MedWorm: Cephalexin

Effects of Amlodipine on the Oral Bioavailability of Cephalexin and Cefuroxime Axetil in Healthy Volunteers.

The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, the authors compared the effects of amlodipine (AML) on the bioavailability of cephalexin (LEX) and cefuroxime axetil (CXM). Twenty-four healthy men were randomized to 4 treatments according to a crossover design with a 14-day washout. After an overnight fast, they were administered orally LEX 500 mg alone, LEX 500 mg 2 hours after oral administration of AML 5 mg, CXM 500 mg alone, and CXM 500 mg 2 hours after oral administration of AML 5 mg. All participants completed the whole study without side effects being observed. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by noncompartmental modeling with WinNonlin software. The geometric mean (GM) ratios were 1.38 (90% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-1.45) for the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for LEX and 1.27 (1.18-1.36) for...

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Efficient biocatalyst for large-scale synthesis of cephalosporins, obtained by combining immobilization and site-directed mutagenesis of penicillin acylase.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We describe the rational design of a new efficient biocatalyst and the development of a sustainable green process for the synthesis of cephalosporins bearing a NH(2) group on the acyl side chain. The new biocatalyst was developed starting from the WT penicillin acylase (PA) from Escherichia coli by combining enzyme mutagenesis, in position α146 and β24 (βF24A/αF146Y), and immobilization on an appropriate modified industrial support, glyoxyl Eupergit C250L. The obtained derivative was used in the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin, cefprozil and cefaclor and compared to the WT-PA and an already described mutant, PA-βF24A, with improved properties. The new biocatalyst posses a very high ratio between the rates of the synthesis and two undesired hydrolyses (acylating ester an...

Neck abscess: an unusual presentation of actinomycosis

Journal of Pakistan Medical Students — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION Cervicofacial AM is an uncommon disease. However, it can mimic various other common conditions. A high index of suspicion, proper investigations and long term treatment are needed for complete eradication. Therefore, AM should be suspected in any soft tissue swelling not responding to conventional treatment REFRENCES Miller M, Haddad AJ. Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998; 85:496-508. Bennhoff DF. Actinomycosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations and a review of 32 cases. Laryngoscope. 1984; 94:1198-217. Honda H, Bankowski MJ, Kajioka EH, Chokrungvaranon N, Kim W, Gallacher ST. Thoracic vertebral actinomycosis: Actinomyces israelii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 46:2009-2014. Lancella A, Abba...

Treatment Outcomes of Secondarily Impetiginized Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis Lesions and the Role of Oral Antibiotics

Pediatric Dermatology — Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are predisposed to infection with Staphylococcus aureus, which worsens their skin disease; it has been postulated that the lack of antimicrobial peptides due to aberrant allergic inflammation in skin with AD could mediate this enhanced bacterial susceptibility. We sought to characterize the amounts of S. aureus and biological products found in infected AD lesions and whether treatment with topical corticosteroids and oral cephalexin as the only antimicrobial improved outcomes. Fifty‐nine children with clinically and S. aureus–positive impetiginized lesions of AD were enrolled in this study. A lesion was graded clinically using the Eczema Area and Severity Index, and wash fluid was obtained from the lesion for quantitative bacterial cu...

CEPHALEXIN (Cephalexin ) For Suspension [H.J. Harkins Company, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Mon, 05 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Dec 5, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Man with Rash and Nausea

Annals of Emergency Medicine — Sat, 19 Nov 2011 07:39:14 +0100

[Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58:508.] A 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) with a 1-day history of rash and 3 days of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. His history was notable for recent hair transplantation and cephalexin use. He had finished his antibiotic course 5 days before presentation. He denied skin tenderness, oral ulcers, and history of skin disorders. On arrival, he had a pulse rate of 110 beats/min, respiratory rate of 32 breaths/min, blood pressure of 118/82 mm Hg, temperature of 40.9°C (105.6°F), and an oxygen saturation of 98% on 15 L/minute. About 24 hours before presentation, he noticed erythema in his groin, neck, and axillae and temperature to 40°C (104°F). The rash rapidly spread to his entire body, including his face (). At presentation, systemic sym...

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Antimicrobial resistance to Citrobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. isolated from goose eggs

Comparative Clinical Pathology — Wed, 16 Nov 2011 06:47:37 +0100

Abstract Infections with bacteria of the genus Salmonella are responsible for a variety of acute and chronic diseases in poultry. Infected poultry flocks are also among the most important reservoirs of salmonellae that can be transmitted through the food chain to humans. Citrobacter belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family which is closely related to Salmonella. The aim of this study was to examine goose eggs contaminated with Citrobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. and determine the drug resistance pattern of the isolated organisms. Two hundred and forty goose eggs were collected in Zabol region and were transferred to the microbiology laboratory of Zabol University. The egg shells were thoroughly disinfected and the interior contents of individual eggs were pooled into a steri...

Generalized Oral Ulcers and Pain Secondary to Erythema Multiforme

Consultant Live — Tue, 08 Nov 2011 12:00:00 +0100

A 52-year-old woman presents with severe intra-oral ulceration and oral pain. She reports that several years earlier, she had been taking cephalexin when severe intra-oral ulceration developed. (Source: Consultant Live)

In vitro and in vivo activity of first generation cephalosporins against leptospira.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Harris BM, Blatz PJ, Hinkle MK, McCall S, Beckius ML, Mende K, Robertson JL, Griffith ME, Murray CK, Hospenthal DR Abstract Abstract. Third generation cephalosporins are commonly used in the treatment of leptospirosis. The efficacy of first generation cephalosporins has been less well-studied. Susceptibility testing of 13 Leptospira strains (11 serovars) to cefazolin and cephalexin was conducted using broth microdilution. Median minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for cefazolin and cephalexin ranged from < 0.016 to 2 μg/mL (MIC(90) = 0.5 μg/mL) and from 1 to 8 μg/mL (MIC(90) = 8 μg/mL), respectively. Efficacy of cefazolin and cephalexin in an acute lethal hamster model of leptospirosis was studied. Survival rates for cefazolin were 80%, 100%, and 100%, and surviv...

The Effect of Staggered Administration of Zinc Sulfate on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cephalexin*

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — Tue, 25 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION The significant interaction between zinc and cephalexin might affect the clinical outcome of cephalexin therapy. The dosing recommendation is that zinc sulfate can be safely administered 3 h after cephalexin dose. (Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology)

A Foreign Body in the Anal Canal

Journal of Pakistan Medical Students — Fri, 30 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Saeed Shoar1, 2, 3 M.D., Zhamak Khorgami1 M.D. Affiliations: 1 Department of surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Developmental Association for Clinical Study (DACS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Student Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Correspondence to: Saeed Shoar, M.D., Developmental Association for Clinical Study (DACS), Student Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (SSRC), Tehran, Iran Email: saeedshoar@gmail.com Conflicting Interest: None declared Funding Sources: None Declared Article submitted on: 21st July, 2011 Accepted on: 22ed July, 2011 This clinical image has been peer reviewed Clinic...

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Batch reactor performance for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin: influence of catalyst enzyme loading and particle size.

New Biotechnology — Sat, 10 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Valencia P, Flores S, Wilson L, Illanes A Abstract A mathematical model is presented for the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin that describes the heterogeneous reaction-diffusion process involved in a batch reactor with glyoxyl-agarose immobilized penicillin acylase. The model is based on equations considering reaction and diffusion components. Reaction kinetics was considered according to the mechanism proposed by Schroën, while diffusion of the reacting species was described according to Fick's law. Intrinsic kinetic and diffusion parameters were experimentally determined in independent experiments. It was found that from the four kinetic constants, the one corresponding to the acyl-enzyme complex hydrolysis step had the greatest value, as previously report...

Antibiotic resistance pattern among the Salmonella isolated from human, animal and meat in India

Tropical Animal Health and Production — Fri, 19 Aug 2011 06:23:14 +0100

Abstract The present study was conducted to study the antibiotic resistance pattern among nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from human, animal and meat. A total of 37 Salmonella strains isolated from clinical cases (human and animal) and meat during 2008–2009 belonging to 12 serovars were screened for their antimicrobial resistance pattern using 25 antimicrobial agents falling under 12 different antibiotic classes. All the Salmonella isolates tested showed multiple drug resistance varying from 5.40% to 100% with 16 of the 25 antibiotics tested. None of the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and metronidazole. Resistance was also observed against clindamycin (94.59%), ampicillin (86.49%), co-trimoxazole (48.65%), colistin (45.94%), nalidixic acid (35.10%), amoxyclave (1...

CEPHALEXIN (Cephalexin) Capsule [AvKARE, Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Aug 17, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

A young boy with bullae

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 16:59:53 +0100

A 6-year-old male presents with a 4-month history of recurrent, painful bullae involving the abdomen, groin, and occasionally the axillae and proximal limbs. Previous treatment with a 10-day course of oral cephalexin was not helpful. His parents deny that he has had any recent illnesses. There is no recent history of vaccination or new drug exposure. The boy is otherwise in good health, with the exception of mild asthma controlled with inhaled albuterol. The physical examination reveals numerous painful serous to hemorrhagic tense bullae and hemorrhagic erosions (). The oral mucosa and conjunctiva are normal. (Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology)

Primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as paraphimosis: A case report and review of the literature.

Dermatol Online J — Wed, 10 Aug 2011 18:30:03 +0100

We report an unusual presentation of PC-ALCL. A 90-year-old, uncircumcised male presented with a 3-week history of painful penile swelling and discharge. The patient was treated with cephalexin and underwent emergent circumcision for paraphimosis. The diagnosis of ALCL was made on microscopic evaluation of the foreskin along with follow-up staging studies. A literature review revealed 31 previously reported cases of penile lymphoma, one of which reported a primary penile CD30+ T-cell lymphoma similar to ours. Only one case report described a lymphoma presenting as paraphimosis. Our case is the second reported case of PC-ALCL of the penis and the first of its kind to present as paraphimosis. Lymphomas must be included in the differential diagnosis of penile lesions and paraphimosis. When pr...

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Antimicrobial usage in dogs and cats in first opinion veterinary practices in the UK

The Journal of Small Animal Practice — Sun, 07 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Objectives: To provide baseline data on patterns of antimicrobial usage in dogs and cats through the analysis of data stored in electronic practice management systems.Methods: Clinical data from 11 first opinion veterinary practices were extracted for the year 2007. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to assess the usage of antimicrobials.Results: Widespread usage of systemic broad‐spectrum antimicrobials was observed. Antimicrobials most frequently used in both species were potentiated amoxicillin (44·4% and 46.1% in cats and dogs, respectively) and amoxicillin (14·3% and 20·7%). Cephalexin (13·4%) and cefovecin (15·0%) were also commonly used in dogs and cats, respectively. Systemic critically important antimicrobials in human medicine were widely used in dogs (60·5%) ...

