MedWorm: Cytomegalovirus

Two distinct viral infections complicating pemphigus foliaceus.

Dermatol Online J — Mon, 06 Feb 2012 12:54:18 +0100

We describe a patient with pemphigus foliaceus who developed two distinct disseminated cutaneous viral infections. Our patient is an 83-year-old female with a recent diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus, who presented with painful ulcerations while on corticosteroids. Histopathology examination revealed disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV). Despite adequate treatment with anti-herpetic treatment, some ulcerations failed to heal. A second biopsy revealed the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV). This was treated successfully with appropriate antiviral therapy. In patients with autoimmune bullous disease, the development of new skin pain or new constitutional symptoms, change in primary morphology, rapid disease progression, or failure to respond to appropriate therapies should prompt the clinic...

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The Perinatal Infection of Cytomegalovirus Is an Important Etiology for Biliary Atresia in China

Clinical Pediatrics — Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion. Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell is the target cell of HCMV. The etiology of biliary atresia is probably multifactorial. The perinatal infection of HCMV is one of the important etiologies for biliary atresia in China. (Source: Clinical Pediatrics)

Mycophenolate mofetil: Cytomegalovirus colitis: case report

Reactions — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:29:54 +0100

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Low HCMV DNA Copies Can Establish Infection and Result in Significant Symptoms in Extremely Preterm Infants: A Prospective Study

American Journal of Perinatology — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We examined whether the number of HCMV DNA copies in BM is related to HCMV infection in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We identified 11 pairs of VLBW infants and mothers. BM samples were collected every week until 10 weeks postpartum. Urine samples were collected from the infants within 1 week, at 6 to 8 weeks, at discharge, and whenever HCMV infection was suspected. HCMV DNA in BM was positive in 7 of 11 mothers and reached a peak at 4 to 5 weeks postpartum. Of the 11, 5 infants were determined to be infected from positive HCMV DNA in the urine, despite the fact that BM was used after being frozen. Of the five, four infected infants exhibited symptoms between 35 and 60 days of age. Symptomatic infants had longer stays and slower weight gain. The HCMV infection rate is high in very ...

Antiviral function and efficacy of polyvalent immunoglobulin products against CMV isolates in different human cell lines

Medical Microbiology and Immunology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:09:42 +0100

This study suggests different antiviral functions of polyvalent IVIG and confirms their potential to inhibit a CMV infection in vitro, with profound differences between the hereby used IVIG products. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperPages 1-10DOI 10.1007/s00430-012-0229-2Authors K. Frenzel, Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, GermanyS. Ganepola, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyD. Michel, Institute of Virology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanyE. Thiel, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyD. H. Krüger, Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ru...

Simultaneous presence of human herpesvirus 6 and adenovirus infections in intestinal intussusception of young children

Acta Paediatrica — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: A statistically significant association was observed between adenovirus and childhood intussusception. HHV‐6 was a common finding and occurred concomitantly with other viruses. A simultaneous infection with HHV‐6 and adenovirus carried the highest risk for intussusception.© 2012 The Author(s)/Acta Pædiatrica © 2012 Foundation Acta Pædiatrica (Source: Acta Paediatrica)

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Evaluation of valganciclovir pharmacokinetics in lung transplant recipients

The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Valganciclovir at 900 mg/day resulted in the equivalent of a mean daily dose of 7.7 mg/kg intravenous ganciclovir. Higher systemic ganciclovir exposures occurred after 900 mg/day valganciclovir compared with intravenous 5 mg/kg/day ganciclovir. Valganciclovir therapeutic drug monitoring may be warranted in select lung transplant patients to avoid increased toxicity. (Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation)

A profile of immune response to herpesvirus is associated with radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis

Arthritis Research and Therapy — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: A profile of immune response to purified CMV/EBV lysates is associated with radiographic joint damage. The correlation of this immune response to CMV serology implies possible involvement of latent CMV infection. Therefore, the findings suggest that the immune response to latent CMV infection could play a fundamental role in the progression of inflammation and structural joint damage in patients with RA. (Source: Arthritis Research and Therapy)

A case of novel swine influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia complicated with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 06:32:07 +0100

Abstract Influenza related to complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis have sporadically been reported. However, influenza A (H1N1)-virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) has rarely been reported. A 39-year old woman complained of high fever and was referred to us. Chest infiltrations in both lungs and a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimen was confirmed and she was diagnosed with influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia. Pancytopenia was found, and hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) was diagnosed by bone marrow aspiration. Following intravenous administration of antiflu drug and combination therapy of steroid pulse and erythromycin IV, the patient’s respiratory dysfunction a...

A risk score for early cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation identifies low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups: reactivation risk is increased by graft‐versus‐host disease only in the intermediate‐risk group

Transplant Infectious Disease — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionsIdentification of these 3 risk groups in association with the presence or absence of GVHD will help transplant units to make pre‐transplant policy decisions about prophylactic, pre‐emptive, or experimental CMV prevention strategies in groups of patients undergoing HSCT, as well as in those developing GVHD post transplant. (Source: Transplant Infectious Disease)

Polymicrogyria: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings

Child's Nervous System — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:55:31 +0100

Conclusions Late presenting epilepsy may be a predictor of a unilateral polymicrogyria and is associated with relatively good prognosis. CMV infection and the presence of asphyxia are predictors of worse prognosis. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperPages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s00381-012-1703-2Authors Ertugrul Mavili, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Melikgazi, Kayseri, TurkeyAbdulhakim Coskun, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Melikgazi, Kayseri, TurkeyHuseyin Per, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TurkeyHalil Donmez, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Melikgazi, Kayseri,...

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Impact of CMV infection on acute rejection and long-term renal allograft function: a systematic analysis in patients with protocol biopsies and indicated biopsies

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Our data suggests that the link between CMV and AR is far less significant than previously thought. Outcome in patients with CMV may be more determined by coexisting conditions like high donor age and delayed graft function. (Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)

The unmet need in the elderly: How immunosenescence, CMV infection, co-morbidities and frailty are a challenge for the development of more effective influenza vaccines.

Vaccine — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: McElhaney JE, Zhou X, Talbot HK, Soethout E, Bleackley RC, Granville D, Pawelec G Abstract Influenza remains the single most important cause of excess disability and mortality during the winter months. In spite of widespread influenza vaccination programs leading to demonstrated cost-savings in the over 65 population, hospitalization and death rates for acute respiratory illnesses continue to rise. As a person ages, increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines are commonly recorded (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6). Termed "inflammaging", this has been linked to persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and immune senescence, while increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) are possibly associated with more healthy aging. Paradoxically, a shift with aging toward an anti...

Chimerix reports Phase II trial data of CMX001

Drug Development Technology — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0100

Chimerix, a biotechnology company developing novel antiviral therapeutics, has announced the final data from Phase II study 201 evaluating CMX001 for the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV). (Source: Drug Development Technology)

Ten-Year Outcome after Rapid Discontinuation of Prednisone in Adult Primary Kidney Transplantation.

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionsPrednisone-related side effects can be minimized in a protocol incorporating rapid discontinuation of prednisone for maintenance immunosuppression. Ten-year patient and graft outcomes remain acceptable. PMID: 22282482 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN)

In this issue.

European Journal of Immunology — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 20:43:14 +0100

Authors: Abstract COVER IMAGE: The cover is based on a spinal cord histology section taken from a TNFR2(-/-) mouse adoptively transferred with TNFR2(-/-) Treg cells prior to immunization with MOG(35-55) to induce EAE. The section is stained with Luxol Fast blue to detect demyelination; Luxol Fast Red, which detects inflammatory infiltration, is the counterstain. The image is taken from the article by Tsakiri et al. (pp. 403-412) in which it is shown that TNFR2 on non-haematopoietic cells is necessary for Treg-cell suppressive activity and repression of EAE development. The colour of the image has been digitally altered for the cover. CMV: FINE TUNING THE NK-CELL RESPONSE DURING CHRONIC HEPATITIS INFECTION: Two recent studies reported on the expansion of NKG2C(+) NK cells during ch...

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Molecular Detection of Microorganisms in Distal Airways of Patients Undergoing Lung Cancer Surgery [ORIGINAL ARTICLES: GENERAL THORACIC]

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions When tested by molecular techniques, lung parenchyma and distal airways are free of bacteria, but CMV was found in a high proportion of the samples. Molecular CMV detection in distal airways should be seen as a reliable marker to identify patients at risk for postoperative respiratory complications. (Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery)

Prednisone: Cytomegalovirus and Clostridium difficile colitis in an elderly patient: case report

Reactions — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 18:35:21 +0100

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In this issue

European Journal of Immunology — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 11:21:09 +0100

AbstractCover imageThe cover is based on a spinal cord histology section taken from a TNFR2−/− mouse adoptively transferred with TNFR2−/− Treg cells prior to immunization with MOG35–55 to induce EAE. The section is stained with Luxol Fast blue to detect demyelination; Luxol Fast Red, which detects inflammatory infiltration, is the counterstain. The image is taken from the article by Tsakiri et al. (pp. 403–412) in which it is shown that TNFR2 on non‐haematopoietic cells is necessary for Treg‐cell suppressive activity and repression of EAE development. The colour of the image has been digitally altered for the cover.CMV: Fine tuning the NK‐cell response during chronic hepatitis infectionTwo recent studies reported on the expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells during chronic hepatiti...

