MedWorm: Rabies

Imported Human Rabies -- New Jersey, 2011Imported Human Rabies -- New Jersey, 2011

Medscape Today Headlines — Wed, 08 Feb 2012 04:00:00 +0100

What are some of the signs that clinicians should look for when they suspect a case of rabies in a patient? This new report explains. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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Recovery of a Patient from Clinical Rabies — California, 2011

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 21:56:08 +0100

(Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

Officials Warn of Possible Rabies in Rhode IslandOfficials Warn of Possible Rabies in Rhode Island

Medscape Medical News Headlines — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 21:25:33 +0100

A crowd of onlookers in downtown Providence may have been exposed to rabies last month by a bat that a man was carrying in a box, health officials said on Thursday. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)

Eight-year-old survives rabies

Health News - UPI.com — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 02:34:04 +0100

ATLANTA, Feb. 2 (UPI) -- U.S. health officials said Thursday an 8-year-old girl was hospitalized, ultimately diagnosed with rabies and survived, even though rabies is usually fatal. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Officials warn of possible rabies exposure in Rhode Island

Reuters: Health — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 19:55:17 +0100

(Reuters) - A crowd of onlookers in downtown Providence may have been exposed to rabies last month by a bat that a man was carrying in a box, health officials said on Thursday. (Source: Reuters: Health)

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Man Dies in First Massachusetts Rabies Case Since 1935Man Dies in First Massachusetts Rabies Case Since 1935

Medscape Infectious Diseases Headlines — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 14:25:33 +0100

A Massachusetts man has died after being critically ill for about a month with the state's first reported case of human rabies since 1935. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Infectious Diseases Headlines)

Rabies

eMedicineHealth.com — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 07:00:00 +0100

(Source: eMedicineHealth.com)

Mass. man who had rabies from bat dies

Health News - UPI.com — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 22:28:18 +0100

MARSTONS MILLS, Mass., Jan. 30 (UPI) -- A 63-year-old Massachusetts man who fought rabies for the last month has died, officials said. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Vaccine warfare! Texas carpet-bombs 7,000 square miles with air-dropped rabies vaccines

NaturalNews.com — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 06:00:00 +0100

The weaponization of vaccines just took another leap forward in America with the recent air-dropping of rabies vaccines by the Texas Department of State Health Services. Using a battery of small planes based out of Del Rio, Texas recently dropped 1.8 million edible vaccine... (Source: NaturalNews.com)

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Texas nearly ends rabies with aerial vaccine drops

Reuters: Health — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 17:02:13 +0100

SAN ANTONIO (Reuters) - Three King Air planes are lined up on a small runway in the town of Del Rio preparing to bomb south Texas -- not with explosives, but with hundreds of thousands of packets of rabies vaccine. (Source: Reuters: Health)

Texas Nearly Ends Rabies With Aerial Vaccine DropsTexas Nearly Ends Rabies With Aerial Vaccine Drops

Medscape Medical News Headlines — Wed, 18 Jan 2012 16:56:02 +0100

Three King Air planes are lined up on a small runway in the town of Del Rio preparing to bomb south Texas -- not with explosives, but with hundreds of thousands of packets of rabies vaccine. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)

Rabies vaccine: Wheezing: case report

Reactions — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 19:08:18 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Molecular epidemiology of livestock rabies viruses isolated in the northeastern Brazilian states of Paraiba and Pernambuco from 2003 - 2009

BMC Research Notes — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The occurrences of livestock rabies in PB and PE originated from vampire bat RABVs, and the causative RABV lineage has been circulating in this area of northeastern Brazil for at least 7 years. This distribution pattern may correlate to that of a vampire bat population isolated by geographic barriers. (Source: BMC Research Notes)

A novel neuroprotective therapy for Parkinson's disease using a viral noncoding RNA that protects mitochondrial Complex I activity

The Journal of Experimental Medicine — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we have demonstrated that the administration of a novel noncoding p137 RNA, derived from the human cytomegaloviral β2.7 transcript, can prevent and rescue dopaminergic cell death in vitro and in animal models of PD by protecting mitochondrial Complex I activity. Furthermore, as this p137 RNA is fused to a rabies virus glycoprotein peptide that facilitates delivery of RNA across the blood–brain barrier, such protection can be achieved through a peripheral intravenous administration of this agent after the initiation of a dopaminergic lesion. This approach has major implications for the potential treatment of PD, especially given that this novel agent could have the same protective effect on all diseased neurons affected as part of this disease process, not just the...

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Evaluation of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in humans injured by dogs and cats in the municipality of Jaboticabal, SP, from 2000 through 2006. - Frias DF, Lages SL, Carvalho AA.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 23:37:58 +0100

The present study aimed to evaluate rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in humans in the municipality of Jaboticabal, São Paulo from 2000 through 2006. A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted by collecting data available in patient records.... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test for the detection of rabies from brain material of European mammals.

Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Servat A, Picard-Meyer E, Robardet E, Muzniece Z, Must K, Cliquet F Abstract The surveillance of rabies relies on investigations conducted on dead suspected animals or animals showing clinical signs suggestive of rabies. An immunochromatographic method based on lateral flow principle has been evaluated against a collection of brain samples mainly of European mammals including bats. The performance of this new test has been compared to the conventional gold standard methods: the fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) and the Rapid Tissue Culture Infection Test (RTCIT). This test enabled the detection of various rabies strains belonging to rabies species 1, 5, 6 and 7 and demonstrated an overall specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of more than 88% when compared to FAT and RTCIT. ...

Lack of robust LGN label following transneuronal rabies virus injections into macaque area V4

The Journal of Comparative Neurology — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We report here on experiments that use rabies virus injections into V4 to retrogradely label mono and disynaptic inputs. We find only a small number of labeled neurons in the LGN in a pattern consistent with monosynaptic labeling of koniocells, rather than disynaptic labeling of magno and parvocells. The lack of robust magno and parvocellular label was not due to ineffective viral transport since in the same cases we find hundreds of neurons labeled in the thalamic reticular nucleus, a structure which can only be labeled disynaptically from cortex. We also find a complete absence of neurons labeled in V1, but thousands in adjacent areas V2 and V3. This result helps explain the absence of labeled magno and parvocells in LGN because disynaptic transport from an extrastriate visual area shoul...

Serial passage of a street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells resulted in attenuation: Potential role of the additional N-glycosylation of a viral glycoprotein in the reduced pathogenicity of street rabies virus.

Virus Research — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Yamada K, Park CH, Noguchi K, Kojima D, Kubo T, Komiya N, Matsumoto T, Mitui MT, Ahmed K, Morimoto K, Inoue S, Nishizono A Abstract Street rabies viruses are field isolates known to be highly neurotropic. However, the viral elements related to their pathogenicity have yet to be identified at the nucleotide or amino acid level. Here, through 30 passages in mouse neuroblastoma NA cells, we have established an attenuated variant of street rabies virus strain 1088, originating from a rabid woodchuck followed by 2 passages in the brains of suckling mice. The variant, 1088-N30, was well adapted to NA cells and highly attenuated in adult mice after intramuscular (i.m.) but not intracerebral (i.c.) inoculations. 1088-N30 had seven nucleotide substitutions, and the R196S mutation o...

Aggregate travel vs. single trip assessment: Arguments for cumulative risk analysis.