Antimicrobial resistance in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in 3 California EDs.

Accident and Emergency Nursing — Wed, 27 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: In our population of ambulatory female ED patients, resistance to TMP/SMX is just below the 20% threshold that the Infectious Disease Society of America recommends for continued empiric use (Clin Infect Dis.1999;29(4):745-758, Clin Infect Dis.2011;52(5):e103-120), whereas resistance to other narrow-spectrum agents, such as nitrofurantoin and cephalexin, may be lower than published antibiograms for our sites. Fluoroquinolone resistance remains very low. PMID: 21802879 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing)

Multiple facial plaques - a case study.

Australian Family Physician — Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Fessa C, Fernández-Peñas P Mrs AA, female, 27 years of age and of Middle Eastern descent, presented with a 1 year history of nonpruritic facial plaques. On examination, these plaques were 0.2-1.0 cm, scaly, atrophic, annular, hyperpigmented and located on her forehead, nose, chin and adjacent to her lips. She was otherwise well apart from iron deficiency anaemia treated with ferrous sulphate and recurrent headaches treated with paracetamol. She had completed a course of cephalexin 2 months before for a urinary tract infection. She had not taken any other medications in the preceding 12 months. Mrs AA had no family history of skin disorders. PMID: 21743857 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Australian Family Physician)

An Unusual Case of Ulcerative Duodenitis

Gastroenterology — Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Question: A 51-year-old Caucasian woman with a past medical history of gastroesophageal reflux disease presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of worsening generalized abdominal pain, associated with nausea, non-bloody vomiting, 2–3 episodes of small volume hematochezia, and joint pains in hands and feet. Patient denied nonsteroid anti-inflammatory or aspirin use, and recent alcohol intake, before such episodes. She had a normal screening colonoscopy 1 month ago. Two weeks before presentation, she was treated with a 1-week course of cephalexin for a urinary tract infection. Physical examination was significant for diffuse abdominal tenderness without peritoneal signs and scattered red macules on bilateral lower extremities. Admission laboratory test results were signif...

Ionization constants and solubility of compounds involved in enzymatic synthesis of aminopenicillins and aminocephalosporins.

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering — Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kurochkina VB, Sklyarenko AV, Satarova JE, Yarotsky SV The article deals with experimental determination of ionization constants and solubility for the compounds (target products, initial β-lactams, acylating agents and by-products) involved in enzymatic synthesis of some therapeutically used aminopenicillins and aminocephalosporins, namely ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, cephadroxil, cephaloglycin, cefaclor, cefprozil, cefatrizine. Methodology of investigations and the evaluation of experimental data for the determination of ionization constants and solubility of the different type electrolytes are presented. Applications of the methods based on acid-base potentiometric titration and on determination of solubility-pH dependence of assayed substances are discussed. The o...

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Med Sci Monit 2011; 17(7):CR355-361 "Changes in bacterial resistance patterns in children with urinary tract infections on antimicrobial prophylaxis at University Hospital in Split"

Medical Science Monitor — Tue, 21 Jun 2011 17:51:00 +0100

Conclusions: Based on our results, we recommend excluding ampicillin altogether, and reconsideration of further use of TMP-SMX, as well as use of nitrofurantoin, cephalexin and amoxicillin/clavulonic acid for LTAP in our region. (Source: Medical Science Monitor)

Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of resistance genes in intestinal Bacteroidales strains

Clinics — Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:23:16 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an increase in the resistance to several antibiotics in intestinal Bacteroides spp. and Parabacteroides distasonis and demonstrate that these microorganisms harbor antimicrobial resistance genes that may be transferred to other susceptible intestinal strains. (Source: Clinics)

Therapeutic antibiotic use patterns in dogs: observations from a veterinary teaching hospital

The Journal of Small Animal Practice — Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Discussion: Clinicians use a variety of tools when deciding whether or not to prescribe an antibiotic and which antibiotic to use. As in human medicine, there is likely overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians should engage in discussions regarding clinically applicable guidelines for appropriate antibiotic use. (Source: The Journal of Small Animal Practice)

Reaction to phosphorescent pigment in a nonprofessional tattoo

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology — Wed, 18 May 2011 16:52:03 +0100

To the Editor: A recent survey conducted in the United States revealed that 120 of 500 (24%) respondents had at least one tattoo. Of these respondents, 32 (26%) had nonprofessional tattoos applied by themselves, a family member, or a friend. The dangers of this approach are highlighted by the case of a 24-year-old woman who was evaluated for severe pruritus, swelling, pain, and draining sores at the sites of “glow in the dark” tattoos on both wrists; her symptoms had been worsening over the course of 5 months. A friend used a needle to insert LumiNova (United Mineral & Chemical Corp, Lyndhurst, NJ) without dilution under the skin. The physical examination revealed violaceous, edematous, and ulcerated linear plaques in the shape of smiling faces circumferentially around both wrists (). ...

Protein hydrolysate-induced cholecystokinin secretion from enteroendocrine cells is indirectly mediated by the intestinal oligopeptide transporter PepT1

AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology — Tue, 26 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Dietary protein is a major stimulant for cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion by the intestinal I cell, however, the mechanism by which protein is detected is unknown. Indirect functional evidence suggests that PepT1 may play a role in CCK-mediated changes in gastric motor function. However, it is unclear whether this oligopeptide transporter directly or indirectly activates the I cell. Using both the CCK-expressing enteroendocrine STC-1 cell and acutely isolated native I cells from CCK-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mice, we aimed to determine whether PepT1 directly activates the enteroendocrine cell to elicit CCK secretion in response to oligopeptides. Both STC-1 cells and isolated CCK-eGFP cells expressed PepT1 transcripts. STC-1 cells were activated, as measured by ERK1/2 phospho...

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Cephalexin is as effective as clindamycin for the treatment of uncomplicated soft tissue and skin infections in children

The Journal of Pediatrics — Tue, 12 Apr 2011 21:54:56 +0100

Chen AE, Carroll KC, Diener-West M, Ross T, Ordun J, Goldstein MA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cephalexin versus clindamycin for uncomplicated pediatric skin infections. Pediatrics 2011;127:e573-80. (Source: The Journal of Pediatrics)

CA-MRSA Skin Infections May Respond to Cephalexin

Rheumatology News — Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Cephalexin and clindamycin have comparable effectiveness for the treatment of uncomplicated pediatric skin and soft tissue infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, findings from a randomized double-blind study of 200 patients suggest. (Source: Rheumatology News)

CEPHALEXIN (Cephalexin) Capsule [LUPIN PHARMACEUTICALS INC]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 25 Mar 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Mar 25, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

CEPHALEXIN ( Cephalexin ) For Suspension [LUPIN PHARMACEUTICALS INC]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 25 Mar 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Mar 25, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

A Microtiter Plate-Based Assay for Inhibitors of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a from Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

This study was directed towards the development of a fluorescently detected β-lactam binding assay for PBP2a from MRSA. Biotinylated ampicillin and biotinylated cephalexin were tested as tagging reagents for fluorescence detection using a strepavidin-HRP conjugate. Both bound surprisingly well to PBP2a, with binding constants of 1.6 ± 0.4 μM and 13.6 ± 0.8 μM respectively. Two forms of the assay were developed, a one step direct competition form of the assay and a two step indirect competition form of the assay, and both forms of the assay gave comparable results. This assay was then used to characterize PBP2a binding to ceftobiprole which gave results consistent with previous studies of ceftobiprole-PBP2a binding. This assay was also demonstrated for screening for PBP2a inhibitors by...

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Purification development and characterization of the zinc-dependent metallo-β-lactamase from Bacillus anthracis.

Biotechnology Letters — Thu, 03 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Schlesinger SR, Kim SG, Lee JS, Kim SK Metallo-β-lactamase from Bacillus anthracis (Bla2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics which are commonly prescribed to combat bacterial infections. Bla2 contributes to the antibiotic resistance of this bacterium. An understanding of it is necessary to design potential inhibitors that can be introduced with current antibiotics for effective eradication of anthrax infections. We have purified Bla2 using Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography with over 140-fold increase in activity with a yield of 3.5%. The final specific activity was 19,000 units/mg. Purified Bla2 displays different K ( m ), V ( max ), and (k ( cat ) /K (M)) with penicillin G and cephalexin as substrates and is also sensitive to pH, with maximum activity between pH...

Randomized Controlled Trial of Cephalexin Versus Clindamycin for Uncomplicated Pediatric Skin Infections

PEDIATRICS — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference between cephalexin and clindamycin for treatment of uncomplicated pediatric SSTIs caused predominantly by CA-MRSA. Close follow-up and fastidious wound care of appropriately drained, uncomplicated SSTIs are likely more important than initial antibiotic choice. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

Cellulitis unresponsive to antibiotics.

The Journal of Family Practice — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Withrow RA, Shenenberger D, Kalish VB, Krivda S Oral cephalexin didn't work, so we started the patient on IV vancomycin and clindamycin, followed by gatifloxacin. But the lesions worsened. PMID: 21369557 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Journal of Family Practice)

Cellulitis: diagnosis and management

Dermatologic Therapy — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

ABSTRACTCellulitis is an acute infection of the dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin, often occurring after a local skin trauma. It is a common diagnosis in both inpatient and outpatient dermatology, as well as in the primary care setting. Cellulitis classically presents with erythema, swelling, warmth, and tenderness over the affected area. There are many other dermatologic diseases, which can present with similar findings, highlighting the need to consider a broad differential diagnosis. Some of the most common mimics of cellulitis include venous stasis dermatitis, contact dermatitis, deep vein thrombosis, and panniculitis. History, local characteristics of the affected area, systemic signs, laboratory tests, and, in some cases, skin biopsy can be helpful in confirming the correct ...

