidence for the use of baclofen to prevent relapse to drinking in alcohol dependence is somewhat conflicting, but the drug could be considered as a therapeutic option in case of conservative measures and approved drugs such as disulfiram and acamprosate having insufficient effect. Despite enthusiastic appraisal in case reports,...

Ability of baclofen to prevent somatic manifestations and neurochemical changes during nicotine withdrawal

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 29 Oct 2011 01:47:16 +0100

Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevention of NIC withdrawal signs by BAC could be related to changes in dopaminergic and serotonergic activity. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

Treatment of refractory trigeminal neuralgia with intravenous phenytoin.

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP — Wed, 26 Oct 2011 10:00:56 +0100

Conclusion Phenytoin sodium 15 mg/kg i.v. divided into two doses separated by four hours was safe and effective in treating an acute exacerbation of refractory TN. PMID: 22011984 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP)

Baclofen Toxicity in Patients with Advanced Nephropathy: Proposal for New Labeling.

American Journal of Nephrology — Wed, 26 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The literature does not mention a clear recommendation about baclofen safety and dose adjustment, or a minimum level of kidney function below which the drug should not be used. PMID: 22041434 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: American Journal of Nephrology)

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Effect of spinal cord injury and of intrathecal baclofen on brainstem reflexes

Clinical Neurophysiology — Wed, 26 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Highlights: ► Neurophysiological testing can demonstrate neuronal reorganization in patients with spinal cord injury. ► Studies on neuronal reorganization following spinal cord injury have so far focused on changes below the lesion and at the cerebral cortex, while only few studies to date have addressed functional changes at the brainstem level. ► Studies of altered brainstem reflexes in patients with spinal cord injury may contribute to the understanding of mechanisms underlying functional changes following injury to the central nervous system, and can help to identify and quantify pharmacological actions upon altered reflexes.Abstract: Reorganization of neural circuits within the central nervous system following injury appears to be a means of compensatory mechanism for loss of fu...

Baclofen Toxicity in Patients with Advanced Nephropathy: Proposal for New Labeling

Karger Publishers — Tue, 25 Oct 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Am J Nephrol 2011;34:491–495 (DOI:10.1159/000333247) (Source: Karger Publishers)

Intrathecal baclofen therapy in non‐ambulant and ambulant children and adolescents with spasticity of cerebral origin

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 20:25:39 +0100

(Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology)

Anti-tussive effects of memantine in guinea pigs.

Chest — Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS:This study illustrates that memantine has marked anti-tussive effects in guinea pigs, most likely mediated via NMDAR channel blockade. Memantine therefore has the potential to be a safe, effective and well-tolerated anti-tussive agent. PMID: 22016492 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chest)

Clinical and EEG features of acute intrathecal baclofen overdose

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We report a case of acute intrathecal baclofen overdose occurring after refilling of the implanted pump. We also present the clinical and electroencephalographic features of such overdose and discuss the risk of iatrogenic overdose by manipulating implanted pumps. (Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery)

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Management of acute overdose or withdrawal state in intrathecal baclofen therapy

Spinal Cord — Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: S V Watve, M Sivan, W A Raza & F F Jamil (Source: Spinal Cord)

Clinical Experience with Baclofen in the Management of Alcohol-Dependent Patients with Psychiatric Comorbidity: A Selected Case Series

Alcohol and Alcoholism — Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: While more than half the patients reported significant reduction in alcohol use, it is not possible to draw definite conclusions about the effectiveness of baclofen, given that it was combined with other psychiatric and alcohol treatments, and because there was no control or comparison group. We recommend caution when offering baclofen to patients with a history of recurrent overdosing or a history of other substance misuse. When prescribing in conjunction with other medications with CNS depressant action, close monitoring is recommended at initiation and during dose escalation. (Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism)

Intrathecal baclofen for progressive neurological disease in childhood: A systematic review of literature.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology — Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: ITB has beneficial effects in paediatric patients with progressive neurological disease. However, the level of evidence is limited due to the small number of available studies and due to the poor quality of these studies. PMID: 22015172 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology)

Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic, Periodic, or Ictal Discharges in a 13-Year-Old Girl After an Overdose and Respiratory Arrest

Pediatric Neurology — Sat, 15 Oct 2011 15:43:04 +0100

Paramedics found a 13-year-old, previously healthy girl with depression at home and unresponsive after overdosing on bupropion and baclofen. She was observed to be in respiratory arrest and bradycardic, with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3. Chest compressions were required, and she was intubated. During transport, she was hypothermic with decerebrate posturing, and manifested a 1-minute, self-terminating, generalized tonic-clonic seizure. In the pediatric intensive care unit, she received intermittent doses of lorazepam and fentanyl for sedation. She remained comatose, and continuous video-electroencephalogram monitoring was initiated to evaluate her for nonconvulsive seizures. (Source: Pediatric Neurology)

Baclofen: EEG changes and various toxicities in a child: case report

Reactions — Wed, 12 Oct 2011 06:03:59 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

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HPLC enantioresolution of (R,S)-baclofen using three newly synthesized dichloro-s-triazine reagents having amines and five others having amino acids as chiral auxiliaries.

Biomedical Chromatography : BMC — Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bhushan R, Dixit S Abstract Enantioresolution of (R,S)-baclofen was accomplished using a newly synthesized set of three chiral derivatizing reagents (CDRs) having amines [(S)-(-)-α,4-dimethylbenzylamine, (-)-cis-myrtanylamine and (R)-(-)-1-cyclohexylethylamine] as chiral auxiliaries in cyanuric chloride and another set of five CDRs having amino acids (l-Leu, d-Phg, l-Val, l-Met and l-Ala) as chiral auxiliaries. These eight CDRs were used for synthesis of diastereomers of (R,S)-baclofen under microwave irradiation. The diastereomers were separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column using mixtures of methanol with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid with UV detection at 230 nm. Chromatographic data obtained for the two sets of diastereomers were compared among themselves and among...

A dose-response analysis of the effects of L-baclofen on chronic tinnitus caused by acoustic trauma in rats.

Neuropharmacology — Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zheng Y, Vagal S, McNamara E, Darlington CL, Smith PF Abstract Subjective tinnitus is a chronic neurological disorder in which phantom sounds are perceived. Drugs that increase GABAergic neurotransmission in the CNS are sometimes used as a treatment. One such drug is the GABA(B) receptor agonist L-baclofen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of L-baclofen on the psychophysical attributes of tinnitus in rats.The effects of 1, 3 or 5 mg/kg L-baclofen (s.c.) on the psychophysical attributes of tinnitus were investigated using a conditioned lick suppression model, following acoustic trauma (a 16 kHz, 110 dB pure tone presented unilaterally for 1 h) in rats. In pre-drug testing, acoustic trauma resulted in a significant increase in the auditory brainstem-e...

