MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Addiction' source. Sun, 21 Mar 2010 17:39:39 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3385301&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02945.x This article summarizes the contents of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity (2nd edn). The first part of the book describes why alcohol is not an ordinary commodity, and reviews epidemiological data that establish alcohol as a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability and death in high-, middle- and low-income countries. This section also documents how international beer and spirits production has been consolidated recently by a small number of global corporations that are expanding their operations in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the second part of the book, the scientific evidence for strategies and interventions that can prevent or minimize alcohol-related harm is reviewed critically in seven key areas: pricing and taxation, regulating the physical a... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3385301 Sat, 20 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3385301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3385303&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02934.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3385303 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3385303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3385302&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02944.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3385302 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3385302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3366122&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02899.x Conclusions Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol impacts many disease outcomes causally, both chronic and acute, and injuries. In addition, a pattern of heavy episodic drinking increases risk for some disease and all injury outcomes. Future studies need to address a number of methodological issues, especially the differential role of average volume versus drinking pattern, in order to obtain more accurate risk estimates and to understand more clearly the nature of alcohol[ndash]disease relationships. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3366122 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3366122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362345&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02924.x Conclusion School-based smoking prevention programmes have potential for a beneficial effect over the life-time of the participants even if they have no apparent effect at school-leaving age. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362345 Sat, 13 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362348&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02903.x Conclusions Despite declines in the prevalence of cannabis use, continued public health campaigns warning of the harms associated with cannabis use are essential, aimed particularly at users who are already experiencing problems. The increasing demand for treatment for cannabis problems in Australia suggests the need for more accessible and more effective interventions for cannabis use disorders. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362348 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362347&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02908.x Conclusions These data indicate that more vulnerable women who are heavy users and living in shorter-term housing are injecting flashblood. The practice of flashblood appears to be spreading from the inner city to the suburbs. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362347 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362346&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02913.x Conclusions There was a window of opportunity and change was influenced by research that was communicated by a reliable and trusted source. Those who want to conduct research that informs policy need to understand the policy process more clearly, look for and help create emerging windows that occur in the problem and political spheres, and make partnerships with key stakeholders in the policy arena. The flipside of the process is that, when governments change, policy born in windows of opportunity can be a casualty. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362346 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354211&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02926.x National alcohol prohibition in the United States between 1920 and 1933 is believed widely to have been a misguided and failed social experiment that made alcohol problems worse by encouraging drinkers to switch to spirits and created a large black market for alcohol supplied by organized crime. The standard view of alcohol prohibition provides policy lessons that are invoked routinely in policy debates about alcohol and other drugs. The alcohol industry invokes it routinely when resisting proposals to reduce the availability of alcohol, increase its price or regulate alcohol advertising and promotion. Advocates of cannabis law reform invoke it frequently in support of their cause. This paper aims: (i) to provide an account of alcohol prohibition that is more accurate than the standard acc... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354211 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354224&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02890.x Both depression and substance use disorders represent major global public health concerns and are often co-occurring. Although there are ongoing discoveries regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of each condition, common mechanisms and effective treatments for co-occurring depression and substance abuse remain elusive. Mindfulness training has been shown recently to benefit both depression and substance use disorders, suggesting that this approach may target common behavioral and neurobiological processes. However, it remains unclear whether these pathways constitute specific shared neurobiological mechanisms or more extensive components universal to the broader human experience of psychological distress or suffering. We offer a theoretical, clinical and neurobiological perspective o... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354224 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354223&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02904.x A historical summary is provided of the evolution of the University of Michigan Addiction Research Center (UMARC) since its origins in 1988. Begun as an National Institutes of Health (NIH) research center within a Department of Psychiatry and focused solely upon alcohol and aging, early work emphasized treatment efficacy, differential outcome studies and characterization of the neurophysiological and behavioral manifestations of chronic alcoholism. Over the last 15 years, UMARC has extended its research focus along a number of dimensions: its developmental reach has been extended etiologically by studies of risk early in the life span, and by way of work on earlier screening and the development of early, brief treatment interventions. The addiction focus has expanded to include other drugs... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354223 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354222&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02914.x Conclusions Individuals who had presented substance misuse problems in adolescence were less likely to achieve resilience over the subsequent 25 years than was a matched general population sample, and among them, four distinct trajectories of resilience were identified. The severity and type of problems presented in adolescence distinguished the four trajectories. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354222 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354221&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02915.x Conclusions Economics offers tools and topical expertise that usefully complement other disciplines associated traditionally with the addiction sciences. Its value goes far beyond the ability to monetize non-monetary outcomes or to calculate a cost-benefit ratio. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354221 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354220&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02925.x In 1965 the British government was forced to admit that the country had an escalating heroin problem, with the supply coming mainly from prescribing by private practitioners. Within the official responses to what was seen at that time as a very worrying public health situation was the decision to fund the setting-up of the Addiction Research Unit (ARU) at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. The US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) generously sponsored a study tour for the nominated director of the ARU shortly before the opening of the British research centre. Extensive contemporaneous diary notes of a visit included contact with administrators, researchers, clinicians, parish priests, narcotic agents and addicts themselves. From a mass of often conflicting advice, some insights c... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354220 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354219&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02889.x Conclusions The MATE can be used to allocate patients to substance abuse treatment. Because it is a comprehensive but flexible measurement tool that is also practical to use, the MATE is well suited for use in a heterogeneous population. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354219 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354218&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02891.x Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of family structure and level of parental control in the development of problematic patterns of drinking in adolescence. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354218 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354217&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02898.x We examined this in an Indonesian setting, where IDU is the main risk factor for HIV infection.Methods Patient characteristics and response to ART were recorded for all patients diagnosed with HIV infection in the referral hospital for West Java (40 million people). Kaplan[ndash]Meier estimates and Cox's regression were used to compare mortality, loss to follow-up and virological failure between patients with and without a history of IDU.Result A total of 773 adult HIV patients (81.9% IDUs) presented between January 1996 and April 2008. IDUs had a median CD4 cell count of 33 [interquartile ratio (IQR), 12[ndash]111] cells/mm3 compared to 84 (IQR, 28[ndash]224) cells/mm3 in non-IDUs. Among patients with a history of IDU, 87.7% were coinfected with hepatitis C (HCV). Mortality was associat... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354217 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354216&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02902.x Conclusions Many mental disorders are associated with an increased risk of later substance use conditions, but important differences in these associations are observed across the categories of use, abuse and dependence with abuse. These prospective findings have implications for the precision of prevention and treatment strategies targeting substance use disorders. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354216 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354215&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02905.x Conclusion These results demonstrate that MMT contributes to more rapid initiation and subsequent adherence to ART among opioid-using HIV-infected IDU. Addressing international barriers to the use and availability of methadone may increase dramatically uptake of HIV treatment among this population. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354215 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354214&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02910.x Discussion The estimates of the number of alcohol-attributable deaths varied greatly, depending upon the hypothesis used. The most realistic and evidence-based estimate seems to be obtained by adjusting the consumption data for national alcohol sales, and by summing the cause-specific estimates. However, interpretation of the estimates must be cautious in view of their potentially large imprecision. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354214 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354213&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02911.x Conclusions This study demonstrates that cannabis impairs driving ability in a concentration-related manner. The effect is smaller than for ethanol. The effect of ethanol and cannabis taken simultaneously is additive. Conjunctival injection, dilated pupils and slow pupil reaction are among the few signs to reveal THC influence. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354213 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354212&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2010.02912.x Conclusions The results confirm that rumination is an important prospective predictor of drinking status and level of alcohol use in alcohol abusers and highlight the potential relevance of targeting rumination in the treatment of alcohol abuse. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354212 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3331199&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02875.x Conclusions Among a diverse sample of quitting smokers, low SSS predicted relapse during acute withdrawal after controlling for numerous covariates, an effect accounted for partially by quit day affective symptomatology. Smokers endorsing lower SSS face significant hurdles in achieving cessation, highlighting the need for targeted interventions encompassing attention to quit day mood reactivity. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3331199 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3331199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322279&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02873.x Conclusion Previous research has documented that multi-component community-based interventions can have a significant impact on over-serving of alcohol when training and house policies are combined with effective law enforcement. The present findings also demonstrate that comprehensive Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) interventions applied at a local community level can be effective in decreasing service to intoxicated clients in a Nordic context. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322279 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322278&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02876.x Conclusion In Hungarians, the ADH1B 48His allele reduces the risk of alcoholism, but not the risk of chronic liver disease among heavy drinkers. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322278 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322278 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322277&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02887.x Conclusions These results suggest a strong relation between temperature and accidental overdose mortality that is driven by cocaine-related overdoses rising at temperatures above 24°Celsius; this is a substantially lower temperature than prior estimates. To put this into perspective, approximately 7 weeks a year between 1990 and 2006 had an average weekly temperature of 24 or above in New York City. Heat-related mortality presents a considerable public health concern, and cocaine users constitute a high-risk group. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322277 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322276&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02888.x Conclusions The evidence is weaker than given credit for in the literature. The lack of evidence for effectiveness of NSP vis-à-vis biological outcomes (HCV and HIV incidence/prevalence) reflects the limitations of studies that have been undertaken to investigate these associations. Particularly for HCV, low levels of IRB may be insufficient to reduce high levels of transmission. New studies are required to identify the intervention coverage necessary to achieve sustained changes in blood-borne virus transmission. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322276 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322276 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258901&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02894.x Conclusions The SMR estimates for external causes were greater than those for disease-related causes in drug offenders, and schedule I drugs-related mortality rate was twice as high as that with schedule II drugs. In transitioning from the correctional setting to the community, the health needs of drug offenders should be addressed by the provision of continuous, adequate medical care tailored to individual background, medical history and drug experience. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258901 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258916&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02851.x Conclusions This is the first time that substance use has been linked with periodontal disease in a young Australian Aboriginal adult population, and the first time that petrol sniffing has been linked with periodontal disease in any population. The role of substance use in periodontal disease among this, and other, marginalized groups warrants further investigation. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258916 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258916 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258915&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02852.x Conclusions Smokeless tobacco users show symptoms of nicotine dependence at least as frequently as cigarette smokers. Symptoms of nicotine dependence and of withdrawal during quit attempts are particularly frequent in the subgroup of users who combine smokeless tobacco with smoking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258915 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258915 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258914&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02857.x Conclusion The ED provides an opportunity for early intervention for patients presenting with comorbid drug and alcohol and mental health problems. Further research is needed to assess the prevalence of drug and alcohol problems in ED patients with mental health problems and to develop effective interventions in that setting. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258914 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258914 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258913&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02858.x Conclusion The results of this study suggest that men are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of a high dose of d-amphetamine than women. Future research is needed that determines prospectively the reinforcing effects of weight-adjusted doses of d-amphetamine in women and men while controlling for menstrual cycle phase. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258913 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258913 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258912&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02896.x Conclusions The choice of imputation model used to analyze missing binary outcome data can affect substantially the size and statistical significance of the treatment effect. Without additional information about the missing cases, they can overestimate the effect of treatment. Multiple imputation methods are recommended, especially those that permit a sensitivity analysis of their impact. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258912 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258911&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02819.x Conclusions Peer cannabis use and, to a lesser extent, certain temperamental characteristics affect an adolescent's risk of cannabis use, and should be considered in prevention programmes. We recommend future research to focus upon factors that potentially modify the association between temperament, affiliation with cannabis-using peers and cannabis use. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258911 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258911 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258910&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02830.x Governments currently classify illicit drugs for various purposes: to guide courts in the sentencing of convicted violators of drug control laws, to prioritize targets of prevention measures and to educate the public about relative risks of the various drugs. It has been proposed that classification should be conducted by scientists and drug experts rather than by politicians, so that it will reflect only accurate factual knowledge of drug effects and risks rather than political biases. Although this is an appealing goal, it is inherently impossible because rank-ordering of the drugs inevitably requires value judgements concerning the different types of harm. Such judgements, even by scientists, depend upon subjective personal criteria and not only upon scientific facts. Moreover, classifi... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258910 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258909&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02832.x Conclusions Multiple repeated measures are required to explore the effects of variation in exposure over time. Caution is needed when interpreting risks of exposures measured only once at baseline, without consideration of changes over time. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258909 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258908&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02837.x Conclusions By providing environments in which IDUs receive supervised injection and overdose management and education SIF can reduce the demand for ambulance services, thereby freeing them to attend other medical emergencies within the community. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258908 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258907&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02839.x Conclusions Self-reported alcohol purchases achieve a higher coverage rate than found typically in studies based on self-reported use of alcohol. If adjustments are to be made to correct for underreporting in self-reported data on alcohol purchases, different weights should be applied to different beverages. Furthermore, at least major changes in how much alcohol is purchased in the population can be monitored using well-designed population surveys. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258907 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258906&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02846.x In the United Kingdom, as in many places, cannabis use is considered substantially within a criminal justice rather than a public health paradigm with prevention policy embodied in the Misuse of Drugs Act. In 2002 the maximum custodial sentence tariff for cannabis possession under the Act was reduced from 5 to 2 years. Vigorous and vociferous public debate followed this decision, centred principally on the question of whether cannabis use caused schizophrenia. It was suggested that new and compelling evidence supporting this hypothesis had emerged since the re-classification decision was made, meaning that the decision should be reconsidered. The re-classification decision was reversed in 2008. We consider whether the strength of evidence on the psychological harms of cannabis has changed ... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258906 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258905&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02853.x Conclusions Internet-based prevention programs for school-age children can improve student's knowledge about alcohol and cannabis, and may also reduce alcohol use twelve months after completion. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258905 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258904&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02860.x Conclusion These findings suggest that complex alcohol-related images might be less effective at capturing drinkers' attention and could result in less attentional bias when used in visual probe tasks. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258904 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258903&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02865.x Conclusions While children as a group innately like sweets and feel better after eating them, the present study reveals significant contributions of family history of alcoholism and depression to this effect. Whether the heightened sweet preference and the use of sweets to alleviate depression are markers for developing alcohol-related problems or responses that are protective are important areas for future research. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258903 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258903 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3258902&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02872.x Conclusions Regular methamphetamine use appears to be associated with an increased risk of violent offending, but not victimization, compared with heroin use. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3258902 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3258902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3216499&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02779.x Brief intervention (BI) is intended as an early intervention for non-treatment-seeking, non-alcohol-dependent, hazardous and harmful drinkers. This text provides a brief summary of key BI research findings from the last three decades and discusses a number of knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Five areas are described: patient intervention efficacy and effectiveness; barriers to BI implementation by health professionals; individual-level factors that impact on BI implementation; organization-level factors that impact on BI implementation; and society-level factors that impact on BI implementation. BI research has focused largely upon the individual patient and health professional levels, with the main focus upon primary health care research, and studies are lacking in other settings... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3216499 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3216499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3197520&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02820.x Conclusions AA attendance was associated both concurrently and predictively with improved alcohol outcomes. Although AA attendance was associated additionally with subsequent improvements in depression, it did not predict such improvements over and above concurrent alcohol use. AA appears to lead both to improvements in alcohol use and psychological and emotional wellbeing which, in turn, may reinforce further abstinence and recovery-related change. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3197520 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3197520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3115008&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02801.x Conclusions This study supports an independent association between exposure to cannabis in popular music and early cannabis use among urban American adolescents. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3115008 Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3115008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3111305&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02790.x Conclusion Research has created a progressively better understanding of how to optimize programme effectiveness and what can be achieved realistically by even the most effective programmes. However, further research is required to identify which, if any, particular approach offers greater promise. The effectiveness of harm reduction should be compared with more traditional abstinence and the additional effects of whole of school, parent and community elements need to be measured more accurately. Contemporary social influence prevention programmes are flawed, but the approach is still the best way of influencing drug use behaviour in young people as a whole. Evidence-based refinement is the best option for greater benefit. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3111305 Tue, 22 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3111305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3104923&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02773.x This paper builds upon the work of previous authors who have explored the evolution of ideas in the alcohol arena. With revisions in the relevant sections of ICD and DSM forthcoming, such matters are of considerable contemporary importance. The focus here will be upon the history of the last 200 years. The main themes to be explored include the flux of ideas on what, over time, has counted as the trouble with drink, ideas on the cause of the problem and the impact of this thinking on public action. Medical authorities of the late Enlightenment period made the revolutionary suggestion that habitual drunkenness constituted a disease, rather than a vice. The thread of that idea can be traced to the present day, but with an alternative perception of drink itself or alcohol-related problems gen... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3104923 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3104923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3008017&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02755.x Conclusions The analysis confirms that harm reduction activities are cost-effective. Early intervention is more cost-effective than delaying activities, although this should not preclude later intervention. Starting harm reduction activities when IDU HIV prevalence reaches as high as 40% is still cost-effective. Continuing harm reduction activities once a project has matured is vital to sustaining its impact and cost-effectiveness. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3008017 Thu, 19 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3008017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003660&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02760.x Conclusions The data suggest that, even under conditions of immediate cigarette availability, deprivation and cue presentations have independent, additive effects on self-reported craving levels in smokers. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003660 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003667&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02725.x Conclusions A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003667 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003666&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02738.x Conclusions The findings suggest that several alcohol biomarkers and assessments could play an important role in the prediction and control of driver alcohol risk when re-licensing. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003666 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003665&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02741.x Conclusion A major change in drug policy was effectively realised under typical conditions of a federalist country with a longstanding tradition of democratic consensus building. Facilitating factors were the size and visibility of the heroin problem, the rise of the Aids epidemic, and a pragmatic attitude of tolerating private initiatives opening the way to official policy change. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003665 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003664&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02752.x Prevention research concerning alcohol, tobacco and other drugs faces a number of challenges as the scientific foundation is strengthened for the future. Seven issues which the prevention research field should address are discussed: lack of transparency in analyses of prevention program outcomes, lack of disclosure of copyright and potential for profit/income during publication, post-hoc outcome variable selection and reporting only outcomes which show positive and statistical significance at any follow-up point, tendency to evaluate statistical significance only rather than practical significance as well, problem of selection bias in terms of selecting subjects and limited generalizability, the need for confirmation of outcomes in which only self-report data are used and selection of appr... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003664 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003663&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02754.x Conclusions Long-term HAT is an effective treatment for chronic heroin addicts who have failed to benefit from methadone maintenance treatment. Four years of HAT is associated with stable physical, mental and social health and with absence of illicit heroin use and substantial reductions in cocaine use. HAT should be continued as long as there is no compelling reason to stop treatment. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003663 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003662&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02756.x Conclusions Prenatal alcohol exposure at moderate and higher levels increased the odds of child behaviour problems with the dose, pattern and timing of exposure affecting the type of behaviour problems expressed. Larger studies with more power are needed to confirm these findings. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003662 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003661&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02759.x Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreaks occur among injecting drug users (IDUs), but where HIV is low insight is required into the future risk of increased transmission. The relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV prevalence among IDUs is explored to determine whether HCV prevalence could indicate HIV risk.Methods Systematic review of IDU HIV/HCV prevalence data and regression analysis using weighted prevalence estimates and time[ndash]series data.Results HIV/HCV prevalence estimates were obtained for 343 regions. In regions other than South America/sub-Saharan Africa (SAm/SSA), mean IDU HIV prevalence is likely to be negligible if HCV prevalence is (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003661 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999453&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02720.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999453 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999452&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02735.x Conclusions Japanese smokers attempt to quit at a lower rate than smokers in the United Kingdom and United States, but factors that predict attempts (primarily markers of motivation) and success of attempts (primarily dependence) are similar to those found in western samples. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999452 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999451&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02737.x Conclusions All three ethnic groups evidenced reductions in drinking at 6- and 12-month follow-up independent of treatment assignment. Among Hispanics, BMI reduced alcohol intake significantly as measured by average volume per week, percentage days heavy drinking and maximum amount consumed in 1 day. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999451 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999450&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02739.x Molecular neurobiological studies have yielded enormous amounts of valuable information about neuronal response mechanisms and their adaptive changes. However, in relation to addiction this information is of limited value because almost every cell function appears to be involved. Thus it tells us only that neurons adapt to 'addictive drugs' as they do to all sorts of other functional disturbances. This information may be of limited help in the development of potential auxiliary agents for treatment of addiction. However, a reductionist approach which attempts to analyse addiction at ever finer levels of structure and function, is inherently incapable of explaining what causes these mechanisms to be brought into play in some cases and not in others, or by self-administration of a drug but n... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999450 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999449&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02740.x Conclusion Controlled analyses from this large population-based cohort of male adolescents indicate that IQ scores are lower in male adolescents who smoke compared to non-smokers and in brothers who smoke compared to their non-smoking brothers. The IQs of adolescents who began smoking between ages 18[ndash]21 are lower than those of non-smokers. Adolescents with poorer IQ scores might be targeted for programmes designed to prevent smoking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999449 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999448&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02757.x Conclusions Integrated treatment may be superior to single-focused treatment for coexisting depression and alcohol problems, at least in the short term. Gender differences between single-focused depression and alcohol treatments warrant further study. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999448 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999447&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02761.x Conclusions These findings imply that heavy use of ketamine is harmful to aspects of both cognitive function and psychological wellbeing. Health education campaigns need to raise awareness among young people and clinicians about these negative consequences of ketamine use. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999447 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2999446&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02770.x Conclusions Although considerable progress has occurred in natural recovery research, several topics deserving of further research are identified, and implications for policy practice are discussed. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2999446 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2999446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2967224&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02747.x Conclusion While assessing the possible effects of syringe exchange on trends in injecting drug use is inherently difficult, these may be the strongest data collected to date showing a lack of increase in drug injecting following implementation of syringe exchange. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2967224 Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2967224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2908517&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02721.x Conclusion Policy appraisals must account for population heterogeneity and complexity if resulting interventions are to be well considered, proportionate, effective and cost-effective. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2908517 Mon, 19 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2908517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2908518&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02717.x Conclusions The results of this preliminary study have demonstrated that a maintenance pharmacotherapy programme of daily sustained-release amphetamine dispensing under pharmacist supervision is both feasible and safe. The increased retention in the dexamphetamine group, together with the general decreases in methamphetamine use, degree of dependence and withdrawal symptom severity, provide preliminary evidence that this may be an efficacious treatment option for methamphetamine dependence. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2908518 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2908518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898864&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02719.x Conclusions The study suggests that cannabis use in adolescence and early adulthood may be associated with subsequent involvement in criminal activity. However, the bulk of this involvement seems to be related to various types of drug-specific crime. Thus, the association seems to rest on the fact that use, possession and distribution of drugs such as cannabis is illegal. The study strengthens concerns about the laws relating to the use, possession and distribution of cannabis. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898864 Thu, 15 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2898864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865568&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02716.x Conclusions These results highlight alcohol as a contributing factor for homicide victimization in the greatest urban center in South America, supporting public strategies and future research aiming to prevent homicides and violence related to alcohol consumption. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865568 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865577&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02688.x This report argues that the growing involvement of the alcohol industry in scientific research needs to be acknowledged and addressed. It suggests a set of principles to guide ethical decision-making in the future.Methods We review relevant issues with regard to relationships between the alcohol industry and the international academic community, especially alcohol research scientists. The guiding principles proposed are modelled after expert committee statements, and describe the responsibilities of governmental agencies, the alcohol industry, journal editors and the academic community. These are followed by recommendations designed to inform individuals and institutions about current 'best practices' that are consistent with the principles.Findings and conclusions Growing evidence from ... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865577 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865576&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02694.x Conclusions The risk for hypertension increases linearly with alcohol consumption, so limiting alcohol intake should be advised for both men and women. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865576 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865575&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02704.x Conclusion While sharing needles/syringes or other injecting equipment were associated most strongly with increased risk of HCV infection, the PARp associated with these behaviours was relatively modest (12%) because they are relatively low-prevalence behaviours. Our analyses suggest that more HCV infection could be avoided by changing more common, but less strongly associated behaviours such as assisted injecting or daily injecting. Results suggest that to have a very substantial effect on HCV, a range of risk factors need modifying. The most efficient use of scarce resources in reducing HCV infections will require complex balancing between the PAR for a given risk factor(s), the efficacy of interventions to actually modify the risk factor, and the cost of these interventions. (Source: A... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865575 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865574&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02705.x Conclusions Substantial whole blood THC concentrations persist multiple days after drug discontinuation in heavy chronic cannabis users. It is currently unknown whether neurocognitive impairment occurs with low blood THC concentrations, and whether return to normal performance, as documented previously following extended cannabis abstinence, is accompanied by the removal of residual THC in brain. These findings also may impact on the implementation of per se limits in driving under the influence of drugs legislation. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865574 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865573&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02707.x Conclusions The DIMS results provide valuable qualitative information on the content of ecstasy tablets in the Netherlands, and its changes throughout the years. Moreover, the results were used for national and international risk assessments and important warning and prevention activities. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865573 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865572&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02709.x Conclusions Agent-based modelling was used to integrate ethno-epidemiological data on psychostimulant use, and to test the probable impact of a specific intervention on the prevalence of drug-related harms. It also established a framework for collaboration between research disciplines that emphasizes the synthesis of diverse data types in order to generate new knowledge relevant to the reduction of drug-related harms. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865572 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865571&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02712.x Conclusions No effect of smoking cues in movies on craving was found, in contrast with research supporting the cue-craving link. Thus, if replicated, this might indicate that smoking cues in such contexts do not affect smokers' desire to smoke as expected. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865571 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865570&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02713.x Conclusions Prioritizing internal validity in a systematic review risks producing an evidence base that is not informed adequately by the wider determinants of health and which does not give sufficient consideration to external validity. The use of appropriate methods requires that commissioners of systematic reviews are clear at the outset how the review is proposed to be utilized. Review methods such as meta-ethnography and realist synthesis could contribute to making the frameworks within which judgements are made more explicit. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865570 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865569&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02714.x Conclusions The presence of cigarette pack displays in stores may make it more difficult for smokers to quit smoking successfully. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865569 Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2865569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2785841&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02691.x Conclusions CDIs reduce the quantity and frequency of drinking among college students. CDIs are generally equivalent to alternative alcohol-related comparison interventions. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2785841 Thu, 10 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2785841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744019&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02623.x Conclusions Motivationally enhanced treatment plus NRT did not improve cessation rates over and above standard care treatment plus NRT in this HIV+ sample of smokers. Providers offering brief support and encouraging use of nicotine replacement may be able to help HIV+ patients to quit smoking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744019 Fri, 28 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2744019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2741305&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02693.x Conclusions The IATP approach was more successful than PCBT at training adaptive coping responses for use in situations presenting a high risk for drinking. The highly individualized IATP approach may prove to be an effective treatment strategy for alcohol-dependent patients. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2741305 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2741305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2741307&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02673.x If you were asked: 'What are the most important things we know about addiction?' what would you say? This paper brings together a body of knowledge across multiple domains and arranged as a list of 10 things known about addiction, as a response to such a question. The 10 things are: (1) addiction is fundamentally about compulsive behaviour; (2) compulsive drug seeking is initiated outside of consciousness; (3) addiction is about 50% heritable and complexity abounds; (4) most people with addictions who present for help have other psychiatric problems as well; (5) addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in the majority of people who present for help; (6) different psychotherapies appear to produce similar treatment outcomes; (7) 'come back when you're motivated' is no longer an acceptable ... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2741307 Wed, 26 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2741307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2741306&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02687.x Conclusions Genotyping reveals that there have been at least five unique introductions of HCV genotypes into the IDU community in St Petersburg. Analysis of prevalent infections does not appear to correlate with the social networks of IDUs, suggesting that simple approaches to link these networks to prevalent infections, rather than incident transmission, will not prove meaningful. On a more positive note, the majority of IDUs are infected with 3a genotype that is associated with sustained virological response to antiviral therapy. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2741306 Wed, 26 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2741306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2681836&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02680.x Conclusions This study suggests an association between positive reactions to first cannabis uses and risk of life-time cannabis dependence, this variable having a central role among, and through, other risk factors. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2681836 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2681836 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2678564&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02686.x Conclusions For boys, some of the currently recommended tobacco control policies may help to reduce smoking prevalence. However, the model is less suitable for girls, indicating gender differences in the potential efficacy of smoking policies. Future research should address this issue. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2678564 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2678564 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2678566&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02644.x Conclusion The proposed Bayesian model allows one to estimate the effect of actual drug use on study outcome measures. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2678566 Wed, 05 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2678566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2678565&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02668.x Conclusions These data support recent theories which discriminate between habit-based and incentive-based drug abuse. This distinction may have consequences for the assessment and treatment of drug-addicted subjects. Furthermore, incentive-based light smoking seems to have general effects on the reward system. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2678565 Wed, 05 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2678565 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670743&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02682.x Conclusions While these results point out an increased social differentiation in tobacco use, they underline the need to design and implement other forms of action to encourage people to quit, in particular targeting individuals belonging to underprivileged groups. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670743 Tue, 04 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670743 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670753&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02649.x Conclusion The adopted DSM-IV diagnostic classification for MDMA abuse and dependence was moderately reliable across cities. Findings on MDMA withdrawal support the argument that MDMA should be separated from other hallucinogens in DSM. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670753 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670753 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670752&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02658.x Conclusion The trend towards privatisation of liquor outlets between 2003/04 and 2007/08 in British Columbia has contributed to increased per capita sales of alcohol and hence possibly also to increased alcohol-related harm. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670752 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670752 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670751&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02660.x Conclusions Awareness of HIV infection by street-recruited drug injectors is associated with reduced sex risks. Additional interventions are required for younger IDUs and those injecting for shorter periods of time. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670751 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670751 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670750&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02666.x Conclusions The pattern of results suggests that the program worked first to prevent amphetamine use, and then to maintain the preventive effect into adulthood. Study findings suggest that early adolescent substance use prevention programs that focus initially on the 'gateway' drugs have utility for long-term prevention of amphetamine use. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670750 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670750 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670749&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02667.x Conclusions Reasons for abstaining depend on type of abstainer, gender, age and country drinking norms and patterns. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670749 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670749 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670748&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02685.x Conclusions In a general population, parental heavy substance use does not seem to affect cortisol levels consistently in their offspring. We found some evidence for higher, instead of lower, hypothalamic[ndash]pituitary[ndash]adrenal axis activity as a predictor of smoking in early adolescence. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670748 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670747&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02645.x Conclusions The efficacy of treatments for smoking cessation are extremely reliable. This argues for inclusion of treatment as an essential feature of tobacco control and clinical practice and argues for reimbursement of smoking cessation treatments on a par with other medical and behavioral disorders. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670747 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670747 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670746&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02647.x Conclusions Unplanned quit attempts are common among smokers in all socio-demographic groups, are triggered commonly by advice from a health professional and are more likely to succeed; however, the majority of these unplanned attempts are unsupported. It is important to develop methods of providing behavioural and/or pharmacological support for these attempts, and determine whether these increase cessation rates still further. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670746 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670746 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670745&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02655.x Conclusion There is convincing evidence that alcohol plays an important role in explaining high mortality in Russia, in particular among working age men. However, there remain important uncertainties about the precise scale of the problem and about the health effects of the distinctive pattern of alcohol consumption that is prevalent in Russia today. While there is a need for further research, enough is known to justify the development of a comprehensive inter-sectoral alcohol control strategy. The recent fall in life expectancy in Russia should give a renewed urgency to attempts to move the policy agenda forward. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670745 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2670744&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02672.x Conclusions SD individuals with both types of MDE have greater psychiatric severity than those with I-MDE only or SI-MDE only. These and other features that distinguish among the MDE subtypes have important diagnostic and potential therapeutic implications. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2670744 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2670744 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2601915&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02678.x Conclusion This demonstration provides the first evidence of the utility of wastewater-derived community drug loads for spatial analyses. Such data have the potential to improve dramatically the measurement of the true level and distribution of a range of drugs. Drug index load data provide information for all people in a community and are potentially applicable to a much larger proportion of the total population than existing measures. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2601915 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2601915 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2517177&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02670.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2517177 Thu, 25 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2517177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2517180&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02580.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2517180 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2517180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2517179&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02588.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2517179 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2517179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2517178&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02626.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2517178 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2517178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509986&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02607.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509986 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509989&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02600.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509989 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509988&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02601.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509988 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509987&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02602.x (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509987 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509997&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02610.x Conclusions Findings provide no evidence that combining smoking treatment and behavioral weight control produces any harm and significant evidence of short-term benefit for both abstinence and weight control. However, the absence of long-term enhancement of either smoking cessation or weight control by the time-limited interventions studied to date provides insufficient basis to recommend societal expenditures on weight gain prevention treatment for patients who are quitting smoking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509997 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509997 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509996&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02611.x Conclusion The proposed extension of the relapse model provides testable hypotheses that may guide future alcohol-relapse research. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509996 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509995&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02617.x Conclusions The current study provides the first evidence of bidirectional self-medication processes in the relationship between adolescent smoking and depression and highlights peer smoking as one explanation for the comorbidity. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509995 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509994&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02622.x Conclusions The findings underscore the potential for socio-demographic risk factors to have highly specific associations with different stages of the substance use trajectory. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509994 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509993&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02624.x Conclusions Results of this study were consistent with results of larger trials of smokers without alcohol problems, showing that combination therapy (nicotine patch plus gum) is more effective than monotherapy (nicotine patch) for smoking cessation. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509993 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509992&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02633.x Conclusions Retention in treatment appears to fluctuate in inverse proportion to the availability of heroin. Individuals in contemporary treatment are older users with a lengthy treatment history. This study has provided population-level evidence to suggest that retention in methadone and buprenorphine differ in routine clinical practice. Future work might investigate ways in which patient adherence and retention may be improved. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509992 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509991&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02639.x Conclusions In England, half of all attempts to quit smoking are aided by some form of pharmacological or behavioural treatment. However, the use of the most effective treatment option (the NHS-SSS) is low, despite it being free of charge. Factors associated with an increased use of aids to cessation were female sex, older age, more cigarettes smoked per day and planning a quit attempt. Research is needed into how to increase utilization rates, particularly among males and younger smokers. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509991 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509990&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02642.x Conclusions Despite its economic advantage, the online panel survey showed stronger non-response and coverage bias than the CAPI survey, leading to less reliable estimates of substance use in the general population. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509990 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2446622&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02603.x Conclusions The prevalence and sequence of criteria of ND fit our understanding of the neuropharmacology of ND. The order among symptoms early in the process of dependence may differ from the severity order of symptoms among those who persist in smoking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2446622 Sun, 31 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2446622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416594&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02604.x Conclusions A substantial percentage of older adults who consume alcohol engage in guideline-defined excessive drinking and incur drinking problems. The finding that older men may be more likely than older women to experience problems when they drink beyond guideline levels suggests that alcohol guidelines for men should not be set higher than those for women. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416594 Mon, 18 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416599&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02592.x Conclusions The self-regulation system in Australia does not protect children and youth from exposure to alcohol advertising, much of which contains elements appealing to these groups. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416599 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416598&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02595.x Conclusion This study was the first to reveal in a Chinese population that qualitatively different risk factors might operate during the different stages of progression from alcohol use to disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences in order to guide prevention programmes. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416598 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416597&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02596.x Conclusions Results support previous research findings of heightened risk of substance use and substance dependence among some sexual minority groups and point to the need for research that examines the reasons for such differences. Results also highlight important gender differences and question previous findings indicating uniformly higher risk for substance dependence among sexual minorities. Risks appear to vary based on gender and how sexual orientation is defined. Findings have implications for more effective prevention and intervention efforts that target subgroups at greatest risk. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416597 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416596&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02598.x Conclusions Inhalant use recanting is a significant problem that, if not handled carefully, is likely to have a considerable impact on our understanding of the etiology of inhalant use and efforts to prevent it. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416596 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416595&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02599.x Conclusions Cessation treatment efforts should consider assessing routinely the financial stress of their clients and providing additional counseling and resources for smokers who experience financial stress. Social policies that provide a safety net for people who might otherwise face severe financial problems, such as not being able to pay for rent or food, may have a favorable impact on cessation rates. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416595 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416606&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02571.x Conclusions Further research in adolescents is warranted; the increasing availability of large longitudinal genetically informative studies will provide the evidence base from which effective prevention and intervention strategies for comorbid alcohol problems and internalizing symptomatology can be developed. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416606 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416605&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02573.x Conclusions Extensive gamblers and card gamblers are at higher risk for problem gambling and other risky health behaviours. Prospective examinations of class membership suggested that being in the extensive and the low gambling classes was highly stable across the 4 years of college. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416605 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416604&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02574.x Conclusion Important information on the probable differences in real world prevalence and impact of prevention and treatment programmes can be produced by applying Bayes' Theorem to studies where diagnostic outcome measures are used. However, the usefulness of this approach relies upon good information on the accuracy of such diagnostic measures for target conditions. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416604 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416603&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02577.x Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that heavy drinking, and in particular a binge pattern involving intoxications, hangovers or pass-outs, produces depressive symptoms in the general population. The frequency of hangovers was the best predictor for depressive symptoms. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416603 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416602&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02579.x Conclusions Differences in drink alcohol content by gender, race/ethnicity and beverage type choice should be considered in comparisons of drinking patterns and alcohol-related outcomes. Observed differences can be explained partially by measured characteristics regarding family structure and income. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416602 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416601&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02583.x Conclusion There are relatively few studies of illicit drug toxicology reports from homicide victims that allow for cross-cultural comparisons. This study provides a basis for comparing future local toxicology test results to estimates from existing research. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416601 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2416600&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02586.x Conclusions Given that risk and frequency of binge drinking among Canadians increases with their frequency of drinking, any public recommendation to drink moderately should be made with great caution. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2416600 Mon, 11 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2416600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2397922&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02559.x Conclusions African drinking patterns are diverse, and although life-time abstinence dominates in African countries, a single typical pattern of drinking for the African continent, such as the alleged 'all-or-none' pattern, was not observed. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2397922 Thu, 07 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2397922 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2397923&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02570.x Conclusions The high rates of overdose prior to and after treatment emphasize the need to provide rapid access to OMT, to retain patients in treatment and to re-enrol patients. The high prevalence among older patients of deaths due to somatic causes has implications for screening, treatment and referral, and may also lead to increased treatment costs. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2397923 Wed, 06 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2397923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2380661&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02564.x Aims To examine the literature regarding clinical pharmacokinetics, direct effects and adverse clinical outcomes associated with methamphetamine use.Methods Relevant literature was identified through a PubMed search. Additional literature was obtained from relevant books and monographs.Findings and conclusions The mean elimination half-life for methamphetamine is approximately 10 hours, with considerable inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Direct effects at low-to-moderate methamphetamine doses (5[ndash]30 mg) include arousal, positive mood, cardiac stimulation and acute improvement in cognitive domains such as attention and psychomotor coordination. At higher doses used typically by illicit users ([ge]50 mg), methamphetamine can produce psychosis. Its hypertensive effect c... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2380661 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2380661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2380665&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02550.x Cue-reactivity, or self-reported craving response to drug-associated stimuli, is an active area of research on factors that maintain drug use, particularly cigarette smoking. A common rationale for this research is the expectation that treatments that extinguish cue-induced craving will be effective as smoking cessation interventions. Therefore, the importance of research on the variables that moderate and control cue-induced craving would seem to hinge upon the relevance of cue-induced craving to nicotine dependence, particularly its association with relapse risk. However, the limited relevant clinical research has not demonstrated clearly a link between smoking relapse risk and self-reported craving in response to smoking cues. Links between relapse and other responses to cues, such as h... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2380665 Wed, 29 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2380665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2380664&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02557.x Conclusions Youth with IUDs have personal histories characterized by high levels of trauma, suicidality, psychiatric distress, antisocial behavior and substance-related problems. A monotonic relationship between inhalant use, abuse and dependence and serious adverse outcomes was observed. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2380664 Wed, 29 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2380664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2380663&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02558.x Conclusions Prescription of maintenance therapy has increased sharply in French prisons since its introduction in the mid-1990s. However, the risk of re-imprisonment or death remains high among opioid-dependent prisoners. Substantial efforts are needed to implement more effective preventive policies. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2380663 Wed, 29 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2380663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2380662&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02561.x Despite the many similarities between nicotine dependence and other drug dependences, national guidelines for their treatment differ in several respects. The recent national guideline for the treatment of nicotine dependence has (i) less emphasis on detailed assessment; (ii) less emphasis on treatment of psychiatric comorbidity; (iii) less acceptance of reduction of use as an initial treatment goal; (iv) greater emphasis on pharmacological interventions; and (v) less emphasis on psychosocial treatment than national guidelines for non-nicotine dependences. These treatment differences may occur because (i) nicotine does not cause behavioral intoxication; (ii) psychiatric comorbidity is less problematic with nicotine dependence; (iii) psychosocial problems are less severe with nicotine depend... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2380662 Wed, 29 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2380662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2331092&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02549.x Aims To determine the prevalence of corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation among patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and to investigate mortality potentially attributable to QTc prolongation in the Norwegian OMT programme.Participants and setting Two hundred OMT patients in Oslo were recruited to the QTc assessment study between October 2006 and August 2007. The Norwegian register of all patients receiving OMT in Norway (January 1997[ndash]December 2003) and the national death certificate register were used to assess mortality. Mortality records were examined for the 90 deaths that had occurred among 2382 patients with 6450 total years in OMT.Design and measures The QTc interval was assessed by electrocardiography (ECG). All ECGs were examined by the same cardiologist, who w... Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2331092 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2331092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2331097&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02526.x Conclusions These results underscore the potentially pervasive behavioral health effects of mass terrorism, and suggest that public health interventions may usefully consider substance use as an area of focus after such events. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2331097 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2331097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2331096&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02535.x Conclusions Our results confirm further that HEtG is a sensitive and specific marker of chronic heavy drinking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2331096 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2331096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2331095&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02540.x Conclusion The relationship between tobacco dependence symptoms and Rasch-model withdrawal sensitivity defines further the relationship between sensitivity and dependence. The findings demonstrate the utility of modeling to create an individual-specific sensitivity measure as a tool for exploring the relationships among sensitivity, dependence and cessation. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2331095 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2331095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2331094&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02547.x Conclusions Supporting our earlier findings, results suggest that parents' early smoking cessation has a long-term influence on their adult children's smoking cessation. Parents who smoke should be encouraged to quit when their children are young. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2331094 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2331094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2331093&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02548.x Conclusions Extended cognitive behavioral treatments can produce high and stable cigarette abstinence rates for both men and women. NRT does not add to the efficacy of extended CBT, and may hamper its efficacy. Research is needed to determine if these results can be replicated in a sample with a greater range of ages, and improved upon with the addition of medications other than NRT. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2331093 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2331093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262082&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02538.x Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that PTOP can be treated at methadone maintenance treatment facilities at least as effectively as heroin users in terms of treatment retention. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262082 Sat, 14 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262097&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02518.x Conclusions Findings underscore the need to develop event-specific prevention approaches for occasions associated with extreme drinking and provide direction for considering who may be at greatest risk for problems associated with celebratory drinking. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262097 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262096&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02520.x Conclusions Implementation of a multi-strategic intervention is effective in increasing hospital smoking care delivery, particularly the provision of NRT. Research is required to identify methods to increase further the delivery of this and other forms of smoking care. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262096 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262094&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02521.x Conclusions It is never too late to stop drinking, even with the most severe degrees of cirrhosis on biopsy. Early drinking status is the most important factor determining long-term survival in alcohol-related cirrhosis. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262094 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262093&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02522.x Conclusion Appetitive processes and related affective states appear to improve in smokers who remain nicotine-free for 3 months, whereas response inhibition does not. Although in need of replication, the results suggest tentatively that poor inhibitory control may constitute a long-term risk factor for relapse and could be a target for intervention. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262093 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262091&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02523.x Conclusions Wastewater analysis is a promising tool to evaluate cocaine consumption at both local and national scale. This rapid and direct estimation of the prevalence of cocaine use in Belgium corresponds with socio-epidemiological data. However, the strategy needs to be refined further to allow a more exact calculation of cocaine consumption from concentrations of BE in wastewater. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262091 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262091 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2262090&cid=s_17955_2_f&fid=17955&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1360-0443.2009.02524.x Conclusions The findings suggest the importance of 12-Step affiliation in maintaining long-term recovery, and help to understand the mechanism through which it works among adolescents. (Source: Addiction) Addiction journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2262090 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2262090