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Vital Signs: Safety: Wound Care May Matter More Than Antibiotics

NYT Health — Fri, 25 Feb 2011 18:05:52 +0100

In a study of treatments for skin infections, the choice between clindamycin and cephalexin made no difference. (Source: NYT Health)

Antibiotic Patterns with Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Insertion

The Journal of Sexual Medicine — Thu, 24 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. There is significant difference between practice patterns of SMS and non‐SMS urologists in terms of antibiotic irrigation usage, modifications for high‐risk patients, and consensus about the importance of antibiotic use with Coloplast Titan implant (Coloplast, Minneapolis, MN, USA). A significant lack of uniformity exists among urologists performing prosthetic surgery with regard to antibiotic protocols. A standard set of guidelines may prove useful to implanters. Wosnitzer MS and Greenfield JM. Antibiotic patterns with inflatable penile prosthesis insertion. J Sex Med **;**:**–**. (Source: The Journal of Sexual Medicine)

Cephalexin Useful in Pediatric MRSA (CME/CE)

MedPage Today Public Health — Mon, 21 Feb 2011 13:00:00 +0100

(MedPage Today) -- Children with uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections can still be treated with cephalexin -- along with drainage and careful wound care -- even though community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, a randomized study suggested. (Source: MedPage Today Public Health)

Epidemiology of borderline oxacillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis

Pediatric Pulmonology — Thu, 17 Feb 2011 21:49:40 +0100

AbstractA single‐center retrospective study was undertaken in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) to evaluate (1) risk factors for acquisition; (2) molecular epidemiology; and (3) impact on disease progression of borderline oxacillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) versus mecA‐positive methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The study comprised of (1) identification of all children with at least one respiratory specimen positive for either BORSA or MRSA during the study period; (2) compilation of relevant clinical and epidemiological data from 12‐month period leading up to first positive (index) culture; (3) microbiological and molecular characterization of index isolates and (4) measurement of subsequent clinical outcome. Thirty‐eight children were identifie...

Protein hydrolysate-induced cholecystokinin secretion from enteroendocrine cells is indirectly mediated by the intestinal oligopeptide transporter pept1.

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology — Thu, 10 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE-INDUCED CHOLECYSTOKININ SECRETION FROM ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS IS INDIRECTLY MEDIATED BY THE INTESTINAL OLIGOPEPTIDE TRANSPORTER PEPT1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 Feb 10; Authors: Liou AP, Chavez DI, Espero E, Hao S, W. SA, Raybould HE Dietary protein is a major stimulant for cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion by the intestinal I cell, however the mechanism by which protein is detected is unknown. Indirect functional evidence suggests PepT1 may play a role in CCK-mediated changes in gastric motor function. However, it is unclear whether this oligopeptide transporter directly or indirectly activates the I cell. Using both the CCK-expressing enteroendocrine STC-1 cell and acutely isolated native I cells from CCK-eGFP mice, we aimed to determine w...

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KEFLEX (Cephalexin) Capsule [Victory Pharma, Inc. ]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Wed, 05 Jan 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Jan 5, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Experts Differ on Treatment for Group A Strep

Pediatric News — Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

LAS VEGAS — What's the treatment of choice for group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis? In 2009, attendees at this pediatric update sponsored by the American Academy of Pediatrics California District 9 were advised that cephalexin was the best first-line treatment. But those who returned this year heard a conflicting recommendation – for amoxicillin taken in one dose per day. Both recommendations differ from the AAP Red Book. (Source: Pediatric News)

Characterization of SCCmec Types and Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Southern Iran.

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases — Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Japoni A, Jamalidoust M, Farshad S, Ziyaeyan M, Alborzi A, Japoni S, Rafaatpour N A total of 156 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients hospitalized in southern Iran were tested for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and antibacterial susceptibility patterns between May 2008 and May 2009. Type III SCCmec was the most prevalent (116, 74.3%), followed by mec types A (147 bp only; 11, 7.1%), IVa (8, 5.1%), IVc (7, 4.5%), IVd and V (4, 2.6%), and II (1, 0.6%). Class A mec and type III ccr and mec complexes were also predominant. All isolates were found to be sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, mupirocin, and fusidic acid. However, reduced sensitivity of these MRSA isolates to other antibi...

The use of lithium carbonate to prevent lomustine-induced myelosuppression in dogs: A pilot study.

Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research — Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Abrams-Ogg AC This was a preliminary investigation of the use of lithium to prevent lomustine-induced myelosuppression. Four 10 to 11 kg beagles received lomustine 20 to 30 mg, PO, q3wk, with cephalexin prophylaxis. Two dogs also received lithium, 150 to 300 mg, PO, q12h. Lithium blood concentrations fluctuated in and out of therapeutic interval. Lithium was discontinued in one dog in week 13, and in the other dog in week 38, due to toxicoses. All dogs developed grade 1 to 4 neutropenia after each lomustine treatment. In dogs receiving lomustine only, platelet concentrations decreased from 274 and 293 × 10(9)/L in week 1, to 178 and 218 × 10(9)/L in weeks 38 and 13, respectively. In dogs receiving lomustine and lithium, platelet concentrations decreased from 351 and 288 × 1...

Antimicrobial Use and Indication-based Prescribing Among General Practitioners in Eastern Croatia: Comparison with Data from the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project.

Croatian Medical Journal — Wed, 15 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusion. Prescription of medicines in Osijek-Baranja county was characterized by high consumption of broad-spectrum penicillins, combined penicillins, combined sulfonamides and long-acting macrolides (azithromycin), together with disproportionately low use of doxycycline and erythromycin. The use of combined sulfonamides and azithromycin in this part of Croatia was among the highest in Europe. Great differences between prescribers in regard to indication-based prescribing have been found, and future studies should examine the factors behind these heterogeneous practices. PMID: 21162165 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Croatian Medical Journal)

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Daptomycin-induced eosinophilia without pulmonary involvement.

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP — Fri, 03 Dec 2010 16:15:11 +0100

Conclusion A 63-year-old man developed peripheral eosinophilia without evidence of pulmonary involvement while being treated with daptomycin. PMID: 21116001 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP)

Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction by modulating the apical junctional complex and PepT1 in IL-10 knockout mice

AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology — Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Probiotics are efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, the precise mechanisms remain unknown. To determine whether probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) ameliorates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction present in interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10–/–) mice, IL-10–/– and wild-type mice received LP or the vehicle for 4 wk. Colitis was assessed by histological scores and clinical manifestation, and gut paracellular permeability was measured by Ussing chamber. Oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT1)-mediated transepithelial transport was evaluated by measuring the plasma cephalexin concentration. The expression and distribution of apical junctional complex (AJC) proteins and PepT1 were determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence and thei...

Pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and tissue distribution of orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil and cephalexin in dogs.

American Journal of Veterinary Research — Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Tissue concentration of protein-unbound cefpodoxime was similar to that of the protein-unbound plasma concentration. Cefpodoxime remained in tissues longer than did cephalexin. PMID: 21118001 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Veterinary Research)

Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction by modulating the apical junctional complex and PepT1 in IL-10 knockout mice

AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology — Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Keflex (Cephalexin) - updated on RxList

RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs — Mon, 08 Nov 2010 07:00:00 +0100

Keflex (Cephalexin) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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Cefovecin: A New Long-acting Cephalosporin

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine — Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Cephalosporins belong to the class of beta-lactam antibiotics and are originally derived from Cephalosporin C, a substance isolated from the fungal species Cefalosporium acremonium. This class of antibiotics are bactericidal and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall through binding to the penicillin-binding proteins. To reach the penicillin-binding proteins, cephalosporins have to penetrate the bacterial cell wall. Penetration of the cell wall is easily accomplished through the murein layer of Gram-positive bacteria, but the more complex cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria with its outer layers consisting of lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins can only be infiltrated by positive-loaded cephalosporins through the use of porins. Cephalosporins...

Chromatographic studies of some cephalosporins on thin layers of silica gel G-zinc ferrocyanide.

Biomedical Chromatography : BMC — Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Singh DK, Maheshwari G A simple, selective and precise thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of eight cephalosporin antibiotics, namely cephadroxil, cephalexin, cefixime, cefaclor, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefuroxime axetil, cefotaxime sodium and ceftriaxone sodium. The hR(F) values of these cephalosporins were investigated on silica gel G-zinc ferrocyanide layers. Mixing of zinc ferrocyanide with silica gel G resulted in a decrease in hR(F) values, removal of tailing and better resolutions. The influence of silica gel G-zinc ferrocyanide ratio and mobile phases on the chromatographic behavior of cephalosporins on thin layers was investigated. Cephalosporins were selectively separated in their binary and ternary synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutica...

Empiric Outpatient Therapy with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Cephalexin, or Clindamycin for Cellulitis

The American Journal of Medicine — Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Background: Limited data exist on optimal empiric oral antibiotic treatment for outpatients with cellulitis in areas with a high prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.Methods: We conducted a 3-year retrospective cohort study of outpatients with cellulitis empirically treated at a teaching clinic of a tertiary-care medical center in Hawaii. Patients who received more than 1 oral antibiotic, were hospitalized, or had no follow-up information were excluded. Treatment success rates for empiric therapy were compared among commonly prescribed antibiotics in our clinic: cephalexin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycin. Risk factors for treatment failure were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Res...

Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction by modulating the apical junctional complex and PepT1 in IL-10 knockout mice.

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology — Wed, 29 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Chen HQ, Yang J, Zhang M, Zhou YK, Shen TY, Chu ZX, Zhang M, Hang XM, Jiang YQ, Qin HL Probiotics are efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, the precise mechanisms remain unknown. To determine whether probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) ameliorates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction present in interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10(-/-)) mice, IL-10(-/-) and wild-type mice received LP or the vehicle for 4 weeks. Colitis was assessed by histological scores and clinical manifestation, and gut paracellular permeability was measured by Ussing chamber. PepT1-mediated transepithelial transport was evaluated by measuring the plasma cephalexin concentration. The expression and distribution of AJC proteins and PepT1 were determined by western blotting and i...

The effect of vitamin A on renal damage following acute pyelonephritis in children

European Journal of Pediatrics — Fri, 17 Sep 2010 16:52:50 +0100

In conclusion, administration of vitamin A was associated with a significantly lower rate of permanent renal damage. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00431-010-1297-1Authors Parviz Ayazi, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Center, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranSeyed Alireza Moshiri, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranAbolfazl Mahyar, Department of Pediatric, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranMona Moradi, Emergency Department of Pediatric, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Journal European Journal of PediatricsOnline ISSN 1432-1076Print ISSN 0340-6199 (Source: European Journal of Pediatrics)

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Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews — Sun, 12 Sep 2010 02:48:06 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: We cannot draw any definite conclusion on the most effective and safest antibiotic regimen for the initial treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. One study showed advantages with a longer course of nitrofurantoin, and another showed better tolerability with ampicillin compared with pivmecillinam; otherwise, there was no significant difference demonstrated between groups treated with different antibiotics. Given this lack of conclusive evidence, it may be useful for clinicians to consider factors such as cost, local availability and side effects in the selection of the best treatment option. PMID: 20824868 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)

Keloid formation occurring in the distribution of a congenital vascular malformation.

