MedWorm: Endemics

Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology of the Elusive Sun‐Tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus solatus) in Gabon: Inaugural Data From the Only Semifree Ranging Colony in the World

American Journal of Primatology — Thu, 09 Feb 2012 07:14:28 +0100

Clinical blood biochemistry and hematology are valuable tools to evaluate health and welfare in many animal species. In order to document the general biology of one of the most poorly known nonhuman primate species, and contribute to its conservation, the clinical blood biochemistry and hematology of the sun‐tailed monkey (Cercopithecus solatusHarrisson) was investigated in its range of endemicity in Gabon. Data derived from 26 years of clinical monitoring of the only semicaptive colony of this species in the world, housed at CIRMF (Franceville, Gabon), were analyzed in order to establish reference values of age–sex classes. Consistent with previous reports in other primate species, age and sex significantly affected a number of biochemical and hematological parameters in C. solatus. H...

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Angola: Students, Teachers Urged to Join Sensitisation on HIV/Aids

AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs — Wed, 08 Feb 2012 13:55:28 +0100

[ANGOP] Luanda - Teachers and students were urged to join sensitisation and monitoring rogrammes on serious endemic diseases, such as hiv/Aids, malaria and tuberculosis, ANGOP has learnt. (Source: AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs)

Human Dirofilaria repens Infection in Romania: A Case Report

Journal of Nanomaterials — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:50:03 +0100

We present one of the few known cases of human dirofilariasis caused by D. repens in Romania. The patient developed unusual and severe clinical manifestations that mimicked pathological conditions like cellulitis or deep venous thrombosis. (Source: Journal of Nanomaterials)

Cutaneous Lesions Caused by Scytalidium hyalinum Resembling Dermatophycosis

Clinical Microbiology Newsletter — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 02:10:40 +0100

We describe a case of cutaneous infection caused by Scytalidium hyalinum in a 32-year-old patient who was born and raised in Sierra Leone but resided in Spain for the last 10 years. He sought medical attention in our dermatology department for the evaluation of skin lesions that were initially thought to be a contact dermatitis caused by exposure to a chemical irritant. (Source: Clinical Microbiology Newsletter)

Angola: Education Ministry to Analyse HIV/Aids Fight Strategy

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Mon, 06 Feb 2012 13:02:20 +0100

[ANGOP] Luanda - The Ministry of Education (MED) will run a workshop from February 6-8 in Luanda to review and draft a Strategic Plan to fight Hiv/Aids and the great endemic diseases in the sector, Angop learned Friday here. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

Newly Discovered Bale Monkey Populations in Forest Fragments in Southern Ethiopia: Evidence of Crop Raiding, Hybridization With Grivets, and Other Conservation Threats

American Journal of Primatology — Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Until recently, the Bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis), an arboreal primate endemic to the southern Ethiopian highlands, remained virtually unstudied, and its distribution pattern inadequately documented. To broaden our knowledge of the species’ distribution and abundance, we carried out interviews with local people and total count surveys for Bale monkeys across 67 fragmented forest sites in human‐dominated landscapes in the Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Regions, Ethiopia. From January 2010 to May 2011, we discovered 26 new Bale monkey populations inhabiting forest fragments at elevations ranging from 2,355 to 3,204 m asl. Across these populations, we recorded 37 groups ranging in size from 9 to 29 individuals (Mean = 19.5, SD = 4.5), for a total of 722...

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Composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus zuihoensis from Taiwan

Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:30:49 +0100

This study investigated the chemical composition, and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the essential oil isolated from the leaf of endemic Machilus zuihoensis Hayata, Lauraceae, of Taiwan. The essential oil from the fresh leaves of M. zuihoensis was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 104 compounds were identified, representing 100% of the oil. The main components identified were n-dodecanal (23.8%) and (E)-nerolidol (10.5%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested by the disc diffusion method and micro-broth dilution method against ten microbial species (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomo...

Anticholinesterase activity evaluation of alkaloids and coumarin from stems of Conchocarpus fontanesianus

Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 18:30:49 +0100

Conchocarpus fontanesianus (A. St.-Hill.) Kallunki & Pirani, Rutaceae, popularly known as pitaguará, is a native and endemic tree from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, Brazil. Based in the information that anticholinesterasic derivatives could act as new prototypes to treatment of Alzheimer disease, this work describes the fractionation guided by evaluation of the anticholinesterase activity of the ethanolic stems extract from C. fontanesianus. This procedure afforded the alkaloids dictamnine (1), γ-fagarine (2), skimianine (3), and 2-phenyl-1-methyl-4-quinolone (4), as well as the coumarin marmesin (5). (Source: Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia)

Today's mystery bird for you to identify | @GrrlScientist

Guardian Unlimited Science — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 16:30:01 +0100

This handsome Ethiopian mystery bird is placed into several taxonomic families, depending upon which authority you refer toMystery Bird photographed at Lalibela, northern Ethiopia (Africa). [I will identify this bird for you in 48 hours]Image: Dan Logen, 9 February 2011 (with permission) [velociraptorize].Nikon D300s, 200-400 mm lens at 400, f/5.6, 1/800 sec, ISO 800 Question: This handsome African mystery bird is endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea. It also is placed into several taxonomic families, depending upon which authority you are referring to. Can you identify this mystery bird's taxonomic family(ies) and species?The Rules:1. Keep in mind that people live in zillions of different time zones, and some people are following on their smart phones. So let everyone play the game. Don't spoi...

Peter Seeberger: we can treat malaria for less

Guardian Unlimited Science — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 00:05:11 +0100

Artemisinin is the most effective malaria treatment yet discovered. Peter Seeberger has found a way to to make it from the waste products of its current manufactureArtemisinin, a drug extracted from the sweet wormwood plant, is the most effective treatment for malaria ever discovered. Every year, millions of doses of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are donated to Africa and Asia, greatly reducing the worldwide burden of the parasitical disease. But extracting artemisinin is expensive and because it takes time to cultivate the plant there are often bottlenecks in supply.But Peter H Seeberger, the director of the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam, Germany, has just announced that he and colleague François Lévesque have discovered a simple and cost-effectiv...

Lyme Disease Ticks Endemic in Northeast, Northern MidwestLyme Disease Ticks Endemic in Northeast, Northern Midwest

Medscape Today Headlines — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 22:26:35 +0100

Field researchers have generated a detailed map that they hope will guide appropriate diagnosis and more targeted treatment for patients suspected of having Lyme disease. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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Genetic diversity of Metrodorea nigra (Rutaceae) from a small forest remnant in Brazil assessed with microsatellite markers.

Genetics and Molecular Research — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 11:24:05 +0100

Genetic diversity of Metrodorea nigra (Rutaceae) from a small forest remnant in Brazil assessed with microsatellite markers. Genet Mol Res. 2012;11(1):10-6 Authors: Guidugli MC, Ferreira-Ramos R, de Sousa AC, Cidade FW, Marconi TG, Mestriner MA, Groppo M, Alzate-Marin AL Abstract Metrodorea nigra (Rutaceae) is an endemic Brazilian tree of great ecological importance, frequently found in the submontane regions of ombrophilous dense and semideciduous forests. This tree is useful for reforesting degraded areas and the wood can be employed in construction. We developed 12 microsatellite markers from a genomic library enriched for GA/CA repeats, for this species. Polymorphisms were assessed in 40 trees of a highly fragmented population found in Cravinhos, State of São Paulo, in...

Prolonged life span among endemic Gasterosteus populations

Canadian Journal of Zoology — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 09:45:04 +0100

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Volume 90, Issue 2, Page 284-290, February 2012. (Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology)

Reasons to consider earlier treatment of chronic HBV infections

Gut — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Introduction Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem, leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure. In highly endemic areas and among immigrants from these areas, most cases of chronic hepatitis B are due to HBV infection at birth or during the first year of life. Cirrhosis and HCC may occur at any age, but infections early in life are typically asymptomatic for the first few decades. Sharp rises in the incidence of fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC generally do not appear until after the age of 30, the incidence of HCC showing a sharp rise after the age of 40. Approximately 50% of deaths in HBV carriers may be due to either chronic liver disease or HCC. Cirrhosis is a consequence of hepatocyte death and chronic inflammation in the l...

Malaria kills twice as many people as previously thought, research finds

Guardian Unlimited Science — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:41:00 +0100

Malaria kills 1.2 million people every year, a finding that has implications for global efforts to eliminate the diseaseMalaria kills twice as many people every year as formerly believed, taking 1.2 million lives and causing the deaths not only of babies but also older children and adults, according to research that overturns decades of assumptions about one of the world's most lethal diseases.The findings from the research, published on Friday, which has reanalysed 30 years of data on the disease using new techniques, will force a rethink of the huge global effort that has been under way to eliminate malaria. That ambition now looks highly unlikely by the UN target date of 2015.It also raises urgent questions about the future of the troubled Global Fund to Fight Aids, TB and Malaria, whic...

Dynamics of Salmonella Serotype Shifts in an Endemically Infected Dairy Herd

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 20:34:06 +0100

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Foodborne Pathogens and Disease)

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Clinicopathological Profile, Airway Management, and Outcome in Huge Multinodular Goiters: An Institutional Experience from an Endemic Goiter Region

World Journal of Surgery — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 18:12:35 +0100

Conclusions Long-standing huge goiters are common in iodine-deficient endemic areas. The majority of patients have symptomatic or clinicoradiological evidence of airway involvement. The incidence of RSE, airway deformity, intubation difficulty, and tracheomalacia is high with huge goiters. The surgery is technically demanding with greater associated chances of injury to native structures. Malignancy influences the presentation and outcome in smaller goiters. In centers with experienced endocrine surgeons and dedicated anesthetists, huge goiters can be successfully managed with minimal short-term and long-term morbidity. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00268-012-1447-xAuthors Amit Agarwal, Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Gradua...

Measurement of the plasma levels of antibodies against the polymorphic vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen 1 in a malaria-exposed population

BMC Infectious Diseases — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The current data shows that levels of naturally acquired antigen-specific antibodies, especially in infants and young children, are dependent on the antigenic allele used for measurement. This may be relevant to the interpretation of antibody titre data from measurements against single PfAMA1 alleles, especially in studies involving infants and young children who have experienced fewer infections. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

Validation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA) in the Democratic Republic of Congo

BioMed Central — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study was designed to validate RAPLOA in two regions in the North East and South West of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In each selected community, 80 people above the age of 15 years were interviewed for a history of eye and parasitologically examined for the presence and intensity of L. loa infection. The results confirmed the findings of the original RAPLOA study and the methodology is recommended for the assessment of loiasis endemicity in areas targeted for ivermectin treatment by lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis control programmes. Image: RAPLOA Interview; Field surveyor showing the picture of L. loa in the Eye to a participant (Source: BioMed Central)

Genotyping for cytokine polymorphisms in a Northern Ivory Coast population reveals a high frequency of the heterozygote genotypes for the TNF‐α‐308G/A SNP

International Journal of Immunogenetics — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryCytokine polymorphisms influence the outcomes of parasitic diseases and vary among populations because of their different evolutionary histories and selective pressures imposed by host–pathogen interactions. In this frame, we investigated the frequencies of TNF‐α (‐308G/A), TGF‐β1 (codon 10C/T, codon 25C/G) and IL‐10 (‐1082A/G) SNPs in 133 individuals from Ouangolodougou, a rural village in Northern Ivory Coast, where malaria and other parasitic diseases are endemic. The SNPs alleles were determined by ARMS‐PCR methodology. Allele frequencies of the SNPs investigated were as follows: IL 10 ‐1082G = 0.741 and ‐1082A = 0.259; TGF‐β1 Codon 10 C = 0.835 and T = 0.165; TGF‐β1 Codon 25 G = 0.782 and C = 0.218. For the TNF‐α gene, we f...