Vaccine — Sat, 07 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Leder K, Chen LH, Wilson ME Abstract Vaccine recommendations for travellers are based on individual risk assessments of multiple factors, most importantly the destination and duration of the impending trip. Many people undertake frequent trips, but existing WHO, CDC and national advisory board recommendations do not explicitly consider cumulative travel-associated risks. Given the period of protection provided by many vaccines, in particular rabies, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccines, an aggregate multi-trip risk assessment which views vaccines as an investment for future travel health may be more appropriate than separately evaluating the risks for each trip. PMID: 22234265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Vaccine)

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Imported Human Rabies — New Jersey, 2011

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Sat, 07 Jan 2012 03:07:58 +0100

(Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

Imported human rabies - new jersey, 2011.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This report summarizes the patient's clinical course and the associated public health investigation. This is the third report of human rabies in the United States acquired in Haiti since 2000 and highlights the importance of obtaining a detailed history for patients who have traveled from a rabies-endemic country and the value of consultation with medical and public health professionals regarding any animal bites. PMID: 22217622 [PubMed - in process] (Source: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl...)

Animal bites should be assessed for rabies

Health News - UPI.com — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 02:15:47 +0100

ATLANTA, Jan. 5 (UPI) -- The third case of human rabies in the United States acquired in Haiti since 2000 highlights the importance of obtaining patients' history, health officials say. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Fluorescent rabies virus tracks how experience alters neural circuits | Mo Costandi | Neurophilosophy blog

Guardian Unlimited Science — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 19:28:00 +0100

A technique called monosynaptic tracing reveals how experience remodels olfactory bulb microcircuitryContrary to an age-old dogma, the brain is not fixed and immutable. After decades of research, we now know that the brains of mammals (including humans) can produce new cells after embryonic development is ended. We also know that experience alters the connections between nerve cells in a number of ways, and it is widely believed that this process, which is referred to as synaptic plasticity, is critical for learning and memory. The adult mammalian brain contains two discrete niches of stem cells which retain the ability to generate new neurons. In rodents, it is well established that newborn cells integrate into the existing circuitry and contribute to information processing, but exactly h...

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Naturally Acquired Rabies Virus Infections in Wild-Caught Bats

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 15:58:22 +0100

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Jan 2012, Vol. 12, No. 1: 55-60. (Source: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases)

Cadila's JV on track for new vaccine's clinical test in India

The Economic Times Healthcare and Biotech News — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 10:14:27 +0100

Cadila said it has recieved regulatory approval for conducting rabies vaccine toxicology studies in India and clinical study of influenze vaccine is planned for 2012. (Source: The Economic Times Healthcare and Biotech News)

Massachusetts rabies case blamed on little brown myotis bat

Reuters: Health — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 23:26:25 +0100

CONWAY, Mass (Reuters) - A Massachusetts man critically ill with the first reported case of human rabies in state since 1935 was infected by a type of bat called a little brown myotis, state health officials said on Tuesday. (Source: Reuters: Health)

Rabies in captive deer, pennsylvania, USA, 2007-2010.

Emerging Infectious Diseases — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Petersen BW, Tack DM, Longenberger A, Simeone A, Moll ME, Deasy MP, Blanton JD, Rupprecht CE Abstract Since January 2007, a total of 11 rabid deer from 4 deer farms have been identified in 2 neighboring Pennsylvania counties. Vaccination of deer against rabies, decreasing wildlife animal contact with deer, and education of deer farmers may prevent further cases of rabies in captive deer and exposures to humans. PMID: 22260956 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)

First Human Rabies Case In 75 Years Diagnosed In Mass.

Fri, 30 Dec 2011 23:19:36 +0100

BOSTON (CBS) – For the first time in 75 years, there is a human case of rabies in Massachusetts. The Department of Public Health made the announcement Friday, saying the patient is a man in his 60′s from Barnstable County on the Cape and that he is in the hospital in critical condition. The exact cause of how he was infected is not yet known, but it was likely from a bat. Rabies in humans is rare because most people who are bitten seek treatment right away. Health officials say, in this case, the man was likely bitten in the last several weeks and did not know it. Bats were found in his home and investigators said it’s possible the man never realized he was bitten because the bats’ teeth are so small. WBZ-TV’s Ken MacLeod reports var videoCanvas = new WNVideoWidg...

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Massachusetts man diagnosed with rare rabies case

Reuters: Health — Fri, 30 Dec 2011 21:19:05 +0100

NEW YORK (Reuters) - Massachusetts reported its first case of human rabies since 1935, state health officials said on Friday, after confirming that a Cape Cod man in his 60s had fallen ill with the rare but potentially fatal disease. (Source: Reuters: Health)

First Human Rabies Case In 75 Years Diagnosed In Mass.

Fri, 30 Dec 2011 17:41:36 +0100

BOSTON (CBS) – For the first time in 75 years, there is a human case of rabies in Massachusetts. The Department of Public Health made the announcement Friday, saying the patient is a man in his 60′s from Barnstable County on the Cape and that he is in the hospital in critical condition. The exact cause of how he was infected is not yet known, but it was likely from a bat. Rabies in humans is rare because most people who are bitten seek treatment right away. Health officials say, in this case, the man was likely bitten in the last several weeks and did not know it. Bats were found in his home and investigators said it’s possible the man never realized he was bitten because the bats’ teeth are so small. In some cases, rabies takes months to develop in humans. This is the...

Massachusetts man diagnosed with rare rabies case

Modern Medicine — Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Animal bites and rabies exposure in Australian travellers. - Mills DJ, Lau CL, Weinstein P.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 04:51:29 +0100

OBJECTIVES: To examine the circumstances of animal exposure in a case series of Australian travellers who required rabies postexposure prophylaxis, and to assess the appropriateness of current guidelines for rabies pre-exposure vaccination. DESIGN, PARTICI... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

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Withdrawn

Journal of Clinical Pathology — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

This article has been withdrawn. (Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology)

Animal bites and rabies exposure in Australian travellers.

Med J Aust — Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Most travellers had difficulty obtaining rabies postexposure prophylaxis overseas, resulting in significant delays in appropriate treatment. We recommend that current National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for at-risk persons be broadened, and that the risk of rabies and the option of pre-exposure vaccination be discussed with all travellers to rabies-endemic areas. PMID: 22171863 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Med J Aust)

Dog bites in humans and estimating human rabies mortality in rabies endemic areas of Bhutan. - Tenzin, Dhand NK, Gyeltshen T, Firestone S, Zangmo C, Dema C, Gyeltshen R, Ward MP.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Sun, 11 Dec 2011 01:31:19 +0100

This study aimed to estimate t... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

Pathology Associated with a Human Case of Rabies in the United Kingdom Caused by European Bat Lyssavirus Type-2

Intervirology — Fri, 02 Dec 2011 18:32:35 +0100

Intervirology (DOI:10.1159/000333019) (Source: Intervirology)

Risk Assessment of Oral Rabies Vaccine Released

Biotechnology Law Report — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 15:09:04 +0100

Biotechnology Law Report Dec 2011, Vol. 30, No. 6: 689-689. (Source: Biotechnology Law Report)

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Outbreaks of Attacks by Hematophagous Bats in Isolated Riverine Communities in the Brazilian Amazon: A Challenge to Rabies Control

Zoonoses and Public Health — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

We present data related to attacks by hematophagous bats in three riverine communities in the Rio Negro basin, Brazilian Amazon. A cross‐sectional survey was carried out to obtain demographic and epidemiological data through interviews with 201 inhabitants. A total of 721 bat attacks with bites took place from 2004 to 2006, 238 (33%) reported by residents in Campinas do Rio Preto, 329 (46%) in Águas Vivas and 154 (21%) in the community of Malalahá. Incidence density among surveyed inhabitants was 84 attacks/100 persons‐years in Campinas do Rio Preto, 249 attacks/100 persons‐years in Águas Vivas and 81 attacks/100 persons‐years in Malalahá. The proportion of surveyed inhabitants bled by bats at least once was 67% (63/94) in Campinas do Rio Preto, 96% (42/44) in Águas Vivas and ...

Bat rabies and human postexposure prophylaxis, new york, USA.