GABAB-mediated inhibition of multiple modes of glutamate release in the nucleus of the solitary tract

Journal of Neurophysiology — Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study tested whether presynaptic -aminobutyric acid (GABA)B receptors inhibit both the evoked and TRPV1-operated release mechanisms on second-order ST nucleus neurons. In horizontal slices, shocks activated single ST axons and evoked the time-invariant (latency jitter <200 µs), glutamatergic EPSCs, which identified second-order neurons. Gabazine eliminated GABAA responses in all recordings. The GABAB agonist baclofen inhibited the amplitude of ST-EPSCs from both TRPV1+ and TRPV1– afferents with a similar EC50 (~1.2 µM). In TTX, GABAB activation decreased miniature EPSC (mEPSC) rates but not amplitudes, suggesting presynaptic actions downstream from terminal excitability. With calcium entry through voltage-activated calcium channels blocked by cadmium, baclofen red...

Differential involvement of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in propofol self-administration in rats.

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica — Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion:Propofol maintains its reward properties partially through GABA(A) receptor activation. Stimulation of GABA(B) receptors in VTA may counteract the reinforcing properties of propofol. PMID: 21986578 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica)

Estrous Cycle- and Sex-Dependent Changes in Pre- and Postsynaptic GABAB Control of GnRH Neuron Excitability.

Endocrinology — Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Liu X, Herbison AE Abstract The GnRH neurons are the key neurons controlling fertility in mammals. Although γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in the regulation of GnRH neurons, the role of GABA(B) receptors is poorly understood. Using GnRH-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice and a parahorizontal brain slice preparation, we have undertaken a series of electrophysiological experiments to examine 1) postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors expressed by GnRH neurons, and 2) presynaptic GABA(B) receptors located on the terminals of an important neural input to GnRH neurons originating from the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). The GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen induced a direct postsynaptic hyperpolarization of GnRH neurons through induction of an o...

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Baclofen overdose: Coma: case report

Reactions — Mon, 03 Oct 2011 06:00:13 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Treating alcohol withdrawal with oral baclofen: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial

Journal of Hospital Medicine — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS:We found that the use of baclofen was associated with a significant reduction in the use of high doses of benzodiazepine (lorazepam) in the management of symptomatic AWS. The use of low‐dose baclofen in the management of AWS deserves further study, as reduced dependence on high‐dose benzodiazepines in AWS management could improve patient safety. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;6:474–479. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine (Source: Journal of Hospital Medicine)

Pharmacology of Intracisternal or Intrathecal Glycine, Muscimol, and Baclofen in Strychnine-induced Thermal Hyperalgesia of Mice.

J Korean Med Sci — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lee IO, Son JK, Lim ES, Kim YS Abstract Glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are localized and released by the same interneurons in the spinal cord. Although the effects of glycine and GABA on analgesia are well known, little is known about the effect of GABA in strychnine-induced hyperalgesia. To investigate the effect of GABA and the role of the glycine receptor in thermal hyperalgesia, we designed an experiment involving the injection of muscimol (a GABA(A) receptor agonist), baclofen (a GABA(B) receptor agonist) or glycine with strychnine (strychnine sensitive glycine receptor antagonist). Glycine, muscimol, or baclofen with strychnine was injected into the cisterna magna or lumbar subarachnoidal spaces of mice. The effects of treatment on strychnine-induced heat hy...

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PM and R — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

I thank Drs Ordia and Vaisman for their insight and comments. Although I have decreased the use of indium scans in my practice, I never intended to suggest that the indium scan should be abandoned by everyone. I now rarely use the indium scan for several reasons. First, my practice deals primarily with patients who are taking baclofen, and 3-plus days to do an evaluation in a patient in baclofen withdrawal is too long. Second, I became frustrated when I often would get a normal scan in a patient with obvious catheter malfunction. Third, the resolution is poor; I have never identified a subdural catheter or catheter tip loculations on an indium scan in the more than 50 indium scans that I have ordered over the past 15 years. I still do one or 2 a year to answer a specific question, but the ...

Lesions and reversible inactivation of the dorsolateral caudate-putamen impair cocaine-primed reinstatement to cocaine-seeking in rats.

Brain Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:43:33 +0100

Authors: Gabriele A, See RE Abstract Recent evidence suggests that cocaine addiction may involve progressive drug-induced neuroplasticity of the dorsal striatum. Here, we examined the effects of a) dorsolateral caudate putamen (dlCPu) lesions on cocaine self-administration, extinction of responding, and subsequent reinstatement to cocaine-seeking, and b) reversible inactivation of the dlCPu with GABA receptor agonists (baclofen and muscimol) immediately prior to reinstatement testing. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered cocaine (0.2mg/50μl infusion, i.v.) along an FR1 schedule in daily 2h sessions for 10days, whereby lever presses resulted in cocaine infusions and presentation of a paired light-tone stimulus complex. After 14days of abstinence, animals were returned to the...

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Hyperthermia induces epileptiform discharges in cultured rat cortical neurons.

Brain Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:43:13 +0100

This study provides a novel cellular model for studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of febrile seizures in vitro. PMID: 21907327 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research)

Complex regional pain syndrome with associated chest wall dystonia: a case report

Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury — Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We present a case of a patient with long standing CRPS after a brachial plexus injury, who after displaying several features of the movement disorder previously, developed painful dystonia of chest wall musculature. Detailed neurologic examination found palpable sustained contractions of the pectoral and intercostal muscles in addition to surface allodynia. Needle electromyography of the intercostal and paraspinal muscles supported the diagnosis of dystonia. In addition, pulmonary function testing showed both restrictive and obstructive features in the absence of a clear cardiopulmonary etiology. Treatment was initiated with intrathecal baclofen and the patient had symptomatic relief and improvement of dystonia. This case illustrates a novel form of the movement disorder associated with CR...

Differential in vitro and in vivo profiles of substituted 3‐aminopropylphosphinate and 3‐aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinate GABAB receptor agonists as inhibitors of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

British Journal of Pharmacology — Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions and implications: an enhanced therapeutic window for 3‐aminopropylphosphinic acids compared to 3‐aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acids with respect to inhibition of TLESR can be observed and is probably mechanistically linked to neural cell uptake of the former but not latter group of compounds. These findings offer a platform for discovery of new GABAB receptor agonists for the treatment of reflux disease and other conditions where selective peripheral GABAB receptor agonism may afford therapeutic effects. (Source: British Journal of Pharmacology)

Neurosurgical management of spasticity

Paediatrics and Child Health — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 18:42:34 +0100

This article is not meant to be exhaustive and is meant to guide the reader and not inform about every possible nuance, complication, etc. The reader is encouraged to refer their patients to the teams for evaluation rather than referring them for a specific treatment. (Source: Paediatrics and Child Health)

GABAB Receptor in Osteoblasts [Signal Transduction]

Journal of Biological Chemistry — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The prevailing view is that signaling machineries for the neurotransmitter GABA are also expressed by cells outside the CNS. In cultured murine calvarial osteoblasts, mRNA was constitutively expressed for both subunits 1 and 2 of metabotropic GABAB receptor (GABABR), along with inhibition by the GABABR agonist baclofen of cAMP formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Ca2+ accumulation. Moreover, baclofen significantly inhibited the transactivation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) gene in a manner sensitive to a GABABR antagonist, in addition to decreasing mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), osteocalcin, and osterix. In osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with GABABR1 subunit, significant reductions were seen in ALP activit...