Interaction of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis with human monocyte derived dendritic cells.

Journal of Medical Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Horton R, Morisson NA, Beacham IR, Peak IR Abstract Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in areas of southeast Asia and northern Australia, and is classed as a CDC category B select agent. Factors which determine whether host infection is achieved or if disease is chronic or acute are unknown but the type of host immune response mounted is important. B. pseudomallei can replicate within macrophages, causing them to multinucleate. In light of the common lineage of macrophages with dendritic cells (DCs), and the role played by DCs in orchestration of the immune response, we investigated the interaction of a variety of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis strains with DCs. We have demonstrated that, in the majority of cases, infec...

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Association of the level of IFN-{gamma} produced by T cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens with the size of skin test indurations among individuals with latent tuberculosis in a highly tuberculosis-endemic setting

International Immunology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the results of this study could provide indirect evidence for the prognostic use of the QFTGIT assay for progression of Mtb infection, though prospective follow-up studies are needed to provide direct evidence. (Source: International Immunology)

From red to white urine: a patient`s nightmare with a rather benign outcome

BMC Nephrology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This case highlights a rare case of non-parasitic chyluria as a complication of urological work-up for macrohematuria of benign nature. (Source: BMC Nephrology)

Move over LOCF: Principled methods for handling missing data in sleep disorder trials

Sleep Medicine — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We describe and implement both linear mixed-effects models and an inclusive multiple imputation strategy for handling missing data in a randomized trial examining sleep outcomes. These principled strategies are compared with “complete-case analysis” and LOCF. These analyses illustrate that methodologies for accommodating missing data can produce different results in both direction and strength of treatment effects. Our goal is for this paper to serve as a guide to sleep disorder clinical trial researchers on how to utilize principled methods for incomplete data in their trial analyses. (Source: Sleep Medicine)

Assessing the risk of international spread of yellow Fever virus: a mathematical analysis of an urban outbreak in asuncion, 2008.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Johansson MA, Arana-Vizcarrondo N, Biggerstaff BJ, Gallagher N, Marano N, Staples JE Abstract Abstract. Yellow fever virus (YFV), a mosquito-borne virus endemic to tropical Africa and South America, is capable of causing large urban outbreaks of human disease. With the ease of international travel, urban outbreaks could lead to the rapid spread and subsequent transmission of YFV in distant locations. We designed a stochastic metapopulation model with spatiotemporally explicit transmissibility scenarios to simulate the global spread of YFV from a single urban outbreak by infected airline travelers. In simulations of a 2008 outbreak in Asunción, Paraguay, local outbreaks occurred in 12.8% of simulations and international spread in 2.0%. Using simple probabilistic models, we...

Factors associated with dengue mortality in latin america and the Caribbean, 1995-2009: an ecological study.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we aimed to estimate the effect that environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic factors have on dengue mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean. To that end, we conducted an observational ecological study, analyzing data collected between 1995 and 2009. Dengue mortality rates were highest in the Caribbean (Spanish-speaking and non-Spanish-speaking). Multivariate analysis through Poisson regression revealed that the following factors were independently associated with dengue mortality: time since identification of endemicity (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 3.2 [for each 10 years]); annual rainfall (aRR = 1.5 [for each 10(3) L/m(2)]); population density (aRR = 2.1 and 3.2 for 20-120 inhabitants/km(2) and > 120 inhabitants/km(2), respectively); Human Development Index &g...

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Comparative analysis of severe pediatric and adult leptospirosis in sao paulo, Brazil.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Spichler A, Athanazio DA, Vilaça P, Seguro A, Vinetz J, Leake JA Abstract Abstract. Although leptospirosis may be fatal in childhood, the experience of many clinicians working in disease-endemic areas is that classic Weil's disease and death are less common among pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to ascertain disease spectrum and outcome differences in severe pediatric and adult leptospirosis in a large at-risk population. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained on hospitalized cases from São Paulo during 2004-2006. A total of 42 case-patients < 18 years of age and 328 case-patients ≥ 18 years of age were tested during the study. Compared with children, adults had higher rates of jaundice (P = 0.01), elevated serum bilirubin levels (P &...

Factors Associated with Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni Infection in an Endemic Area of Bahia, Brazil.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Oliveira RR, Figueiredo JP, Cardoso LS, Jabar RL, Souza RP, Wells MT, Carvalho EM, Fitzgerald DW, Barnes KC, Araújo MI, Glesby MJ Abstract Abstract. Detailed knowledge of factors associated with resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic areas might facilitate more effective schistosomiasis control. We conducted a cross-sectional study of persons resistant to schistosomiasis and found no association between socioeconomic status and resistance to infection. Mononuclear cells of resistant subjects produced higher levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and interferon-γ upon stimulation with soluble egg antigen (SEA) compared with infected persons. When stimulated with Sm21.6 or Sm22.6, levels of IL-10 were higher in cell culture of resistant persons. Levels of Ig...

An Unusual Cutaneous Tumor: African Histoplasmosis following Mudbaths: Case Report and Review.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Tsiodras S, Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Pilichos K, Leventakos K, Kelesidis T, Buitrago MJ, Petrikkos G, Panayiotides I Abstract Abstract. African histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, is endemic in Africa. The disease usually involves the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and bones. A case of African histoplasmosis presenting as a cutaneous tumor and non-healing wound in a 66-year-old immunocompetent male residing in Africa, the first ever reported following mudbaths and acupuncture, is hereby reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by means of polymerase chain reaction performed on tissue material. The patient was started on long-term itraconazole therapy and he responded well. African histoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of non-healin...

Unusual presentations of pediatric neurobrucellosis.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Budnik I, Fuchs I, Shelef I, Krymko H, Greenberg D Abstract Abstract. Neurobrucellosis is an uncommon complication of pediatric brucellosis. Acute meningitis and encephalitis are the most common clinical manifestations, however symptoms may be protean and diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion in patients from endemic areas. Diagnosis is often based on neurological symptoms, serology, and suggestive brain imaging because cerebrospinal fluid culture yields are low. Two cases of pediatric neurobrucellosis with unusual clinical and radiologic findings are presented. PMID: 22302859 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)

Predictors of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children from a Malaria-Endemic Area of Papua New Guinea.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Laman M, Manning L, Greenhill AR, Mare T, Michael A, Shem S, Vince J, Lagani W, Hwaiwhanje I, Siba PM, Mueller I, Davis TM Abstract Abstract. Predictors of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) were assessed in 554 children in Papua New Guinea 0.2-10 years of age who were hospitalized with culture-proven meningitis, probable meningitis, or non-meningitic illness investigated by lumbar puncture. Forty-seven (8.5%) had proven meningitis and 36 (6.5%) had probable meningitis. Neck stiffness, Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs and, in children < 18 months of age, a bulging fontanel had positive likelihood ratios (LRs) ≥ 4.3 for proven/probable ABM. Multiple seizures and deep coma were less predictive (LR = 1.5-2.1). Single seizures and malaria parasitemia had low LRs (≤ 0.5). I...

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Different Patterns of pfcrt and pfmdr1 Polymorphisms in P. falciparum Isolates from Nigeria and Brazil: The Potential Role of Antimalarial Drug Selection Pressure.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Bustamante C, Pereira da Silva LH, Mesquita E, Sowunmi A, Zalis MG, Oduola AM, Happi CT Abstract Abstract. The effect of antimalarial drug selection on pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from two distinct geographical locations was determined in 70 and 18 P. falciparum isolates from Nigeria and Brazil, respectively, using nested polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing approaches. All isolates from Brazil and 72% from Nigeria harbored the mutant SVMNT and CVIET pfcrt haplotype, respectively. The pfcrt CVMNT haplotype was also observed in (7%) of the Nigerian samples. One hundred percent (100%) and 54% of the parasites from Brazil and Nigeria, respectively, harbored wild-type pfmdr1Asn86. We provide first evi...

Serological Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis through Western Blot Technique.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to test Western Blot (WB) in sera from patients suspected of PCM seeking a safe and sensitive serological technique for a rapid and effective diagnosis for this disease. Sera from 517 patients were analyzed through WB and double immunodiffusion (DID) techniques using crudeexoantigen of Pb339. DID was reagent in 140 sera (27%) and WB in 250 (48.4%). All sera that had a positive reaction in DID also reveal the compatible fraction with the 43kDa glycoprotein by WB. Among the 377 negative samples in DID, 29.1% were reactive in WB. For the cut off used (1:400) a positive reaction was not observed with any of the 102 sera from patients with other endemic diseases and 30 healthy individuals tested as negative control. These results prove WB to be a sensitive techni...

10 Neglected Tropical Diseases - Target For End Of Decade

Health News from Medical News Today — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:00:00 +0100

The aim is to eliminate or at least control 10 neglected tropical diseases by 2020 - it is a public and private partnership, including 13 drug companies, the UK, US and United Arab Emirate Governments, the World Bank, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and some other worldwide organizations. The partners aim to work together to eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in countries where they are endemic. They have pledged to liaise closely with affected countries. According to WHO (World Health Organization), 1... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Q fever across the Dutch border in Limburg province, Belgium

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 07:06:20 +0100

Abstract Data from three different data sources were compiled to estimate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the Belgian Limburg province for both humans and livestock. First, serological data of all samples sent to the Belgian reference centre (2003–2010) for human Q fever were analysed, showing evidence for an acute Q fever infection in 1–5% of the cases. Second, a multi-centre prospective survey was conducted in Limburg in 2010 to detect undiagnosed human cases; evidence for a recent infection with Coxiella burnetii was found in three out of 100 patients from which clinicians suspected a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Third, we analyzed data from the Belgian livestock screening program (2009–2010) which consisted of investigating all reported abortions, sampling...

Oxidant damage in kashin‐beck disease and a rat kashin‐beck disease model by employing T‐2 toxin treatment under selenium deficient conditions

Journal of Orthopaedic Research — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study compares antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation using a novel model, in which rats were administered a selenium‐deficient diet for 4 weeks prior to their exposure to T‐2 toxin for 4 weeks. Changes in cell morphology and empty chondrocyte lacunae indicative of cell death, as well as cartilage proteoglycan loss in the deep zone of articular cartilage of knee joints were observed in rats with selenium‐deficient diet plus T‐2 toxin treatment. These changes were similar to those observed previously in KBD. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), indicative of lipid peroxidation in serum and cartilage, were significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to the normal diet group, while the levels of antioxidants, measured as total antiox...