Autoimmunity induced by human cytomegalovirus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Arthritis Research and Therapy — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus that is linked to autoimmunity, especially in genetically predisposed persons. The article by Hsieh and colleagues in this issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy suggests that a C-terminal peptide of the HCMV protein pp65 is highly immunogenic in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and that antibodies against this peptide cross react with nuclear proteins and double-stranded DNA, which are highly frequent autoantibodies in SLE patients. These observations highlight the fact that immunization with one small CMV-specific peptide results in multiple autoreactive antibodies, likely through molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, in genetically predisposed persons. (Source: Arthritis Research and Therapy)

The inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis leflunomide, FK778, and mycophenolic acid activate hepatitis b virus replication In Vitro

Hepatology — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, our data indicate that ‐ in contrast to their reported inhibitory effects on other viruses ‐ both leflunomide and FK778 can augment HBV replication. Treatment with leflunomide, FK778, or MPA may bear the risk to enhance HBV replication in infected patients. (HEPATOLOGY 2012.) (Source: Hepatology)

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Risk factors and clinical outcomes of cytomegalovirus disease occurring more than one year post solid organ transplantation

Transplant Infectious Disease — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionsCMV disease continues to occur after the first year postsolid organ transplantation, particularly in heart transplant recipients, and can be associated with poor outcomes. CMV should be suspected in patients with symptoms or laboratory findings consistent with CMV, even if the patients present >1 year post transplant. (Source: Transplant Infectious Disease)

Diagnostic yield of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia assay and clinical features in solid organ transplant recipients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with CMV pneumonia

Transplant Infectious Disease — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract:Data are limited on the value of non‐invasive diagnostic methods, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia assay, and the clinical features of CMV pneumonia in patients who have undergone solid organ transplant (SOT) compared with those who have had hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). All adult patients with suspected CMV pneumonia, who had received SOT or HSCT in a tertiary hospital during a 5‐year period, were retrospectively enrolled. CMV pneumonia was defined as clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia in association with the isolation of CMV in viral cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage or lung tissue specimens, or with the identification of CMV in lung tissue. In total, 36 patients with CMV pneumonia were identified. Of these, 29 (80%) had received SOT a...

A fatal case of cytomegalovirus ventriculoencephalitis in a mycosis fungoides patient who received multiple umbilical cord blood cell transplantations.

International Journal of Hematology — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We report here a case involving a 28-year-old female patient with mycosis fungoides who underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation three times and developed CMV ventriculoencephalitis. The patient's CMV viremia was successfully preempted with ganciclovir (GCV) as indicated by undetectable CMV antigenemia; despite this successful treatment, the patient developed CMV ventriculoencephalitis. Foscarnet (FCV) therapy led to a temporary recovery, after which CMV ventriculoencephalitis recurred, and the patient died after receiving combination GCV and FCV therapy. Autopsy samples revealed CMV ventriculoencephalitis, as indicated by numerous inclusion-bearing cells (Owl's eye). It is likely that this patient harbored a GCV-resistant CMV strain; however, it was not possible to obtain nucleic ac...

Potential Infectious Etiology of Behçet's Disease.

Herpes — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 03:30:02 +0100

Authors: Galeone M, Colucci R, D'Erme AM, Moretti S, Lotti T Abstract Behçet's disease is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, uveitis, and skin lesions. The cause of Behçet's disease remains unknown, but epidemiologic findings suggest that an autoimmune process is triggered by an environmental agent in a genetically predisposed individual. An infectious agent could operate through molecular mimicry, and subsequently the disease could be perpetuated by an abnormal immune response to an autoantigen in the absence of ongoing infection. Potentia bacterial are Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mycobacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma fermentans, but the most...

Relation of high cytomegalovirus antibody titres to blood pressure and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in young men: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

Clinical and Developmental Immunology — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 21:37:06 +0100

Authors: Haarala A, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Aittoniemi J, Jylhävä J, Hutri-Kähönen N, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Juonala M, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Hurme M Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in immunocompromised organ transplant patients. It has been linked with the pathogenesis of elevated arterial blood pressure. However, controversy exists as to whether CMV infection is associated with endothelial function, and little is known about its role as a potential risk factor for early atherosclerosis development at a young age. We aimed to discover if CMV antibody titres are associated with early vascular changes (carotid intima-media thickness, carotid artery distensibility and brachial artery flow-mediated d...

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Unusual presentation of MALT lymphoma as diffuse gastric erythema

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 22:04:55 +0100

A 59-year-old white man was admitted with sudden onset of dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting. He had no abdominal pain, fever, night sweats, or weight loss. Physical examination and basic blood tests showed normal results. EGD revealed multiple distal esophageal ulcers ( ) and Candida esophagitis. The stomach and duodenum were unremarkable. There was no evidence of HIV, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex virus infection. His symptoms improved with acid suppression and antifungal therapy. EGD 2 months later revealed a normal esophagus and diffuse erythema in the gastric fundus and body resembling portal hypertensive gastropathy ( ). Gastric biopsy, however, showed MALT lymphoma ( ) with strong CD20 immunohistochemistry staining, but no evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection. A 10-day course...

Triamcinolone: Cytomegalovirus retinitis in an elderly patient after subtenon administration: case report

Reactions — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 19:08:18 +0100

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Human cytomegalovirus tegument proteins (pp65, pp71, pp150, pp28)

Virology Journal — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the Betaherpesvirinae sub-family of Herpesviridae family, is a widespread pathogen that infects a majority of the world's population by early adulthood. In individuals whose immune systems are immature or weakened, HCMV is a significant pathogen causing morbidity and mortality. There is no effective vaccine and only limited antiviral treatments against HCMV infection to date. A possible target for novel antiviral treatments is the HCMV proteins that localize to the tegument of the virion, since they play important roles in all stages of the viral life cycle, including, viral entry, gene expression, immune evasion, assembly, and egress. The most likely tegument protein candidates are pp65 (immune evasion), pp71 (gene expression), and pp150 and pp28 ...

Transient ischemic attack associated with acute cytomegalovirus infection

Journal of Medical Virology — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 07:19:40 +0100

AbstractAcute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with thromboembolism. However, cerebrovascular ischemic events have not been reported in relation to acute CMV infection. A patient with a transient ischemic attack and acute CMV infection is described. Transient appearance of anti‐phospholipid antibodies suggests a causal relationship between the two. Physicians should be alert to symptoms and signs of acute CMV infection in patients with idiopathic cerebrovascular ischemic events. J. Med. Virol. 84:487–489, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: Journal of Medical Virology)

Detection of active human cytomegalovirus by the promyelocytic leukemia body assay in cultures of PBMCs from patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Journal of Medical Virology — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 07:19:39 +0100

AbstractA novel detection system was established previously for cells infected with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in vitro that utilizes the unique IE1‐dependent nuclear dispersion of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies early in the HCMV replication cycle. This assay system, designated “the PML assay,” makes use of the GFP‐PML‐expressing cell line SE/15, and allows real‐time monitoring of infected cells by fluorescence microscopy without any staining procedures. A rapid and quantitative drug susceptibility testing was developed for low‐titer clinical isolates propagated in fibroblasts in vitro. The present study sought to exploit the PML assay for evaluating in vivo status of HCMV without virus isolation. Progeny viruses were detected directly from peripheral blood mononuc...

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Confirmation of the low clinical effect of human herpesvirus‐6 and ‐7 infections after renal transplantation

Journal of Medical Virology — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 07:19:34 +0100

This study revealed the differing behavior of HCMV, HHV‐6, and HHV‐7 in kidney transplant recipients, and confirmed the association of HHV‐6 with graft rejection. J. Med. Virol. 84:450–456, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: Journal of Medical Virology)

Cytomegalovirus associated corneal endotheliitis after penetrating keratoplasty in a patient with Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy

British Journal of Ophthalmology — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Corneal endotheliitis, a specific inflammation targeted primarily to the corneal endothelium, is characterised by cornea oedema, keratic precipitates (KPs) and a mild anterior chamber reaction.1–3 Several viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), mumps and cytomegatovirus (CMV), have been implicated in the aetiology of the disease.1–3 Based on its definition, allograft endothelial rejection after keratoplasty can be included in the corneal endotheliitis. Here, we report a patient with corneal endotheliitis occurring after penetrating keratoplasty for Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy. Case report A 65-year-old Taiwanese female without previous ocular illness but arrhythmias and mitral valve prolapse history presented with progressive corneal...

Azathioprine/infliximab: Cytomegalovirus-related pneumonia and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytic syndrome: case report

Reactions — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 23:22:43 +0100

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Relation of high cytomegalovirus antibody titres to blood pressure and brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation in young men: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Clinical and Experimental Immunology — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:17:44 +0100

SummaryHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in immunocompromised organ transplant patients. It has been linked with the pathogenesis of elevated arterial blood pressure. However, controversy exists as to whether CMV infection is associated with endothelial function, and little is known about its role as a potential risk factor for early atherosclerosis development at a young age. We aimed to discover if CMV antibody titres are associated with early vascular changes (carotid intima‐media thickness, carotid artery distensibility and brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation), blood pressure elevation or other traditional cardiovascular risk factors. CMV antibody titres were measured in 1074 women and 857 men (aged 24–39 years) ta...

NIST Standard Available For Better Diagnosis, Treatment Of Cytomegalovirus

Health News from Medical News Today — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 08:00:00 +0100

A new clinical Standard Reference Material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will help health care professionals more accurately diagnose and treat cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common pathogen that is particularly dangerous for infants and persons with weakened immune systems. CMV is found in 50 to 80 percent of the population... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human NK cells developing after umbilical cord blood transplantation: a role for human cytomegalovirus?