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Effects of GABA(B) ligands alone and in combination with paroxetine on hippocampal BDNF gene expression.

European Journal of Pharmacology — Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Khundakar A, Zetterström T Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been suggested as a target for antidepressant treatment and chronic antidepressant drug administration shows a 'biphasic effect' on BDNF mRNA in rat hippocampus (transient decrease followed by an increase). In comparison, following acute administration only, an inhibitory action on BDNF gene expression is detected. The present study aimed to understand the mechanism behind the acute inhibitory action on BDNF gene expression by investigating the possible involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in mediating this effect. Rats were injected with either saline, the GABA(A) selective compound 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP), the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam or the...

Natriorexigenic effect of baclofen is reduced by AT(1) receptor blockade in the lateral parabrachial nucleus.

Brain Research Bulletin — Sat, 10 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Da Silva CZ, Menani JV, Callera JC Abstract GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors activation with agonists muscimol and baclofen, respectively in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), induces water and hypertonic NaCl intake in rats. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of previous injections of losartan (AT(1) angiotensin receptor antagonist) into the LPBN on 0.3M NaCl and water intake induced by baclofen injected bilaterally in the same area in fluid replete rats and in rats treated with the diuretic furosemide combined with a low dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril injected subcutaneously. Male Wistar rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of baclofen (0.5nmol/0.2μl, n=...

Synergistic interaction between baclofen administration into the median raphe nucleus and inconsequential visual stimuli on investigatory behavior of rats

Psychopharmacology — Fri, 09 Sep 2011 05:48:45 +0100

Conclusions Baclofen administration into the MR or DR increased investigatory behavior induced by visual stimuli. Stimulation of GABAB receptors in the MR and DR appears to disinhibit the motivational process involving stimulus–approach responses. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationPages 1-11DOI 10.1007/s00213-011-2450-xAuthors Fiori R. Vollrath-Smith, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USARick Shin, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USASatoshi Ikemoto, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Nationa...

Potential correlation of intrathecal baclofen concentration and clinical improvement after high dose intrathecal intoxication: A case report

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Baclofen, a derivate of Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), is a muscle relaxant used for treatment of the spasticity in different neuromuscular disorders like multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and spinal cord injuries. This GABA agonist elicits amelioration of motor movement and thereby improves spastic symptoms. Intrathecal baclofen administration is an alternative to oral therapy, which is limited by relative higher side effects and less bioavailability as intrathecal therapy . In addition, the intrathecal therapy is more effective due to direct application of baclofen into the cerebrospinal fluid. Baclofen pump implantation for continuous intrathecal application is a well known treatment option. Baclofen overdose or withdrawal can be dangerous complications caused by either dysfunction o...

Pharmacological tests of hypotheses for acquired pendular nystagmus

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Acquired pendular nystagmus (APN) occurs with multiple sclerosis (MS) and oculopalatal tremor (OPT); distinct features of the nystagmus have led to the development of separate models for their pathogenesis. APN in MS has been attributed to instability in the neural integrator, which normally ensures steady gaze. APN in OPT may result from electrotonic coupling between neurons in the hypertrophied inferior olivary nucleus, which induces maladaptive learning in cerebellar cortex. We tested these two hypotheses by analyzing the effects of gabapentin, memantine, and baclofen on both forms of nystagmus. No drug changed the dominant frequency of either form of APN, but the variability of frequency was affected with gabapentin and memantine in patients with OPT. The amplitude of APN in both MS an...

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F725 avoidance of life-threatening baclofen withdrawal

European Journal of Pain Supplements — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

(Source: European Journal of Pain Supplements)

Baclofen overdose: Coma following intrathecal administration: case report

Reactions — Mon, 29 Aug 2011 14:09:06 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Baclofen withdrawal: Dystonic-dyskinetic status in a child: case report

Reactions — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 15:26:04 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

A Prospective Single-arm Open-label Study of Baclofen and Bupropion SR Combination Therapy for Smoking Cessation

Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment — Fri, 26 Aug 2011 13:48:33 +0100

Conclusions: Combination of baclofen and bupropion SR seems safe and well tolerated with preliminary efficacy for smoking cessation comparing favorably with current first-line smoking cessation aids. The combination of baclofen and bupropion SR may provide an additional treatment option to varenicline or bupropion SR monotherapy. (Health Canada Clinical Trial Registration Control number: 105226). (Source: Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment)

Asymmetric Induction by (S)-4-Isopropyl-1-phenylimidazolidin-2-thione in Titanium-Mediated Aldol Reactions and Its Application in Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)-Baclofen

Synthesis — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

SynthesisDOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1260187AbstractThe usefulness of (S)-4-isopropyl-1-phenylimidazolidin-2-thione as a chiral auxiliary in stereoselective propionate and acetate aldol reactions is discussed. Further, the enantioselective synthesis of (R)-baclofen by acetate aldol reaction using the chiral auxiliary was demonstrated.[...]© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ˙ New YorkArticle in Thieme eJournals:Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Synthesis)

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Ultrasound guided epidural analgesia for labor in a patient with an intrathecal baclofen pump

International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia — Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

With increasing popularity of intrathecal drug delivery systems such as baclofen and opioids for management of chronic pain conditions, it is not uncommon for an obstetric anesthesiologist to encounter such a patient in the labor and delivery suite. A 44-year-old G1P0 female (177cm, 88kg) with left spastic hemiplegia and central post-stroke pain syndrome presented at the pre-anesthesia evaluation clinic to discuss her anesthesia options for labor and delivery. Past medical history included a middle cerebral artery infarct due to an embolus from a patent foramen ovale. An intrathecal baclofen pump (ITBP) was implanted to control the residual left-sided spasticity and neurological pain. An abdominal radiograph showed a subcutaneous infusion pump over the right lower abdominal quadrant with t...

Current Therapeutic Options in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

Current Treatment Options in Neurology — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 06:14:50 +0100

Opinion statement Therapies for relapsing-remitting pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) are aimed at preventing relapses (disease modifying therapies), treating acute attacks, and managing disabling cognitive and physical symptoms. Initial disease modifying therapy to prevent relapses should use one of four first-line injectable therapies that are approved for adult relapsing-remitting MS: interferon beta 1a IM, interferon beta 1a SC, interferon beta 1b SC, or glatiramer acetate. If breakthrough disease occurs or the medication is poorly tolerated, the next step should be to try one of the other first-line therapies. If the first-line therapies have been exhausted, second-line therapies such as natalizumab, cyclophosphamide, or mitoxantrone may be considered. One must use ca...