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Use of a Catalytic Model to Estimate Hepatitis A Incidence in a Low-Endemicity Country: Implications for Modeling Immunization Policies

Medical Decision Making — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study estimates the true incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in Canada using a catalytic model. Methods. A catalytic model was used to reconcile HAV seroprevalence data with the corresponding true cumulative risk of infection estimated from incidence data. Results. The average annual reported incidence was 6.2 cases per 100 000 from 1980 to 1989 and 7.7/100 000 from 1990 to 1999, indicating that Canada is a low-incidence country. The seroprevalence in Canadian-born individuals (n = 7 studies) was approximately 1%–8% in ages <20, 1%–11% in ages 20–29, 7%–29% in ages 30–39, and higher in older age groups. Between 1980 and 1995, the catalytic model estimated an average annual incidence of 60/100 000 (95% confidence interval, 33–524); appr...

Malaria's deadly secret: a skin stage.

Trends in Parasitology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Guilbride DL, Guilbride PD, Gawlinski P Abstract The role skin plays in malaria infection has long been overlooked. Recent analysis, however, suggests skin-infecting sporozoites initiate rapid suppression of immunity, establishing early tolerance to subsequent lifecycle stages. This explains susceptibility to reinfection by mosquito bite, independent of blood stage-induced immunosuppression or semi-immunity. Vaccine trials corroborate skin-initiated immunosubversion due to skin-infecting forms, tightly correlating bite pre-exposure, live parasites in the skin and endemic vaccine failure. Rapidly advancing skin immunobiology and recently described parasite development in host skin further substantiate the proposed model, consolidating a new concept in parasite biology, exem...

Combatting tropical diseases

MSF News — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 19:55:00 +0100

The Gates Foundation-hosted conference held in London Monday, ‘Uniting To Combat Tropical Diseases,’ draws attention to devastating tropical illnesses that have been neglected for too long. However, the ambitious goals to eliminate or control 10 neglected tropical diseases will only be credible when some critical remaining gaps are filled, according to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). “Though we are delighted that the World Health Organisation (WHO), donors and development agencies are finally drawing attention to neglected tropical diseases, we are concerned that challenges for some of these diseases are being glossed over,” says Daniel Berman, deputy director of MSF’s Access Campaign. “Expanded drug donations from the pharmaceutical industry will be part of the solution, bu...

Cost-effective antigen testing for delimitation, monitoring and evaluation in bancroftian filariasis

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 16:06:04 +0100

This study was focussed on identifying a cost-effective method for delimitation, monitoring and evaluation in bancroftian filariasis. Finger prick blood samples were collected between 20.00 and 23.00 hours for the detection of microfilariae (mf) from the available population in a village which was endemic for lymphatic filariasis. Simultaneously, from each individual, four spots of 25-μl blood samples were collected on Whatman number 3 filter paper and air dried. Dried filter paper spots were pooled in quantities of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 on unknown and simulated mf and antigen prevalence. Pooled samples were assayed for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using TropBIO Og4C3 ELISA kits. The community mf and CFA rates were 3.4% and 25.9%, respectively. The pool sizes of 20 and 25 sh...

Uniting against Neglected Tropical Diseases

Scientific American - Official RSS Feed — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 14:32:00 +0100

LONDON, United Kingdom Bill Gates, the world’s leading 13 pharmaceutical companies, governments and global organisations have announced unprecedented funding and support to eliminate and control 10 neglected tropical diseases (NTD) by 2020.More than US $785 million will be donated to control or eliminate these infections that affect around 1.4 billion people in 149 endemic countries. These infections kill or cause disability among the world’s poorest people mainly in Africa, Latin America and South East Asia. [More] (Source: Scientific American - Official RSS Feed)

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Peptides Derived from Mycobacterium leprae ML1601c Discriminate between Leprosy Patients and Healthy Endemic Controls

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 18:41:46 +0100

The stable incidence of new leprosy cases suggests that transmission of infection continues despite worldwide implementation of MDT. Thus, specific tools are needed to diagnose early stage Mycobacterium leprae infection, the likely sources of transmission. M. leprae antigens that induce T-cell responses in M. leprae exposed and/or infected individuals thus are major targets for new diagnostic tools. Previously, we showed that ML1601c was immunogenic in patients and healthy household contacts (HHC). However, some endemic controls (EC) also recognized this protein. To improve the diagnostic potential, IFN-γ responses to ML1601c peptides were assessed using PBMC from Brazilian leprosy patients and EC. Five ML1601c peptides only induced IFN-γ in patients and HHC. Moreover, 24-hour ...

Johnson & Johnson Joins Public and Private Partners in the Largest Coordinated Action to Date to Eliminate or Control Neglected Tropical Diseases(Jan 29, 2012)

Johnson and Johnson — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 13:04:43 +0100

January 30, 2012 - London – Today Johnson & Johnson joined the World Health Organization (WHO), 12 other pharmaceutical companies, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the U.S. and U.K. governments, the World Bank, and officials from endemic countries in a new, coordinated action to eliminate or control by the end of the decade 10 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that affect more than a billion people in the world..... (Source: Johnson and Johnson)

A recombinant adenovirus expressing immunodominant TB antigens can significantly enhance BCG-induced human immunity.

Vaccine — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that AERAS-402 is a promising TB vaccine candidate that can significantly enhance both CD4(+) and CD8(+) TB-specific T cell responses after BCG priming. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01378312. PMID: 22296955 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Vaccine)

Immunosensor towards Low-Cost, Rapid Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

RSC - Lab Chip latest articles — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:02:51 +0100

Lab Chip, 2012, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/C2LC21131A, Technical InnovationJong-Hoon Kim, Woon-Hong Yeo, Zhiquan Shu, Scott D Soelberg, Shinnoske Inoue, Dinesh Kalyanasundaram, John Ludwig, Clement E Furlong, James J Riley, Kris Weigel, Gerard A Cangelosi, Kieseok Oh, Kyong-Hoon Lee, Dayong Gao, Jae-Hyun ChungA long-sought goal for tuberculosis diagnosis is a rapid, accurate tool that is compatible with the needs of tuberculosis-endemic settings. An immunofluorescence microtip sensor is described that detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis...The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry (Source: RSC - Lab Chip latest articles)

Epidemiology and genetic relatedness of measles virus infection in Uttar Pradesh, India, during 2009-2010

Archives of Virology — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:56:14 +0100

This study calls for an improved surveillance system and intensive characterization of genotypes in circulation for the measles elimination program in India. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1227-9Authors Akhalesh Kumar Shakya, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaVibha Shukla, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaHarjeet Singh Maan, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaT. N. Dhole, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebare...

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80 percent of 'irreplaceable' habitats in Andes unprotected

EurekAlert! - Biology — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Duke University) Hundreds of rare, endemic species in the Central Andes remain unprotected and are increasingly under threat from development and climate change, according to a Duke University-led international study. (Source: EurekAlert! - Biology)

Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: Challenges to conservation

BMC Ecology - Latest articles — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Areas of high endemic species concentrations in the Andes-Amazon basin are in need of greater protection at the national level, as revealed by accurate species distribution maps that combine climate, topography, vegetation and biodiversity data. (Source: BMC Ecology - Latest articles)

Factors driving the abundance of Ixodes ricinus and the prevalence of zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ruiz-Fons F, Fernández-de-Mera IG, Acevedo P, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J Abstract Environmental factors may drive tick ecology and therefore tick-borne pathogen (TBP) epidemiology, which determines the risk of animals and humans of getting infected by TBPs. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of immature stages of Ixodes ricinus and on the prevalence of two zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in endemic natural foci. I. ricinus abundance was measured in nine sites in northern Iberian Peninsula by dragging the vegetation with a cotton flannelette and ungulate abundance was measured by means of dung counts. In addition to ungulate abundance, variables related to spatial location, climate and soil wer...

Schistosomiasis: an unusual finding of the cervix.

Obstetrics and Gynecology — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 20:31:26 +0100

CONCLUSION: : The differential diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis should be considered for patients who have a history of residence in or travel to endemic areas, including asymptomatic patients and patients presenting a long time after exposure. PMID: 22270443 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology)

Deficiency in immunity to poliovirus type 3: A lurking danger?

BMC Infectious Diseases — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Immunity to PV3 is insufficient in our cohort. Due to increasing globalization and worldwide tourism, the danger of polio-outbreaks is not averted - even not in developed countries, such as Germany. Therefore, vaccination remains necessary. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

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Evidence of Yersinia pestis DNA from fleas in an endemic plague area of Zambia

BioMed Central — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: We conclude that fleas may be responsible in the transmission of Y. pestis and that PCR may provide means of plague surveillance in the endemic areas of Zambia. (Source: BioMed Central)

Enhancement of naturally-acquired immunity against malaria by drug-use.

Journal of Medical Microbiology — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bijker E, Sauerwein RW Abstract Combination of chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine and so-called 'controlled human malaria infections' has been shown to induce sustained and fully protective immunity against malaria in experimental settings. This opens possibilities of translating this approach into an effective and applicable strategy for the field. We review the different ways in which anti-malarial drugs have been used for prevention of malaria in endemic settings and will discuss possibilities and challenges of applying a strategy of drug use and natural acquired infection in the field. PMID: 22282458 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)

A phase IIa Trial of the new TB Vaccine, MVA85A, in HIV and/or M. Tuberculosis Infected Adults.

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: MVA85A was safe and immunogenic in persons with HIV and/or M.tb infection. These results support further evaluation of safety and efficacy of this vaccine for prevention of TB in these target populations. Clinical trials registration information available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, i.d. NCT00480558. PMID: 22281831 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine)

The challenge of malaria eradication in the twenty-first century: Research linked to operations is the key.

Vaccine — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Breman JG, Brandling-Bennett AD Abstract Interest and support for malaria control, eradication, and research has increased greatly over the past decade. This has resulted from appreciation of the huge medical, social, and economic burden that malaria exacts from endemic populations. Recent breakthroughs in drug development (artemisinin-based combination treatments), preventive interventions (long-lasting, insecticide-treated bed nets), improved diagnosis (rapid diagnostic tests), and community mobilization have resulted in deployment of new antimalarial tools. National programs supported by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, and other donors have resulted in substantial reductions in malaria morbidity and morta...