Skinmed — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mandrell J, Youker S, Allen EJ, Hurley MY, Obadiah J A 35-year-old African American man presented with complaints of malodorous drainage from hypertrophic lesions on his occipital scalp (Figure 1, inset). The patient had no family history of keloid formation and no other keloids on his body. The hypertrophic mass on his scalp had been present for 10 years and had not been a result of any type of mechanical, surgical, or laser treatment. It corresponded to the distribution of a large vascular malformation over the occiput (Figure 1). The vascular malformation extended from the occipital scalp to the right parietal scalp, the right side of the face, neck, upper chest, and right arm, with varicosities and hypertrophy of the right upper extremity (Figure 2). The vascular malformat...

Bacteriological Evaluation of Adult Dacryocystitis in Iran.

Orbit — Sun, 15 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The responsible pathogens in acute and chronic dacryocystitis are significantly different. Because of the high prevalence of gram-negative bacteria and also culture-negative samples and considering the necessity of treatment in acute dacryocystitis, selecting an appropriate antibiotic with a good coverage of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria seems essential. PMID: 20712513 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Orbit)

Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous cephalexin in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant, nonlactating goats

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics — Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Ambros, L., Kreil, V., Tarragona, L., Monfrinotti, A., Hallu, R., Rebuelto, M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous cephalexin in pregnant, lac‐tating, and nonpregnant, nonlactating goats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. (Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

Lead-Enhanced Siderophore Production and Alteration in Cell Morphology in a Pb-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain 4EA.

Current Microbiology — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Naik MM, Dubey SK A lead-resistant bacterial strain 4EA from soil contaminated with car battery waste from Goa, India was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This lead-resistant bacterial isolate interestingly revealed lead-enhanced siderophore (pyochelin and pyoverdine) production up to 0.5 mM lead nitrate whereas cells exhibit a significant decline in siderophore production above 0.5 mM lead nitrate. The bacterial cells also revealed significant alteration in cell morphology as size reduction when exposed to 0.8 mM lead nitrate. Enhanced production of siderophore was evidently detected by chrome azurol S agar diffusion (CASAD) assay as increase in diameter of orange halo, and reduction in bacterial size along with significant biosorption of lead was recorded b...

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Tularemia presenting as a cervical abscess

Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery — Wed, 21 Jul 2010 05:43:07 +0100

A 40-year-old man presented with two months of progressive left neck swelling, night sweats, and fatigue. He worked as a hunting guide in New Mexico and reported multiple bites from insects, including deer flies, on the job. He had been treated with penicillin, cephalexin, and clindamycin, but his symptoms persisted. On presentation to our institution, his examination was notable for a temperature of 97.4°F, clear throat, and a 4 × 5-cm erythematous, mildly tender mass in the left neck with an area of fluctuance superiorly (). Fine needle aspiration revealed necrotizing acute inflammation without granulomas; cultures were negative, and smears were negative for acid-fast bacilli. Chest x-ray was clear, and a tuberculin skin test was negative. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) s...

Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Bovine Mastitis in China

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In this report, the results of antibiotic susceptibility test, carried out on 236 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples which were collected from cases of mastitis in cow herds of China, are presented. The regions and number of isolates include Inner Mongolia (112), Hebei (58) and Heilongjiang (66). Susceptibility to ampicillin, penicillin G, amoxicillin, piperacillin, cephalexin, cephazolin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoxitin, SMZ-TMP, gentamycin, kanamycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, furaxone, torlamician, roxithromycin, clindamycin and vancomycin was determined by the disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed 87.30% (206 of 236) isolates were resistant to penicillin G. This result compares with the reports from other countries; the overall le...

Selective Separation of Cephalexin from Multiple Component Mixtures

Industrial and Engineering Chemical Research — Fri, 04 Jun 2010 17:03:21 +0100

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Volume 0, Issue 0, Articles ASAP (As Soon As Publishable). (Source: Industrial and Engineering Chemical Research)

Characterization of drug resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium by Antibiograms, Plasmids, Integrons, Resistance Genes and PFGE.

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, high rates of multidrug-resistance were found among the Malaysian Salmonella Typhimurium strains. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium to cephalosporin antibiotics was also observed. The strains were very diverse and no persistent clone was observed. The emergence of MDR Salmonella Typhimurium is a worldwide problem and this report provides information for the better understanding of the prevalence and epidemiology of MDR S. Typhimurium in Malaysia. PMID: 20622506 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology)

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Cephalexin Microspheres for Dairy Mastitis: Effect of Preparation Method and Surfactant Type on Physicochemical Properties of the Microspheres.

AAPS PharmSciTech — Fri, 28 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Chaisri W, Hennink WE, Ampasavate C, Okonogi S The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preparation method and the type of surfactant on the properties of cephalexin (CPX) microspheres in order to obtain delivery systems suitable for the treatment of dairy mastitis. Microspheres were obtained using various preparation conditions and their physicochemical characteristics such as size, loading efficiency, morphology, and drug crystallinity were investigated. Antibacterial activity of microspheres from the optimum preparation condition was also studied. CPX microspheres were prepared by two different W/O/W emulsion solvent evaporation methods using PLGA as a matrix forming polymer. Several types of surfactants including nonionic, cationic, and anionic at different con...

Comparative Virulence Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Environmental and Clinical Salmonella enterica from Cochin, India.

Current Microbiology — Tue, 18 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Parvathi A, Vijayan J, Murali G, Chandran P Salmonella enterica serotype Newport is an important cause of non-typhoidal salmonellosis, a clinically less severe infection than typhoid fever caused by S. enterica serotype Typhi. In this investigation, the virulence genotypes of S. enterica Newport isolated from a backwater environment were compared with Salmonella Typhi from clinical cases in the same region where salmonellosis is endemic. Genotyping was done by PCR screening for virulence markers associated with Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and plasmids. The virulence genes associated with SPIs I-VI were detected in 95-100% of all the isolates, while the viaB locus representing SPI-7 was detectable in 66 and 73% of the environmental and clinical isolates, respectivel...

Effects of lithium carbonate on carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia in dogs.

American Journal of Veterinary Research — Fri, 30 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Lithium stimulated thrombopoiesis in clinically normal dogs. Lithium administration at the doses and schedules used, with concurrent administration of cephalexin, did not prevent thrombocytopenia induced by carboplatin. PMID: 20433382 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Veterinary Research)

Effect of cationic micelles on the decomposition of alpha-aminophenyl cephalosporins.

Colloids and Surfaces — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Oliveira AG, Rossanezzi G, Formariz TP, Egito ES, Scarpa MV The intramolecular rates of degradation of alpha-aminophenyl cephalopsorins were determined with and without hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Micellar-derived spectral shifts were used to measure the bind of the ionic forms as well as to determine the effect of CTAB on the apparent dissociation constant of the antibiotics. The rate of the degradation of cephalexin (Cp), cefadroxil (Cf), and cephradine (Cph), increased with surfactant concentration reaching a plateau at high surfactant concentrations. In the plateau region, the rate constant was salt sensitive decreasing with NaBr concentrations. These effects were quantitatively analyzed within the framework of the pseudo-phase model with explicit considerat...

Answer to Case of the Month #162: Emphysematous Infection of the Liver Parenchyma

Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal — Thu, 18 Mar 2010 15:33:27 +0100

A 53-year-old man presented with a nonspecific complaint of chills that persisted for 36 hours. Three months before this acute event, the patient had undergone a left hepatectomy with hepaticojejunostomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with left hepatic duct extension. Macroscopic invasion of the right posterior hepatic duct was seen on the excision specimen. A larger resection was then performed on the right posterior duct. The resection margins were free of tumour at histology. The postoperative course was complicated by a biliary leak that spontaneously resolved with conservative treatment. No chemotherapy was given in the follow-up. One week before the emergency visit, the patient had presented with cellulitis at the site of the surgical incision and was successfully treated with oral cep...

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Determination of an Inoculum Effect with Various Cephalosporins among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Nannini EC, Stryjewski ME, Singh KV, Rude TH, Corey GR, Fowler VG, Murray BE Using 98 clinical MSSA isolates of known beta-lactamase (Bla) type, we found a pronounced inoculum effect for cephalexin (mostly Bla type A and C strains), mild for cephalothin (especially type B and C), and nonexistence for ceftriaxone and cefuroxime. Ceftobiprole showed the lowest MICs at high inoculum but with a slight increase for Bla-positive versus Bla-negative strains. Since a potential therapeutic effect associated with a cephalosporin inoculum effect has been described, further studies are warranted. PMID: 20211890 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

GeoPharma Announces the Acceptability of Their Largo Cephalosporin Plant

Medical News (via PRIMEZONE) — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 16:27:00 +0100

LARGO, Fla., March 2, 2010 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- GeoPharma, Inc. (Nasdaq:GORX) (the "Company") announced today that the FDA Office of Compliance has completed the evaluation of its Largo, Florida manufacturing facility dedicated to the production of Cephalosporin antibiotics and has indicated, based on the adequacy of the Company's written response, that it is acceptable to manufacture upon FDA approval of its Cephalexin ANDA. (Source: Medical News (via PRIMEZONE))

Effect of ethnomedicinal plants used in folklore medicine in Jordan as antibiotic resistant inhibitors on Escherichia coli

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine — Sun, 28 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: This study probably suggests possibility of concurrent use of these antibiotics and plant extracts in treating infections caused by E.coli or at least the concomitant administration may not impair the antimicrobial activity of these antibiotics. (Source: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine)

Laparoscopic Antrectomy for the Treatment of Type I Gastric Carcinoid Tumors

Journal of Surgical Research — Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This is the largest case series to investigate the surgical, clinical, and histologic outcomes of laparoscopic antrectomy in type I gastric carcinoid. Our data suggest that laparoscopic antrectomy is a safe and minimally invasive approach to treat nonmetastatic type I gastric carcinoid. All patients had no evidence of gross or microscopic disease at follow-up biopsy and almost half had regression of ECL hyperplasia at follow-up suggesting that antrectomy may be sufficient to prevent tumor recurrence. However, continued regular endoscopic surveillance and medical follow-up of patients with ECL hyperplasia are recommended. (Source: Journal of Surgical Research)

Heterologous expression of leader-less pga gene in Pichia pastoris: intracellular production of prokaryotic enzyme

BMC Biotechnology - Latest articles — Wed, 03 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Presented results provide useful data regarding fermentation strategy, intracellular biosynthetic potential, and consequences of the heterologous expression of PGAEc in P. pastoris X-33. Aberrant processing of the precursor of PGAEc in the cytosol yielded the mature enzyme with modified traits. (Source: BMC Biotechnology - Latest articles)

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Retapamulin: What is the Role of this Topical Antimicrobial in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections in Atopic Dermatitis?