Imaging Evaluation of Intrathecal Baclofen Pump-Catheter Systems [REVIEW ARTICLE]

American Journal of Neuroradiology — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This article reviews the approach to imaging evaluation of ITB pump-catheter systems, with specific emphasis on radiography, fluoroscopy, CT, and nuclear scintigraphy. (Source: American Journal of Neuroradiology)

FAT emulsion composition alters intake and the effects of baclofen.

Appetite — Tue, 09 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This report: (1) demonstrates that products used to prepare thickened oil-in-water emulsions have significant effects on rat ingestive behavior, and (2) confirms the ability of baclofen to reduce consumption of fatty foods, while simultaneously stimulating intake of chow. PMID: 21855586 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Appetite)

Movement disorder emergencies in childhood.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kirkham FJ, Haywood P, Kaypashe P, Borbone J, Lording A, Pryde K, Cox M, Keslake J, Smith M, Cuthbertson L, Murugan V, Mackie S, Thomas NH, Whitney A, Forrest KM, Parker A, Forsyth R, Kipps CM Abstract The literature on paediatric acute-onset movement disorders is scattered. In a prospective cohort of 52 children (21 male; age range 2mo-15y), the commonest were chorea, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, and Parkinsonism in descending order of frequency. In this series of mainly previously well children with cryptogenic acute movement disorders, three groups were recognised: (1) Psychogenic disorders (n = 12), typically >10 years of age, more likely to be female and to have tremor and myoclonus (2) Inflammatory or autoimmune disorders (n = 22), including N-methyl-d-aspart...

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GABAergic signaling in primary lens epithelial and lentoid cells and its involvement in intracellular Ca(2+) modulation.

Cell Calcium — Tue, 02 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Schwirtlich M, Kwakowsky A, Emri Z, Antal K, Lacza Z, Cselenyák A, Katarova Z, Szabó G Abstract Primary lens epithelial cell (LEC) cultures derived from newborn (P0) and one-month-old (P30) mouse lenses were used to study GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) signaling expression and its effect on the intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) level. We have found that these cultures express specific cellular markers for lens epithelial and fiber cells, all components of the functional GABA signaling pathway and GABA, thus recapitulating the developmental program of the ocular lens. Activation of both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors (GABA(A)R and GABA(B)R) with the specific agonists muscimol and baclofen, respectively induces [Ca(2+)](i) transients that could be blocked by the specific ant...

Modulation of resting brain cerebral blood flow by the GABA B agonist, baclofen: A longitudinal perfusion fMRI study

Drug and Alcohol Dependence — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 07:51:33 +0100

Conclusions: Baclofen's modulatory actions on regions involved in motivated behavior in humans are reflected in the resting state and provide insight into the underlying mechanism behind its potential to block drug-motivated behavior, in preclinical studies, and its putative effectiveness as an anti-craving/anti-relapse agent in humans. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

Controlled study of the effects of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion in non‐ambulant children with cerebral palsy

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology — Sat, 23 Jul 2011 12:00:34 +0100

Aim To measure changes in children with severe spastic cerebral palsy (CP) after continuous intrathecal baclofen (ITB) infusion over 18 months and to compare the results with those of a comparison group awaiting treatment.Method Thirty‐eight children with severe spastic CP considered suitable for ITB were assessed when first seen, just before insertion of an intrathecal pump, and 9 months and 18 months later. Eighteen children waited around 9 months for a pump (group 1: nine males, nine females; mean age 9y 11mo [SD 3y 7mo], nine in Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level IV, nine in level V). This baseline period was used as a control for comparison with the first and second 9‐month periods after the pump for the remaining 20 children (group 2: 11 males, n...

The influence of age at single‐event multilevel surgery on outcome in children with cerebral palsy who walk with flexed knee gait

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology — Sat, 23 Jul 2011 12:00:33 +0100

Aim Information on the timing and long‐term outcome of single‐event multilevel surgery in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP) walking with flexed knee gait is limited. Based on our clinical experience, we hypothesized that older children with bilateral spastic CP would benefit more from single‐event multilevel surgery than younger children. Moreover, any improvement in older children could be maintained with fewer additional surgery events.Method We performed a retrospective analysis of the long‐term outcomes of single‐event multilevel surgery. Thirty‐two children (17 males, 15 females) who had received single‐event multilevel surgery between 1995 and 2000 with a mean age at the time of surgery of 10 years 6 months (range 5y 8mo–15y 6mo; SD 3y 1mo)...

The effects of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion in non‐ambulant children with cerebral palsy

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology — Sat, 23 Jul 2011 12:00:25 +0100

(Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology)

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The Effect of Pulsatile Flow on Intrathecal Drug Delivery in the Spinal Canal.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering — Tue, 12 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

In this study, comprehensive experimental and computational studies were conducted to quantify the effect of pulsatile CSF flow on the accelerated drug dispersion in the spinal canal. Infusion tests with a radionucleotide and fluorescent dye under stagnant and pulsatile flow conditions were conducted inside an experimental surrogate model of the human spinal canal. The tracer distributions were quantified optically and by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The experimental results show that CSF flow oscillations substantially enhance fluorescent dye and radionucleotide dispersion in the spinal canal experiment. The experimental observations were interpreted by rigorous computer simulations. To demonstrate the clinical significance, the dispersion of intrathecally infused b...

In vitro and in vivo characterization of the novel GABA(B) receptor positive allosteric modulator, 2-{1-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl]-2-piperidinyl}ethanol (CMPPE).

Neuropharmacology — Mon, 04 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Perdona' E, Costantini VJ, Tessari M, Martinelli P, Carignani C, Valerio E, Mok MH, Zonzini L, Visentini F, Gianotti M, Gordon L, Rocheville M, Corsi M, Capelli AM There is preclinical evidence supporting the finding that the GABA(B) receptor orthosteric agonist, baclofen, has significant effects on eating behavior suggesting the potential therapeutic application of this compound for the treatment of eating related disorders. However, the wide clinical use of baclofen might be limited by the appearance of sedative and motor impairment effects. The identification of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABA(B) receptors represents a novel therapeutic approach to reduce the centrally-mediated adverse effects typical of the GABA(B) receptor orthosteric agonist. In the present...

Baclofen: Acute hepatitis: case report

Reactions — Sun, 03 Jul 2011 18:34:01 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

The Use of Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for Myoclonus in a Patient With Lance Adams Syndrome

PM and R — Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Myoclonus is a movement disorder characterized by the sudden onset of jerking, “shock-like” involuntary movements that may be triggered by voluntary movement or sensory stimulation. Lance Adams syndrome (LAS) is a type of myoclonus associated with hypoxic injury to the brain. It was initially described by Lance and Adams in 1963 in a series of 4 patients in whom action myoclonus developed as sequelae of hypoxic encephalopathy []. Since that initial description, more than 100 cases have been reported in medical literature; however, LAS remains a rare condition. (Source: PM and R)

Gi-coupled GABAB Receptors Cross-Regulate Phospholipase C and Calcium in Airway Smooth Muscle.