Hydatid disease of the spine: a report on nine patients

International Orthopaedics — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 07:53:18 +0100

Conclusion Diagnosis was easy from the start, but eradication was difficult, and recurrence rate was very high despite the use of chemotherapy. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00264-011-1480-7Authors Thamer A. Hamdan, Orthopaedic Surgery, Dean Basrah Medical College, P.O. Box 763, Basrah, Iraq Journal International OrthopaedicsOnline ISSN 1432-5195Print ISSN 0341-2695 (Source: International Orthopaedics)

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Full-length characterization and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 virus isolated from broilers in Iran during 1998–2007

Comparative Clinical Pathology — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 07:26:50 +0100

Abstract H9N2 avian influenza A viruses (AIV) have become panzootic in Eurasia over the last decade and are endemic in Iran since 1998, and inactivated vaccine has been used in chickens to control the disease. The hemagglutinin (HA), one of eight protein-coding genes, plays an important role during the early stage of infection. To study their evolution and zoonotic potential, we conducted an in silico analysis of H9N2 viruses that have infected broiler in Tehran Province, Iran between 1998 and 2007. The complete coding region of HA genes from nine H9N2 subtypes isolated from chicken flocks in Tehran Province during 1998–2007 was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies of H9N2 subtype viruses on the basis of data of 9 viruses in this study and ...

Risk of hepatitis B reactivation and the role of novel agents and stem-cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection

Annals of Oncology — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Use of prophylaxis may reduce but will not preclude HBV reactivation. Highest risk occurs during immune reconstitution phase of HDT/ASCT. The role of immunomodulatory agents in HBV reactivation needs to be further elucidated. Separate HBV prophylaxis and surveillance guidelines ought to be developed for patients with MM. (Source: Annals of Oncology)

Anti-inflammatory, Gastroprotective, and Cytotoxic Effects of Sideritis scardica Extracts

Planta Medica — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study aimed to evaluate its gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Besides, continuously increasing interest in assessing the role of the plant active constituents preventing the risk of cancer was a reason to make a detailed examination of the investigated ethanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts regarding cytotoxicity. Oral administration of the investigated extracts caused a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in a model of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Gastroprotective activity of the extracts was investigated using an ethanol-induced acute stress ulcer in rats. The cytotoxic activity of plant extracts was assessed on PBMC, B16, and HL-60 cells and compared to the cytotoxicity of phenolic compounds identified in extracts. Apoptotic and nec...

Effect of Sanitation on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PLoS Medicine — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Despite a number of limitations (e.g., most studies used a cross-sectional design and were of low quality, with potential biases and considerable heterogeneity), our results reveal that sanitation is associated with a reduced risk of transmission of helminthiases to humans. Access to improved sanitation should be prioritized alongside preventive chemotherapy and health education to achieve a durable reduction of the burden of helminthiases. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary (Source: PLoS Medicine)

Endemic Fungal Infections Among Older PersonsEndemic Fungal Infections Among Older Persons

Medscape Today Headlines — Tue, 24 Jan 2012 04:00:00 +0100

Which geographical areas of the United States have increased incidence of fungal infections among older adults? Emerging Infectious Diseases (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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Genetic Diversity of Melipona mandacaia SMITH 1863 (Hymenoptera, Apidae), an Endemic Bee Species from Brazilian Caatinga, Using ISSR

Clinical and Developmental Immunology — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 11:22:21 +0100

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of Melipona mandacaia, we analyzed 104 colonies collected in 12 localities in Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, using ISSR-PCR. A total of 109 bands were obtained with a significant polymorphism of 72.47%. Estimates of genetic diversity indicated low values of heterozygosity (He and HB values were 0.2616 and 0.2573, resp.). These reduced values have been reported in other studies in stingless bees and maybe justified by dispersion process in the origin of new nests. AMOVA revealed that the higher percentage of variation is within localities (70.39%). The ΦST and θB values were, respectively, 0.2961 and 0.3289, thereby indicating a moderate population structuring. The correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r=0...

Nigeria: World Malaria Report 2011 (part Two)

AllAfrica News: Malaria — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:21:29 +0100

Daily Trust (Abuja)-Last week I provided a summary of the World Malaria Report 2011which provided information received from 106 malaria-endemic countries and also highlighted continued progress made towards meeting the international targets for malaria control set for 2010 and 2015. I concluded by making a pledge to comment about the Nigeria's progress as well as ask some pertinent questions that will ginger stakeholders towards concerted efforts to address the burden of Malaria in our dear country. (Source: AllAfrica News: Malaria)

Is endemic stability of tick-borne disease in cattle a useful concept?

Trends in Parasitology — Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Jonsson NN, Bock RE, Jorgensen WK, Morton JM, Stear MJ Abstract Endemic stability is a widely used term in the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne diseases. It is generally accepted to refer to a state of a host-tick-pathogen interaction in which there is a high level of challenge of calves by infected ticks, absence of clinical disease in calves despite infection, and a high level of immunity in adult cattle with consequent low incidence of clinical disease. Although endemic stability is a valid epidemiological concept, the modelling studies that underpinned subsequent studies on the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases were specific to a single host-tick-pathogen system, and values derived from these models should not be applied in other regions or host-tick-pathogen sys...

Reflecting on Haiti

Thrive, Children's Hospital Boston — Sun, 22 Jan 2012 18:19:41 +0100

By Dennis Rosen, MD Photo: Dennis Rosen This month marks the second anniversary of the January 2010 earthquake that devastated Port au Prince, killing more than a quarter million, injuring over 350,000, and leaving an estimated one million without shelter. Having gone there three times since then with groups from Children’s Hospital Boston to participate in the relief efforts, hardly a day goes by that I am not reminded of what I saw and lived during those weeks. Ranging from the truly horrible to inspiring and uplifting, many of the experiences were unlike any others I had had prior to setting foot in Haiti. The first time I went was in May 2010 with a group that worked at the General Hospital along with Partners in Health. Conditions on the ground were utterly chaotic, and the dis...

Mass drug administration significantly reduces infection of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in school children in the national control program in Sierra Leone

BMC Infectious Diseases — Sun, 22 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Significant reduction in S. mansoni and hookworm infection was achieved by this first round MDA in school-going children in Sierra Leone. This reduction in infection burden can potentially contribute to a reduction of morbidity, such as anaemia, in these children. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

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Development of a SYBR green I based RT-PCR assay for yellow fever virus: application in assessment of YFV infection in Aedes aegypti

Virology Journal — Sun, 22 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The SYBR Green-1 based qRT-PCR assay is a faster, simpler, more sensitive and less expensive procedure for detection and quantification of YFV than other currently used methods. (Source: Virology Journal)

Epidemiological, clinical features and susceptibility pattern of shigellosis in the Buea Health District, Cameroon

BMC Research Notes — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Shigellosis is more prevalent in children below 15 years in the Buea District. There is a high level of resistance to most of the antibiotics used for the treatment of shigellosis including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) as well as evidence of resistance to quinolones. Azithromycin was found to be the drug of choice for shigellosis in this setting. (Source: BMC Research Notes)

Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: New estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity.

Vaccine — Sat, 21 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Declines in HBV infection prevalence may be related to expanded immunization. The increasing overall number of individuals being chronically infected with HBV, and the widespread global differences in HBV prevalence call for targeted approaches to tackle HBV-related mortality and morbidity. HBV infection prevalence data are needed at country and sub-national level to estimate disease burden and guide health and vaccine policy. PMID: 22273662 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Vaccine)

Nigeria: 'The Nation to Exit Polio-Endemic Countries'

AllAfrica News: Polio — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 09:46:26 +0100

Daily Trust (Abuja)-A joint committee of World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Children's' Fund and National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) officials will screen and select supervisors and vaccinators for polio immunisation programmes, the agency has announced. (Source: AllAfrica News: Polio)

Evaluation of an immunochromatographic dip strip test for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica antigens in human faecal samples

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 07:07:36 +0100

Abstract Immunochromatographic (IC) tests may play an important role in the future diagnosis of parasitic diseases because of their speed and simplicity of use. A recently developed test to detect Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated. Microscopy and PCR were the “gold standard” reference techniques and the results of this IC test were compared with those obtained with ELISA and IC single test for the three parasites. One hundred sixty stool samples were assayed. Using microscopy, 22 samples were diagnosed as positive for Cryptosporidium spp., 31 for Giardia duodenalis, 41 for Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, and 68 had a negative diagnosis for the three parasites. Results of IC tests show sensitivities of 70–72% for Cryptosporidiu...

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Endogenous or exogenous spreading of HIV-1 in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, investigated by phylodynamic analysis of the RESINA Study cohort

Medical Microbiology and Immunology — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 07:07:01 +0100

Abstract HIV’s genetic instability means that sequence similarity can illuminate the underlying transmission network. Previous application of such methods to samples from the United Kingdom has suggested that as many as 86% of UK infections arose outside of the country, a conclusion contrary to usual patterns of disease spread. We investigated transmission networks in the Resina cohort, a 2,747 member sample from Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, sequenced at therapy start. Transmission networks were determined by thresholding the pairwise genetic distance in the pol gene at 96.8% identity. At first blush the results concurred with the UK studies. Closer examination revealed four large and growing transmission networks that encompassed all major transmission groups. One of th...

Drug resistance mutations and heteroresistance detected using the GenoType MTBDRplus assay and their implication for treatment outcomes in patients from Mumbai, India

BMC Infectious Diseases — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The use of the assay to rapidly diagnose MDR could guide simultaneous first- and second-line DST, and reduce the delay in administering appropriate regimens. Furthermore, detection of heteroresistance could prevent inaccurate "cured" treatment outcomes documented through smear microscopy and permit more sensitive detection of neonascent resistance. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

Phylogenetic analysis of Chinese sheeppox and goatpox virus isolates

Virology Journal — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: This study may expand the datum for spread trend research of Chinese SPPVs and GTPVs, meanwhile provide theoretical references to improve the preventive and control strategy. (Source: Virology Journal)

Hospital-associated measles outbreak - pennsylvania, march-april 2009.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Abstract Although endemic measles transmission has been interrupted in the United States, importations of this highly infectious virus continue. On March 28, 2009, a physician notified the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PADOH) of a measles case involving an unvaccinated child. Within 5 days, four additional cases were reported to PADOH and the Allegheny County Health Department. All five infected persons had been in the same hospital emergency department (ED) on March 10; one of them was a physician who worked in the ED. To find the source patient, PADOH reviewed electronic records of patients evaluated in the ED on March 10 for fever and rash. This identified a child who arrived recently from India, was treated for viral exanthema, and discharged. On April 3, PADOH ...

Fasciola hepatica phenotypic characterization in Andean human endemic areas: Valley versus altiplanic patterns analysed in liver flukes from sheep from Cajamarca and Mantaro, Peru.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Adela Valero M, Perez-Crespo I, Khoubbane M, Artigas P, Panova M, Ortiz P, Maco V, Espinoza JR, Mas-Coma S Abstract Fascioliasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Of both species, F. hepatica is the only one described in the Americas, mainly transmitted by lymnaeid snail vectors of the Galba/Fossaria group. Human fascioliasis endemic areas are mainly located in high altitude areas of Andean countries. Given the necessity to characterize F. hepatica populations involved, the phenotypic features of fasciolid adults infecting sheep present in human fascioliasis endemic areas were analysed in the Cajamarca Valley and Mantaro Valley (valley transmission patterns) and the northern Bolivian Altiplano (altiplanic transmission patte...