Skin Therapy Letter — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Moody MN, Morrison LK, Tyring SK In atopic dermatitis (AD), the stratum corneum of patients appears to have alterations that predispose them to colonization and invasion by various bacteria, most notably Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This bacterial co-existence is accepted to be an important factor in AD disease activity. Exactly when to initiate antimicrobial treatment is controversial, but such intervention, when warranted, has repeatedly been demonstrated to improve the course of AD. However, the increase in antibiotic resistance presents a therapeutic challenge in the management of AD patients, which highlights the need for novel mechanism topical antibacterial agents. Retapamulin is a relatively new pleuromutilin antibiotic designed for topical use. In vitro studies ...

Improved specific productivity in cephalexin synthesis by immobilized PGA in silica magnetic micro‐particles

Biotechnology and Bioengineering — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Biotechnology and Bioengineering)

Empiric Antibiotics for Acute Infections of the Hand

The Journal of Hand Surgery — Mon, 28 Dec 2009 15:18:47 +0100

A 40-year-old right-handed man employed as a laborer presents with a 7-day history of progressive pain, erythema, and swelling over the volar surface of the index finger. On history taking, the patient notes incurring a small superficial laceration over the same area of his finger 10 days previously. He was given a prescription for cephalexin and discharged home. He returned 3 days later with worsening symptoms including swelling, fluctuance, and tenderness with manipulation of the finger. He had incision and drainage, and intraoperative cultures were identified to be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery)

Case of the Month #162

Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS extract on drug transport in human intestinal cell line Caco-2

Journal of Natural Medicines — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 07:56:47 +0100

In this study, we investigated the effect of AS extract on intestinal drug transporter (P-glycoprotein, or P-gp) and peptide transporter activities in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells were cultured on a culture dish and a permeable membrane for 1–3 weeks. The apical-to-basolateral (A-to-B) transport of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, was significantly increased by the addition of AS extract in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the A-to-B transport of cephalexin, a peptide transporter substrate, was significantly decreased by the addition of AS extract in the same manner. The effects of AS extract addition on the kinetics of the uptake of rhodamine 123, a P-gp substrate, and Gly-Sar, a peptide transporter substrate, were investigated. V max for rhodamine 123 uptake was signi...

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The effect of wellsolve, a novel solubilizing agent, on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal absorption of griseofulvin in rats.

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin — Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hamid KA, Lin Y, Gao Y, Katsumi H, Sakane T, Yamamoto A The effect of Wellsolve, a new solubilizing agent, on the function of intestinal membrane barrier and transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and peptide transporter (PEPT1) was examined by an in vitro diffusion chamber and an in situ closed loop method. The model drugs used in this study were 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF), rhodamine123 (a P-glycoprotein substrate), cephalexin (a typical substrate for PEPT1) and griseofulvin (a BCS Class II drug). Intestinal absorption of CF was not affected by the addition of 1-10% (v/v) Wellsolve, while 20% (v/v) Wellsolve significantly enhanced its intestinal absorption by the in situ absorption study. Therefore, this finding suggested that high concentration of Wellsolve might alt...

Resistance pattern of breakthrough urinary tract infections in children on antibiotic prophylaxis

Journal of Infection and Public Health — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 14:36:03 +0100

In conclusion, the resistance pattern of organisms causing breakthrough UTIs varies with the choice of prophylaxis which should be taken into consideration in chosing empiric therapy for such infections. (Source: Journal of Infection and Public Health)

Mycobacterium marinum Granuloma in a Fisherman

Consultant Live — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 12:00:00 +0100

While fishing in the Chesapeake Bay, an 81-year-old man slipped and fell into the water. Afterward, he noticed a superficial abrasion over his right knee. During the next 10 days, red bumps, pustules, and slight tenderness developed. He was treated empirically with mupirocin ointment, amoxicillin/clavulanate and subsequently with cephalexin. However, new papular lesions continued to develop adjacent to the area of involvement, which showed no signs of healing. (Source: Consultant Live)

How to Stay Sharp as a Tack

NaturalNews.com — Fri, 02 Oct 2009 07:00:00 +0100

(NaturalNews) A few days ago a song got stuck in my head- the slow, haunting violin melody that set the mood in the movie Platoon. But I couldn't recall who wrote it, and it bugged me. Later, when I wasn't thinking about it, I suddenly remembered it was Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings.We all have episodes like this. We forget names and misplace things. We lose our train of thought, and we walk into rooms with no recollection of why we went there in the first place. This is normal human behavior. Now, forgetting a close family member's name, constantly repeating yourself, or getting lost in familiar places is another issue. Still, even run-of-the-mill memory lapses can be disconcerting, especially if you're older. You may wonder, "Am I losing it? Is Alzheimer's just around the corner?"It...

CEPHALEXINsuspension CEPHALEXIN (Cephalexin) Suspension [West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Novel Metalloenzyme Inhibitors

Chemical Biology and Drug Design — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

[beta]-Lactam antibiotics are among the most important drugs used to fight bacterial infection. Overuse and misuse of [beta]-lactam antibiotics has caused the evolution of resistance mechanisms, allowing pathogenic bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment. The major source of resistance to [beta]-lactam antibiotics occurs through production of enzymes called [beta]-lactamases capable of catalyzing hydrolysis of the [beta]-lactam rings in these drug compounds. The metallo-[beta]-lactamases have become a major threat due to their broad substrate specificities; there are no clinically useful inhibitors for these metalloenzymes. We have obtained single-stranded DNA's that are potent inhibitors of the Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 metallo-[beta]-lactamase. These are rapid, reversible, non-competitive i...

Marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter after distigmine therapy in an adult male patient with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury: a case report

Cases Journal — Wed, 05 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Distigmine therapy resulted in marked bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Persistence of hydronephrosis after omitting distigmine, and presence of residual urine in bladder over many years probably predisposed to formation of polypoid cystitis and follicular cystitis, and contributed to prolonged haematuria, which occurred after an episode of urine infection. This case illustrates the dangers of prescribing distigmine to promote spontaneous voiding in spinal cord injury patients. Instead of using distigmine, spinal cord injury patients should be advised to consider intermittent catheterisation together with oxybutynin or propiverine to achieve complete, low-pressure emptying of urinary bladder. (Source: Cases Journal)

Direct Evidence for Efficient Transport and Minimal Metabolism of L-Cephalexin by Oligopeptide Transporter 1 in Budded Baculovirus Fraction.

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin — Wed, 05 Aug 2009 20:28:03 +0100

Authors: Mitsuoka K, Tamai I, Morohashi Y, Kubo Y, Saitoh R, Tsuji A, Kato Y The oligopeptide transporter PEPT1 (SLC15A1) is responsible for absorption of peptidic nutrients in the small intestine. Although the L-diastereomer of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalexin (L-cephalexin) is likely to be transported by PEPT1, there has been no direct demonstration of PEPT1-mediated L-cephalexin transport. Indeed, after the incubation with L-cephalexin, the intact form of L-cephalexin has not been identified inside vesicles/proteoliposomes prepared from brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells or cultured cell lines exogenously transfected with PEPT1 gene. Thus, it appears that L-cephalexin is rapidly metabolized by PEPT1 or PEPT1-associated proteins. Here, we attempted to verify wh...

I PREVENT Bacterial Resistance. An Update on the Use of Antibiotics in Dermatologic Surgery

Dermatologic Surgery — Sun, 19 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Prophylaxis may be given to prevent a surgical wound infection, infective endocarditis (IE), or infection of a prosthetic joint, but its use before cutaneous surgery is controversial. Our aim was to review the current literature and provide a mnemonic to assist providers in appropriately prescribing prophylactic antibiotics. We reviewed the current literature, including the new guidelines provided by the American Heart Association (AHA). The new AHA guidelines recommend prophylaxis for patients with high risk of an adverse outcome from IE instead of high risk of developing IE. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American Dental Association also provide guidelines. Given the paucity of conclusive studies, prophylaxis against a surgical wound infection is based more on clinic...

Disseminated histoplasmosis with colonic ulcers in a patient receiving infliximab

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — Wed, 01 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

A 76-year-old woman was admitted after sustaining a fall. After further questioning, she noted some painful erythema of the left upper extremity that had been present for several months, despite a recent course of cephalexin. The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis that was being treated with methotrexate; however, she had recently, approximately 3 months earlier, started therapy with infliximab. On admission, the patient was febrile and tachycardic. Physical examination revealed painful erythema over the left hand, wrist, and forearm. A routine complete blood count revealed 10,900 leukocytes per cubic millimeter (normal 4.5-11 leukocytes/mm3), with 95% neutrophils. On admission, blood cultures were obtained and intravenous antibiotics were started. The patient's condition deteri...

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Research of urinary tract infections in family medicine physicians' offices--empiric antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections--Croatian experience.

Collegium Antropologicum — Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Skerk V, Skerk V, Jaksić J, Lakos AK, Matrapazovski M, Maleković G, Andrasević AT, Radoaević V, Markotić A, Begovac J In the period between October 1st and November 30th, 2006, we investigated a total of 3188 episodes of UTI (802 among males; 2386 among females) recorded in 108 family medicine offices in 20 cities in Croatia. The most common UTIs in women were acute uncomplicated cystitis (62%), complicated UTIs - cystitis and pyelonephritis (14%), urethritis (9%), acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (6%), recurrent cystitis (5%), asymptomatic bacteriuria (3%) and recurrent pyelonephritis. The most common UTIs in men were complicated UTIs - cystitis and pyelonephritis (48%), urethritis (25%), prostatitis (24%) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (3%). Eti...