American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology — Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, stimulation of GABAB receptors on human airway smooth muscle cells rapidly mobilizes intracellular Ca (2+) stores by inositol phosphate synthesis through the activation of PLC-β that is stimulated by Gβγ protein liberated from Gi proteins coupled to GABAB receptors. Furthermore, crosstalk between GABA B receptors and Gq-coupled receptors potentiates inositol phosphate synthesis, transient [Ca(2+)]i increases and smooth muscle contraction through Gi proteins. PMID: 21719794 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology)

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Baclofen: What's in a Word? A World of Difference

Alcohol and Alcoholism — Mon, 20 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

(Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism)

LIORESAL (Baclofen) Injection [Medtronic Neuromodulation]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jun 16, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

GABAB receptor-mediated tonic inhibition of noradrenergic A7 neurons in the rat

Journal of Neurophysiology — Wed, 15 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Noradrenergic (NAergic) A7 neurons that project axonal terminals to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to modulate nociceptive signaling are suggested to receive tonic inhibition from local GABAergic interneurons, which are under the regulation of descending analgesic pathways. In support of this argument, we presently report GABAB receptor (GABABR)-mediated tonic inhibition of NAergic A7 neurons. Bath application of baclofen induced an outward current (IBac) in NAergic A7 neurons that was blocked by CGP 54626, a GABABR blocker. The IBac was reversed at about –99 mV, displayed inward rectification, and was blocked by Ba2+ or Tertipian-Q, showing it was mediated by G protein-activated inward-rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels. Single-cell RT-PCR results suggested that GIRK1/3 heterotetrame...

Improving quality of life of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of clinical trials

Child: Care, Health and Development — Tue, 14 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Current review suggests that positive effect was shown in medicinal and motor control interventions on QoL. However, no single interventional approach can demonstrate a consistent positive impact on QoL across different studies. Future studies are recommended to (i) provide a clear definition of QoL, and investigate the relationship between symptoms' severity and QoL; (ii) measure outcome at different time points to capture real effects of interventions; and (iii) make more use of valid outcome instruments, either self‐report or parent/caregiver proxy reports. (Source: Child: Care, Health and Development)

Use of intrathecal baclofen therapy in ambulant children and adolescents with spasticity and dystonia of cerebral origin: a systematic review

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology — Thu, 09 Jun 2011 08:15:15 +0100

Aim Studies on the use of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) for ambulant adults with spasticity and/or dystonia of cerebral origin are scarce, and are even more limited for children and adolescents. This systematic review investigates the use of ITB to improve walking, transfer ability, and gross motor activities in ambulant children and adolescents with spasticity and/or dystonia of cerebral origin.Method Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, full Cochrane Library, and PEDro) were searched from the earliest date available until March 2011 using combined subject headings and free text if supported by the databases. Studies were included if they had examined individuals who: (1) received ITB therapy by any method (bolus injection, an external delivery system, or an implant...

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BACLOFEN (Baclofen) Tablet [Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jun 7, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Baclofen withdrawal: ECG abnormalities and cardiomyopathy: case report

Reactions — Sun, 05 Jun 2011 19:54:23 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Intrathecal baclofen in multiple sclerosis: Too little, too late?

Multiple Sclerosis — Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This article summarizes the findings and recommendations of an expert panel on the use of ITB therapy in the MS population and the role of the physician and comprehensive care team in patient selection, screening, and management. (Source: Multiple Sclerosis)

Massive Clonidine Overdose During Refill of an Implanted Drug Delivery Device for Intrathecal Analgesia: A Review of Inadvertent Soft‐Tissue Injection During Implantable Drug Delivery Device Refills and Its Management

Pain Medicine — Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion. Inadvertent soft‐tissue injection is possibly an underappreciated and underreported complication of intrathecal analgesia via an implanted drug delivery device. Under some circumstances, large doses of other intrathecal drugs such as bupivacaine, opioids, ziconotide, and baclofen may also be delivered by inadvertent soft‐tissue injection with potentially life‐threatening consequences. We recommend that practitioners, institutions, and professional bodies who manage patients with intrathecal analgesia via intrathecal drug delivery devices highlight and audit this complication and develop systems to manage it. (Source: Pain Medicine)

Effects of intrathecal baclofen on daily care in children with secondary generalized dystonia: A pilot study.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology — Sat, 28 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: In this pilot study we report positive functional effects of ITB trial treatment in four patients with dystonic CP. A randomized trial with a larger cohort is needed to verify these results. PMID: 21628102 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology)

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Baclofen withdrawal: Acute baclofen withdrawal following intrathecal catheter failure: case report

Reactions — Thu, 26 May 2011 16:32:02 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Schwann‐like adult stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue express γ‐aminobutyric acid type B receptors

Journal of Neuroscience Research — Wed, 25 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, both of the subunits that assemble into a functional GABA‐B receptor are present in differentiated stem cells. Furthermore, GABA‐B receptors in dASC are functionally active, regulating a key process such as proliferation. The presence of functional GABA‐B receptors on differentiated stem cells opens new opportunities for a possible pharmacological modulation of their physiology and phenotype. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. (Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research)

Trigeminal neuralgia: the diagnosis and management of this excruciating and poorly understood facial pain

Postgraduate Medical Journal — Wed, 25 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Trigeminal neuralgia is defined as sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing recurrent episodes of pain within the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, which has a profound effect on quality of life. The diagnosis is made on history alone, and time needs to be taken to elicit the key features and differentiate from toothache or one of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Most trigeminal neuralgia is idiopathic, but a small percentage is due to secondary causes—for example, tumours or multiple sclerosis—which can be picked up on CT or MRI. Recently published international guidelines suggest that carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are the first-line drugs. There is limited evidence for the use of lamotrigine and baclofen. If there is a decrease i...

Prolonged episode of dystonia and dyskinesia resembling status epilepticus following acute intrathecal baclofen withdrawal.

Epilepsy and Behaviour — Fri, 20 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

We report the clinical features and the video recording of the status. The prompt recognition of this life-threatening complication is essential, as rapid treatment may reduce the increased risk of death. Misdiagnosis is possible, and video/EEG monitoring is useful to this end. Although differing among patients, all symptoms are related to overexcitability of the extrapyramidal and autonomic systems. PMID: 21606004 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Epilepsy and Behaviour)

Baclofen: Epileptic seizure following intrathecal administration: case report

Reactions — Wed, 18 May 2011 17:09:57 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

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Pharmacological interventions for binge eating: lessons from animal models, current treatments, and future directions.

Current Pharmaceutical Design — Sun, 15 May 2011 00:00:04 +0100

Authors: Berner LA, Bocarsly ME, Hoebel BG, Avena NM Binge eating behavior has been noted in some eating disorders as well as in obesity. The goal of this paper is to review current, non-serotonergic pharmaceutical approaches to treat binge eating. Further, using information derived from preclinical models, we discuss candidate neurotransmitter systems for study as targets for the treatment of binge eating. Dopaminergic circuits have been implicated in both laboratory animal models and human studies of binge eating, though existing medications specifically targeting the dopaminergic system have been found to have adverse side effects. Opioidergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems also appear to be highly involved in aspects of binge eating; further, opioid antagonists, such as...