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Mystery bird: Orange-chinned parakeet, Brotogeris jugularis | @GrrlScientist

Guardian Unlimited Science — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:30:01 +0100

This South American mystery bird is notable because its range extends farthest north of all its congeners (includes video) Orange-chinned parakeet, Brotogeris jugularis exsul (synonyms, Psittacus caudacutus, Psittacus flavigula, Psittacus toui, Caica chrysopogon, Conurus tovi; protonym, Psittacus jugularis), Statius Müller, 1776, also known as the bee-bee parakeet, brown-shouldered parakeet, Mexican parakeet or as the tovi parakeet, photographed at Minca, Magdalena department, Colombia (South America). Image: Nick Athanas/Tropical Birding, 8 November 2011 (with permission) [velociraptorize]. Canon EOS 7D Question: This South American mystery bird is notable amongst its congeners for one of its traits. Which trait might that be? Can you name these birds' taxonomic family and species?Respon...

Development and evaluation of a single‐step multiplex PCR to differentiate the aquatic stages of morphologically similar Aedes (subgenus: Stegomyia) speciesDéveloppement et évaluation d’une PCR multiplex àétape unique pour différencier les stades aquatiques morphologiquement semblables des espèces du moustique Aedes (sous‐genre: Stegomyia)Desarrollo y evaluación de una PCR multiplex realizada en un solo paso, para diferenciar estadíos acuáticos de la especie Aedes (Subgenus: Stegomyia) morfológicamente similares

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 09:54:26 +0100

Conclusions The Multiplex PCR clearly differentiated the aquatic stages of the three Aedes species and detected that Ae. albopictus was most profuse in different breeding spots surveyed, hence indicating to be the main vector in this region. So control measures can be designed against Ae. albopictus at an early stage to prevent any arboviral outbreak. This method is a convenient tool for precise identification of Aedes vectors during entomological surveys in arbovirus endemic/epidemic areas where several species coexist.Objectif: Développer une PCR multiplex àétape unique pour différencier les stades aquatiques des espèces Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus et Aedes vittatus, collectés dans différents endroits de reproduction dans des zones endémiques/épidémiques pour arbovi...

Genetic diversity and genotype multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic individuals in the maritime region of TogoDiversité génétique et multiplicité génotypique des infections àPlasmodium falciparum chez les sujets symptomatiques dans la région maritime du TogoDiversidad genética y multiplicidad de genotipos en las infecciones por Plasmodium falciparum de individuos sintomáticos en la región marítima de Togo

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 09:54:05 +0100

Conclusion The severity of malaria was not associated with higher multiplicity of infections and did not appear restricted to particular genotypes. More comprehensive explorations including immunity, genetic factors, nutritional and sociologic status of the population could clarify the situation.Objectif: Evaluer la prévalence génotypique et la multiplicité des infections àPlasmodium falciparum dans la région maritime du Togo.Méthodes: Nous avons recruté 309 enfants symptomatiques âgés de 6 mois à 15 ans à Bè/Lomé et à Tsévié, deux zones endémiques pour le paludisme. Le nombre et les proportions des génotypes des protéines de surface du mérozoïte (msp) ‐1, 2 et 3 chez les patients ont été déterminés en utilisant le génotypage par électrophorèse en cap...

Preliminary enquiry into the availability, price and quality of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the private health sector of six malaria‐endemic countriesEnquête préliminaire sur la disponibilité, le prix et la qualité des Tests de Diagnostic Rapide du paludisme dans le secteur privé de santé dans six pays endémiquesPrimera encuesta sobre la disponibilidad, precio y calidad de las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido para la malaria en el sector sanitario privado en seis países endémicos

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 09:54:03 +0100

Conclusions In the private outlets sampled, the availability of RDTs was limited. Some of the RDTs whose quality we tested demonstrated inadequate sensitivity. This presents a number of risks. Given the more widespread distribution of antimalarials currently planned for private sector facilities, parasite‐based diagnosis in this sector will be essential to adhere to the WHO guidelines for effective case management of malaria. Considerable regulation and quality control are also necessary to assure the availability of accurate and reliable RDTs, as well as adequate case management and provider adherence to RDT results. Public sector engagement is likely to be essential in this process.Objectifs: Cette enquête visait à fournir une vue rapide sur la disponibilité, le prix et la qua...

Histopathology of chondronecrosis development in knee articular cartilage in a rat model of Kashin–Beck disease using T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency conditions

Rheumatology International — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 06:53:38 +0100

The objective of this study is to observe pathogenic lesions of joint cartilages in rats fed with T-2 toxin under a selenium deficiency nutrition status in order to determine possible etiological factors causing Kashin–Beck disease (KBD). Sprague–Dawley rats were fed selenium-deficient or control diets for 4 weeks prior to their being exposed to T-2 toxin. Six dietary groups were formed and studied 4 weeks later, i.e., controls, selenium-deficient, low T-2 toxin, high T-2 toxin, selenium-deficient diet plus low T-2 toxin, and selenium-deficient diet plus high T-2 toxin. Selenium deficiencies were confirmed by the determination of glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium levels in serum. The morphology and pathology (chondronecrosis) of knee joint cartilage of experi...

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Chagas disease screening among HIV-positive Latin American immigrants: an emerging problem

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 06:50:55 +0100

The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a CD screening programme in an HIV unit. An immunochromatography (ICT) of Trypanosoma cruzi was performed as a screening tool in HIV-positive patients born in CD endemic countries. ELISA and IFAT were used to confirm the diagnosis. A total of 155 patients, 116 males and 38 females, were included. Mean age was 36.9 years (±8.4) and mean length of stay in Spain at the screening was 7.1 years (±4.7). T. cruzi ICT was positive in four cases (2.6%), being confirmed (by ELISA and IFAT) in three of those (1.9%). Factors associated with confirmed positive T.cruzi serology were: Bolivia origin (p = 0.016), Bolivia or Argentina origin (p = 0.002), Southern Cone origin (p = 0.015), rural origin (p = 0.02...

Phylogenetic analysis of strains of Orf virus isolated from two outbreaks of the disease in sheep in Greece

Virology Journal — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: We suggest that there can be differences between strains based on their geographical origin. However, differences in the origin of strains or in the clinical presentation of the disease may not be associated with their pathogenicity. More work is required to determine if differing clinical presentations are linked to viral strain differences or if other factors, e.g., flock immunity, method of exposure or genetic susceptibility, are more important to determine the clinical presentation of the infection. (Source: Virology Journal)

Prospects and Pitfalls of Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Vaccination Based on the Natural Immune Response to Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA-Expressing Parasites

Comparative and Functional Genomics — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 15:29:36 +0100

Pregnancy-associated malaria, a manifestation of severe malaria, is the cause of up to 200,000 infant deaths a year, through the effects of placental insufficiency leading to growth restriction and preterm delivery. Development of a vaccine is one strategy for control. Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells accumulate in the placenta through specific binding of pregnancy-associated parasite variants that express the VAR2CSA antigen to chondroitin sulphate A on the surface of syncytiotrophoblast cells. Parasite accumulation, accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate, disrupts the cytokine balance of pregnancy with the potential to cause placental damage and compromise foetal growth. Multigravid women develop immunity towards VAR2CSA-expressing parasites in a gravidity-dependent mann...

A major locus on chromosome 3p22 conferring predisposition to human herpesvirus 8 infection

European Journal of Human Genetics — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Vincent Pedergnana, Antoine Gessain, Patricia Tortevoye, Minji Byun, Delphine Bacq-Daian, Anne Boland, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Laurent Abel & Sabine Plancoulaine (Source: European Journal of Human Genetics)

A quick and cost effective method for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection

BMC Infectious Diseases — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This study indicates that the BU-LAMP assay could be suitable for early disease diagnosis and application in low-resource health facilities. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

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Neurological complications of dengue fever: Experience from a tertiary center of north India

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Dengue fever was associated with widespread neurological complications. Brachial neuritis and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome were observed for the first time in this study. (Source: Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology)

Atypical clinical and imaging manifestation in neurocysticercosis

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

L Dayananda, C Kesavadas, Bejoy Thomas, R Neelima, VV RadhakrishnanAnnals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2011 14(4):295-297A 20-year-old man presented with left-sided headache and seizures of three years duration. Conglomerate ring-enhancing lesions were seen in the first magnetic resonance imaging study. He was initially treated with anticonvulsants for two years. Because the symptoms and the lesions were persisting, antitubercular treatment was added. He was asymptomatic after antitubercular treatment despite persisting lesion. Lesion showed exuberant ring enhancement with increased perfusion. Because the lesion was persisting even after 24 months of antitubercular treatment, excision was considered. Lesionectomy was done and histopathology reported meningoencephalitis secondary to neuro...

Ensemble Modeling of the Likely Public Health Impact of a Pre-Erythrocytic Malaria Vaccine

PLoS Medicine — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions In higher transmission settings, EPI strategies will be most efficient, but vaccination additional to the EPI in targeted low transmission settings, even at modest coverage, might be more efficient than national-level vaccination of infants. The feasibility and economics of mass vaccination, and the circumstances under which vaccination will avert epidemics, remain unclear. The approach of using an ensemble of models provides more secure conclusions than a single-model approach, and suggests greater confidence in predictions of health effects for lower transmission settings than for higher ones. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary (Source: PLoS Medicine)

A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of monthly versus second monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine chemoprevention in adults at high risk of malaria.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lwin KM, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Hanpithakpong W, Ashley EA, Lee SJ, Cheah P, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Lindegårdh N, Nosten F Abstract Background: Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) is increasingly used to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in children and pregnant women. The efficacy of IPT depends on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antimalarial drugs used.Methods: Healthy adult male volunteers whose occupation put them at high risk of malaria on the Northwest border of Thailand were randomized to receive a 3-day treatment dose of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine monthly (DPm), every two months (DPalt), or an identical placebo with or without fat (6.4g/dose) over a 9 month period. All were followed weekly.Findings: 1000 adults were recruite...

Serological survey of Q fever in Crete, southern Greece.

Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases. — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Vranakis I, Kokkini S, Chochlakis D, Sandalakis V, Pasparaki E, Minadakis G, Gikas A, Tselentis Y, Psaroulaki A Abstract Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an obligatory intracellular bacterium with worldwide distribution. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of C. burnetii phase II antibodies in two different groups (high and low risk) of healthy human population and investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the infection in the island of Crete (southern Greece). Collection and testing by IFA of 493 sample sera for IgG and IgM antibodies against C. bumetii phase II antigen indicated a prevalence of IgG antibodies of 48.7%. Of the seropositive individuals, 34% also revealed IgM seropositive antibody titers. Analysis of 225 sampl...