Blood — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we analyzed the development of NK cells after intrabone umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation in 18 adult patients with hematologic malignancies. Our data indicate that, also in this transplantation setting, NK cells are the first lymphoid population detectable in peripheral blood. However, different patterns of NK-cell development could be identified. Indeed, in a group of patients, a relevant fraction of NK cells expressed a mature phenotype characterized by the KIR+NKG2A– signature 3-6 months after transplantation. In other patients, most NK cells maintained an immature phenotype even after 12 months. A possible role for cytomegalovirus in the promotion of NK-cell development was suggested by the observation that a more rapid NK-cell maturation together with exp...

NIST standard available for better diagnosis, treatment of cytomegalovirus

EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) A new clinical reference material from NIST will help health care professionals more accurately diagnose and treat cytomegalovirus, a common pathogen that is particularly dangerous for infants and persons with weakened immune systems. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

Unmanipulated HLA-mismatched/haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for high-risk hematologic malignancies.

Transfusion — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Unmanipulated PBSCT is a promising protocol in HLA-mismatched/haploidentical transplant settings. PMID: 22233440 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Transfusion)

Enveloped virus but not bacteria block IL‐13 responses in human cord blood T‐cells in vitro

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: These data imply that enveloped virus can deviate Th2 responses in human cord T‐cells. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology)

Enveloped virus but not bacteria block IL-13 responses in human cord blood T-cells in vitro.

Herpes — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: These data imply that enveloped virus can deviate Th2 responses in human cord T-cells. PMID: 22229804 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Herpes)

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Human cytomegalovirus activation of ERK and myeloid cell leukemia-1 protein correlates with survival of latently infected cells [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

The ability of human CMV (HCMV) to enter and establish a latent infection in myeloid cells is crucial for survival and transmission in the human population. Initial pathogen binding and entry triggers a number of antiviral responses, including the activation of proapoptotic cell death pathways, which must be countered during latency establishment. However, mechanisms responsible for a prosurvival state in myeloid cells upon latent HCMV infection remain completely undefined. We hypothesized that the cellular antiapoptotic machinery must be initially activated by HCMV to promote early survival events upon entry. Here we show that HCMV transiently protects nonpermissive myeloid cells from chemical and virus entry induced cell death by up-regulating a key myeloid cell survival gene, myeloid ce...

Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in steroid‐refractory Crohn's disease

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)

Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Ganciclovir Resistance Testing of Ocular Fluids for Cytomegalovirus Retinitis [Small Case Series]

Archives of Opthalmology — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Archives of Opthalmology)

Analysis of the interactions of viral and cellular factors with human cytomegalovirus lytic origin of replication, oriLyt.

Virology — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kagele D, Rossetto CC, Tarrant MT, Pari GS Abstract Human cytomegalovirus transient lytic DNA replication relies on the cis-acting element oriLyt, six viral-encoded core proteins, the proposed DNA replication initiator protein UL84, IE2, IRS1 and the gene products from the UL112/113 loci. In an effort to elucidate cellular and viral-encoded factors that may play a role in oriLyt-dependent replication we used DNA-affinity purification and mass spectrometry to isolate and identify several previously unknown cellular and viral factors that interact with HCMV oriLyt DNA. These proteins include the multifunctional hnRNP-K, BUB3, HMGB1, PTB-1, UL83, UL112/113, and IRS1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed an interaction of several of these factors with oriLyt. ...

FDA Grants Orphan Status to HCMV Drug

MedPage Today Infectious Disease — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 21:13:04 +0100

WASHINGTON (MedPage Today) -- The FDA has granted orphan drug status to the novel human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) inhibitor AIC246 (Letermovir) for the prevention of HCMV-related viremia and disease in at-risk patients. (Source: MedPage Today Infectious Disease)

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A Mouse Model of CMV Transmission Following Kidney Transplantation

American Journal of Transplantation — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Reactivation of latent CMV in transplant recipients remains a significant infectious complication of transplantation. Investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which reactivation occurs has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models. Here, we show that transplantation of kidneys latently infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into NOD.Cg‐PrkdcscidIL2rgtm1Wjl/Szj mice results in reactivation of latent virus in the kidney, resulting in a disseminated primary infection of the recipient. This model will be useful in elucidating mechanisms of MCMV reactivation, including the roles of injury and of spontaneous reactivation, and in testing new therapies for treatment and prevention of CMV reactivation and disease. (Source: American Journal of Transplantation)

Successful treatment of Nocardia pneumonia with cytomegalovirus retinitis coinfection in a renal transplant recipient

International Urology and Nephrology — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 06:59:18 +0100

We report a case of pulmonary nocardiosis associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis in a renal transplant recipient, followed by chronic allograft dysfunction. Our patient was a 50-year-old male renal allograft recipient, with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, who was diagnosed with pneumonia and cytomegalovirus retinitis. High-resolution computed tomography scan of the thorax and bronchoscopy revealed nocardial pneumonia. The patient responded well to ceftriaxone and was later switched to oral minocycline. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a successful treatment of co-infection with Nocardia pneumonia and cytomegalovirus retinitis in a renal transplant patient, with early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Nephrology – Case Repor...

Cytomegalovirus colitis

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine)

Intravitreal ganciclovir effective option for treating cytomegalovirus retinitis in resource-limited settings

Modern Medicine — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Intravitreal ganciclovir is effective maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in developing countries and other resource-limited settings, researchers from Singapore report online December 3 in Ophthalmology. (Source: Modern Medicine)

Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a miR-27 inhibitor disguised as a target [Medical Sciences]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Individual microRNAs (miRNAs) are rapidly down-regulated during conditions of cellular activation and infection, but factors mediating miRNA turnover are poorly understood. Infection of mouse cells with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) induces the rapid down-regulation of an antiviral cellular miRNA, miR-27. Here, we identify a transcript produced by MCMV that binds to miR-27 and mediates its degradation. UV-crosslinking and high-throughput sequencing [CRAC (UV-crosslinking and analysis of cDNA)] identified MCMV RNA segments associated with the miRNA-binding protein Argonaute 2 (Ago2). A cluster of hits mapped to a predicted miR-27-binding site in the 3′UTR of the previously uncharacterized ORF, m169. The expression kinetics of the m169 transcript correlated with degradation of miR-27 durin...

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Memory T cell inflation: understanding cause and effect.

Trends in Immunology — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: O'Hara GA, Welten SP, Klenerman P, Arens R Abstract Typically, during viral infections, T cells encounter antigen, undergo proliferative expansion and ultimately contract into a pool of memory cells. However, after infection with cytomegalovirus, a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus, T cell populations specific for certain epitopes do not contract but instead are maintained and/or accumulate at high frequencies with a characteristic effector-memory phenotype. This feature has also been noted after other infections, for example, by parvoviruses. We discuss this so-called memory T cell inflation and the factors involved in this phenomenon. Also, we consider the potential therapeutic use of memory T cell inflation as a vaccine strategy and the associated implications for immune senesc...

A successful renal transplant after cytomegalovirus colitis in a dialysis patient.

Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ignatius A, Gupta A, Jain SB, Agarwal SK, Kalson NK PMID: 22237236 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation)

Kidney Transplantation in Patients With Long-Term (More Than 15 Years) Prior Dialysis Therapy

Transplantation Proceedings — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The outcomes of KTx among long-term dialysis patients were similar to those in short-term dialysis patients. (Source: Transplantation Proceedings)

Excellent Results With High-Dose Mizoribine Combined With Cyclosporine, Corticosteroid, and Basiliximab in Renal Transplant Recipients: Multicenter Study in Japan

Transplantation Proceedings — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: We performed a multicenter study in Japan to assess the efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapy with high-dose mizoribine (MZR; 6 mg/kg) combined with basiliximab (Bas), cyclosporine (CyA), and a corticosteroid in 90 patients. MZR was adjusted to maintain a target trough level of 1 to 2 μg/mL. CyA was started at 7 mg/kg to maintain blood levels in the target therapeutic range of 200 ng/mL (trough [C0]), 1200 ng/mL (2-hour post-dose [C2]), and 6000 ng·h/mL (area under the curve0–9). Bas (20 mg/body weight) was administered on the day of transplantation and on postoperative day 4. Rejection was diagnosed by episode and protocol biopsies. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia (direct immunological staining of leukocytes using peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody [C7-HRP]...

Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin Compared with Basiliximab in Kidney Transplantation: A Single-Center Study

Transplantation Proceedings — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: ATG is safe and efficacious for use in kidney transplant recipients. Our results suggest that ATG should be considered for induction therapy in high-risk patients, such as those who have a kidney allograft from a deceased donor, high levels of panel reactive antibodies, and are undergoing retransplantation. (Source: Transplantation Proceedings)

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Early Steroid Withdrawal in Adult Kidney Transplantation at a Single Center

Transplantation Proceedings — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The outcomes from this study were considered to be acceptable; however, the possibility of improving the protocols exists. (Source: Transplantation Proceedings)

Successful Transplantation Across Positive B-Cell Cross-Match in Deceased Donor Renal Transplants

Transplantation Proceedings — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: A positive T-cell cross-match is a well-established contraindication to deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT); however, the significance of a positive B-cell cross-match (BCXM) remains debatable. Thus, given the high demand and scarce supply for deceased donor (DD) kidneys, only T- and B-cell cytotoxic cross-match–negative recipients were considered for DDRT in the past at our institution. Since September 2007, we have started performing DDRT across a historical positive cytotoxic BCXM. When a matched DD kidney became available, patients who were BCXM-positive (BCXM+) on historical sera would undergo repeat cross-match with current sera, using enhanced techniques. BCXM+ and current T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig)G cross-match–negative patients underwent transplantation with...