Baclofen Prodrug Doesn't Help Most GERD Patients

Medscape Gastroenterology Headlines — Fri, 13 May 2011 14:54:55 +0100

Arbaclofen placarbil (AP) was no better than placebo for most patients with gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) in a phase II study -- although a post hoc analysis did find some benefit in patients who had previously responded to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Gastroenterology Headlines)

Lioresal Intrathecal (Baclofen Injection) - updated on RxList

RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs — Fri, 13 May 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Lioresal Intrathecal (Baclofen Injection) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

Baclofen prodrug doesn't help most GERD patients

Modern Medicine — Tue, 10 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Arbaclofen placarbil (AP) was no better than placebo for most patients with gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) in a phase II study -- although a post hoc analysis did find some benefit in patients who had previously responded to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). (Source: Modern Medicine)

Dystonia and the Role of Deep Brain Stimulation

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology — Mon, 09 May 2011 16:01:23 +0100

Dystonia is a painful, disabling disease whose cause in many cases remains unknown. It has historically been treated with a variety methodologies including baclofen pumps, Botox injection, peripheral denervation, and stereotactic surgery. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is emerging as a viable treatment option for selected patients with dystonia. Results of DBS for dystonia appear to be more consistently superior in patients with primary versus secondary forms of the disorder. Patients with secondary dystonia, due to a variety of causes, may still be candidates for DBS surgery, although the results may not be as consistently good. The procedure is relatively safe with a small likelihood of morbidity and mortality. A randomized trial is needed to determine who are the best patients and when it...

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Neurotransmitters in disorders of consciousness and brain damage

Medical Hypotheses — Sun, 08 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Restorations from disorders of consciousness such as the minimally conscious state and the vegetative state have been achieved spontaneously or by pharmacological agents such as zolpidem, baclofen, dopaminergic agents and tricyclic antidepressants in some patients. Other restoration methods have included electric and magnetic nerve stimulation, oxygen, Kreb’s cycle constituent substitution and axonal re-growth. Although apparently unrelated, these methods all influence neurotransmitter availability or production within the brain. This review proposes depleted neurotransmitter function as a cause for long term brain suppression and disorders of consciousness. It unifies fundamentally different treatment approaches and explores the restoration of neurotransmitter function as a co...

[News & Analysis] Addiction Research: Anonymous Alcoholic Bankrolls Trial of Controversial Therapy

Science: Current Issue — Fri, 06 May 2011 03:04:20 +0100

An anonymous Dutch donor has given the University of Amsterdam a half-million euros to conduct a rigorous placebo-controlled study of baclofen to treat addiction.Author: Martin Enserink (Source: Science: Current Issue)

LIORESAL (Baclofen) Injection [Medtronic Neuromodulation]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 03 May 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: May 3, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Ultrasound-guided Intrathecal Baclofen Trial: A Retrospective Case Series Examining a Novel Approach

PM and R — Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Spastic hypertonia is a common manifestation of the upper motor neuron syndrome that presents with increased muscle tone, hyperactive stretch reflexes, and clonus. The etiology is thought to be secondary to loss of inhibitory influences exerted by the cortex on the postural centers of the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation []. Untreated spastic hypertonia can lead to abnormal postures, painful spasms, and contractures, thereby limiting personal care and mobility. Traditional treatments include oral spasmolytics. However, these medications can produce intolerable adverse effects. The technological development of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) delivery has fostered the ability to deliver baclofen directly into the intrathecal space, which limits the systemic adverse effect profile. Before...

The underutilization of intrathecal baclofen in poststroke spasticity.

Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation — Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This article will review the prevalence of severe poststroke spasticity and the rate of ITB use and will discuss reasons for its limited use in stroke survivons. PMID: 21642057 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation)

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Poststroke hypertonicity: upper limb assessment and treatment.

Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation — Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Marciniak C Hypertonicity is common in patients with upper limb dysfunction following hemiplegic stroke and is associated with greater impairment, worse function, and lower health-related quality of life. In addition to increased rest activity, abnormal patterns of muscle activation, such as spastic co-contraction, may contribute to disability. In the upper limb, flexor muscles are more commonly involved distally, and at the shoulder, spasticity of adductors, flexors, and internal rotators is most often observed. Prior to interventions, a history regarding prior interventions, comorbid diagnoses, and limitations imposed by abnormal tone should be elicited. Commonly used scales to assess hypertonicity include the Modified Ashworth, the Modified Tardieu, the Spasm Frequency, the...

Simultaneous treatment of intractable pain and spasticity: observations of combined intrathecal baclofen-morphine therapy over a 10-year clinical experience.

European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine — Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Reduction is pain intensity with combined therapy was variable. Intrathecal morphine can be a safe and effective adjunct pain therapy to patients utilizing intrathecal baclofen for spasticity. PMID: 21525824 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine)

GABAergic and Glutamatergic Modulation in Binge Eating: Therapeutic Approach.

Current Pharmaceutical Design — Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Guardia D, Rolland B, Karila L, Cottencin O Lifetime prevalence estimates for binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are 3.5% and 1.5% among women and 2.0% and 0.5% among men, respectively. Night eating syndromes (NES) affect 1.1%-1.5% of the general population. All of these disorders induce an impaired quality of life and significant disability. Symptom overlaps are reported between substance use disorders and eating disorders such as BED, BN and NES. A growing body of evidence suggests that γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate modulation pathways might be useful targets in the treatment of alcohol and substance use disorders. Their involvement in the reward process and in the regulation of food intake could be the source of new pharmacological strategies ...

Current and Promising Pharmacotherapies, and Novel Research Target Areas in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: A Review.

Current Pharmaceutical Design — Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Edwards S, Kenna GA, Swift RM, Leggio L Harmful alcohol use is a risk factor in more than 60 diseases and injuries resulting in approximately 2.5 million deaths per year worldwide. In the United States (US) and Europe, there are only a few medications approved for alcohol dependence (AD) however, these medications have only been moderately effective and there is a crucial need for more effective treatments. This review briefly summarizes research on currently approved medications for AD, as well as promising medications like topiramate, baclofen and ondansetron. Topiramate is likely the most promising new treatment for AD, however, further research is needed to determine the optimal dose and appropriate length of treatment. Baclofen, a GABA(B) agonist, is a promising medicatio...