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Nigeria: World Malaria Report 2011 (part One)

AllAfrica News: Malaria — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 09:25:53 +0100

This article is about Malaria and 2011 which is captured in a detail report by World Health Organization (W.H.O) titled 'World Malaria report 2011'. It summarizes information received from 106 malaria-endemic countries and other sources and updates the analyses presented in the 2010 report. It highlights continued progress made towards meetin (Source: AllAfrica News: Malaria)

Population genetic structure in the Iberian cyprinid fish Iberochondrostoma lemmingii (Steindachner, 1866): disentangling species fragmentation and colonization processes

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Interplay between the complex geography, hydrogeomorphological history, past climatic changes, and anthropogenic pressures is likely responsible for the current diversity and species' distribution of freshwater fishes in the Iberian Peninsula. To further disentangle the evolutionary processes promoting the diversification of endemic Iberian Cyprinids through time and space, we explored the patterns of genetic diversity of the Iberian arched‐mouth nase, Iberochondrostoma lemmingii (Steindachner, 1866), using molecular markers rendering at different timescales: the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and seven microsatellite loci. Both markers showed significant differentiation of populations though the relative genetic distances among populations were different between markers. Mitochondrial ...

Monitoring of African Swine Fever in the Wild Boar Population of the Most Recent Endemic Area of Spain

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryWild boars are natural hosts for African swine fever (ASF). The ASF virus (ASFV) can persist for long periods in the environment, such as in ticks and contaminated products, which may be sources of infection for wild boar populations. African swine fever was eradicated in domestic pig populations in Spain in 1995, after 35 years of significant effort. To determine whether ASFV can persist in wild boar hosts after it has been eradicated from domestic pigs and to study the role of wild boar in helping ASFV persist in the environment, we checked for the presence of ASFV in wild boars in Doñana National Park, one of the largest natural habitats of wild boar in Spain and one of the last areas where ASF was endemic prior its eradication. Samples from 158 animals collected between 2006 ...

Clusters of leprosy transmission and of late diagnosis in a highly endemic area in Brazil: focus on different spatial analysis approaches

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Several municipality clusters for high leprosy transmission and late diagnosis were identified in an endemic area using different statistical approaches. Spatial scan statistic is adequate to validate and confirm high‐risk leprosy areas for transmission and late diagnosis, identified using descriptive spatial analysis and using local empirical Bayesian method. National and State leprosy control programs urgently need to intensify control actions in these highly vulnerable municipalities. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)

Circular stochastic fluctuations in SIS epidemics with heterogeneous contacts among sub-populations.

Theoretical Population Biology — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We report the emergence of a circular dynamics in the diffusion process, with an intrinsic frequency, near the endemic steady state. The endemic steady state is represented by a stable node in the deterministic dynamics. As a NESS phenomenon, the circular motion is caused by the intrinsic heterogeneity within the subgroups, leading to a broken symmetry and time irreversibility. PMID: 22273833 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Theoretical Population Biology)

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Reciprocal translocations in cattle: frequency estimation

Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 03:45:06 +0100

SummaryChromosomal anomalies, like Robertsonian and reciprocal translocations, represent a big problem in cattle breeding as their presence induces, in the carrier subjects, a well‐documented fertility reduction. In cattle, reciprocal translocations (RCPs, a chromosome abnormality caused by an exchange of material between non‐homologous chromosomes) are considered rare as to date only 19 reciprocal translocations have been described. In cattle, it is common knowledge that the Robertsonian translocations represent the most common cytogenetic anomalies, and this is probably due to the existence of the endemic 1;29 Robertsonian translocation. However, these considerations are based on data obtained using techniques that are unable to identify all reciprocal translocations, and thus, their...

Evidence of alphaherpesvirus infections in Alaskan caribou and reindeer

BMC Veterinary Research - Latest articles — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This study shows that Alaskan reindeer and Caribou are infected with an alphaherpesvirus. Based on sequence similarity, CvHV-2 is the most likely virus. Further studies should be conducted to determine the impact of this infection on the health of these animals. (Source: BMC Veterinary Research - Latest articles)

[Comment] Solving the trachoma elimination puzzle, one piece at a time

LANCET — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Once a disease that accounted for about 80% of US public health service spending and the impetus for establishing the Moorfields Eye Hospital in the UK, trachoma is now isolated mostly to developing countries. Yet it remains the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide, with an estimated 1·3 million people blind and 8·1 million individuals with trichiasis and at risk of becoming blind. WHO has set 2020 as the target year for eliminating blinding trachoma worldwide. That year is fast approaching, and much work remains—trachoma is endemic in more than 50 countries. (Source: LANCET)

Evidence of alphaherpesvirus infections in Alaskan caribou and reindeer.

Herpes — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that Alaskan reindeer and Caribou are infected with an alphaherpesvirus. Based on sequence similarity, CvHV-2 is the most likely virus. Further studies should be conducted to determine the impact of this infection on the health of these animals. PMID: 22243919 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Herpes)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sonicate–Induced IFNγ, CXCL10 and IL10 can Differentiate Severity in Tuberculosis

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:33 +0100

AbstractImproved tools are required to study immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen‐stimulated T cell‐based assays can detect TB but are less effective when responses are compromised such as in severe disease. We investigated immune responses to M. tuberculosis whole sonicate (MTBs), recombinant antigens ESAT6 and CFP10 in whole blood cells of healthy endemic controls (EC, n = 42) and patients with pulmonary (PTB, n = 36) or extrapulmonary (ETB, n = 41) disease. Biomarkers of T cell activation (IFNγ) or modulation (IL10) and chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL2, secretion were measured. MTBs, ESAT6 and CFP10 all induced IFNγ responses in TB. ESAT6‐induced IFNγ was elevated in TB as compared with EC. MTBs stimulated the highest IFNγ ...

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Responsibly Managing Uncertainties In Clinical Ethics.

The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: McCullough LB Abstract It is well-recognized that uncertainty is an endemic feature and limitation of clinical judgment and practice that cannot be eliminated in many cases. Among the tasks of clinical ethics is the responsible management of uncertainties, first articulated in E. Haavi Morreim's very nice concept of the "moral management of medical uncertainty." The papers in the 2012 Clinical Ethics issue of the Journal provide philosophically innovative and clinically applicable accounts of the varieties of uncertainty in clinical medicine and therefore in clinical ethics: epistemic uncertainty, metaphysical uncertainty, and relational uncertainty. PMID: 22246973 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy)

Antibodies against a Plasmodium falciparum antigen PfMSPDBL1 inhibit merozoite invasion into human erythrocytes.

Vaccine — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sakamoto H, Takeo S, Maier AG, Sattabongkot J, Cowman AF, Tsuboi T Abstract One approach to develop a malaria blood-stage vaccine is to target proteins that play critical roles in the erythrocyte invasion of merozoites. The merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) and the erythrocyte-binding antigens (EBAs) are considered promising vaccine candidates, for they are known to play important roles in erythrocyte invasion and are exposed to host immune system. Here we focused on a Plasmodium falciparum antigen, PfMSPDBL1 (encoded by PF10_0348 gene) that is a member of the MSP3 family and has both Duffy binding-like (DBL) domain and secreted polymorphic antigen associated with merozoites (SPAM) domain. Therefore, we aimed to characterize PfMSPDBL1 as a vaccine candidate. Recombinant fu...

Calcified neurocysticercosis lesions and hippocampal sclerosis: Potential dual pathology?

Epilepsia — Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryIn areas where cysticercosis is endemic, calcified neurocysticercosis lesion(s) (CNL) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) commonly coexist in patients with localization‐related epilepsies. To understand the pathogenesis of HS associated with CNL, we compared the characteristics of three groups of patients with antiepileptic drug–resistant epilepsies: CNL with HS, CNL without HS (CNL alone), and HS without CNL (HS alone). In comparison to patients with CNL alone, those with CNL with HS had CNL more frequently located in the ipsilateral temporal lobe. Those with CNL with HS had a lower incidence of febrile seizures, older age at initial precipitating injury and at onset of habitual complex partial seizures, and more frequent clustering of seizures and extratemporal/bitemporal intericta...

A Victory, Not A Conspiracy: Bill Gates And Ending Polio

Forbes.com Healthcare News — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 19:07:57 +0100

This morning brought a victory in humanity's battle against the germs that surround us, infect us, and define our history: polio virus appears to have been eliminated from India, one of only four nations in which the disease that paralyzed Franklin Delano Roosevelt is still endemic. (Source: Forbes.com Healthcare News)

Current hepatitis delta virus type 1 (HDV1) infections in central and eastern Turkey indicate a wide genetic diversity that is probably linked to different HDV1 origins

Archives of Virology — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 16:44:20 +0100

In this study, we analyzed 34 samples from patients who were chronically infected with HBV/HDV, originating from 22 cities of rural regions in the central and eastern parts of Turkey, in order to determine the levels of viral replication and genetic diversity. HDV RNA levels ranged between 3.02 and 8.75 Log copies/mL, and HBV DNA was detected in 25 samples (73.5%), with values ranging from 2.53 to 5.30 Log copies/mL. Analysis of nucleotides 900-1280 of HDV genomes (n = 34) and full-length (n = 17) sequences indicated that all of the strains belonged to genotype HDV1. However, a high genetic diversity was observed among the isolates, with a mean full-length dissimilarity score of 13.05%. HDV sequences clustered with sequences from Western Europe (n = 11),...

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Bill Gates On India's First Polio-Free Year

Forbes.com Healthcare News — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 12:28:39 +0100

Today marks the a year since the last case of new polio infection in India -- a major step toward eliminating the virus there. India is one of only four countries (the others are Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, known by the acronym PAIN) where polio is said to be endemic, that is, spreading there, not coming from one of those four places. (Source: Forbes.com Healthcare News)

A Quality Management Approach to Implementing Point-of-Care Technologies for HIV Diagnosis and Monitoring in Sub-Saharan Africa

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 11:11:41 +0100

Technology advances in rapid diagnosis and clinical monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been made in recent years, greatly benefiting those at risk of HIV infection, those needing care and treatment, and those on antiretroviral (ART) therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. However, resource-limited, geographically remote, and harsh climate regions lack uniform access to these technologies. HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and monitoring tools, such as those for CD4 counts, as well as tests for coinfections, are being developed and have great promise in these settings to aid in patient care. Here we explore the advances in point-of-care (POC) technology in the era where portable devices are bringing the laboratory to the patient. Quality management approaches will be imp...

India to mark milestone in fight against polio

The Economic Times Healthcare and Biotech News — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 07:13:49 +0100

If no previously undisclosed cases of the crippling disease are discovered, India will no longer be considered a polio endemic country. (Source: The Economic Times Healthcare and Biotech News)

The epidemiology of the first described carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia: how far do we go?

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 06:42:52 +0100

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to describe the first documented carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) outbreak in a tertiary care facility in Saudi Arabia. We initiated a prospective study to follow all cases of CRKP as well as the active surveillance of patients in areas where cases were identified. We also conducted a retrospective review of the microbiology database for any missed cases of CRKP. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was conducted for the available CRKP isolates. During March 2010, a cluster of eight CRKPs was detected primarily in the adult intensive care unit (ICU). Patients with CRKPs were put under strict contact isolation, along with appropriate infection control measures. A retrospective review of K. pneumoniae isolates...