Cytomegalovirus Infection after Prophylactic Valganciclovir Therapy Post–Kidney Transplantation: Case Reports

Transplantation Proceedings — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This report describes three patients who developed cytomegalovirus infection 4 months after high-risk donor+/recipient−(D+/R−) kidney transplantation, despite treatment with valgancyclovir (VGCV) for 3 months at low dose (450 mg/d). (Source: Transplantation Proceedings)

Sex differences in murine susceptibility to systemic viral infections.

Journal of Autoimmunity — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Geurs TL, Hill EB, Lippold DM, French AR Abstract Increased susceptibility to autoimmunity in females is often viewed as the consequence of enhanced immunoreactivity providing superior protection against infections. We paradoxically observed greater mortality in female compared to male mice during systemic viral infections with three large double-stranded DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus type I [HSV], murine cytomegalovirus [MCMV], and vaccinia virus [VV]). Indeed, female mice were 27-fold more susceptible to infection with HSV than male mice. Elimination of estrogen by ovariectomy in female mice or addition of estrogen to castrated male mice only partially eliminated the observed sex differences following HSV infection. However, the differences observed in survival betwe...

Genotyping cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations by high-resolution melting analysis with unlabeled probe

Archives of Virology — Wed, 28 Dec 2011 16:50:40 +0100

In this study, we have developed an HRMA-based genotypic test for the detection of UL97 mutations. Wild type and M460V/I mutants of UL97 were constructed. HRMA with unlabeled probe was used as a genotyping method for the detection of M460V/I mutations. The melting peaks obtained directly from PCR products did not enable us to distinguish the wild type from M460 mutants. The sensitivity and accuracy of HRMA were dramatically improved by using unlabeled probe. HRMA with unlabeled probe successfully distinguished M460V from M460I and served well for the detection of M460V/I mutations in clinical samples. HRMA with unlabeled probe proves to be a sensitive and cost-effective genotyping method for the detection of M460 mutations. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePa...

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Pathology and virology findings in cases of fatal influenza A H1N1 virus infection in 2009–2010

Histopathology — Sun, 25 Dec 2011 17:27:03 +0100

Conclusions: The pulmonary findings are similar to those described in past pandemics. Secondary fungal and viral infections, which have not been reported previously, were noted. Although the number of cases in this study is small, the findings reinforce the notion that changes in extrapulmonary organs are attributable to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome rather than a viral cytopathic effect, and that there is no transplacental transmission of virus. (Source: Histopathology)

Glycoprotein B gene-based phylogenetic analysis of porcine cytomegalovirus isolates.

Acta Virologica — Sun, 25 Dec 2011 13:48:04 +0100

Glycoprotein B gene-based phylogenetic analysis of porcine cytomegalovirus isolates. Acta Virol. 2011;55(4):361-3 Authors: Xiao CT, Yu XL, Li RC, Zhao D, Li J, Zhang L Abstract Keywords: porcine cytomegalovirus; glycoprotein B; phylogenetic analysis. PMID: 22149503 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Acta Virologica)

Practice guidance on the management of acute and chronic gastrointestinal problems arising as a result of treatment for cancer

Gut — Sat, 24 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions All cancer units must develop simple methods to identify the many patients who need help and establish routine referral pathways to specialist gastroenterologists where patients can receive safe and effective treatment. Early contact with oncologists and/or specialist surgeons with input from the patient's family and friends often helps the gastroenterologist to refine management strategies. Increased training in the late effects of cancer treatment is required. (Source: Gut)

Epidemiology and outcome of infections in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis c virus–coinfected liver transplant recipients: A FIPSE/GESIDA Prospective Cohort Study

Liver Transplantation — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 13:27:25 +0100

In conclusion, the rates of severe and opportunistic infections are high in HIV/HCV‐coinfected liver recipients and especially in those with a history of AIDS, a high MELD score, or non–tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression. Liver Transpl 18:70–82, 2012. © 2011 AASLD. (Source: Liver Transplantation)

Viruses and metabolism: alterations of glucose and glutamine metabolism mediated by human cytomegalovirus.

Advances in Virus Research — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 06:36:02 +0100

Authors: Yu Y, Clippinger AJ, Pierciey FJ, Alwine JC Abstract Recent studies of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection have demonstrated that the virus significantly alters cellular metabolism, especially the utilization of glucose and glutamine. Glucose is not broken down by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in infected cells; instead, it is used biosynthetically for fatty acid synthesis for membranes needed during the infection. In this chapter, we discuss the possibility that HCMV integrates its mechanisms for manipulating cellular signaling and stress responses to induce novel adipocyte-like differentiation in order to alter metabolism so that glucose can be used synthetically, that is, for fatty acids and lipids. This process diverts glucose from the TCA cycle and requires in...

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Thrombosis and Occlusion of Vascular Access in Hemodialyzed Patients

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; 37: 946-954DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1297373ABSTRACTPatients undergoing chronic hemodialysis have a high risk of arterial thrombotic events as well as vascular access thrombosis (VAT). The latter complication has been consistently associated with inherited (i.e., the prothrombin 20210 polymorphism, and polymorphisms in the genes encoding for transforming growth factor-β1, nitric oxide synthase, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, angiotensin converting enzyme, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase), and acquired thrombotic risk factors (i.e., diabetes, obesity, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipoproteinemia(a), low serum albumin, antiphospholipid antibodies, autoantibodies against protein C and S, erythropoietin administration, malnutri...

Paracrine inhibition of GM-CSF signaling by human cytomegalovirus in monocytes differentiating to dendritic cells

Blood — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

A primary HCMV infection or virus reactivation may cause severe disease in hosts with a deficient immune system. The virus can disturb both innate and adaptive immunity by targeting dendritic cell (DC) functions. Monocytes, the precursors of DCs in vivo (MoDCs), are the primary targets of HCMV; they can also harbor latent virus. The DCs generated from infected monocytes (CMV-MoDCs) have an altered phenotype and functional defects. We have shown that CMV-MoDCs do not secrete IL-12 in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, cannot ingest dead cells, induce TH1 differentiation, or the proliferation of naive allogeneic CD4+ T cells. We found that the GM-CSF signaling in an entire population of CMV-MoDCs was impaired, although only half of the cells were productively infected, and that IL-6...

Expansion of a CD8+PD-1+ replicative senescence phenotype in early stage CLL patients is associated with inverted CD4:CD8 ratios and disease progression.

Clinical Cancer Research — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the emergence of CD8+PD-1+ replicative senescence phenotype in early stage CLL patients is associated with more aggressive clinical disease. Importantly, these findings were independent of tumor cell prognostic markers and could not be accounted for by patient age, changes in regulatory T cell frequency or cytomegalovirus serostatus. PMID: 22190592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Cancer Research)

Anti‐cytomegalovirus seropositivity in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with more severe joint destruction and more frequent joint surgery

Arthritis and Rheumatism — Mon, 19 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion:Latent CMV infection aggravates the clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with increased frequencies of CD4+ CD28 negative and of CMV specific IFNγ secreting CD4+ T cells. (Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism)

Human herpesvirus 6 in donor biopsies associated with the incidence of clinical cytomegalovirus disease and hepatitis C virus recurrence

International Journal of Infectious Diseases — Mon, 19 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Recipients with HHV-6 DNA in pre-transplant graft biopsies remained positive post transplantation, showing a possible risk for post-transplant allograft loss because there was an association between HHV-6 and recurrent HCV and CMV disease. (Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases)

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British HIV Association guidelines for the routine investigation and monitoring of adult HIV‐1‐infected individuals 2011

HIV Medicine — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 11:07:07 +0100

Table of Contents1. Levels of evidence1.1 Reference2. Introduction3. Auditable targets4. Table summaries4.1 Initial diagnosis4.2 Assessment of ART‐naïve individuals4.3 ART initiation4.4 Initial assessment following commencement of ART4.5 Routine monitoring on ART4.6 References5. Newly diagnosed and transferring HIV‐positive individuals5.1 Initial HIV‐1 diagnosis5.2 Tests to determine whether acquisition of HIV infection is recent5.3 Individuals transferring care from a different HIV healthcare setting5.4 Communication with general practitioners and shared care5.5 Recommendations5.6 References6. Patient history6.1 Initial HIV‐1 diagnosis6.2 Monitoring of ART‐naïve patients6.3 Pre‐ART initiation assessment6.4 Monitoring individuals ...