Dose-Response Effect of Baclofen in Reducing Daily Alcohol Intake in Alcohol Dependence: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Alcohol and Alcoholism — Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: This is provisional evidence of a dose–response effect for baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence. (Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism)

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Control of esophageal distension‐induced secondary peristalsis by the GABAB agonist baclofen in humans

Neurogastroenterology and Motility — Tue, 19 Apr 2011 17:13:41 +0100

Conclusions & Inferences This study provides an evidence for inhibitory modulation of esophageal secondary peristalsis by the GABAB agonist baclofen. Activation of secondary peristalsis is probably modulated by GABAB receptors; however, baclofen does not lead to any motility change in secondary peristalsis. (Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility)

Nociceptin-Orphanin F/Q suppresses the excitability of neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

The Journal of Physiology — Sun, 17 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This study thus advances our understanding regarding the contributions of the VMN to hypothalamic regulation of energy balance. PMID: 21502286 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Journal of Physiology)

Intrathecal baclofen and motor function in cerebral palsy

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology — Tue, 12 Apr 2011 20:00:34 +0100

Aim The aim of this retrospective analysis was to determine the impact of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy on motor function in patients with cerebral palsy (CP).Method We studied 37 patients (18 males, 19 females) with CP treated with ITB (mean age at implant 13y 7mo, SD 7y). Eighteen patients were affected by spastic diplegia, 12 by spastic quadriplegia, six by dystonic quadriplegia, and one by hemidystonia. Nine participants were in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II, 13 in level III, seven in level IV, and eight in level V. Motor function was assessed by the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) before the treatment and 12 months after the implant.Results The collected data showed an increase in the total median GMFM score in the overall population (...

A Review of Sodium Oxybate and Baclofen in the Treatment of Sleep Disorders.

Current Pharmaceutical Design — Thu, 07 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Guilleminault C, Brown MA Studies examining GABA(B) receptor agonists have reported effects on sleep including decreased sleep onset latency (SOL), increased sleep consolidation and increases in slow wave sleep (SWS). γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is proposed to act as a GABA(B) receptor agonist; however, the mechanism of action of GHB is controversial. In addition, the GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen, has also been proposed to exert similar effects on sleep. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the human clinical studies of sodium oxybate and baclofen regarding sleep and the treatment of sleep disorders including narcolepsy and insomnia, as well as other disorders involving disrupted sleep such as fibromyalgia. PMID: 21476957 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (...

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Baclofen facilitates the extinction of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

Behavioral Neuroscience — Sun, 03 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

The powerful, long-lasting association between the rewarding effects of a drug and contextual cues associated with drug administration can be studied using conditioned place preference (CPP). The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen facilitates the extinction of morphine-induced CPP in mice. The current study extended this work by determining if baclofen could enhance the extinction of methamphetamine (Meth) CPP. CPP was established using a six-day conditioning protocol wherein Meth-pairings were alternated with saline-pairings. Rats were subsequently administered baclofen (2 mg/kg i.p. or vehicle) immediately after each daily forced extinction session, which consisted of a saline injection immediately prior to being placed into the previously Meth- or saline-paired chamber. One extinction trai...

Pharmacotherapy of vestibular and ocular motor disorders, including nystagmus

Journal of Neurology — Sat, 02 Apr 2011 05:54:44 +0100

Abstract We review current pharmacological treatments for peripheral and central vestibular disorders, and ocular motor disorders that impair vision, especially pathological nystagmus. The prerequisites for successful pharmacotherapy of vertigo, dizziness, and abnormal eye movements are the “4 D’s”: correct diagnosis, correct drug, appropriate dosage, and sufficient duration. There are seven groups of drugs (the “7 A’s”) that can be used: antiemetics; anti-inflammatory, anti-Ménière’s, and anti-migrainous medications; anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, and aminopyridines. A recovery from acute vestibular neuritis can be promoted by treatment with oral corticosteroids. Betahistine may reduce the frequency of attacks of Ménière’s disease. The aminopyridin...

Treatment of Generalized Dystonia

Current Treatment Options in Neurology — Thu, 31 Mar 2011 17:40:14 +0100

Opinion statement The armamentarium for clinicians treating patients with generalized dystonia, previously restricted to only a few oral medications that often caused intolerable side effects, has been radically expanded in the past decade with the widespread application of deep brain stimulation (DBS). With DBS, patients who in the past would have been restricted to a life of severe motor disability from a young age can now lead lives with only minimal symptoms. Although DBS should therefore be considered as a treatment option for any patient with severe, medically refractory dystonia, important questions remain about patient selection, including what factors predict which patients will benefit from DBS, and when in the course of disease DBS should be performed. Reports s...

Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal

NeLM - Mental Health — Tue, 29 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Area: Evidence > Drug Specific Reviews Background The treatment of baclofen can rapidly reduce symptoms of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in alcoholic patients, with a significant reduction in the cost. Baclofen is easily manageable, what's more, no patient treated with baclofen reported euphoria or other pleasant effects caused by the drug and no subject reported any degree of craving for the drug. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of baclofen for patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (September 2010), MEDLINE (1966 to September 2010), EMBASE (1980 to September 2010), and CINAHL (1982 to September 2010). We also se...

Baclofen/tizanidine: Withdrawal and interaction leading to various toxicities: case report

Reactions — Tue, 29 Mar 2011 16:01:27 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

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Successful treatment of chronic hiccup with baclofen in cancer patients

Medical Oncology — Sun, 27 Mar 2011 05:44:55 +0100

We report three cases of chronic hiccup in patients with cancer successfully treated with baclofen. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s12032-011-9910-3Authors M. Metin Şeker, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, TurkeySercan Aksoy, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, TurkeyNuriye Yıldırım Özdemir, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, TurkeyDoğan Uncu, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, TurkeyBurak Civelek, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, TurkeyM. Bülent Akıncı, Department of ...

Localization and pharmacological modulation of GABA-B receptors in the globus pallidus of parkinsonian monkeys.

Experimental Neurology — Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Galvan A, Hu X, Smith Y, Wichmann T Changes in GABAergic transmission in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) contribute to the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia network in Parkinson's disease. Because GABA-B receptors are involved in the modulation of GABAergic transmission in GPe and GPi, it is possible that changes in the functions or localization of these receptors contribute to the changes in GABAergic transmission. To further examine this question, we investigated the anatomical localization of GABA-B receptors and the electrophysiologic effects of microinjections of GABA-B receptor ligands in GPe and GPi of MPTP-treated (parkinsonian) monkeys. We found that the pattern of cellular and ultrastructural localization of the GABA-BR1 sub...

Baclofen withdrawal: Acute withdrawal symptoms following intrathecal administration: case report

Reactions — Tue, 22 Mar 2011 17:01:08 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Effect of GABA‐ergic mechanisms on synaptosomal NO synthesis and the nitrergic component of NANC relaxation in rat ileum

Neurogastroenterology and Motility — Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions & Inferences γ‐Aminobutyric acid inhibits neural NO synthesis in rat ileum by GABA A and GABA C(Aρ) receptor‐mediated mechanisms. (Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility)

Medication Treatment of Different Types of Alcoholism [INFLUENTIAL PUBLICATIONS]

FOCUS — Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Alcoholism remains a serious cause of morbidity and mortality despite progress through neurobiological research in identifying new pharmacological strategies for its treatment. Drugs that affect neural pathways that modulate the activity of the cortico-mesolimbic dopamine system have been shown to alter drinking behavior, presumably because this dopaminergic system is closely associated with rewarding behavior. Ondansetron, naltrexone, topiramate, and baclofen are examples. Subtyping alcoholism in adults into an early-onset type, with chronic symptoms and a strong biological predisposition to the disease, and a late-onset type, typically brought on by psychosocial triggers and associated with mood symptoms, may help in the selection of optimal therapy. Emerging adults with binge drinking p...