Serologic markers of gluten sensitivity in a healthy population from the western region of Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Positive celiac screening is present at a low prevalence rate in our adult population, in which the individuals' age and their serum IgA levels are not associated with the positivity level. A study on a larger scale with the application of histologic confirmation of positive cases is needed. (Source: The Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology)

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Gut-Associated Bacteria Throughout the Life Cycle of the Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus Thomas and Bright (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Their Cellulolytic Activities.

Microbial Ecology — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Morales-Jiménez J, Zúñiga G, Ramírez-Saad HC, Hernández-Rodríguez C Abstract Dendroctonus rhizophagus Thomas and Bright (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is an endemic economically important insect of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. This bark beetle has an atypical behavior within the genus because just one beetle couple colonizes and kills seedlings and young trees of 11 pine species. In this work, the bacteria associated with the Dendroctonus rhizophagus gut were analyzed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences amplified directly from isolates of gut bacteria suggests that the bacterial community associated with Dendroctonus rhizophagus, like that of other Dendroctonus spp. and Ips pini, is limited in number. Nine bacte...

Lymphatic filariasis in western Ethiopia with special emphasis on prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia in and around onchocerciasis endemic areas

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 11:11:31 +0100

This report summarizes initial data on the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia based on surveys carried out in a sampled population of 11685 individuals living in 125 villages (112 districts) of western Ethiopia. The overall prevalence rate was 3.7%, but high geographical clustering and variation in prevalence (ranging from 0% to more than 50%) was found. The prevalence of hydrocele (in males) and lymphoedema of limbs was 0.8% and 3.6% respectively. Significantly higher (χ2=49.6; P20%, 10–20% and 5–9% were nine, 14 and 20 respectively. Twenty-nine of these 34 endemic districts were found in three regions: Gambella Region (seven districts), Beneshangul-Gumuz Region (13 districts), and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) (nine districts). The other ...

Diagnostic use of Burkholderia pseudomallei selective media in a low prevalence setting

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 11:11:31 +0100

Abstract: Routine use of selective media improves diagnosis of Burkholderia pseudomallei, but resources may be limited in endemic developing countries. To maximise yield in the relatively low-prevalence setting of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, B. pseudomallei selective agar and broth were compared with routine media for 154 respiratory specimens from patients with community-acquired disease. Selective media detected three additional culture-positive specimens and one additional melioidosis patient, at a consumables cost of US$75. Burkholderia pseudomallei was not isolated from 74 diabetic foot ulcer samples. Following careful local evaluation, focused use of selective media may be cost-effective. (Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)

Mutant pfcrt "SVMNT" haplotype and wild type pfmdr1 "N86" are endemic in Plasmodium vivax dominated areas of India under high chloroquine exposure

Malaria Journal — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, the distribution of pfcrt haplotypes and the pfmdr-1 mutation (N86Y) has been described across 11 sites in India and evaluated for a correlation between the prevalence of mutations and the clinical outcome of CQ treatment. (Source: Malaria Journal)

Aetiology and epidemiology of fever in children presenting to the emergency department of a French paediatric tertiary care centre after international travel

Archives of Disease in Childhood — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Cosmopolitan infections are the leading cause of fever in French children returning from tropical and subtropical areas. However, all febrile children who have returned from an endemic area should be tested for malaria. (Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood)

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Spatial patterns in the distribution of European springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Using a large database on the spatial distribution of European springtails (Collembola) we investigated how range sizes and range distribution across European countries and major islands vary. Irrespective of ecological guild, islands tended to contain more endemic species than mainland countries. Nestedness and species co‐occurrence analysis based on country species lists revealed latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of species occurrences across Europe. Species range sizes were much more coherent and had fewer isolated occurrences than expected from a null model based on random colonization. We did not detect clear postglacial colonization trajectories that shaped the faunal composition across Europe. Our results are consistent with a multiregional postglacial colonization. © 2012...

Lymphatic filariasis mapping by Immunochromatographic Test cards and baseline microfilaria survey prior to mass drug administration in Sierra Leone

Parasites and Vectors — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Sierra Leone is endemic with lymphatic filariasis. To facilitate the planning of the national elimination program, national prevalence mapping and baseline surveys were conducted, showing every district was qualified for mass drug administration. Image: A 23 year-old mother of 3 with elephantiasis in Bombali District. (Source: Parasites and Vectors)

Genetic variation of coat protein gene among the isolates of Rice tungro spherical virus from tungro-endemic states of the India

Virus Genes — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 17:00:22 +0100

Abstract Rice tungro disease, one of the major constraints to rice production in South and Southeast Asia, is caused by a combination of two viruses: Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). The present study was undertaken to determine the genetic variation of RTSV population present in tungro endemic states of Indian subcontinent. Phylogenetic analysis based on coat protein sequences showed distinct divergence of Indian RTSV isolates into two groups; one consisted isolates from Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Cuttack (Orissa), and Puducherry and another from West Bengal, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu). The results obtained from phylogenetic study were further supported with the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism), I...

Nigeria: World Malaria Report 2011

AllAfrica News: Malaria — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 08:41:10 +0100

This article is about Malaria and 2011 which is captured in a detailed report by World Health Organization (WHO) titled 'World Malaria Report 2011'. It summarizes information received from 106 malaria-endemic countries and other sources and updates the analyses presented in the 2010 report. It highlights continued progress made towards meetin (Source: AllAfrica News: Malaria)

Unusual presentation of neurobrucellosis: a solitary intracranial mass lesion mimicking a cerebral tumor

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 06:42:04 +0100

Abstract Among the diverse presentations of neurobrucellosis, solitary intracranial mass lesions are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, we describe here the second case of neurobrucellosis mimicking a cerebral tumor caused by Brucella melitensis. The mass lesion was clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from a brain tumor. The diagnosis was established by isolating Brucella melitensis in a blood culture and a positive Wright’s agglutination test on the cerebrospinal fluid at 1:320 titers. Paraffin sections of the cerebral mass showed nongranulomatous encephalitis. We suggest that patients with an isolated intraparenchymal mass lesion with nongranulomatous encephalitis should also be studied for brucellosis in endemic areas. Content Type Journ...

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A USA300 variant and other human-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains infecting cats and dogs in France

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Over a 5 year period, the proportion of MRSA infections in pets appears low (<2%) in France, but the distribution of the clones mostly mirrors the epidemiology of human invasive clones. These data highlight the role of pets as both victims and reservoirs of endemic, epidemic and/or invasive MRSA. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

Genetic rediscovery of an 'extinct' Galápagos giant tortoise species.

Current Biology — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Garrick RC, Benavides E, Russello MA, Gibbs JP, Poulakakis N, Dion KB, Hyseni C, Kajdacsi B, Márquez L, Bahan S, Ciofi C, Tapia W, Caccone A Abstract Genes from recently extinct species can live on in the genomes of extant individuals of mixed ancestry. Recently, genetic signatures of the giant Galápagos tortoise once endemic to Floreana Island (Chelonoidis elephantopus) were detected within eleven hybrid individuals of otherwise pure Chelonoidis becki on Volcano Wolf, Isabela Island [1]. Movement of tortoises between islands by pirate and whaling ships was not uncommon during the 1800s [2], representing a likely mechanism by which individuals from Floreana were translocated to northern Isabela, despite being presumed extinct soon after Charles Darwin's historic voyage t...

Novartis' Troubles With Packaging Continue

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 20:00:00 +0100

Novartis Consumer Health announced earlier today a recall on certain OTC medicines that were badly packaged and might have broken or chipped pills, as well as incorrect product mixed into bottles of pills. Rather worrying for consumers with risks of possible wrong or overdoses of their medicine. Now the problems seem to be more endemic with the FDA inspection of the Novartis' Manufacturing facility finding other drugs that may have become mixed in the packing process... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in Pigs: Current Epidemiological Situation and Control Methods

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryFoot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is the paradigm of a transboundary animal disease. Beyond any doubt, it is the most serious challenge for livestock’s health. Official Veterinary Services from free countries invest considerable amount of money to prevent its introduction, whereas those from endemic countries invest most of their resources in the control of the disease. A very important volume of scientific production is developed every year in different aspects of FMD, and for that reason, the current knowledge makes the diagnosis of the disease easier to a great extent. However, FMD is still endemic in about two‐thirds of the countries, and periodically re‐emergent in several countries. This paper is a review of recent publications, focusing mainly on control measures and cur...

Risk factors for postoperative bleeding after thyroid surgery

British Journal of Surgery — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion:Observation for up to 24 h is recommended for the majority of patients undergoing bilateral thyroid surgery in an endemic goitre area. Same‐day discharge is feasible in selected patients, especially after a unilateral procedure. Quality improvement by continuous outcome monitoring and retraining of individual surgeons is suggested. Copyright © 2012 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: British Journal of Surgery)

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Risk factors for postoperative bleeding after thyroid surgery.

The British Journal of Surgery — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Observation for up to 24 h is recommended for the majority of patients undergoing bilateral thyroid surgery in an endemic goitre area. Same-day discharge is feasible in selected patients, especially after a unilateral procedure. Quality improvement by continuous outcome monitoring and retraining of individual surgeons is suggested. Copyright © 2012 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID: 22231603 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The British Journal of Surgery)

Prevalence of anti-dengue immunoglobulin G antibodies among American Red Cross blood donors in Puerto Rico, 2006.

Transfusion — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Supplementary serologic testing of donated blood can potentially provide information on the silent circulation or introduction of dengue serotypes. PMID: 22224623 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Transfusion)

Urine heme dipsticks are useful in monitoring the impact of Praziquantel treatment on Schistosoma haematobium in sentinel communities of Delta State, Nigeria.

Acta Tropica — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Emukah E, Gutman J, Eguagie J, Miri ES, Yinkore P, Okocha N, Jibunor V, Obiageli N, Ikenna NA, Richards FO Abstract Nigeria is highly endemic for infection with Schistosoma haematobium, which most commonly manifests itself with blood in urine. To monitor the impact of annual mass drug administration (MDA) with Praziquantel for S. haematobium in Delta State, Nigeria, cross-sectional hematuria surveys of school children were conducted in 8 sentinel villages (SVs) at baseline (n=240) and after two annual doses (n=402). We assessed the comparability of three assessments of hematuria (child's reported history, nurse visual diagnosis (NVD) and dipstick) to determine the need for mass treatment. Dipstick was considered to be the gold standard. Prior to treatment, history and NVD ...

Spatial analysis and mapping of malaria risk in an endemic area, south of Iran: A GIS based decision making for planning of control.

Acta Tropica — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Zamani G, Abedi F, Sedaghat MM, Soltani M, Shahi M, Raeisi A Abstract Bashagard district is one of the important malaria endemic areas in southern Iran. From this region a total of 16,199 indigenous cases have been reported in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the situation of the disease and provide the risk map for the area. ArcGIS9.2 was used for mapping spatial distribution of malaria incidence. Hot spots were obtained using evidence-based weighting method for transmission risk. Environmental factors including temperature, relative humidity, altitude, slope and distance to rivers were combined by weighted multi criteria evaluation for mapping malaria hazard area at the district level...