Emerging Infectious Diseases — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Eidson M, Hagiwara Y, Rudd RJ, McNutt LA Abstract TO THE EDITOR: The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) assessed the effect of terrestrial rabies on human postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) during the first 10-year period of computerized reporting (1993-2002) (1). We assessed the effect of bat rabies during the same period, when guidelines for PEP were changing (2). NYSDOH developed local health department and public education programs to reduce bat encounters, increase testing of bats involved in encounters, and improve reporting of bat encounters (3). PMID: 22172493 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)

Novel sylvatic rabies virus variant in endangered golden palm civet, sri lanka.

Emerging Infectious Diseases — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

We report a novel sylvatic rabies virus variant detected in a golden palm civet in Sri Lanka. Evolutionary analysis suggests the virus diverged from canine rabies viruses in Sri Lanka in ≈1933 (range 1886-1963). PMID: 22172202 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)

Risk for rabies importation from north Africa.

Emerging Infectious Diseases — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Gautret P, Ribadeau-Dumas F, Parola P, Brouqui P, Bourhy H Abstract A retrospective study conducted in France indicated that a large proportion of patients injured by potentially rabid animals while in North Africa did not seek pretravel advice, and some had not received proper rabies postexposure prophylaxis while in North Africa. As a result, imported human rabies cases are still being reported, and the need for postexposure prophylaxis after exposure in North Africa is not declining. Tourists are generally unaware of the danger of importing potentially rabid animals and of the rules governing the movement of pets. In France, for example, rabid dogs have frequently been imported from Morocco to France through Spain. This situation imposes heavy social and economic costs ...

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Reviewing host proteins of Rhabdoviridae: Possible leads for lesser studied viruses.

Journal of Biosciences — Tue, 29 Nov 2011 00:48:50 +0100

Authors: Guleria A, Kiranmayi M, Sreejith R, Kumar K, Sharma SK, Gupta S Abstract Rhabdoviridae, characterized by bullet-shaped viruses, is known for its diverse host range, which includes plants, arthropods, fishes and humans. Understanding the viral-host interactions of this family can prove beneficial in developing effective therapeutic strategies. The host proteins interacting with animal rhabdoviruses have been reviewed in this report. Several important host proteins commonly interacting with animal rhabdoviruses are being reported, some of which, interestingly, have molecular features, which can serve as potential antiviral targets. This review not only provides the generalized importance of the functions of animal rhabdovirus-associated host proteins for the first time but a...

Evaluation and Management of the Recumbent Adult Horse

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice — Wed, 23 Nov 2011 15:50:51 +0100

Initial evaluation of a recumbent horse involves assessment of the entire situation, including the location of the horse and safety of the horse and all involved personnel. A recumbent horse often results in a stressed environment, for both the horse and client, and it is important for the veterinarian to be observant, directive and methodical during the evaluation. Obtaining a good history can provide critical information for reaching a diagnosis as to the cause of recumbency. Signalment and a history of recent health or performance problems should be obtained. Any treatments that the horse has received should also be recorded. Onset (acute vs chronic) of the recumbency, and activity prior to the onset of recumbency should be determined. Knowledge of diet and management practices may also...

Announcements: Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis Online Course

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Fri, 18 Nov 2011 22:30:55 +0100

(Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

Molecular characterization of China rabies virus vaccine strain

Virology Journal — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: In this report, we analyzed the full genome of China human rabies vaccine strain aG. Our studies indicated that the genome of aG retained the basic characteristics of RV. At gene level, N was the most conserved among the five coding genes, indicating this gene is the most appropriate for quantitative genotype definition. The phylogenetic analysis of the N indicated the aG strain clustered most closely with Japanese and Russian rabies vaccine strains, suggesting that they may share the same ancestor; also, the aG strain did not share high homology with wild strains isolated from China, making it may not be the best vaccine strain, more research is needed to elucidate the genetic relationship among the RV circulating in China. (Source: Virology Journal)

Rise in Rabies Treatments Limited in New York StateRise in Rabies Treatments Limited in New York State

Medscape Today Headlines — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 01:22:39 +0100

Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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Evidence for evolutionary convergence at MHC in two broadly distributed mesocarnivores

Immunogenetics — Wed, 16 Nov 2011 06:50:25 +0100

Abstract Variation within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is important in recognizing pathogens and initiating an immune response. These genes are relevant in enhancing our understanding of how species cope with rapid environmental changes and concomitant fluctuations in selective pressures such as invasive, infectious diseases. Disease-based models suggest that diversity at MHC is maintained through balancing selection arising from the coevolution of hosts and pathogens. Despite intensive balancing selection, sequence motifs or even identical MHC alleles can be shared across multiple species; three potential mechanisms have been put forth to explain this phenomenon: common ancestry, convergent evolution, and random chance. To understand the processes that mai...

Raccoon dog rabies surveillance and post-vaccination monitoring in Lithuania 2006 to 2010

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: ORV was effective in reducing the prevalence of rabies in the raccoon dog population in Lithuania. The prevalence of rabies cases in raccoon dogs in Lithuania decreased from 60.7% in 2006-2007 to 6.5% in 2009-2010. (Source: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica)

South Africa: Anti-Rabies Campaign Starts in Ethekwini

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Thu, 10 Nov 2011 11:43:20 +0100

The eThekwini Municipality's Health Unit is embarking on an anti-rabies road show aimed at informing people about the outbreak of rabies and the importance of getting dogs vaccinated. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

Recent emergence of the Arctic rabies virus lineage.

Virus Research — Wed, 09 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Nadin-Davis SA, Sheen M, Wandeler AI Abstract The rabies viruses that circulate in Arctic countries and in much of northern and central Asia are phylogenetically closely related and collectively referred to as the Arctic/Arctic-like (AL) lineage. The emergence and spread of this lineage is of significant interest given that rabies remains a serious zoonotic disease in many parts of Asia, especially in India where the prevalence of dog rabies leads to frequent human exposures and deaths. Previous molecular epidemiological studies of rabies viruses in India identified the AL lineage as the type circulating across much of the country. To further explore the relationship of Indian and Arctic rabies viruses, a collection of samples recovered from Rajasthan state in northern Ind...

RECOMMENDATIONS AND REPORTS: Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2011

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 16:07:10 +0100

(Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

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Landscape composition and structure influence the abundance of mesopredators: implications for the control of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) variant of rabies

Canadian Journal of Zoology — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 09:44:11 +0100

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Volume 89, Issue 11, Page 1107-1116, November 2011. (Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology)

Differential Architecture of Multisynaptic Geniculo-Cortical Pathways to V4 and MT

Cerebral Cortex — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Parallel visual pathways in the primate brain known as the dorsal and ventral streams receive retinal inputs mainly through the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Inputs from these layers terminate within distinct parts of layer 4C of V1 (visual area 1). Due to the complexity of M- and P-derived neural connectivity in V1 and higher visual areas, the contributions of M and P inputs to the dorsal and ventral streams remain unclear. Employing retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus, we analyzed the architecture of bottom–up pathways toward ventral stream area V4 (visual area 4) and dorsal stream area MT (middle temporal area). We found that V4 receives both M and P inputs "trisynaptically" from layer 4C via layer 2/3 of V1, where...

Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2011.

MMWR Recomm Rep — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This report provides recommendations for public health officials, veterinarians, animal control officials, and other parties engaged in rabies prevention and control activities and should serve as the basis for standardizing procedures among jurisdictions. The recommendations regarding domestic animal vaccination, management of animals exposed to rabies, and management of animals that bite humans are the core elements of animal rabies control and human rabies prevention. These updated 2011 guidelines include the national case definition for animal rabies and clarify the role of the CDC rabies laboratory in providing confirmatory testing of suspect animals. The table of rabies vaccines licensed and marketed in the United States has been updated, and additional references have been included ...

Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for expression of heterologous genes: From gene cloning to bioprocess development.