A new semi-selective medium for the isolation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, the etiological agent of anthurium bacterial blight

Letters in Applied Microbiology — Sat, 16 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Growth of the anthurium blight pathogen was better on NCTM4 and ET media than on CS. NCTM4 provided a better repeatability. It also displayed a lower rate of false positive and false negative results when the pathogen was isolated from plant extracts.Significance and Impact of the Study: This study will lead to improved isolation protocols of the anthurium blight in official procedures. NCTM4 medium could also favourably be used in studies, which aim to further understanding of the biology and epidemiology of this pathogen. (Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology)

Cephalexin Residue Detection in Milk and Beef by ELISA and Colloidal Gold Based One-Step Strip Assay

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry — Thu, 14 May 2009 17:50:41 +0100

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Volume 0, Issue 0, Articles ASAP (As Soon As Publishable). (Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)

Measurement and Modeling Process Partitioning of Cephalexin Antibiotic in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) 4000, 10000 and K2HPO4, Na3Citrate

Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data — Sat, 09 May 2009 04:05:40 +0100

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Volume 0, Issue 0, Articles ASAP (As Soon As Publishable). (Source: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data)

Antibiotic Selection for Purulent Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in Ambulatory Care: A Decision-Analytic Approach

Academic Pediatrics — Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Objective: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has caused a nationwide epidemic of skin and soft-tissue infections in ambulatory pediatrics. Antibiotic treatment recommendations suggest incorporating local epidemiology for the prevalence of CA-MRSA. We sought to identify the antibiotic strategy with the highest probability of activity and to identify threshold values for epidemiologic variables including bacterial prevalence and antibiotic resistance.Methods: We used decision analysis to evaluate 3 empiric antibiotic strategies: clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S), and cephalexin. We calculated the probability of activity against the bacteria causing the infection (CA-MRSA, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and group A Streptococcus [GAS]) ...

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A new biocatalyst: Penicillin G acylase immobilized in sol-gel micro-particles with magnetic properties.

Biotechnology Journal — Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bernardino SM, Fernandes P, Fonseca LP The present work focuses on the development and basic characterization of a new magnetic biocatalyst, namely penicillin G acylase (PGA), immobilized in sol-gel matrices with magnetic properties, ultimately aimed for application in cephalexin (CEX) synthesis. A mechanically stable carrier, based on porous xerogels silica matrixes starting from tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), was prepared leading to micro-carriers with medium sized particles of 30 microm, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. An immobilization yield of 95-100% and a recovered activity of 50-65% at 37 degrees C, as determined by penicillin G (PG) hydrolysis (pH STAT method), were observed. These results clearly exceed those reported in a previous work on PGA immobilizati...

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Atopic Dermatitis Decreases Disease Severity

PEDIATRICS — Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS. Chronic use of dilute bleach baths with intermittent intranasal application of mupirocin ointment decreased the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis in patients with clinical signs of secondary bacterial infections. Patients with atopic dermatitis do not seem to have increased susceptibility to infection or colonization with resistant strains of S aureus. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

Mechanism and implication of cephalosporin penetration into oropharyngeal mucosa

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Sat, 25 Apr 2009 07:14:18 +0100

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism(s) by which oral cephalosporins penetrate into human oropharyngeal mucosa, and thus, the availability of sufficient concentrations at the site of infection. Two oral cephalosporin prototypes, cephalexin (first generation) and cefixime (third generation), were administered to five healthy subjects at two different visits with a 1-week washout period. Plasma and saliva samples were collected and drug concentrations were measured using an appropriate HPLC method. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of cefixime and cephalexin were 2.97 ± 0.24 μg ml−1 and 77.65 ± 18.91 μg ml−1, respectively. These concentrations were associated with a maximum salivary concentration (CSmax) of 0.56 μg ml−1 for cefixime and...

Usefulness of antibiogram surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in outpatient pediatric populations

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease — Mon, 20 Apr 2009 22:53:10 +0100

Abstract: We assessed the impact of distributing an outpatient age-specific methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) antibiogram on physician knowledge of MRSA prevalence and choice of empiric therapy. Questionnaires were given to 125 physicians at outpatient pediatric clinics in Monroe County, NY, before and after antibiogram distribution (response rates, 42% and 24%, respectively). The median physician-estimated MRSA prevalence (among S. aureus skin infections) was 15% before they received the antibiogram and 20% after. According to the antibiogram, the true 2005 prevalence was 25% among skin infections. When asked to select empiric therapy for a pediatric outpatient with a skin abscess, while assuming varying levels of MRSA prevalence, most selected cephalexin when the prevale...

Studies on the influence of esterase inhibitor to the pharmacokinetic profiles of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate in rats using an improved LC/MS/MS method.

Biomedical Chromatography : BMC — Tue, 07 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Chang Q, Chow MS, Zuo Z Oseltamivir (O), an ethyl ester prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is currently the drug of choice for avian influenza. Previous studies have found that the addition of esterase inhibitor can inhibit the metabolism of O to OC in plasma samples. The current study aims to evaluate the impact of dichlorvos on the rat plasma concentrations of O and OC and subsequent effect on their pharmacokinetics. The plasma samples of rats after oral administration of O were divided into two equal portions for treatment with/without dichlorvos. O and OC plasma concentrations were analyzed by a sensitive and specific LC/MS/MS method, using cephalexin as internal standard for both two analytes. The samples were extracted with an MCX cartridge and separated on a Nova-...

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Expandase-like activity mediated cell-free conversion of ampicillin to cephalexin by Streptomyces sp. DRS I.

Biotechnology Letters — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Thakur D, Roy MK, Bora TC Cell-free extracts of Streptomyces sp. DRS I converted ampicillin to cephalexin, presumably due to the activity of the enzyme, expandase. The extract was fractionated and characterized by colorimetric and chromatographic measurements coupled with disc-agar diffusion bioassay against an ampicillin-resistant, cephalexin-sensitive E. coli strain. Though expandase could not be identified, the presence of a hitherto unreported expandase in Streptomyces sp. DRS I is suggested. PMID: 19330490 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Biotechnology Letters)

Activity of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages, keratinocytes) forms of Methicillin-Sensitive (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Mon, 16 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lemaire S, Glupczynski Y, Duval V, Joris B, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F S. aureus is an opportunistic intracellular organism. Although poorly accumulating in eukaryotic cells, beta-lactams show activity against intracellular MSSA if exposure times and drug concentrations are sufficient. Intraphagocytic MRSA are susceptible to penicillins and carbapenems because acidic pH favors the acylation of PBP 2a by these beta-lactams through pH-induced conformational change. Ceftobiprole, showing almost similar in vitro activities against MRSA and MSSA in broth, was examined for intracellular activity (THP-1 macrophages, keratinocytes) against a panel of hospital-acquired and community-acquired MRSA (MICs: 0.5-2.0 mg/L at pH 7.4 and 0.25-1.0 mg/L at pH 5.5) vs. MSSA isolates, with measurem...

Efficacy of Amitraz plus Metaflumizone for the treatment of canine demodicosis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis

Parasites and Vectors — Thu, 05 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100

This case reports the efficacy of metaflumizone plus amitraz spot-on formulation (ProMeris Duo; Fort Dodge) against generalized demodectic mange. A two year-old male dog presented at clinical examination with poor general condition, diffused alopecia, crusted lesions, pruritus, skin scales and pustules. Demodex mites, Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts and bacteria were diagnosed. The dog was treated with cephalexin and topically with metaflumizone plus amitraz spot-on formulation at two weeks intervals until two consecutive skin scrapings resulted negative for mites. The number of adult mites statistically decreased at follow-up with a reduction of approximately 42 and 94% at +14 and +28 days post treatment (p.t.) respectively. Nymphs and larvae could not be detected from +28 day p.t. while ...

Rectal prolapse secondary to antibiotic-associated colitis in a dog

Comparative Clinical Pathology — Wed, 04 Mar 2009 09:12:35 +0100

Abstract Many animals with rectal prolapse have an antecedent history of dyschezia and tenesmus associated with colonic inflammatory disease. However, it seems that there are no reports of rectal prolapse concurrent with antibiotic-associated colitis in the veterinary literature. A 3-month-old male cross-bred dog presented with a history of recurrent episodes of rectal prolapse following the administration of oral cephalexin. The rectal prolapse was corrected surgically. Based on the dog's recent history of antibiotic use, the sudden onset of bloody diarrhoea, tenesmus and subsequent rectal prolapse, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea was considered as the primary cause of rectal prolapse in this case. Clostridium perfringens were isolated from a bacteriological stool culture....

Characteristics and clinical significance of bacterial colonization of ureteral double-J stents in children

Journal of Pediatric Urology — Mon, 02 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Bacterial colonization is not uncommon in double-J stents retained for several weeks after pyeloplasty, but is usually not clinically significant. Enterococcus is the most frequent pathogen. (Source: Journal of Pediatric Urology)

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Development and validation of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid multi-residues detection of cephems in milk.

Analytica Chimica Acta — Fri, 23 Jan 2009 07:33:46 +0100

In conclusion, the method was rapid and accurate for the multi-residue detection of cephems in milk. PMID: 19154821 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Analytica Chimica Acta)

Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a novel cephalexin oral paste formulation in fed and fasted dogs

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics — Wed, 14 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

Wegmans Food Markets To Offer No-Cost Generic Antibiotics Through March

Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses News From Medical News Today — Thu, 08 Jan 2009 10:00:00 +0100

Wegmans Food Markets starting on Wednesday will fill generic oral antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and cephalexin, at no cost through March 31, the Baltimore Sun reports (Walker, Baltimore Sun, 1/7). (Source: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses News From Medical News Today)

Management of vagal nerve stimulator infections: do they need to be removed?

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics — Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions This study confirms the low rate of infection associated with VNS placement and suggests that, in the case of infection, treatment without removal is a viable option. However, the authors' data suggest that oral antibiotics are not the best first-line therapy. PMID: 19119910 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics)

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Management of vagal nerve stimulator infections: do they need to be removed. Clinical article?

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics — Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the low rate of infection associated with VNS placement and suggests that, in the case of infection, treatment without removal is a viable option. However, the authors' data suggest that oral antibiotics are not the best first-line therapy. PMID: 19119910 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics)

Preparation and characterization of cephalexin loaded PLGA microspheres.