Cytomegalovirus and the eye

Eye — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 08:00:00 +0100

Eye advance online publication, December 16, 2011. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.327 Author: A Carmichael (Source: Eye)

Virology: Tetherin lets HCMV in

Nature Reviews Microbiology — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Nature Reviews Microbiology 10, 4 (2012). doi:10.1038/nrmicro2724 Author: Rachel David Tetherin (also known as BST2) is known to inhibit the release of numerous enveloped viruses. Surprisingly, this study shows that, in the case of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), tetherin has a beneficial role for the virus, enhancing its entry into the host cell. Cells induced to (Source: Nature Reviews Microbiology)

HPV genotypes and their prognostic significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Journal of Clinical Virology — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

This study was designed to disclose HPV genotype distribution in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and their role in disease outcome. In addition, role of herpesviruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) as co-factors was elucidated.Study design: HPV-genotyping of 106 HNSCC was done with Multimetrix®-kit. Luminex-based-method was used to detect HSV-1 and -2 and CMV.Results: In males, 50% of HNSCC were HPV DNA positive and 25% of these were multiple HPV-types infections and in women, 72% and 31%, respectively. Low-risk (LR) HPV-types were found in 20.5% and co-infection with HSV-1 in 6.6%. Patients with HPV-positive and -negative HNSCC had similar survival. Patients not treated with chemoradiotherapy and co-infected with HSV-1 and HPV had a worse outcome. Similar...

Real-time PCR versus viral culture on urine as a gold standard in the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Journal of Clinical Virology — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Our results, supported by analytical and clinical data on CMV DNA detection in neonatal urine, suggest enhanced sensitivity of recent PCR techniques when compared to viral culture. There is considerable rationale to favor real-time CMV PCR as a gold standard in the diagnosis of congenital CMV infection. A large-scale study combining both laboratory and clinical data is required to determine the exact time frame for sampling of neonatal urine when using real-time PCR. (Source: Journal of Clinical Virology)

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Effect of human cytomegalovirus on invasive capability of early pregnant extravillous cytotrophoblasts

Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology -- Medical Sciences -- — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 16:45:16 +0100

Summary The effect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) on invasive capability of early pregnant extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVTs) was investigated in vitro. Primary EVTs were obtained by complex phosphoesterasum digestion and gradient centrifugation from villous tissue aseptically taken from healthy pregnant women. Cytokeratin7 (CK7), vimentin (Vim) and c-erbB-2 were immunocytochemically detected to identify source of cells, and HCMVpp65 antigen was assayed to determine the infection state of primary EVTs by immunocytochemical staining. The EVTs were divided into two groups: control group and HCMV group, and the expression of c-erbB-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 proteins was detected in two groups by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Enzymic activit...

Doxycycline reduces fibril formation in a transgenic mouse model of AL amyloidosis

Blood — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Systemic AL amyloidosis results from the aggregation of an amyloidogenic immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC) usually produced by a plasma cell clone in the bone marrow. AL is the most rapidly fatal of the systemic amyloidoses, as amyloid fibrils can rapidly accumulate in tissues including the heart, kidneys, autonomic or peripheral nervous systems, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. Chemotherapy is used to eradicate the cellular source of the amyloidogenic precursor. Currently, there are no therapies that target the process of LC aggregation, fibril formation, or organ damage. We developed transgenic mice expressing an amyloidogenic 6 LC using the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter to circumvent the disruption of B cell development by premature expression of recombined LC. The CMV-6 transgeni...

Viperin: A Multifunctional, Interferon-Inducible Protein that Regulates Virus Replication.

Cell Host and Microbe — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Seo JY, Yaneva R, Cresswell P Abstract Viperin is an interferon-inducible protein that inhibits the replication of a variety of viruses by apparently diverse mechanisms. In some circumstances, it also plays a role in intracellular signaling pathways. Its expression in mitochondria, revealed by infection with human cytomegalovirus, also affects cellular metabolic pathways. We review here the current status of our understanding of this unusual molecule. PMID: 22177558 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cell Host and Microbe)

Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella‐zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder

Journal of Medical Virology — Wed, 14 Dec 2011 19:14:09 +0100

This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types‐1 (HSV‐1) and 2 (HSV‐2), varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital (Monastir, Tunisia) between September 2007 and June 2009. At least one viral genome was detected in 58 (46%) out of 126 CSF samples collected. Enterovirus was detected in 31 of the positive samples (53.4%), CMV in 20 (34.5%), HSV‐1 in 3 (5.2%), HSV‐2 in 6 (10.3%), VZV in 4 (6.9%), HHV‐6 in 2 (3.4%). More than one viral genome was detected in seven CSF samples, including CMV DNA in si...

Functional profile of cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific CD8+ T cells and kinetics of NKG2C+ NK Cells associated with the resolution of CMV DNAemia in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients

Journal of Medical Virology — Wed, 14 Dec 2011 19:14:05 +0100

AbstractImmune mechanisms involved in control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the allogeneic stem cell transplantation setting have not been fully disclosed. CMV pp65 and IE‐1‐specific CD8+ T cells expressing IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and CD107a, alone or in combination, and NKG2C+ NK cells were prospectively enumerated during 13 episodes of CMV DNAemia. The expansion of monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8+ T cells was associated with CMV DNAemia clearance. The size and functional diversity of the expanding CD8+ T‐cell population was greater in self‐resolved episodes than in episodes treated with antivirals. These differences were related to the magnitude of expansion of cognate antigen IFN‐γ CD4+ T cells. The resolution of CMV DNAemia was associated frequently with a marked e...

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Impaired regulatory T cell reconstitution in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

International Journal of Hematology — Wed, 14 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ngoma AM, Ikeda K, Hashimoto Y, Mochizuki K, Takahashi H, Sano H, Matsumoto H, Noji H, Saito S, Kikuta A, Ogawa K, Ohtsuka M, Abe M, Nollet KE, Ohto H Abstract To elucidate the correlation between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) or cytomegalovirus infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT), we evaluated either CD4(+)CD25(high) or FOXP3(+) Treg-enriched cells in peripheral blood (PB) from 20 patients who received allo-BMT, and in biopsies of skin with aGVHD. Proportions of CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+) cells in total lymphocytes, but not other types of T cells, were lower in patients who eventually developed grades II-IV aGVHD (n = 13) than in others (n = 7, P < 0.001). Proportions of CD62L(+) cells in CD...

Seroprevalence of porcine cytomegalovirus and sapovirus infection in pigs in Hunan province, China

Archives of Virology — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 17:02:26 +0100

Abstract The seroprevalence of porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and sapovirus (SaV) infections in pigs was investigated in Hunan province, China, between May 2005 and October 2010. A total of 500 pig serum samples collected from 10 representative administrative regions in Hunan province were evaluated for antibodies against PCMV and SaV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of porcine cytomegalovirus and sapovirus in pigs was 96.40% (482/500) and 63.40% (317/500), and the seropositivity of 10 herds we surveyed varied, ranging from 94.74% to 98.48% and 56.36% to 72.50%, respectively. The highest prevalence was found in breeding sows (96.67% for PCMV and 83.33% for SaVs). The results of the present survey indicated that infections with por...

Factors associated with the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy – a systematic review of observational studies

Clinical Transplantation — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Braga JR, Santos ISO, McDonald M, Shah PS, Ross HJ. Factors associated with the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy – a systematic review of observational studies.  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01565.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a significant factor impacting outcomes after heart transplant. We performed a systematic review of risk factors for the development of CAV. A search of electronic databases was performed. The eligibility criteria included cohort and case–control studies with more than 50 adult patients submitted to a heart transplant. The outcome should be CAV diagnosed by angiography and/or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Two reviewers performed study selection, data abstracti...

Canine corneal fibroblast and myofibroblast transduction with AAV5

Veterinary Ophthalmology — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions The tested AAV5 is an effective and safe vector for canine corneal gene therapy in this in vitro model. In vivo studies are warranted. (Source: Veterinary Ophthalmology)

The development of Chinese specific human cytomegalovirus polyepitope recombinant vaccine.

Antiviral Research — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zhao P, Ma DX, Yu S, Xue FZ, Zhu WW, Shao N, Zhang JR, Ji CY Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in the recipients of organ transplants and in the congenitally infected infants. HCMV vaccine has emerged as an effective approach to prevent HCMV infection particularly for the development of multiple viral antigens vaccination and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted polyepitope technology. As the Chinese population makes up more than one fifth of the population worldwide, it is important to develop HCMV vaccines more specific for the Chinese population by targeting Chinese-restricted HLA alleles and antigens. In the present study, we designed a novel chimeric polyepitope vaccine based on the replication-deficient adenovirus Ad5F3...

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Cytomegalovirus-specific CD8sup+/sup T cells targeting different peptide/HLA combinations demonstrate varying T-cell receptor diversity

Immunology — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100

(Source: Immunology)

Human cytomegalovirus infection and atherothrombosis

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 17:13:53 +0100

Abstract Vascular endothelium, as a key regulator of hemostasis, mediates vascular dilatation, prevents platelet adhesion, and inhibits thrombin generation. Endothelial dysfunction caused by acute or chronic inflammation, such as in atherosclerosis, creates a proinflammatory environment which supports leukocyte transmigration toward inflammatory sites, and at the same time promotes coagulation, thrombin generation, and fibrin deposition in an attempt to close the wound. Life-long persistent infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been associated with atherosclerosis. In vivo studies have revealed that HCMV infection of the vessel wall affects various cells including monocytes/macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). HCMV-infected SMCs wi...

Tuberculoid leprosy and cytomegalovirus retinitis as immune restoration disease in a patient with AIDS

International Journal of Infectious Diseases — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Summary: Here we report a unique case of tuberculoid leprosy and cytomegalovirus retinitis in a 27-year-old female patient with AIDS, suggestive of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced immune restoration disease. After initiation of HAART, the patient presented with decreased visual acuity, hypoesthetic patch with local nerve thickening, and an increase in her CD4+ T cell count. On further investigations cytomegalovirus retinitis and tuberculoid leprosy were confirmed. To our knowledge no case with such a co-existence has previously been reported. (Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases)

Fetal Anemia of Unknown Cause - A Diagnostic Challenge.