Biotechnology Advances — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Moraes AM, Jorge SA, Astray RM, Suazo CA, Riquelme CE, Augusto EF, Tonso A, Pamboukian MM, Piccoli RA, Barral MF, Pereira CA Abstract In the present review we discuss strategies that have been used for heterologous gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells using plasmid vectors. Since the growth of S2 cells is not dependent on anchorage to solid substrates, these cells can be easily cultured in suspension in large volumes. The factors that most affect the growth and gene expression of S2 cells, namely cell line, cell passage, inoculum concentration, culture medium, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, hydrodynamic forces and toxic metabolites, are discussed by comparison with other insect and mammalian cells. Gene expression, cell metabo...

Intranasal Anti-rabies DNA Immunization Promotes a Th1-related Cytokine Stimulation Associated with Plasmid Survival Time

Archives of Medical Research — Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: We found that Th1-type related cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were stimulated during the first month after DNA vaccination, correlating with the proliferation assays. Also, it was associated with the plasmid survival time remaining in lungs and brains prior to its degradation. (Source: Archives of Medical Research)

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Evaluation of ELISA for detection of rabies antibodies in domestic carnivores.

Journal of Virological Methods — Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, the specificity, sensitivity and reliability of this commercial rabies ELISA was evaluated for testing sera from dogs and cats involved in international trade. The specificity evaluated in 315 unvaccinated animals was 100%. Concordance of 86.2% was obtained when comparing BioPro ELISA to the gold standard FAVN test in 701 samples from vaccinated dogs and cats. The rabies ELISA developed recently can be considered a valuable method for the assessment of rabies antibodies in vaccinated domestic carnivores in combination with neutralisation tests. PMID: 22080853 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Virological Methods)

Antigen content versus volume of rabies vaccines administered intradermally.

Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Dodet B PMID: 22000166 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization)

Retrospective study of extensive vaccination programs for canine rabies control and public health in Korea.

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Joo YS, Lee JH, Lee KK, Bang HA, Lee WC Abstract This retrospective study of the patterns and efforts of the extensive vaccination programs for canine rabies control (EVPCRC) compared the prevalence rate (PR) of rabies under two different vaccination programs for dogs in Korea between 1962 and 2007. A total of 753 cases of rabid dogs were reported between 1962 and 2007, and there were 350 human cases reported in the same period. There were 518 cases (PR, 4.11) of rabid dogs reported from 1962 to 1979, when the low-egg-passage Flury strain vaccine was used, and a total of 342 human cases were observed over the same period. However, there were 235 rabid dogs (PR, 0.83) identified from 1980 to 2007 when the Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth strain vaccine was used, and only 8 human ...

Gene Expression Analysis of Host Innate Immune Responses in the Central Nervous System following Lethal CVS-11 Infection in Mice.

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sugiura N, Uda A, Inoue S, Kojima D, Hamamoto N, Kaku Y, Okutani A, Noguchi A, Park CH, Yamada A Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) tissue of mice infected with the CVS-11 strain of rabies virus (RABV) was subjected to gene expression analysis using microarray and canonical pathway analyses. Genes associated with innate immunity as well as inflammatory responses were significantly up-regulated, corroborating with the previous findings obtained using attenuated viruses that did not induce a fatal outcome in infected mice. Histopathological examination showed that neurons in the cerebellum had undergone apoptosis. Although the extent of Fas ligand up-regulation was not so prominent, perforin and granzyme genes were highly expressed in the CNS of mice infected with CVS...

Rabies in southeast Brazil: a change in the epidemiological pattern

Archives of Virology — Fri, 28 Oct 2011 06:05:03 +0100

Abstract This epidemiological study was conducted using antigenic and genetic characterisation of rabies virus isolates obtained from different animal species in the southeast of Brazil from 1993 to 2007. An alteration in the epidemiological profile was observed. One hundred two samples were tested using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies, and 94 were genetically characterised by sequencing the nucleoprotein gene. From 1993 to 1997, antigenic variant 2 (AgV-2), related to a rabies virus maintained in dog populations, was responsible for rabies cases in dogs, cats, cattle and horses. Antigenic variant 3 (AgV-3), associated with Desmodus rotundus, was detected in a few cattle samples from rural areas. From 1998 to 2007, rabies virus was detected in bats and urban pets, a...

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Evidence for Inter- and Intra-clade Recombinations in Rabies Virus

Journal of Dentistry — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 20:34:05 +0100

This report presents the first evidence suggesting the possibility of homologous recombination in rabies virus, which could provide valuable insights for understanding the diversity and evolution of rabies virus as well as other negative-strand RNA viruses.Highlights► We offer the first evidence demonstrating homologous recombination in rabies virus. ► The recombination in rabies virus can occur between two strains of the same clade. ► The recombination in rabies virus can occur between two strains of different clades. ► Recombination break points are located in the viral polymerase gene. (Source: Journal of Dentistry)

Evidence for inter- and intra-clade recombinations in rabies virus.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Public health implications of an outbreak of rabies in arctic foxes and reindeer in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, September 2011.

Euro Surveill — Fri, 21 Oct 2011 08:45:02 +0100

Authors: Macdonald E, Handeland K, Blystad H, Bergsaker M, Fladberg M, Gjerset B, Nilsen O, Os H, Sandbu S, Stokke E, Vold L, Orpetveit I, Gaup Amot H, Tveiten O PMID: 21996377 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Euro Surveill)

Malaria vaccine trialled

NHS News Feed — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 17:40:00 +0100

Conclusion In this study, researchers have reported the results of an interim analysis of a large trial of a malaria vaccine, called RTS,S/AS01, carried out in several African countries. The efficacy and safety of the vaccine over 12 months in the first 6,000 children aged 5 to 17 months old who received the vaccine was reported, together with an evaluation of the first 250 cases of severe malaria. The trial found that the vaccine reduced the number of episodes of clinical malaria by about 50%, and the number of cases of severe malaria by about 35%. There was some evidence that the vaccine reduced in efficiency during the follow-up period. Side effects occurred with a similar frequency in children that had received either the malaria vaccine or the control vaccine. There were more cases o...

Subcellular trafficking in rhabdovirus infection and immune evasion: a novel target for therapeutics.

Infectious Disorders Drug Targets — Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Oksayan S, Ito N, Moseley G, Blondel D Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Rabies Virus (RABV) are the prototypic members of the rhabdovirus family. These viruses have a particularly broad host range, and despite the availability of vaccines, RABV still causes more than 50,000 human deaths a year. Trafficking of the virion or viral particles is important at several stages of the replicative life cycle, including cellular entry, localization into the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which primarily house the transcription and replication of the viral genome, and migration to the plasma membrane from whence the virus is released by budding. Intriguingly, specific viral proteins, VSV M and RABV P have also been shown to undergo intracellular trafficking independent of t...

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Treatment of rabies in the 21st century: curing the incurable?

Future Microbiology — Mon, 17 Oct 2011 14:19:29 +0100

Future Microbiology , October 2011, Vol. 6, No. 10, Pages 1135-1140. (Source: Future Microbiology)

How A Molecular Switch Activates The Anti-Viral Innate Immune Response

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 17 Oct 2011 08:00:00 +0100

When a thief breaks into a bank vault, sensors are activated and the alarm is raised. Cells have their own early-warning system for intruders, and scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Grenoble, France, have discovered how a particular protein sounds that alarm when it detects invading viruses. The study, published in Cell, is a key development in our understanding of the innate immune response, shedding light on how cells rapidly respond to a wide range of viruses including influenza, rabies and hepatitis... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Innate immune response gene expression profiles in central nervous system of mice infected with rabies virus.

Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases. — Sat, 15 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zhao P, Zhao L, Zhang T, Qi Y, Wang T, Liu K, Wang H, Feng H, Jin H, Qin C, Yang S, Xia X Abstract The present study was focused on the modulation of innate immune response genes in CNS of mouse in response to rabies virus (RABV) infection. The global gene expression changes in brains of RABV- or mock-infected mice were investigated using DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Then functional enrichment of the differentially expressed mRNAs was performed. Microarray analysis showed that 390 genes in brain were significantly (P<0.01) regulated in response to RABV infection, with obviously up-regulated genes like interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN inducible transcription factors, cytokines and complement, etc. The significant pathways of differ...

Cells have early-warning system for intruders

ScienceDaily Headlines — Fri, 14 Oct 2011 12:00:00 +0100

When a thief breaks into a bank vault, sensors are activated and the alarm is raised. Cells have their own early-warning system for intruders, and scientists have discovered how a particular protein sounds that alarm when it detects invading viruses. The study is a key development in our understanding of the innate immune response, shedding light on how cells rapidly respond to a wide range of viruses including influenza, rabies and hepatitis. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Intruder detected: Raise the alarm!

EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health — Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

(European Molecular Biology Laboratory) Scientists at EMBL Grenoble have discovered how a protein sounds the alarm when it detects viruses invading a cell. The study, published today in Cell, is a key development in our understanding of the innate immune response, shedding light on how cells rapidly respond to a wide range of viruses including influenza, rabies and hepatitis. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

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Meta-analysis of controlled studies on immunotherapy in severe scorpion envenomation: a commentary

Emergency Medicine Journal — Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The WHO has recently described the management of potentially rabid mammal bites and envenomings by snakes or scorpions as ‘a global public health emergency’ (http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/animal_sera/Rabies.pdf). However, as far as Western medicine is concerned, scorpion envenomation may be considered as an orphan disease. An orphan disease, as defined by MedicineNet, is ‘A disease which has not been "adopted" by the pharmaceutical industry because it provides little financial incentive for the private sector to make and market new medications to treat or prevent it.’ An orphan disease may be:A rare disease. According to US criteria, an orphan disease is one that affects fewer than 200 000 people. (There are more than 5000 such rare disorders.) A common disease t...

A Spatial Model to Forecast Raccoon Rabies Emergence

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases — Fri, 14 Oct 2011 03:15:56 +0100

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases)

Rare, unusual, and less common virus infections after organ transplantation.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation — Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Razonable RR Abstract PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention, and management of rare, unusual, and less common viruses that infect transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS: Infection may be acquired as a result of natural transmission, reactivation of latent virus, or transmission through the allograft or blood transfusion. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of these viruses vary widely. Some viruses such as human herpesviruses 6 and 7 are ubiquitous in humans, but they rarely cause clinical disease after organ transplantation. Likewise, adenoviruses, parvoviruses, and some polyomaviruses are commonly transmitted infections in the community, but they cause clinical syndromes rarely in transpla...

Angola: Rabies Kills Nine Children in Huambo

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Sun, 09 Oct 2011 09:27:01 +0100

At least nine children aged between five and seven years died in the province of Huambo, in the past nine months as a result of bites from suspected rabid dogs, against 15 cases recorded in the previous period in this region. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

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RABAVERT (Rabies Vaccine) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Suspension [Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics GmbH]

DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) — Fri, 07 Oct 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Updated Date: Oct 7, 2011 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

Public health implications of an outbreak of rabies in arctic foxes and reindeer in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, September 2011

Eurosurveillance latest news — Thu, 06 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Eurosurveillance latest news)

Generation and Characterization of an scFv Directed against Site II of Rabies Glycoprotein

Clinical and Developmental Immunology — Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:54:55 +0100

In this study, a recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) A11 was isolated from immune spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus (Pasteur strain) using standard methodology and was characterized for its specificity towards the rabies virus glycoprotein. Epitope mapping using peptide libraries and truncated glycoprotein polypeptides suggested that A11 bound to the antigenic site II of rabies glycoprotein against which a majority of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies are directed. The use of the above technology could, therefore, allow development of scFvs with different specificities against the rabies glycoprotein as an alternative to the more cumbersome protocols used for the development of monoclonal antibodies. (Source: Clinical and Developmen...

Human Rabies From Exposure to a Vampire Bat in Mexico--Louisiana, 2010 [From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]

JAMA — Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

(Source: JAMA)

Unprecedented Insight Into Fighting Viruses

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 03 Oct 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Researchers at Rutgers and UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School have determined the structure of a protein that is the first line of defense in fighting viral infections including influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile, rabies, and measles. Principal investigators of the study, "Structural basis of RNA recognition and activation by innate immune receptor RIG-I," chosen for advanced online publication in Nature, say the research is key in the development of broad-based drug therapies to combat viral infections... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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Expression and solubilization of insect cell-based rabies virus glycoprotein and assessment of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ramya R, Mohana Subramanian B, Sivakumar V, Senthilkumar RL, Sambasiva Rao KR, Srinivasan VA Abstract Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of serious public health and economic significance worldwide. The rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) has been the major target for subunit vaccine development, since it harbors domains responsible for induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies, infectivity, and neurovirulence. The glycoprotein (G) was cloned using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells. In order to obtain a soluble form of G suitable for experimentation in mice, 18 different combinations of buffers and detergents were evaluated for their ability to solubilize the insect cell membrane-associated G. The combination t...

Bats and rabies: What rabies prophylaxis is needed and when?

Modern Medicine Contemporary Pediatrics — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Bats are increasingly being implicated as the principal wildlife reservoir for rabies transmission to humans. (Source: Modern Medicine Contemporary Pediatrics)

Unprecedented insight into fighting viral infections

ScienceDaily Headlines — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 20:13:13 +0100

Researchers have determined the structure of a protein that is the first line of defense in fighting viral infections including influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile, rabies and measles. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Novartis Vaccine Manufacturing Facility

Pharmaceutical Technology — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 19:14:22 +0100

Novartis has begun production at its new vaccine manufacturing facility in Marburg, Germany in April 2011. The plant produces rabies and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines.Post to:Delicious Digg reddit Facebook StumbleUpon (Source: Pharmaceutical Technology)

Raising Awareness On World Rabies Day

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 18:00:00 +0100

The fifth World Rabies Day took place on the 28 September 2011. Since its inception in 2007, World Rabies Day has become bigger and bigger and is now recognized in more than 130 countries every year, educating approximately 150 million people and vaccinating 4.6 million dogs worldwide. Rabies is one of the most serious viral diseases passed from animals to humans worldwide... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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Monosynaptic inputs to ErbB4‐expressing inhibitory neurons in mouse primary somatosensory cortex

The Journal of Comparative Neurology — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 14:09:36 +0100

AbstractPrevious reports have described inputs to the somatosensory cortex (S1) in mouse or rat using retrograde or anterograde tracers. Such studies do not, however, reveal which particular cell types within the S1 cortex receive direct monosynaptic connections from these input sources. Here we describe the monosynaptic inputs to a subpopulation of mouse S1 inhibitory neurons that express ErbB4. We used a previously described “bridge protein,” composed of the ErbB4 ligand, neuregulin (NRG1), fused to the avian viral receptor TVB (TVB‐NRG1), along with EnvB pseudotyped lentivirus (LV) and rabies virus (RV), to selectively coinfect ErbB4‐expressing neurons (Choi et al. [2010] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:16703–16708). The RV had its glycoprotein gene deleted and replaced with mChe...