Current Drug Delivery — Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Chaisri W, Hennink WE, Okonogi S The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of emulsion type and process parameters on the properties of CPX-loaded PLGA microspheres in order to obtain delivery systems suitable for the treatment of dairy mastitis. The microsphere size was analyzed by photon correlation spectrophotometry. Determination of the drug loading was achieved by HPLC. It was found that CPX-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared using a w/o/w double emulsion technology were slightly larger (approximately 3-5 microm) but much higher in drug content (approximately 18% w/w) than those obtained using o/w single emulsion preparation technology (average size was 2 microm, encapsulation efficiency was less than 2 %). It was also demonstrated that stirring during emulsificati...

Kinetic spectrofluorimetric determination of certain cephalosporins in human plasma.

Talanta — Thu, 18 Dec 2008 12:50:08 +0100

Authors: Omar MA, Abdelmageed OH, Attia TZ An accurate, reliable, specific and sensitive kinetic spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of seven cephalosporin antibiotics namely cefotaxime sodium, cephapirin sodium, cephradine dihydrate, cephalexin monohydrate, cefazoline sodium, ceftriaxone sodium and cefuroxime sodium. The method is based on their degradation under an alkaline condition producing fluorescent products. The factors affecting the degradation and the determination were studied and optimized. The reaction is followed spectrofluorimetrically by measuring the rate of change of fluorescence intensity at specified emission wavelength. The initial rate and fixed time methods were used for the construction of calibration graphs to determine the concentra...

Board-certified emergency physicians' treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus era.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine — Wed, 03 Dec 2008 09:34:34 +0100

CONCLUSION: Many clinicians have changed their practice patterns to include antibiotics that usually display activity against CA-MRSA. However, cephalexin remains a popular agent used for these infections. PMID: 19041536 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine)

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux Receiving Prophylactic Antibiotic Therapy

PEDIATRICS — Mon, 01 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS. Children receiving cephalosporin prophylaxis are more likely to have extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria or multidrug-resistant uropathogens other than E coli for breakthrough urinary tract infections; therefore, these antibiotics are not appropriate for prophylactic use in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Co-trimoxazole remains the preferred prophylactic agent for vesicoureteral reflux. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

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Multifocal papular deep bacterial pyoderma in a Boxer dog caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Australian Veterinary Journal — Fri, 31 Oct 2008 17:01:34 +0100

Authors: Baxter C, Vogelnest Lj A young adult Boxer dog was presented with a papular dermatitis on the dorsal back and ventral neck that had developed while it was being treated with cyclosporine and cephalexin for atopic dermatitis and secondary superficial staphylococcal pyoderma, respectively. Histopathology demonstrated nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis with focal furunculosis. Numerous bacterial rods, free in the tissue and engulfed by neutrophils and macrophages, could be demonstrated on stained samples (haematoxylin-eosin; Giemsa). Bacterial culture from an aseptically collected skin biopsy punch sample yielded a pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sensitive to a variety of antimicrobials. Successful treatment was accomplished following discontinuation of cyclosp...

Cephalexin remains preferred oral antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated cellulitis.

The American Journal of Medicine — Thu, 30 Oct 2008 10:32:11 +0100

Authors: Cunha BA PMID: 18954824 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Medicine)

Cephalexin(CEPHALEXIN) Capsule Cephalexin(CEPHALEXIN) Suspension [Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 30 Sep 2008 16:16:16 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 24, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Pharmaceutical contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural waste streams: Risk to aqueous environments in Taiwan.

Chemosphere — Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lin AY, Yu TH, Lin CF This is a comprehensive study of the occurrence of antibiotics, hormones and other pharmaceuticals in water sites that have major potential for downstream environmental contamination. These include residential (hospitals, sewage treatment plants, and regional discharges), industrial (pharmaceutical production facilities), and agricultural (animal husbandries and aquacultures) waste streams. We assayed 23 Taiwanese water sites for 97 targeted compounds, of which a significant number were detected and quantified. The most frequently detected compounds were sulfamethoxazole, caffeine, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen, followed closely by cephalexin, ofloxacin, and diclofenac, which were detected in >91% of samples and found to have median (maximum) concentrat...

Influence of cephalosporins on the coagulation time of yogurt made from ewes' milk

International Journal of Dairy Technology — Mon, 15 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Ceftiofur and cephalexin were independently added to ewes' milk at three different concentrations 50, 100 and 150 µg/kg. Spiked milk was used to produce yogurt and the acidification of the yogurt during incubation was then studied. Ceftiofur showed significant delays in the pH decrease rate at all concentrations assayed, but no significant delays occurred with cephalexin. When these antibiotics were administered intramuscularly to lactating ewes, from which the milk was used to make yogurt immediately after the corresponding withdrawal periods, absence of residues and pH delays were not observed during the yogurt fermentation in the presence of any antibiotic. (Source: International Journal of Dairy Technology)

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Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women.

American Family Physician — Mon, 15 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Spencer JP Mastitis occurs in approximately 10 percent of U.S. mothers who are breastfeeding, and it can lead to the cessation of breastfeeding. The risk of mastitis can be reduced by frequent, complete emptying of the breast and by optimizing breastfeeding technique. Sore nipples can precipitate mastitis. The differential diagnosis of sore nipples includes mechanical irritation from a poor latch or infant mouth anomalies, such as cleft palate or bacterial or yeast infection. The diagnosis of mastitis is usually clinical, with patients presenting with focal tenderness in one breast accompanied by fever and malaise. Treatment includes changing breastfeeding technique, often with the assistance of a lactation consultant. When antibiotics are needed, those effective against Staph...

FDA Safety Changes: Viramune, Agrylin, Keflex, Furadantin, Mycobutin

Medscape Medical News Headlines — Thu, 11 Sep 2008 21:00:00 +0100

The FDA has approved revisions to the safety labeling for nevirapine tablets and oral solution, anagrelide HCl capsules, cephalexin capsules, nitrofurantoin oral suspension, and rifabutin capsules. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)

Cephalexin(Cephalexin) Capsule [Aurobindo Pharma Limited]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Thu, 11 Sep 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Sep 11, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Interethnic differences of PEPT2 ( SLC15A2 ) polymorphism distribution and associations with cephalexin pharmacokinetics in healthy Asian subjects

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology — Wed, 03 Sep 2008 10:48:07 +0100

Conclusion PEPT2 polymorphism distributions differ significantly between Chinese, Malay and Asian Indian populations. However, cephalexin pharmacokinetics is not meaningfully different between Chinese and Asian Indians. The association between the PEPT2 haplotype and cephalexin pharmacokinetics could not be confirmed, and future studies under better controlled conditions are needed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory PharmacogeneticsDOI 10.1007/s00228-008-0488-4Authors Rui Liu, National University of Singapore Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Block MD11, Level 5, #05–09, Clinical Research Centre, 10 Medical Drive Singapore 117597 SingaporeAudrey May Yi Tang, National University of Singapore Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin Scho...

Teratogenicity of antibacterial agents.

Collegium Antropologicum — Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Erić M, Sabo A The aim of our study was to study the possible correlation between use of antibacterial drugs in pregnancy and occurrence of congenital malformations. Among 6099 investigated pregnant women, 392 (6.43%) used antibacterial drugs. The most frequently used antibacterials belonged to category B (75.77%), while 14.54% antibiotics belonged to category D and 1.02% to category X. The most often used antibiotics were cephalexin (22.19%), amoxicillin (20.66%) and ampicillin (14.29%). In 14 embryos exposed to effects of beta-lactams in utero, malformations were detected. The results of this study show possible teratogenic potential even with those antibacterials which are considered safe, but as those are usually minor malformations, they often pass undetected. Becau...

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MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals narrows loss

bizjournals.com Health Care:Pharmaceuticals headlines — Thu, 14 Aug 2008 18:40:05 +0100

MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals Inc. said all revenue last quarter came from sales of its Keflex drug, which treats skin and respiratory tract infections. (MBRK) (Source: bizjournals.com Health Care:Pharmaceuticals headlines)

Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases — Tue, 12 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the causes of UTI are highly variable and continuous surveillance of trends in resistance patterns of uropathogens is important. PMID: 18703368 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases)

Warfarin With Fluoroquinolones, Sulfonamides, or Azole Antifungals: Interactions and the Risk of Hospitalization for Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics — Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Schelleman H, Bilker W, Brensinger C, Han X, Kimmel S, Hennessy S The aim of this study was to determine whether a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between warfarin and orally administered anti-infectives increases the risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in warfarin users. We conducted a nested case-control and case-crossover study using US Medicaid data. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between GI bleeding and prior use of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, co-trimoxazole, or fluconazole vs. no exposure and also vs. use of cephalexin, which would not be expected to interact with warfarin. All of the anti-infectives examined were associated with elevated odds ratios (ORs) when compared to no exposure to these drugs. ...

Synthesis of Cephalexin in Aqueous Medium with Carrier-bound and Carrier-free Penicillin Acylase Biocatalysts.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology — Thu, 10 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Illanes A, Wilson L, Aguirre C The use of very high substrate concentrations favors the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin with penicillin acylase (PA) not only by Michaelian considerations, but also because water activity is depressed, so reducing the rates of the competing reactions of product and acyl donor hydrolysis. Commercial PGA-450, glyoxyl agarose immobilized (PAIGA) and carrier-free cross-linked enzyme aggregates of penicillin acylase (PACLEA) were tested in aqueous media at concentrations close to the solubility of nucleophile and at previously determined enzyme to nucleophile and acid donor to nucleophile ratios. The best temperature and pH were determined for each biocatalyst based on an objective function considering conversion yield, productivity, a...

Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily cephalexin in canine superficial pyoderma: an open controlled study.

The Journal of Small Animal Practice — Fri, 04 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Toma S, Colombo S, Cornegliani L, Persico P, Galzerano M, Gianino MM, Noli C Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oral cephalexin given at 30 mg/kg once daily in dogs with superficial pyoderma and to compare them with those of oral cephalexin given at 15 mg/kg twice daily. Methods: Twenty dogs with superficial pyoderma were treated with cephalexin at 30 to 60 mg/kg orally once daily (group A) and compared with 20 dogs treated at a dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg orally twice daily (group B). Dogs were treated until 14 days after clinical remission. Type and distribution of lesions, pruritus and general health status were assessed every 14 days using a numerical scale until 14 days after treatment discontinuation. Total scores for each eva...

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Studies on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea in Myanmar.

Microbiology and Immunology — Thu, 03 Jul 2008 15:39:44 +0100

This study shows EAEC and EPEC are responsible for sporadic diarrhea in Myanmar and fluoroquinolones appear to be effective in the treatment of these patients. PMID: 18352906 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Microbiology and Immunology)

Diabetic foot infection.