A Survey on the Frequency of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus Carriers in Cattle in North–East of Iran by RT‐PCR: Implications for Revising Disease Control Strategy

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases — Sat, 07 Jan 2012 10:52:33 +0100

SummaryFoot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Iran. It is essential to timely evaluate the current disease control programme in Iran. Here, we report the frequency of FMD virus (FMDV) carrier state in cattle slaughtered in Mashhad abattoir, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, north–east of Iran, which contains long common borders with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Soft palate samples were collected immediately after slaughter for the detection of FMDV by RT‐PCR. The results show that 37.7% of cattle (96 of 255) were carriers of the virus. Among positive samples (96), 58 (60.4%) belonged to serotype O. No evidence was detected for the presence of Asia 1 and A serotypes. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenic dendogram showed close similarity and common lineage between our samples and viruse...

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[Perspectives] Creatively confronting addiction

LANCET — Sat, 07 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We are all at risk of addiction. Vices are endemic to the human condition and each of us has the potential to become an addict. Scare statements? Not at the Museo Interactivo Sobre Las Adicciones (aka MIA) in Culiacán, Mexico. MIA is a unique interactive games and exhibit-based addiction museum—narcotics feature, but so too do alcohol, tobacco, food, gambling, and internet addictions. MIA broadcasts a strong message: addictions are pandemic and they are global. (Source: LANCET)

Nigeria: 22 States in Nigeria Are Polio Free - NPHCDA

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 16:43:08 +0100

Leadership (Abuja)-The Executive Director of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency, NPHCDA, Dr Ado Mohammed, has disclosed that 22 States in Nigeria have remained polio free for three years even as the country is among the four most endemic polio countries in the world. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

In vitro inhibition of monkeypox virus production and spread by Interferon-beta

Virology Journal — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the successful inhibition of monkeypox virus using human IFN-beta and suggest that IFN-beta could potentially serve as a novel safe therapeutic for human monkeypox disease. (Source: Virology Journal)

Transthyretin Val30Met familial amyloid polyneuropathy: a considerably different clinical picture and natural course in endemic and non-endemic areas

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is caused by a mutation in the transthyretin (TTR) gene, which produces an amyloidogenic variant form of TTR (ATTR), thus leading to the designation of ATTR type FAP. Until now, more than 100 mutations have been identified as a cause of the gene abnormality in this disease, but the substitution of methionine for valine at position 30 (ATTR Val30Met) is the most common. FAP was once considered to be a disease peculiar to endemic areas, but FAP patients are now known to exist in many nations worldwide.1 The clinical phenotypes of ATTR type FAP have been shown to vary in different kindreds or individuals with diverse TTR gene mutations. Even in FAP with ATTR Val30Met, the clinical picture is considerably different between patients originating from endemic...

Natural history of transthyretin Val30Met familial amyloid polyneuropathy: analysis of late-onset cases from non-endemic areas

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions The ages of onset of each clinical landmark were extremely variable between patients. However, once an initial symptom appeared, the chronological sequence of other clinical landmarks tended to be uniform, occurring within a relatively short time span. (Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry)

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Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in villages around Kimboza forest reserve in Morogoro, Tanzania

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: A rich diversity of medicinal plant species are used for treating different diseases in villages around Kimboza forest reserve, with the wild habitat being the most important reservoir for the majority of the plants. Awareness programmes on sustainable utilization and active involvement of community in conservation programmes are needed. (Source: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine)

Imported human rabies - new jersey, 2011.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This report summarizes the patient's clinical course and the associated public health investigation. This is the third report of human rabies in the United States acquired in Haiti since 2000 and highlights the importance of obtaining a detailed history for patients who have traveled from a rabies-endemic country and the value of consultation with medical and public health professionals regarding any animal bites. PMID: 22217622 [PubMed - in process] (Source: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl...)

Treatment and Prevention of Malaria

Springer Biomedical Sciences titles — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:07:02 +0100

Antimalarial Drug Chemistry, Action and Useseries:Milestones in Drug TherapyMalaria has defeated previous efforts at eradication and remains a massive global public health problem despite being readily preventable and treatable. It is a devastating disease that also extracts huge economic costs from the poorest countries in endemic regions. Starting with an overview of the disease and its current political, financial and technical context, this Milestones in Drug ... (Source: Springer Biomedical Sciences titles)

Falciparum malaria parasitemia index for predicting severe malaria

Clinical and Laboratory Haematology — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 21:46:06 +0100

Conclusion: Symptoms of severe falciparum malaria depend on many factors. For the definition of hyperparasitemia in areas of low or seasonal transmission, peripheral parasitemia of 0.5% might be considered a cutoff point for discrimination between severity levels. This value might be useful for the clinical management of malaria, particularly in hypo‐endemic areas, unstable transmission areas, and other areas with similar transmission patterns. (Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology)

Epistaxis in Visceral Leishmaniasis with Hematological Correlation

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 14:27:21 +0100

Conclusion. Epistaxis is a common ENT finding in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis like our case. (Source: Advances in Pharmacological Sciences)

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Hepatitis E virus in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured around pig farm

BMC Research Notes — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: There was a relatively high prevalence (17.9%) of the HEV genome in wild Norway rats. The virus was mainly detected in the liver and spleen. The results indicate that these animals might be possible carrier of swine HEV in endemic regions. The HEV contamination risk due to rats needs to be examined in human habitats. (Source: BMC Research Notes)

Elevated levels of plasma Big endothelin-1 and its relation to hypertension and skin lesions in individuals exposed to arsenic.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hossain E, Islam K, Yeasmin F, Karim MR, Rahman M, Agarwal S, Hossain S, Aziz A, Al Mamun A, Sheikh A, Haque A, Hossain MT, Hossain M, Haris PI, Ikemura N, Inoue K, Miyataka H, Himeno S, Hossain K Abstract Chronic arsenic (As) exposure affects the endothelial system causing several diseases. Big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1), the biological precursor of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a more accurate indicator of the degree of activation of the endothelial system. Effect of As exposure on the plasma Big ET-1 levels and its physiological implications have not yet been documented. We evaluated plasma Big ET-1 levels and their relation to hypertension and skin lesions in As exposed individuals in Bangladesh. A total of 304 study subjects from the As-endemic and non-endemic areas in Banglade...

Sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of Newcastle disease virus isolated from a commercial poultry farm in 2010

Archives of Virology — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 16:49:38 +0100

Abstract Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects wild and domestic birds but causes contagious and lethal disease in domestic poultry. ND is currently endemic in Pakistan, but no complete genome sequence of a Pakistani NDV isolate has been reported. An NDV strain isolated from a commercial poultry farm was completely sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate is closely related to genotype VII and, more specifically, to subgenotype VIIb, yet with substantial enough differences to be regarded as new subgenotype (VIIf). These findings provide insight into the genetic nature of NDV circulating in Pakistan and are useful for both laboratory diagnosis and vaccine development for NDV. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Annotated Sequence RecordPages 1-4DOI 10...

Sudan: Malaria, Bilharzia and Filariasis Endemic in South Darfur

AllAfrica News: Malaria — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 14:32:29 +0100

Radio Dabanga (Hilversum)-The Ministry of Health announced an outbreak of parasitic diseases in the southern localities of South Darfur. (Source: AllAfrica News: Malaria)

Tensions of Marriage: Love, Cooperation, Capitulation, Annihilation

Clinical Social Work Journal — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 06:58:52 +0100

Abstract This paper addresses the inevitable conflicts endemic to couple relationships. These conflicts are a manifestation of the mutual subjugation experienced by all couples engaged in an ongoing intimate relationship. The author describes this universal dimension of the life of a couple, applying what Ogden (1994a) calls “the subjugating intersubjective third”—a third subject co-created through mutual projective identification, binding them together as a couple. The unconscious and conscious relationship between each partner and “the third” generates a spectrum of primitive emotions from bliss to entrapment. Consequently, an identical situation in a relationship can evoke feelings of love and cooperation or capitulation and annihilation in one or both partners...

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Effect of delayed diagnosis on severity of Pott’s disease

International Orthopaedics — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 06:48:02 +0100

Conclusions Most patients in this cohort experienced long delays in diagnosis, and such delay was significantly associated with the presence of severe disease. Clinicians in TB-endemic areas must consider vertebral TB early and obtain imaging in patients who complain of persistent back pain. Improved diagnostic criteria are needed to identify patients at higher risk of disease. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperPages 1-10DOI 10.1007/s00264-011-1432-2Authors Eli Kamara, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USASahil Mehta, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USAJames C. M. Brust, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USAAnil K. Jain, Department of Orthopaedics, University College...

Prospective evaluation of commercial antibody-based rapid tests in combination with LAMP for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi during the acute phase of scrub typhus infection.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study has revealed the diagnostic limitations of antibody-based assays in an acute setting. However, the combination of ICTs with LAMP usually increased sensitivity with minimal reduction in specificity. The best combination, the Panbio IgM ICT and LAMP, resulted in a sensitivity of 67% (53-79) and a specificity of 91% (83-95). The combination of antibody-based assays with DNA or antigen-based tests shows promise for improved diagnostic sensitivity. PMID: 22219313 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology)

Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis in the United States.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kelesidis T, Tsiodras S Abstract Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in the developing world but is becoming more common in the United States because of immigration. Although NCC is pleomorphic in its presentation, extraparenchymal NCC may be challenging to diagnose and treat. Extraparenchymal NCC is probably more frequent than previously thought. Neurologists and neuroradiologists in the United States are often unaware of the pretreatment/post-treatment radiographic patterns of extraparenchymal NCC and the potentially poor prognosis if not correctly diagnosed and managed. The review of this condition is important given increasing incidence in the United States. PMID: 22222333 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences)

The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography

PLoS Biology: Archived Table of Contents — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

by Alex D. Rogers, Paul A. Tyler, Douglas P. Connelly, Jon T. Copley, Rachael James, Robert D. Larter, Katrin Linse, Rachel A. Mills, Alfredo Naveira Garabato, Richard D. Pancost, David A. Pearce, Nicholas V. C. Polunin, Christopher R. German, Timothy Shank, Philipp H. Boersch-Supan, Belinda J. Alker, Alfred Aquilina, Sarah A. Bennett, Andrew Clarke, Robert J. J. Dinley, Alastair G. C. Graham, Darryl R. H. Green, Jeffrey A. Hawkes, Laura Hepburn, Ana Hilario, Veerle A. I. Huvenne, Leigh Marsh, Eva Ramirez-Llodra, William D. K. Reid, Christopher N. Roterman, Christopher J. Sweeting, Sven Thatje, Katrin Zwirglmaier Since the first discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift in 1977, numerous vent sites and endemic faunal assemblages have been found along mid-ocean...