Ultraschall in der Medizin — Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: In cases of fetal anemia with negative indirect Coombs test and TORCH serology, rare causes of anemia have to be considered. Fetal studies should therefore include reticulocyte count, parameters of hemolysis, peripheral blood smear and fetal liver function tests. Maternal studies should involve a search for fetal red cells using flow cytometry rather than Kleihauer-Betke test. PMID: 22161617 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Ultraschall in der Medizin)

Comparison of Autophotomontage Software Programs in Eyes with CMV Retinitis [Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging]

Investigative Ophthalmology — Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. In eyes with CMV retinitis, both the i2k Retina and AutoMontage software packages appear to create higher quality mosaics than does IMAGEnet. Automated retinal mosaic imaging may be valuable in diagnosing CMV retinitis and observing disease progression. (Source: Investigative Ophthalmology)

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Intraocular Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Hexadecyloxypropyl-Cidofovir (HDP-CDV) as a Long-lasting Intravitreal Antiviral Drug [Retina]

Investigative Ophthalmology — Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. HDP-cyclic CDV, under simulated physiologic conditions, slowly converts to HDP-CDV, another potent anti-CMV prodrug that may be taken up by retinal cells and metabolized further to the active antiviral metabolite, cidofovir diphosphate. Taken together, these observations help to explain the ability of a single intravitreal dose of HDP-cyclic-CDV to prevent viral retinitis for up to 68 days in a rabbit model. (Source: Investigative Ophthalmology)

Comparative Study of the Influence of Proteasome Inhibitor MG132 and Ganciclovir on the Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Immune Response

Viral Immunology — Thu, 08 Dec 2011 20:22:27 +0100

Viral Immunology Dec 2011, Vol. 24, No. 6: 455-461. (Source: Viral Immunology)

U.S. to test therapy to prevent birth defects

Modern Medicine — Thu, 08 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

MELBOURNE (Reuters) - The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) is set to launch a large trial using antibodies to test a way to prevent birth defects, such as blindness and deafness, caused by transmission of cytomegalovirus from pregnant mothers to their unborn babies. (Source: Modern Medicine)

Transgenic chimera quail production by microinjecting lentiviral vector into the blood vessel of the early embryo

Animal Science Journal — Thu, 08 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we directly injected lentiviral vector into the blood vessel of HH13–15 quail embryos to produce transgenic chimeras. In the manipulated, hatched birds, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene driven by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was extensively expressed. All tissues analyzed were GFP‐positive, and gonad cells from some of the manipulated embryos expressed GFP. The semen genome of 21.4% of mature male birds was determined to be GFP‐positive by PCR, indicating these male birds were transgenic chimeras. (Source: Animal Science Journal)

Functional impairment of Tax-specific but not cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in a minor population of asymptomatic human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-carriers

Retrovirology — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

This work indicates that Tax-specific CD8+ T-cells are scarce and dysfunctional not only in ATL patients but also in a limited asymptomatic carrier population, and that the dysfunction was selective for HTLV-1-specifc CD8+ T-cells in early stages. (Source: Retrovirology)

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A Dynamic Flux in Natural Killer Cell Subsets as a Function of the Duration of Alcohol Ingestion

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This report may explain some of the conflicting data in the literature that examined NK cell activity in alcoholic patients. It is apparent that various abnormalities can be seen in NK cell activity and subset distribution with the flux being a function of the duration of alcohol ingestion. The demonstration of a decrease in the Ly49H+ subset (which is known to be involved in resisting murine cytomegalovirus infection) may explain the reported increase in susceptibility to some viral infections in chronic alcohol abuse. Another novel finding is that changes of some subsets of NK cells are not evident until at least 10 weeks of continued EtOH consumption. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)

A Dynamic Flux in Natural Killer Cell Subsets as a Function of the Duration of Alcohol Ingestion.

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research — Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This report may explain some of the conflicting data in the literature that examined NK cell activity in alcoholic patients. It is apparent that various abnormalities can be seen in NK cell activity and subset distribution with the flux being a function of the duration of alcohol ingestion. The demonstration of a decrease in the Ly49H+ subset (which is known to be involved in resisting murine cytomegalovirus infection) may explain the reported increase in susceptibility to some viral infections in chronic alcohol abuse. Another novel finding is that changes of some subsets of NK cells are not evident until at least 10 weeks of continued EtOH consumption. PMID: 22150608 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research)

High-resolution human cytomegalovirus transcriptome [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 06 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Deep sequencing was used to bring high resolution to the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) transcriptome at the stage when infectious virion production is under way, and major findings were confirmed by extensive experimentation using conventional techniques. The majority (65.1%) of polyadenylated viral RNA transcription is committed to producing four noncoding transcripts (RNA2.7, RNA1.2, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) that do not substantially overlap designated protein-coding regions. Additional noncoding RNAs that are transcribed antisense to protein-coding regions map throughout the genome and account for 8.7% of transcription from these regions. RNA splicing is more common than recognized previously, which was evidenced by the identification of 229 potential donor and 132 acceptor sites, and it affe...

Retrospective review of the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection and disease post liver transplantation in pediatric patients: Comparison of prophylactic oral ganciclovir versus oral valganciclovir

Liver Transplantation — Mon, 05 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was found when comparing the incidence of CMV infection and disease between oral valganciclovir and ganciclovir. © 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (Source: Liver Transplantation)

Donor‐recipient race mismatch in African‐American liver transplant patients with chronic hepatitis C

Liver Transplantation — Mon, 05 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractAfrican‐American (AA) donor‐recipient race mismatch has been associated with graft loss and mortality, but studies of the association between race mismatch and HCV disease severity are lacking. HCV‐infected first adult liver transplant recipients from 4 U.S. centers (N=1,093, 11% AA) were followed for a median of 3.05 years to determine rates of advanced HCV disease (bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis) and graft failure. The cumulative 4‐year unadjusted rate of advanced disease was 40% for Non‐AAs and 56% for AAs (p<0.01); 59% and 54% for AA recipient‐donor race matched and mismatched patients, respectively (p=0.89). In adjusted models, both recipient AA race (vs. nonAA) (HR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.06‐2.03, p=0.02) and AA recipient‐donor mismatch (vs. matched) (HR=1.48, 95% ...

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Can immune-related genotypes illuminate the immunopathogenesis of cytomegalovirus disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients?

Human Immunology — Fri, 02 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Affandi JS, Aghafar ZK, Rodriguez B, Lederman MM, Burrows S, Senitzer D, Price P Abstract Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients are seropositive for cytomegalovirus (CMV) but a smaller proportion experience end-organ disease. This observation may reflect variations in genes affecting inflammatory and natural killer cell responses. DNA samples were collected from 240 HIV-infected patients followed at the University Hospitals/Case Medical Center (Cleveland, OH) between 1993 and 2008. Seventy-eight patients (African Americans = 41, Caucasians = 37) experienced CMV disease. Genotypes were determined using allele-specific fluorescent probes or multiplex polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers. IL12B3'UTR*(1) and SLC11A1 D543N*(1,2) were associated with CM...

Cancer: Targeting cytomegalovirus fights medulloblastoma

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10, 902 (2011). doi:10.1038/nrd3617 Author: Charlotte Harrison Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumours in children. This paper showed that a large proportion of primary medulloblastomas are infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the virus directly modulates the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE (Source: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery)

Attitudes Toward Newborn Screening for Cytomegalovirus Infection

PEDIATRICS — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Among most parents, costs, worry, and anxiety associated with newborn screening for CMV would be acceptable. Although attitudes were generally favorable, a minority of the parents were weakly opposed to newborn screening for CMV. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

Surveillance of epstein‐barr virus loads in adult liver transplantation: Associations with age, sex, posttransplant times, and transplant indications

Liver Transplantation — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, EBV DNAemia is common in AOLT patients, and routine EBV surveillance has limited value for predicting EBV‐associated morbidity or mortality. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD. (Source: Liver Transplantation)

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COL4A1 Mutations Associated with a Characteristic Pattern of Intracranial Calcification

Neuropediatrics — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

NeuropediatricsDOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295493Intracranial calcification (ICC) is a relatively common radiological finding in children undergoing investigation for neurological disorders. Many causes are recognised, and ICC is often regarded as a non-specific sign.From an ongoing study of ICC, we identified 5 patients with characteristic radiological features, in whom a mutation in the COL4A1 gene was found.All patients had CT and MR imaging. MR images demonstrated features of periventricular leukomalacia with irregular dilatation of the lateral ventricles with or without porencephaly, loss of hemispheric white matter volume, and high signal on T2 and FLAIR sequences within periventricular and deep white matter. Calcification was apparent on MR in 4 patients. CT scans demonstrated spot and lin...

Prevalence of viral infections and hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Detection of single and multiple infections of BK virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus in blood and/or urine samples of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, in combination with 1 or more inducing factors of hemorrhagic cystitis were enforced on the important role these risk factors play in the cause of hemorrhagic cystitis. PMID: 22142049 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Experimental and Clinical Transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation)

Opportunistic Posttransplantation Virus Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients

Transplantation Proceedings — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: JCV and CMV infections are common in RT recipients. CsA is a risk factor for both JCV and CMV infection. JCV infection is related to CMV infection. (Source: Transplantation Proceedings)

Immunoglobulin Prophylaxis Against Cytomegalovirus Infection in Patients at High Risk of Infection Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Transplantation Proceedings — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Reports on the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have often sparked controversy. In addition, we are not aware of any study that has examined whether prophylaxis with IVIG affects the incidence of CMV infection in high-risk patients—those who are elderly or have received human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatched HCT. In the present open-label, phase II study, we addressed this question. We enrolled 106 patients in the study. The cumulative incidences of CMV infection at 100 days after HCT were similar in the intervention and the control groups (68% and 64%, P = .89; 89% and 87%, P = .79, respectively, for patients 55 years or older and those who received HLA...