American Family Physician — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bader MS Foot infections are common in patients with diabetes and are associated with high morbidity and risk of lower extremity amputation. Diabetic foot infections are classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci, are the most common pathogens in previously untreated mild and moderate infection. Severe, chronic, or previously treated infections are often polymicrobial. The diagnosis of diabetic foot infection is based on the clinical signs and symptoms of local inflammation. Infected wounds should be cultured after debridement. Tissue specimens obtained by scraping the base of the ulcer with a scalpel or by wound or bone biopsy are strongly preferred to wound swabs. Imaging studies are indicate...

Eczema Herpeticum: Making the diagnosis in the Emergency Department

The Journal of Emergency Medicine — Tue, 01 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Eczema herpeticum (EH), a form of Kaposi's varicelliform eruption, is the dissemination of herpes simplex virus in the setting of preexisting eczema. We discuss the case of an 18-year-old woman with underlying atopic dermatitis (AD) who presented to an Emergency Department complaining of malaise, fever, and a spreading, burning, vesiculopapular facial rash. She was treated for both presumed impetigo and a flare of her underlying AD with cephalexin, bacitracin ointment, topical steroids, and diphenhydramine. Her condition worsened, and she was seen 3 days later by her primary care physician, who recognized the superimposition of a herpetic infection on her underlying AD and revised the diagnosis to EH. An oral regimen of acyclovir led to prompt resolution of the patient's rash and...

Antibiotic treatment of cutaneous infections with Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis: current antimicrobial resistances and susceptibilities

Experimental Dermatology — Sat, 28 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Currently, the first generation cephalosporin cephalexin appears to be the preferential first-line antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial superinfections with S. aureus in children and adults with AD due to its restricted antimicrobial spectrum to Gram-positive bacteria and a limited number of Gram-negative strains. Cefuroxim and amoxicillin/clavulanate, which also showed 3% resistances in our patients, cover a broader range of bacterial micro-organisms. However, a broader coverage is not required in case of AD, as S. aureus is the most frequent bacterial micro-organism causing skin infections. (Source: Experimental Dermatology)

Molecular mechanism of dipeptide and drug transport by the human renal H+/oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT2

AJP: Renal Physiology — Thu, 05 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100

The human proton/oligopeptide cotransporters hPEPT1 and hPEPT2 have been targeted to enhance the bioavailability of drugs and prodrugs. Previously, we established the mechanisms of drug transport by hPEPT1. Here, we extend these studies to hPEPT2. Major variants hPEPT2*1 and hPEPT2*2 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and each was examined using radiotracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar); the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefadroxil; and the anti-neoplastics -aminolevulinic acid (-ALA) and bestatin induced inward currents, indicating that they are transported. Variations in transport rate were due to differences in affinity and in turnover rate: for example, cefadroxil was transported with higher apparent affinity but...

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Efficacy and safety of cefovecin for the treatment of urinary tract infections in cats.

The Journal of Small Animal Practice — Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Passmore CA, Sherington J, Stegemann MR Objectives: To determine the efficacy and safety of cefovecin (Convenia((R)); Pfizer Animal Health) in the treatment of urinary tract infections in cats. Method: A multi-centre, masked, randomised study was conducted in cats presenting with clinical signs indicative of urinary tract infections. Cephalexin (Rilexine((R)); Virbac) administered orally twice daily at 15 mg/kg bodyweight for 14 days was compared with a single subcutaneous injection of cefovecin in cats. The primary efficacy parameter assessed was bacterial elimination of the pretreatment uropathogen. Results: Four hundred and thirty-four cats were screened for urinary tract infections. One hundred and eighty-five cats were treated with either cefovecin (n=124) or cephalexin (...

[Enzyme Catalysis and Regulation] Phenolic Lipids Synthesized by Type III Polyketide Synthase Confer Penicillin Resistance on Streptomyces griseus

Journal of Biological Chemistry — Fri, 09 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) found in plants, fungi, and bacteria synthesize a variety of aromatic polyketides. A Gram-positive, filamentous bacterium Streptomyces griseus contained an srs operon, in which srsA encoded a type III PKS, srsB encoded a methyltransferase, and srsC encoded a flavoprotein hydroxylase. Consistent with this annotation, overexpression of the srs genes in a heterologous host, Streptomyces lividans, showed that SrsA was a type III PKS responsible for synthesis of phenolic lipids, alkylresorcinols, and alkylpyrones, SrsB was a methyltransferase acting on the phenolic lipids to yield alkylresorcinol methyl ethers, and SrsC was a hydroxylase acting on the alkylresorcinol methyl ethers. In vitro SrsA reaction showed that SrsA synthesized alkylresorcinols from acy...

Oritavancin - Glycopeptide Antibiotic

Drug Development Technology — Tue, 06 May 2008 00:00:00 +0100

Oritavancin is an investigational glycopeptide antibiotic currently being developed by Targanta Therapeutics for the treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections. It was originally discovered and developed by scientists at Eli Lilly as a potential replacement for vancomycin. Targanta Therapeutics acquired worldwide rights to oritavancin from Intermune Inc in 2005, to which the drug had previously been licensed in 2001. In February 2008, Targanta Therapeutics filed an NDA with the US FDA for use of oritavancin in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSIs). Other potential indications for this new antibiotic include bacteraemia and osteomyelitis. MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF GRAM-POSITIVE RESISTANCE The emergence of strains of gram-positive bacteria such a...

A retrospective review of ampicillin-sulbactam and amoxicillin + clavulanate vs cefazolin/cephalexin and erythromycin in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes: maternal and neonatal outcomes.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology — Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin + clavulanate was not associated with an increase in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Erythromycin in combination with cefazolin and cephalexin is an effective latency antibiotic regimen. PMID: 18455521 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology)

Cephalexin(Cephalexin) Capsule [West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp.]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 25 Apr 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Apr 25, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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[Original articles] Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis

Journal of Clinical Pathology — Fri, 25 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The prevalence of plasmid-mediated ampC was high in the study population, and may be missed by conventional susceptibility testing methods. Inhibitor-based screening methods would improve detection of this emerging resistance phenotype. (Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology)

Oral Cephalexin for Acne Vulgaris: Clinical Experience with 93 Patients

Pediatric Dermatology — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:02:40 +0100

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of cephalexin for acne. A ... (Source: Pediatric Dermatology)

Cross-sectional prospective survey to study indication-based usage of antimicrobials in animals: results of use in cattle

BioMed Central — Mon, 14 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This cross-sectional prospective survey provided a useful method for the collection of information on the indication-based use of antimicrobials in different animal species. Cattle were the most commonly treated animal species during the study period. The most common indication for antimicrobial use in cows was mastitis. Benzyl penicillin was the drug most frequently used for the treatment of mastitis, which seems appropriate according to the national guidelines on the use of antimicrobials in cattle in Finland. (Source: BioMed Central)

Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts.

Natural Medicines — Tue, 01 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ghosh A, Das BK, Roy A, Mandal B, Chandra G Antibacterial activity of hot aqueous and methanolic extracts prepared from six plants (Terminallia chebula, Terminallia bellerica, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, Lawsonia alba and Mikania micrantha) used in traditional folk medicines of India were screened against five pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Escherichia coli MTCC 739, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 426 and Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 111). The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the methanolic leaf extract of T. chebula, followed by the aqueous fruit extract of T. bellerica. The leaf extract of T. chebula can be considered to be as equally potent as the most effective antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, gentamy...

Molecular Mechanism of Dipeptide and Drug Transport by the Human Renal H+/Oligopeptide Cotransporter, hPEPT2.

Am J Physiol Renal P... — Wed, 26 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sala-Rabanal M, Loo DD, Hirayama BA, Wright EM The human proton/oligopeptide cotransporters, hPEPT1 and hPEPT2, have been targeted to enhance the bioavailability of drugs and prodrugs. Previously, we established the mechanisms of drug transport by hPEPT1. Here, we extend these studies to hPEPT2. Major variants hPEPT2*1 and hPEPT2*2 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and each was examined using radiotracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Gly-Sar, the beta-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin and cefadroxil, and the antineoplastics delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) and bestatin induced inward currents, indicating that they are transported. Variations in transport rate were due to differences in affinity and in turnover rate: for example, cefadroxil...

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DTB: Risks of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases

NeLM Headline News — Thu, 13 Mar 2008 00:00:00 +0100

This Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin (DTB) discusses the bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), which confer resistance to many commonly used antibacterials. The following subjects are reviewed: • Antimicrobial resistance • Beta-lactamases in general • What’s special about ESBLS? • What problems do ESBL-producers cause? • Management of infection • Investigation and control of infection • Empirical treatment • Treatment for known ESBL-producers The bulletin advises that empirical treatment of ESBL-related infections should be based on a sound knowledge of the local distribution of pathogens, their susceptibility patterns, and ideally involve the local microbiologist. In addition, once an infection with an ESBL-producing organism is confirmed, app...

Antimicrobial prescribing trends in primary care: implications for health policy in Bahrain

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety — Wed, 05 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100

To evaluate antimicrobial prescribing pattern by primary care physicians.A nation-wide, retrospective, multi-centric prescription-audit was carried out in primary care health centres in Bahrain.Systemic antimicrobials ranked the fourth most common class of drugs prescribed. Amoxycillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole were prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) more often than by family physicians (FPs) (p < 0.05). With respect to prescribing of other antimicrobials and anthelmintic mebendazole, the differences between GPs and FPs were nonsignificant. Seventy-seven per cent of systemic antimicrobials prescribed were for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Topical antimicrobial preparations for ear and eye infections were prescribed by GPs in a rate significant...

Live, Attenuated Varicella Zoster Vaccination of an Immunocompromised Patient

Journal of General Internal Medicine — Wed, 20 Feb 2008 15:58:33 +0100

Abstract A vaccine for the prevention of herpes zoster outbreaks in adults over the age of 60 years has recently been approved. A 76-year-old white female with a history of recurrent left axillary breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy was given a Zostavax® injection by her primary care physician. Eight days later, the patient developed a rash. Given the recent administration of live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV), a diagnosis of disseminated cutaneous herpes zoster was made. The patient was treated successfully with a course of famciclovir for 10 days and cephalexin for 7 days for a secondary bacterial infection. A review of the medical literature disclosed no reports of Zostavax® given to adult cancer patients immunocompromised by systemic chemot...

Keflex(Cephalexin) Capsule [ADVANCIS PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATION]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 15 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Feb 15, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))