Rutgers, UMDNJ research provides unprecedented insight into fighting viral infections

EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

(Rutgers University) Researchers at Rutgers and UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School have determined the structure of a protein that is the first line of defense in fighting viral infections including influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile, rabies and measles. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

World Rabies Day

About.com Pediatrics — Wed, 28 Sep 2011 10:15:39 +0100

Today is World Rabies Day and it is a great time to learn about protecting your family from rabies. With most of our pets getting rabies shots, few people think that rabies is a problem anymore. And that is mostly true - there have only been about 2 to 4 cases a year in the United States....Read Full Post (Source: About.com Pediatrics)

1.4 billion people at risk of rabies in South-East Asia

Monsters and Critics Health News — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 07:56:01 +0100

(Source: Monsters and Critics Health News)

Research Yields Unprecedented Insight Into Antiviral Immune Response

Health News from Medical News Today — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Many viruses infecting humans including influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, rabies and measles viruses contain a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome. These viruses are dependent on RNA as genetic information and they duplicate in human cells to make copies, thereby infecting other cells and spreading the virus. Researchers from UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, led by principal investigators Joseph Marcotrigiano and Smita Patel, show, for the first time, the structure of retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I, or RIG-I... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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September 28 is a Day to Learn How You Can Prevent and Control Rabies. Everyday.

MedlinePlus Health News — Mon, 26 Sep 2011 17:56:37 +0100

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Related MedlinePlus Page: Rabies (Source: MedlinePlus Health News)

Generation of a recombinant rabies Flury LEP virus carrying an additional G gene creates an improved seed virus for inactivated vaccine production

Virology Journal — Sun, 25 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The rabies Flury Low Egg Passage virus (LEP) has been widely used as a seed virus to generate inactive vaccine. Here, we established a reverse genetic system for LEP and generated a recombinant LEP virus (rLEP-G) that carries two identical G genes. This recombinant virus showed similar properties to those of LEP with respect to in vitro growth, neurotropism index, and virulence in mice. rLEP-G produced 4.3-fold more G protein than did LEP in BHK-21 cells. The inactivated vaccine generated from rLEP-G induced significantly higher virus neutralization titers in mice and dogs than those produced in response to LEP-derived vaccine. Our results suggest that rLEP-G is an improved seed virus candidate for inactivated rabies virus vaccine manufacture. (Source: Virology Journal)

Human Rabies From Exposure to a Vampire Bat in Mexico, 2010Human Rabies From Exposure to a Vampire Bat in Mexico, 2010

Medscape Today Headlines — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 12:02:23 +0100

What types of animals can transmit rabies to humans, and how can one be treated if exposed? Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex [Neuroscience]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 20 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The cerebellum has a medial, cortico-nuclear zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and the fastigial nucleus. Functionally, this zone is concerned with whole-body posture and locomotion. The vermis classically is thought to be included within the “spinocerebellum” and to receive somatic sensory input from ascending spinal pathways. In contrast, the lateral zone of the cerebellum is included in the “cerebro-cerebellum” because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex. Here we report the surprising result that a portion of the vermis receives dense input from the cerebral cortex. We injected rabies virus into lobules VB–VIIIB of the vermis and used retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus to define disynaptic inputs to it. We found that large numbers of neuro...

Health Tip: Protect Kids and Pets From Rabies

The Doctors Lounge - Infections — Mon, 19 Sep 2011 12:00:00 +0100

Have pets vaccinated (Source: The Doctors Lounge - Infections)

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Health Tip: Protect Kids and Pets from Rabies

MedlinePlus Health News — Mon, 19 Sep 2011 11:00:00 +0100

Have pets vaccinated Source: HealthDay Related MedlinePlus Page: Rabies (Source: MedlinePlus Health News)

Health Tip: Protect Kids and Pets From Rabies

MedicineNet Hepatitis C General — Mon, 19 Sep 2011 07:00:00 +0100

Title: Health Tip: Protect Kids and Pets From RabiesCategory: Health NewsCreated: 9/19/2011 8:05:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 9/19/2011 (Source: MedicineNet Hepatitis C General)

Naturally Acquired Rabies Virus Infections in Wild-Caught Bats

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 14:43:05 +0100

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases)

Erratum to: Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes

Virus Genes — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 05:50:32 +0100

Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumPages 1-1DOI 10.1007/s11262-011-0671-zAuthors G. B. Manjunatha Reddy, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122 UP, IndiaR. Singh, Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP, IndiaR. P. Singh, Division of Biological Product, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP, IndiaK. P. Singh, Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP, IndiaP. K. Gupta, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP, IndiaAnita Mahadevan, Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neu...

An unconventional pathway of mRNA cap formation by vesiculoviruses.

Virus Research — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This article summarizes the historical and current research that led to the discovery of the novel vesiculoviral mRNA capping reaction. PMID: 21945214 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Virus Research)

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Trypsin promotes efficient influenza vaccine production in MDCK cells by interfering with the antiviral host response.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology — Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, we were able to demonstrate that trypsin also interferes with pathogen defence mechanisms of host cells. In particular, a trypsin concentration of 5 BAEE U/mL (4.5 μg/mL porcine trypsin) used in vaccine manufacturing strongly inhibited interferon (IFN) signalling by proteolytic degradation of secreted IFN. Consequently, absence of trypsin during infection resulted in a considerably stronger induction of IFN signalling and apoptosis, which significantly reduced virus yields. Under this condition, multi-cycle virus replication in MDCK cells was not prevented but clearly delayed. Therefore, incomplete infection can be ruled out as the reason for the lower virus titres. However, suppression of IFN signalling by overexpression of viral IFN antagonists (influenza virus PR8-NS1...

Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of CNS neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors [Neuroscience]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

To understand how the nervous system processes information, a map of the connections among neurons would be of great benefit. Here we describe the use of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for tracing neuronal connections in vivo. We made VSV vectors that used glycoprotein (G) genes from several other viruses. The G protein from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus endowed VSV with the ability to spread transsynaptically, specifically in an anterograde direction, whereas the rabies virus glycoprotein gave a specifically retrograde transsynaptic pattern. The use of an avian G protein fusion allowed specific targeting of cells expressing an avian receptor, which allowed a demonstration of monosynaptic anterograde tracing from defined cells. Synaptic connectivity of pairs of virally labeled cells...

Demand for post exposure rabies vaccine trebles since 2000

Health Protection Agency — Mon, 12 Sep 2011 15:41:11 +0100

A threefold increase in the number of people seeking post-exposure vaccine for rabies suggests that more UK travellers may be putting themselves at risk of contact with potentially rabid animals, according to findings presented at the Health Protection Agency's annual conference - Health Protection 2011 - at the University of Warwick today (Tuesday). (Source: Health Protection Agency)

Molecular epidemiology and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of infection with rabies virus in Zambia.

Virus Research — Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, the lineage of rabies virus (RABV) in Zambia was determined by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences. Total RNA was extracted from 87-DFAT brain specimens out of which only 35 (40%) were positive on nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for each gene, and 26 being positive for both genes. Positive specimens for the N (n=33) and G (n=35) genes were used for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the N gene showed two phylogenetic clusters in Zambia belonging to the Africa 1b lineage present in eastern and southern Africa. While one cluster exclusively comprised Zambian strains, the other was more heterogeneous regarding the RABV origins and included strains from Tanzania, Mozambique and Zambia. Ph...

Nanobodies®: New ammunition to battle viruses.

Antiviral Research — Sat, 10 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Vanlandschoot P, Stortelers C, Beirnaert E, Ibañez LI, Schepens B, Depla E, Saelens X Abstract In 1989, a new type of antibody was identified, first in the sera of dromedaries and later also in all other species of the Camelidae family. These antibodies do not contain a light chain and also lack the first constant heavy domain. Today it is still unclear what the evolutionary advantage of such heavy chain-only antibodies could be. In sharp contrast, the broad applicability of the isolated variable antigen-binding domains (VHH) was rapidly recognized, especially for the development of therapeutic proteins, called Nanobodies®. Here we summarize first some of the unique characteristics and features of VHHs. These will next be described in the context of different experimenta...