Inflammation and reactivation of latent herpesviruses in older adults.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bennett JM, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Beversdorf DQ, Peng J, Kiecolt-Glaser JK Abstract Inflammation increases with age and is associated with many chronic diseases that are prevalent among older adults. Persistent pathogens such as latent herpesviruses and chronic bacterial infections can act as a source of inflammation. Herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), establish latent infections following primary infection and reactivate when the cellular immune system is compromised. EBV and CMV replication can induce proinflammatory cytokine production and thus could influence systemic inflammation. The present study addressed relationships among EBV and CMV antibody titers, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a s...

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Infectious complications in kidney-transplant recipients desensitized with rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin.

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Rituximab does not increase infection risk when used with intravenous Ig for desensitization. PMID: 22157713 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN)

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for six herpesviruses after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Pediatrics International — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: It may be worthwhile to survey the six herpesviruses with multiplex PCR after HSCT. (Source: Pediatrics International)

A dimerized single-chain variable fragment system for the assessment of neutralizing activity of phage display-selected antibody fragments specific for cytomegalovirus.

Journal of Immunological Methods — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the methods investigated in this proof-of-concept study enables for a semi-high-throughput workflow in the screening and investigation of biological active antibodies. PMID: 22154743 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Immunological Methods)

Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with cytomegalovirus disease in small bowel transplant recipients

Pediatric Transplantation — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Florescu DF, Langnas AN, Grant W, Mercer DF, Botha J, Qiu F, Shafer L, Kalil AC. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with cytomegalovirus disease in small bowel transplant recipients.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Despite improved prophylaxis, monitoring, and more efficient immunosuppression, CMV infection remains a common opportunistic infection in transplant recipients. We assessed the incidence of CMV disease in pediatric SBT recipients, the timing of CMV disease after transplantation, and its impact on patient outcome. The medical records of 98 SBT recipients were reviewed. We performed descriptive analysis, regression analysis, and Kaplan–Meier curves to determine the time‐to‐event after transplantation. Fifty‐thre...

Human cytomegalovirus induces MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in aortic smooth muscle cells.

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we performed an oligonucleotide microarray screening of 780 inflammation-associated genes in HCMV-infected aortic SMC (AoSMC). The expression of 31 genes was stimulated and 24 genes were down-regulated following infection with HCMV strain DC-134. Following infection with HCMV strain AD-169 infection, we found 24 genes to be stimulated and 32 genes to be down-regulated. Among these were primarily genes encoding for CC and CXC chemokines, adhesion molecules, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily members, apoptosis-related factors, signal transduction molecules and transcription regulators. The up-regulated genes included matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 in HCMV infected cells. Using RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassay we found stimulated expression of MMP-1 ...

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Childhood onset diabetes posttransplant in a girl with TCF2 mutation

Pediatric Diabetes — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

We report a female patient with bilateral renal hypodysplasia and de novo heterozygous TCF2 gene mutation. At the age of 9 yr, she developed transient ketoacidosis immediately posttransplant, temporarily requiring insulin. During glucocorticoid tapering, impaired glucose tolerance persisted and overt insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus developed 1 yr later. Pathogenic factors which might have played a role in the acceleration of diabetes were (i) switch from cyclosporine to tacrolimus, (ii) weight excess, and (iii) cytomegalovirus infection. TCF2 analysis might, therefore, be of interest in patients with congenital abnormalities of the kidney and the urinary tract in order to improve posttransplant management in terms of steroid and tacrolimus exposure. (Source: Pediatric Diabetes)

When are amniotic fluid viral PCR studies indicated in prenatal diagnosis?

Prenatal Diagnosis — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionAmniotic fluid viral PCR testing should be considered for fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction, nonimmune hydrops fetalis, hand/foot anomalies, or NTDs. After aneuploidy is excluded, NTDs are associated with PCR positivity. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Prenatal Diagnosis)

[Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico].

Salud Publica de Mexico — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to increase awareness of health professionals regarding the prevalence and impact of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. PMID: 22282144 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Salud Publica de Mexico)

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS REMEDY (Cytomegalovirus) Liquid [Apotheca Company]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Tue, 29 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Nov 29, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Polarized Distribution of Heme Transporters in Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Their Regulation in the Iron-Overload Disease Hemochromatosis [Retinal Cell Biology]

Investigative Ophthalmology — Tue, 29 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Hemochromatosis is associated not only with excessive accumulation of free iron in the retina and RPE but also with excessive accumulation of heme. Since heme is toxic at high levels, as is free iron, heme-induced oxidative damage may also play a role in hemochromatosis-associated retinal pathology. (Source: Investigative Ophthalmology)

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Update on Cytomegalovirus Infections of the Gastrointestinal System in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Current Infectious Disease Reports — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 16:58:13 +0100

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common manifestation of tissue-invasive CMV disease, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipient. In addition to the direct effects of the infection, its indirect effects on allograft function, risk for other opportunistic infections, and mortality are significant in this population. The most common clinical syndromes are esophagitis, colitis, and hepatitis; however, infection can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosis is usually by histopathology or viral culture of tissue specimens; molecular assays also often have a role. Antivirals are the cornerstone of therapy for gastrointestinal tract CMV disease and compli...

Cytomegalovirus genetic variability and the humoral immunity: Category: Clinical lesson

Journal of Infection — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 11:05:46 +0100

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL144 encodes a structural homologue of the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. The UL144 protein does not bind any known TNF ligands. UL144 protein binds to a member of the Ig superfamily, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), also a ligand of HVEM. Binding of UL144 to BTLA blocks T cell proliferation, can impair lymphocyte responses to HCMV and may affect humoral response. Humoral immunity does not play any significant role in the control of HCMV infection, while its evaluation is very helpful in diagnostics. In some children, despite on-going virus replication, no specific antibodies of IgM class are found in peripheral blood serum. In the reported study, an analysis was performed of ...

Diagnostic dilemmas in retinitis and endophthalmitis

Eye — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 08:00:00 +0100

Eye advance online publication, November 25, 2011. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.299 Author: J L Davis (Source: Eye)

Increase of infectious complications in ABO-incompatible kidney transplant recipients--a single centre experience

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Our results, in line with the extended experience of other groups, demonstrate favourable short-term allograft survival and function after ABOi renal transplantation after desensitization with antigen-specific IA, IVIG and rituximab. However, the intensified desensitization was associated with an increased risk of infectious complications. This observation prompted us to briefly escalate the desensitization protocol in ABOi kidney recipients in our centre. (Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)

Prevalence and Clinical Management of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in AIDS patients in Shanghai, China

BMC Infectious Diseases — Thu, 24 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The AIDS patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte < 50 cells/ul had increased susceptibility to cytomegalovirus associated retinitis. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a serious disease causing blindness. The cytomegalovirus retinitis in the AIDS patients was response well to ganciclovir therapy. We should check their eyes routinely such as dilated fundus examination with an indirect ophthalmoscope in the AIDS patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte counts < 50 cells/ul. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

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Comparative Study of the Influence of Proteasome Inhibitor MG132 and Ganciclovir on the Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Immune Response

Viral Immunology — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 21:54:25 +0100

Viral Immunology , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Viral Immunology)

Long‐term outcome in preterm children with human cytomegalovirus infection transmitted via breast milk

Acta Paediatrica — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: In this study, cognitive and motor function in preterm children with early postnatally acquired HCMV infection transmitted via breast milk was within the normal range. However, the findings suggest that their outcome is poorer than outcome in preterm children without HCMV infection. These findings need to be replicated in larger scale studies. (Source: Acta Paediatrica)

Cytomegalovirus‐specific T cell reactivity in biliary atresia at the time of diagnosis is associated with deficits in regulatory T cells

Hepatology — Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Liver T cell responses to CMV were identified in the majority of BA patients at diagnosis, suggesting perinatal CMV infection as a plausible initiator of bile duct damage. Deficiency of Tregs in BA implies decreased inhibition of inflammation and autoreactivity, potentially allowing for exaggerated bile duct injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2011.) (Source: Hepatology)

Of prostitutes and homosexuals: AIDS from 1981 to 1990

Sexually Transmitted Infections — Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

When AIDS was first discovered, it was presumed to be a disease of male homosexuality and this is reflected in the early reporting of the journal.1 2 However, this was challenged with an assertion that a ‘sexually active homosexual lifestyle with frequent sexually transmitted diseases is not in itself a cause of haematological abnormality’.3 Public figures still held strong views, with the Chief Constable of Greater Manchester police referring to AIDS patients as ‘swirling about in a human cesspit of their own making’.4 Another article challenged the view that homosexual men were more susceptible to AIDS than heterosexual men, ‘Homosexual men were significantly more likely to have antibodies to HIV and to cytomegalovirus (CMV) than were heterosexual men.&rsquo...