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GABLOFEN (Baclofen) Injection, Solution [CNS Therapeutics, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Mar 1, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy Slows Progressive Disability in Multiple System Atrophy

Neuromodulation — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Our results suggest that ITB can maintain (or improve function) and maintain quality of life in patients with MSA. ITB is currently not indicated for patients with MSA but should be studied further for the quality of life benefits and delay in disease progression it potentially provides. (Source: Neuromodulation)

Bilateral Subdural Hematoma Following Implantation of Intrathecal Drug Delivery Device

Neuromodulation — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Medical and nursing staff dealing with intrathecal therapy should be aware of this potentially severe complication. (Source: Neuromodulation)

Pharmacologic Treatment with GABA(B) Receptor Agonist of Methamphetamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice.

Current Neuropharmacology — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mizoguchi H, Yamada K Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug, and addiction to METH has increased to epidemic proportions worldwide. Chronic use of METH causes psychiatric symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, and long-term cognitive deficits, which are indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia. The GABA receptor system is known to play a significant role in modulating the dopaminergic neuronal system, which is related to behavioral changes induced by drug abuse. However, few studies have investigated the effects of GABA receptor agonists on cognitive deficits induced by METH. In the present review, we show that baclofen, a GABA receptor agonist, is effective in treating METH-induced impairment of object recognition memory and prepulse inh...

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with truncal vagotomy: any increased weight loss?

Surgical Endoscopy — Sun, 27 Feb 2011 06:42:41 +0100

Conclusions The study data do not support the hypothesis that vagotomy added to LAGB enhances weight loss. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00464-011-1580-xAuthors Matt B. Martin, Central Carolina Surgery, PA, Moses Cone Health Systems, Greensboro, NC USAKristen R. Earle, Central Carolina Surgery, PA, Moses Cone Health Systems, Greensboro, NC USA Journal Surgical EndoscopyOnline ISSN 1432-2218Print ISSN 0930-2794 (Source: Surgical Endoscopy)

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A Prospective Single-arm Open-label Study of Baclofen and Bupropion SR Combination Therapy for Smoking Cessation

Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment — Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Baclofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: preparation, electrophysiological assessment of efficacy, pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution in rats after intraperitoneal administration.

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics — Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion our study demonstrated the efficacy of a novel formulation of baclofen, which exploits the advantages of SLN preparations. However, for clinical purposes, high baclofen concentrations in brain tissue and sedation may be unwanted effects, requiring further studies and optimization of dosages. PMID: 21352914 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics)

Warfarin Sodium Tablets (Jantoven), 3mg: Recall - Mislabeled Bottles Containing Higher Dosage

Drugs.com - FDA MedWatch Alerts — Mon, 21 Feb 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Audience: Pharmacy, Family Practice, Consumer [UPDATED 02/21/2011] Expansion of Recall: Affected Products Include Amantadine, Amlodipine, Androxy, Baclofen, Bethanechol, Jantoven and Oxybutynin [Posted 02/17/2011] ISSUE: Upsher-Smith... (Source: Drugs.com - FDA MedWatch Alerts)

Upsher-Smith Laboratories Announces Expansion of Voluntary Nationwide Recall. Affected Products Include Amantadine, Amlodipine, Androxy, Baclofen, Bethanechol, Jantoven® and Oxybutynin

Food and Drug Administration — Sat, 19 Feb 2011 17:58:00 +0100

Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc., of Maple Grove, Minnesota is voluntarily expanding its previously announced recall of Jantoven® Warfarin Sodium, USP, 3 mg Tablets to include additional products that were packaged on the same packaging line between May 17, 2010 and November 17, 2010. The company is initiating the recall as a precautionary measure after a bottle labeled as Jantoven® Warfarin Sodium, USP, 3 mg Tablets was found by a retail pharmacy to contain tablets at a higher, 10 mg strength. (Source: Food and Drug Administration)

The Lack of Efficacy of Different Infusion Rates of Intrathecal Baclofen in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Crossover Study

Pain Medicine — Fri, 18 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Increasing the IR at a fixed daily dose is not associated with improvement of dystonia or pain but warrants further investigation in patients in whom side effects prevent further dose escalation. (Source: Pain Medicine)

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Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Patient with Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis

Pain Medicine — Fri, 18 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusion. Spinal epidural lipomatosis significantly increases the impedance in the epidural space, making effective neurostimulation very difficult to obtain. Physicians should consider the possibility of spinal epidural lipomatosis when very high impedances are encountered during lead placement. (Source: Pain Medicine)

Baclofen abuse: Withdrawal syndrome following abuse: case report

Reactions — Thu, 17 Feb 2011 16:50:41 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Intrathecal Baclofen 'Underutilized' for MS Spasticity: Report

Medscape Today Headlines — Fri, 11 Feb 2011 14:53:25 +0100

A review of the literature and expert consensus find intrathecal baclofen an effective option for control of severe spasticity in appropriate patients. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

The GABA‐B positive modulator GS39783 decreases psychostimulant conditioned‐reinforcement and conditioned‐reward

Addiction Biology — Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

ABSTRACTBaclofen, a γ‐amino‐butyric‐acid (GABA)B receptor agonist, can reduce cue‐enhanced cocaine‐seeking in rats and attenuate cue‐evoked craving in cocaine addicts. However, baclofen also has sedative effects that might interfere with its efficacy in reducing cocaine's rewarding effects. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of baclofen with the GABAB‐receptor positive allosteric modulator GS39783 on psychostimulant conditioned cues. Two identically trained groups of male Lister‐Hooded rats were baselined on a new responding for a light stimulus previously paired with cocaine self‐administration. One group was treated with the GABAB‐receptor positive allosteric modulator GS39783 (0, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), the other with baclofen (0, 0.6, 1.25, 1.9, 2...

Baclofen Effect Related to Liver Damage

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research — Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)

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High‐Dose Baclofen for Suppression of Alcohol Dependence

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research — Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)

Review article: the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and management of rumination syndrome

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics — Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Rumination is an under‐recognised condition with incompletely understood pathophysiology. Behavioural therapy seems effective, but controlled treatment trials are lacking. (Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

Baclofen Effect Related to Liver Damage.

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research — Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Heydtmann M PMID: 21303383 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research)

High-Dose Baclofen for Suppression of Alcohol Dependence.

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research — Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ameisen O PMID: 21303382 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research)