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Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein

Gene Therapy — Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein Gene Therapy advance online publication, September 8, 2011. doi:10.1038/gt.2011.124 Authors: D C J Carpentier, K Vevis, A Trabalza, C Georgiadis, S M Ellison, R I Asfahani & N D Mazarakis (Source: Gene Therapy)

Molecular phylogenetics of the lyssaviruses--insights from a coalescent approach.

Advances in Virus Research — Sun, 04 Sep 2011 11:28:04 +0100

Authors: Nadin-Davis SA, Real LA Abstract Technical improvements over the past 2 decades have enormously facilitated the generation of nucleotide sequence data for lyssavirus collections. These databases are amenable to methods of phylogenetic analysis, which attempt to define the taxonomic structure of this genus and predict the evolutionary relationships of current circulating strains. Coupled with a range of mathematical tools to explore the appropriateness of nucleotide substitution models and test for positive selection, the evolutionary process is being explored in detail. Despite the potential for high viral mutation levels, the operation of purifying selection appears to effectively constrain lyssavirus evolution. The recent development of coalescent theory has provided add...

Research advances in rabies. Preface.

Advances in Virus Research — Sun, 04 Sep 2011 11:28:04 +0100

Authors: Jackson AC PMID: 21601038 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Virus Research)

Human Rabies --- Wisconsin, 2010

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 21:35:34 +0100

(Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

Unexplained encephalitis may be rabies

Health News - UPI.com — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:57:12 +0100

ATLANTA, Sept. 2 (UPI) -- Rabies exposure can vary and physicians should consider a diagnosis of rabies for any patient with unexplained progressive encephalitis, U.S. officials say. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

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Human rabies --- wisconsin, 2010.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Abstract In late December 2010, a male resident of Wisconsin, aged 70 years, sought treatment for progressive right shoulder pain, tremors, abnormal behavior, and dysphagia at an emergency department (ED). He was admitted for observation and treated with benzodiazepines and haloperidol, a neuroleptic, for presumed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The next day, he had rhabdomyolysis, fever, and rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed. The neuroleptic was discontinued, but the patient's clinical status worsened, with encephalopathy, respiratory failure, acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis, and episodes of cardiac arrest. With continued clinical deterioration, additional causes were considered, including rabies. On hospital day 12, rabies virus antigen...

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006-2009).

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study was aimed at determining the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus (RABV) circulating in Vietnam. Intra vitam samples (saliva and cerebrospinal fluid) were collected from 31 patients who were believed to have rabies and were admitted to hospitals in northern provinces of Vietnam. Brain samples were collected from 176 sick or furious rabid dogs from all over the country. The human and canine samples were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The findings showed that 23 patients tested positive for RABV. Interestingly, 5 rabies patients did not have any history of dog or cat bites, but they had an experience of butchering dogs or cats, or consuming their meat. RABV was also detected in 2 of the 100 sick dogs from slaughterhouses. Molecular epidemi...

Clinical Knowledge and Attitudes of Turkish Physicians toward Rabies Caused by Animal Bites.

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, we investigated Turkish physicians' knowledge and clinical awareness of rabies caused by animal bites. This was a cross-sectional, analytical study. We used questionnaires that collected demographic information and assessed the physicians' basic knowledge of rabies as well as the management of animal bites suspected of causing rabies. The questionnaires were completed in person with physicians who work in Istanbul. A total of 890 physicians responded to our cross-sectional questionnaires. The maximum possible scores for basic and clinical rabies- related knowledge was 100 points each. The average score for basic rabies knowledge was 64.5 ± 16, while the average score for clinical rabies knowledge was 62.8 ± 12. However, 68% of the physicians in the study were not aware of ...

Imported Human Rabies Cases in Europe, the United States, and Japan, 1990 to 2010

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

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Pediatric Cancers Targeted By Virus

Health News from Medical News Today — Wed, 31 Aug 2011 08:00:00 +0100

Researchers from Yale University are looking to a virus from the same family as the rabies virus to fight a form of cancer primarily found in children and young adults. They report their findings in the September 2011 issue of the Journal of Virology. Soft tissue sarcomas are cancers that develop in tissues which connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body. Muscles, tendons, fibrous tissues, fat, blood vessels, nerves, and synovial tissues are types of soft tissue... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Rabies Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Pre- and Post Exposure Vaccination

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice — Tue, 30 Aug 2011 03:36:14 +0100

Rabies viruses belong to the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. The root of the genus name is attributed to the Greek goddess Lyssa, the spirit of rage, frenzy, madness, and rabies; the word rabies itself is derived from the Latin term for madness and raving. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)

Single vaccine covers ebola and rabies

Health News - UPI.com — Mon, 29 Aug 2011 23:04:03 +0100

PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 29 (UPI) -- A new single vaccine protects against both rabies and the Ebola virus, U.S. researchers say. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Virus attacks childhood cancers

ScienceDaily Headlines — Mon, 29 Aug 2011 15:47:47 +0100

Researchers are looking to a virus from the same family as the rabies virus to fight a form of cancer primarily found in children and young adults. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

A Survey of The Risk of Zoonoses for Veterinarians

Zoonoses and Public Health — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 16:34:22 +0100

The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with zoonotic infections in veterinarians, the incidence of physician consultation and treatment and the incidence of diagnostic and treatment errors. Veterinarians in any area of practice were solicited to participate in an online survey through an invitation letter sent to the Oregon Veterinary Medical Association. Proportions of respondents to various factors were analyzed for differences among gender, age, time since graduation and type of practice in which they worked. In all, 216 complete responses were received. In all, 13.9% of respondents had never been vaccinated against rabies, and 20.8% had been exposed to suspect rabid animals, mostly (64.4%) a single time. Other zoonoses were reported by 47.2% of respondents: mo...

Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 16:17:38 +0100

Authors: Jackson AC Abstract Worldwide, human rabies is prevalent where there is endemic dog rabies, but the disease may present unexpectedly in critical care units when suggestive clinical features have passed. In North America transmission from bats is most common and there is often no history of a bat bite or even contact with bats. Laboratory diagnostic evaluation for rabies includes serology plus skin biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva specimens for rabies virus antigen and/or RNA detection. Rare patients have survived rabies, and most received rabies vaccine prior to the onset of illness. Therapeutic coma (midazolam and phenobarbital), ketamine, and antiviral therapies (dubbed the "Milwaukee Protocol") were given to a rabies survivor, but this therapy was likely not dire...

Lab Notes: Vaccine May Keep Rabies, Ebola at Bay

MedPage Today Cardiovascular — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 13:13:00 +0100

(MedPage Today) -- Rabies viruses engineered to include an Ebola virus antigen protected against both diseases in mouse models. Also in this week's Lab Notes, researchers found a new member of the interleukin protein family that may shut down inflammatory bowel disease. (Source: MedPage Today Cardiovascular)

Single Vaccines To Protect Against Both Rabies And Ebola

Health News from Medical News Today — Fri, 26 Aug 2011 08:00:00 +0100

Researchers from Thomas Jefferson University (please embed ), among other institutions, including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, have developed single vaccines to protest against both rabies and the Ebola virus. Successfully tested in mice, these bivalent vaccines have several advantages over other Ebola candidates that could help speed up development for use in humans and primates... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Immune response after rabies vaccine in a kidney transplant recipient

Transplant Infectious Disease — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

R. Rodríguez‐Romo, L.E. Morales‐Buenrostro, L. Lecuona, N. Escalante‐Santillán, A. Velasco‐Villa, I. Kuzmin, C.E. Rupprecht, C. De‐Leo, J. Ramírez, J. Alberú. Immune response after rabies vaccine in a kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2011. All rights reservedAbstract: A 48‐year‐old male kidney‐transplant recipient was bitten by a rabid dog. His immunosuppressive treatment consisted of cyclosporine 60 mg b.i.d., mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 250 mg t.i.d., and prednisone 5 mg. After wound care, he received 5 doses of purified vero cell rabies vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28, and human rabies immunoglobulin, according to international guidelines. Adequate levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were observed after the administration of the ...