CMV Drives Clonal Expansion of Highly Differentiated NKG2C+ NK Cells Expressing Self‐Specific KIRs in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis Virus Infection

European Journal of Immunology — Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are affected by infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manifested by increased expression of the HLA‐E binding activating receptor NKG2C. We here show that HCMV seropositivity was associated with a profound expansion of NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multi‐color flow cytometry revealed that the expanded NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells displayed a highly differentiated phenotype, expressed high amounts of granzyme B and exhibited polyfunctional responses (CD107a, IFN‐, and TNF‐α) to stimulation with antibody‐coated as well as HLA‐E expressing target cells but not when stimulated with IL‐12/IL‐18. More importantly, NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells had a clonal expression patter...

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CMV drives clonal expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells expressing self‐specific KIRs in chronic hepatitis patients

European Journal of Immunology — Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are affected by infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manifested by increased expression of the HLA‐E binding activating receptor NKG2C. We here show that HCMV seropositivity was associated with a profound expansion of NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multi‐color flow cytometry revealed that the expanded NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells displayed a highly differentiated phenotype, expressed high amounts of granzyme B and exhibited polyfunctional responses (CD107a, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α) to stimulation with antibody‐coated as well as HLA‐E expressing target cells but not when stimulated with IL‐12/IL‐18. More importantly, NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells had a clonal expression patt...

Significance of Human Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus in Inducing Cytokine Expression in Periapical Lesions

Journal of Endodontics — Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The present findings provide evidence of a putative role of HCMV and EBV in the pathogenesis of symptomatic periapical pathosis. The release of tissue-destructive cytokines might be of pathogenetic significance. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells

Nature AOP — Sun, 20 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

We describe a three-way interaction, whereby activated NK cells cytolytically eliminate activated CD4 T cells that affect CD8 T-cell function and exhaustion. At high virus doses, NK cells prevented fatal pathology while enabling T-cell exhaustion and viral persistence, but at medium doses NK cells paradoxically facilitated lethal T-cell-mediated pathology. Thus, NK cells can act as rheostats, regulating CD4 T-cell-mediated support for the antiviral CD8 T cells that control viral pathogenesis and persistence. (Source: Nature AOP)

Case report: Cytomegalovirus‐induced thrombosis in an immunocompetent patient

Journal of Medical Virology — Fri, 18 Nov 2011 07:58:48 +0100

AbstractThrombotic manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent individuals are rare. However, it has been postulated that cytomegalovirus infection can be both directly cytopathic and capable of inducing antiphospholipid antibodies due to shared “molecular mimicry” between cytomegalovirus virus antigens and antiphospholipid antibodies. The case of a previously well 30‐year‐old woman with primary cytomegalovirus infection complicated by splenic infarction and massive pulmonary embolus is described. The patient is unusual given the development of thromboses affecting both the arterial and venous circulation, associated with both transient anticardiolipin antibodies and persistently positive anti‐β2glycoprotein I antibodies. The temporal relationship between the ...

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Strong association of phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolites with activated cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients.

Human Immunology — Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sadeghi M, Lahdou I, Daniel V, Schnitzler P, Fusch G, Schefold JC, Zeier M, Iancu M, Opelz G, Terness P Abstract Infection-induced inflammation triggers catabolism of proteins and amino acids. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are 2 amino acids related to infections that regulate immune responses. Polyomavirus BK (BKV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are important pathogens after kidney transplantation. We investigated the clinical relevance of phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tryptophan metabolites (kynurenine and quinolinic acid) plasma levels in kidney transplant recipients with active CMV (BKV(-)CMV(+), n = 12) or BK virus infection (BKV(+)CMV(-), n = 37). Recipients without active viral infections (CMV(-)BKV(-), n = 28) and CMV(-)BKV(-) healthy individuals (HCs, n = 50) served as ...

New Cancer-Causing Virus Confirmed By Researchers

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 08:00:00 +0100

An important new study from the Laboratory for Developmental Genetics at USC has confirmed cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a cause of the most common salivary gland cancers. CMV joins a group of fewer than 10 identified oncoviruses - cancer-causing viruses - including HPV. The findings, published online in the journal Experimental and Molecular Pathology over the weekend, are the latest in a series of studies by USC researchers that together demonstrate CMV's role as an oncovirus, a virus that can either trigger cancer in healthy cells or exploit mutant cell weaknesses to enhance tumor formation... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Efficacy of US-guided Percutaneous Cholecystocholangiography for the Early Exclusion and Type Determination of Biliary Atresia [Pediatric Imaging]

Radiology — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: PCC is a safe and useful technique for early exclusion when biliary atresia cannot be ruled out after traditional screening tests; in addition, it may be useful for preoperative type determination of biliary atresia. © RSNA, 2011 (Source: Radiology)

CMV Infection May Cause Salivary Gland Cancer (CME/CE)

MedPage Today Hematology/Oncology — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:13:07 +0100

(MedPage Today) -- Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) may be the cause of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma, according to the results of a recent histological study. (Source: MedPage Today Hematology/Oncology)

ΔE1 and high‐capacity adenoviral vectors expressing full‐length codon‐optimized merozoite surface protein 1 for vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum

The Journal of Gene Medicine — Wed, 16 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Ad vectors expressing full‐length codon‐optimized MSP‐1 are promising candidate vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum infections. Use of the HC‐Ad vector type for delivery and the CAG promoter to control MSP‐1 expression may further increase efficacy of this vaccine candidate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: The Journal of Gene Medicine)

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A new cancer causing virus confirmed

Health News - UPI.com — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 18:01:54 +0100

LOS ANGELES, Nov. 15 (UPI) -- U.S. researchers confirmed cytomegalovirus as a cause of the most common salivary gland cancers and it may be involved with more cancers. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, management and outcome.

Presse Medicale — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Luyt CE, Combes A, Trouillet JL, Nieszkowska A, Chastre J Abstract The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be induced by viral diseases, with two virus types being responsible: respiratory viruses that cause community-acquired viral pneumonia and Herpesviridae that cause nosocomial viral pneumonia. Among the respiratory viruses that can affect the lung and cause ARDS, pandemic viruses head the list, with influenza viruses H5N1 and H1N1 2009 being the most recently identified. However, other viruses can cause severe ARDS. Notably, a novel coronavirus was responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003. Apart from these pandemic viruses, respiratory viruses are rarely responsible for viral pneumonia and ARDS. Other than antiviral drug (mainl...

Researchers confirm new cancer-causing virus

EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

(University of Southern California) An important new study from the Laboratory for Developmental Genetics at USC has confirmed cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a cause of the most common salivary gland cancers. CMV joins a group of fewer than 10 identified oncoviruses -- cancer-causing viruses -- including HPV. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)

An antisense transcript in the human cytomegalovirus UL87 gene region

Virology Journal — Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion An 800nt antisense transcript in the UL87 gene region exists in HCMV clinical strains. (Source: Virology Journal)

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Polyclonal Immunoglobulins and Hyperimmune Globulins in Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 12:09:33 +0100

Immunoglobulin therapy has a rich history of use in preventing and treating infectious diseases; however, clinical data on the efficacy of immunoglobulin is lacking for many infectious diseases. Immunoglobulin therapy is routinely used in postexposure prophylaxis for bacterial infections, including tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria, and viral infections, including hepatitis A and B and varicella. Immunoglobulin therapy has also been used in many severe and life-threatening infections where treatments are limited, including toxic shock syndrome, respiratory syncytial virus infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. The authors review the evidence for the use of immunoglobulin therapy in common adult infectious diseases. (Source: Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America)

Cytomegalovirus sero positivity dramatically alters the maternal CD8+ T cell repertoire and leads to the accumulation of highly differentiated memory cells during human pregnancy

Human Reproduction — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS Thus, CMV serostatus is a crucial consideration in studies of T cell memory and differentiation during pregnancy. The reduction in maternal naïve T cells in CMV-seropositive donors could have implications for the maternal response to infections during pregnancy. These findings shed light on the delicate balance between host, fetus and chronic infection during healthy pregnancy and will inform studies in relation to the importance of CMV on maternal and fetal health. (Source: Human Reproduction)

Human cytomegalovirus and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands: Cell-specific localization of active viral and oncogenic signaling proteins is confirmatory of a causal relationship.

Experimental and Molecular Pathology — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Melnick M, Sedghizadeh PP, Allen CM, Jaskoll T Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection is common. Although still controversial, there is growing evidence that active hCMV infection is associated with a variety of malignancies, including brain, breast, lung, colon, and prostate. Given that hCMV is frequently resident in salivary gland (SG) ductal epithelium, we hypothesized that hCMV would be important to the pathogenesis of SG mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). This was initially supported by our finding that purified CMV induces malignant transformation in SG cells in an in vitro mouse model, and utilizes a pathogenic pathway previously reported for human MEC. Here we present the histologic and molecular characterizations of 39 human SG MECs selected randomly from a ...

Is Prevention the Best Treatment? CMV After Lung Transplantation

American Journal of Transplantation — Wed, 09 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most prevalent opportunistic infection that occurs in lung‐transplant recipients. In addition to its direct morbidity, multiple studies have demonstrated that CMV, in particular CMV pneumonia, is associated with an increased risk for chronic graft dysfunction manifested as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and worse posttransplant survival. Therefore, prevention of CMV remains an important goal to improve long‐term lung‐transplant outcomes. Although centers often employed 3 months of prophylaxis in at‐risk patients after lung transplantation, a significant proportion of patients still developed infection or disease after the discontinuation of prophylaxis, highlighting the need for more effective approaches to CMV prevention. A number of early sin...