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Single vaccines to protect against both rabies and Ebola

ScienceDaily Headlines — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 19:43:43 +0100

Researchers have developed single vaccines to protest against both rabies and the Ebola virus. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Human rabies from exposure to a vampire bat in Mexico --- Louisiana, 2010. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) — Wed, 24 Aug 2011 23:28:41 +0100

In August 2010, CDC confirmed a case of rabies in a migrant farm worker, aged 19 years, hospitalized in Louisiana with encephalitis. The man developed acute neurologic symptoms at the end of July, shortly after arriving in the United States from Michoacán... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))

Foam at the Mouth

About.com Chemistry — Tue, 16 Aug 2011 08:38:21 +0100

Why would you want to foam at the mouth? Maybe you're pretending to have rabies or need it for a costume or just think foaming at the mouth would be ...Read Full Post (Source: About.com Chemistry)

In This Issue [This Week in PNAS]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Tracing a virus’ path to the brainpnas;108/33/13359/UNFIG01F1unfig01Human olfactory ensheathing cells are a potential path for HHV-6’s entry into the brain.Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) has been tied to neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, and a form of epilepsy, but how the virus gains access to the central nervous system remains a mystery. Erin Harberts et al. (pp. 13734–13739) attempted to trace the virus’ route of entry into the brain by examining brain tissue samples from human autopsies. Because the human olfactory system serves as a portal for some viruses, such as influenza and rabies, the authors scoured olfactory tissues for... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

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Intracerebral delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) using adenoviral vector protects mice against lethal peripheral rabies challenge.

Virus Research — Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Gupta PK, Sonwane AA, Singh NK, Meshram CD, Dahiya SS, Pawar SS, Gupta SP, Chaturvedi VK, Saini M Abstract To investigate the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) as antiviral agent against rabies, two small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting rabies virus (RABV) nucleoprotein (N) and polymerase (L) genes were designed and evaluated. Both siRNAs knockdown or silenced the target RABV genes as evaluated in a plasmid based transient expression model. For efficient delivery, adenoviruses expressing the siRNAs were constructed and antiviral potential of the delivered siRNAs was investigated in BHK-21 cells. When cells treated with adenoviruses expressing siRNAs were challenged with RABV, there was 88.35±2.4% and 41.52±9.3% reduction in RABV multiplication in infected cells wi...

Health Highlights: Aug.15, 2011

Primary Care News - Doctors Lounge — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Ground Beef Recalled Bat on Flight Causes Rabies Concerns Excess Fat Affects Body's Sugar Sensors: Study (Source: Primary Care News - Doctors Lounge)

Amputation of finger by horse bite with complete avulsion of both flexor tendons.

Orthopedics — Sat, 13 Aug 2011 16:16:12 +0100

This article describes a 23-year-old man with amputation of his middle finger at the level of the proximal phalanx after being bitten by a horse. The amputated stump was avulsed with the middle finger flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis torn from the muscle-tendon junction from approximately the middle of the forearm. The patient had no other injuries, and he was able to move his other 4 fingers with only mild pain. As the amputated digit was not suitable for replantation, the wound was irrigated and debrided. The edges of the phalanx were trimmed, and the edges of the wound were sutured. Tetanus toxoid and rabies vaccine were administered, along with intravenous amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The patient was discharged from the hospital 2 days later, with no si...

Vampire bat virus implicated in death

CNN.com - Health — Sat, 13 Aug 2011 03:00:42 +0100

Federal health authorities reported Friday the first report of human rabies in the United States linked to a vampire bat rabies virus. (Source: CNN.com - Health)

Vampire Bat Virus Implicated In Death Of Man In U.S.

WDSU.com - Health — Sat, 13 Aug 2011 01:28:35 +0100

Federal health authorities reported Friday the first report of human rabies in the United States linked to a vampire bat rabies virus. (Source: WDSU.com - Health)

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Vampire bat rabies death prompts warning from health officials

Health News: CBSNews.com — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:36 +0100

CDC cautions doctors not to overlook possibility of rabies in patients with brain inflammation (Source: Health News: CBSNews.com)

Vampire Diaries: First Person Ever In U.S Dies From Bat Rabies Bite

Health News from Medical News Today — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 16:00:00 +0100

A newly released report reveals that almost a year ago man was bitten by a vampire bat almost on July 15, 2010 at home in Mexico. Instead of worrying too much about it, he opted to cross the United States border seeking work in Louisiana. One day later after securing a job, he began feeling extensive pain in his shoulder, numbness and a lazy left eye. He eventually died on August 21 of the same year... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Human Rabies from Exposure to a Vampire Bat in Mexico --- Louisiana, 2010

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 14:08:41 +0100

(Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

Man dies of rabies after vampire bat bite

Health News - UPI.com — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 06:07:20 +0100

ATLANTA, Aug. 12 (UPI) -- Bats are a primary source of U.S. human rabies but a 19-year-old man is the first human to die from a vampire bat bite, health officials say. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

Human rabies from exposure to a vampire bat in Mexico --- louisiana, 2010.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: In August 2010, CDC confirmed a case of rabies in a migrant farm worker, aged 19 years, hospitalized in Louisiana with encephalitis. The man developed acute neurologic symptoms at the end of July, shortly after arriving in the United States from Michoacán, Mexico. Despite supportive care, his condition deteriorated, and he died on August 21. Antemortem diagnostic testing confirmed the diagnosis of rabies, and samples collected at autopsy were positive for a vampire bat rabies virus variant. The patient's mother reported that he had been bitten by a bat in July in Mexico but had not sought medical care. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) was offered to 27 of the patient's contacts in Louisiana and to 68 health-care workers involved in his care. Although bats have become the prim...

Rabies from a Vampire Bat

About.com Pediatrics — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 12:10:48 +0100

The latest Morbidity and Mortality Report from the CDC includes a interesting case report, "Human Rabies from Exposure to a Vampire Bat in Mexico -- Louisiana, 2010." While a 19-year-old farm worker getting rabies from a vampire bat is rare, it is a good reminder that exposure to bats is one of the risk factors for getting rabies....Read Full Post (Source: About.com Pediatrics)

Most U.S. rabies cases found in wildlife, not pets

CTV Health — Wed, 10 Aug 2011 12:33:09 +0100

Rabies prevention in the United States is by and large a success story, with just one to four people dying of rabies each year in the U.S. thanks to widespread pet vaccinations and aggressive treatment for people bitten by potentially rabid animals. (Source: CTV Health)

Rabid Skunk Bites 3-Year-Old Danvers Boy

Wed, 10 Aug 2011 03:08:53 +0100

DANVERS (CBS/AP) — Health officials in Danvers say a skunk that bit a 3-year-old boy has tested positive for rabies. Health director Peter Mirandi says testing confirmed Monday that the juvenile skunk that latched onto the boy’s leg on Friday had rabies. WBZ NewsRadio 1030′s Bernice Corpuz reports The rabid skunk has raised concerns in the area. Traps are being set up near the home on Maple Street in an attempt to catch any other skunks in the area. WBZ-TV’s Ken MacLeod reports var videoCanvas = new WNVideoWidget("WNVideoCanvas", "wnVideo_6136847");videoCanvas.SetWidth(320);videoCanvas.SetHeight(240);videoCanvas.SetVariable("clipId", "6136847");videoCanvas.SetReportingKeywords("CBS.BOSTON");videoCanvas.SetAdvertisingZone("CBS.BOSTON/worldnowplayer");videoCanva...