MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews' source. Thu, 11 Mar 2010 14:17:23 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338748&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193722%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang W, Tucker-Kellogg L, Narmada BC, Venkatraman L, Chang S, Lu Y, Tan N, White JK, Jia R, Bhowmick SS, Shen S, Dewey CF, Yu H For acute, chronic, or hereditary diseases of the liver, cell transplantation therapies can stimulate liver regeneration or serve as a bridge until liver transplantation can be performed. Recently, fetal hepatocytes, stem cells, liver progenitor cells, or other primitive and proliferative cell types have been employed for cell transplantation therapies, in an effort to improve the survival, proliferation, and engraftment of the transplanted cells. Reviewing earlier studies, which achieved success by transplanting mature hepatocytes, we propose that there is a switch-like regulation of liver regeneration that changes state according to a stimulus thre... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338748 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3323198&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20188774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ohdo S Mammalians circadian pacemaker resides in the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and influences a multitude of biological processes, including the sleep-wake rhythm. Clock genes are the genes that control the circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior. 24hr rhythm is demonstrated for the function of physiology and the pathophysiology of diseases. The effectiveness and toxicity of many drugs vary depending on dosing time. Such chronopharmacological phenomena are influenced by not only the pharmacodynamics but also pharmacokinetics of medications. The underlying mechanisms are associated with 24hr rhythms of biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes under the control of circadian clock. Thus, the knowledge of 24hr rhythm in the risk of disease plus evidence o... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3323198 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3323198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3280599&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20156499%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wan AC, Ying JY Nanomaterials can be defined as materials that possess clearly defined features of less than 100 nm, and whose nanostructured features confer characteristics crucial to the material's bulk property. The nanostructured features can be an intermediate or final state of the material in its synthesis process. The field of nanomaterials as applied to in situ cell delivery and tissue engineering is rapidly expanding. Nanomaterials that include peptide amphiphiles, self-assembling peptides, electrospun scaffolds, layer-by-layer complexes, nanotubes and nanocomposites have been applied to cell culture, encapsulation and delivery with promising results. As compared to scaffold-free cell delivery, nanomaterials are advantageous in terms of providing a means to control th... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3280599 Fri, 12 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3280599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3280601&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20153387%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kelm JM, Fussenegger M The development of cell-based therapies for diseased tissues is one of the most promising research directions in regenerative medicine. Cell-delivery methods are an essential part of cell therapy concepts. Therapies with the potential to become clinical routine will only be possible if these methods ensure efficient engraftment and therapeutically-relevant numbers of cells survive. Here we provide an overview of three different scaffold-free cell delivery concepts: (i) single cell delivery, (ii) cell sheet engineering and (iii) microtissue technology. PMID: 20153387 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3280601 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3280601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3280600&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20153388%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hernandez RM, Orive G, Murua A, Pedraz JL In recent years, the use of transplanted living cells pumping out active factors directly at the site has proven to be an emergent technology. However a recurring impediment to rapid development in the field is the immune rejection of transplanted allo- or xenogeneic cells. Immunossupresion is used clinically to prevent rejection of organ and cell transplants in humans, but prolonged usage can make the recipient vulnerable to infections, and increase the likelihood of tumorigenesis of the transplanted cells. Cell microencapsulation is a promising tool to overcome these drawbacks. It consists in surrounding cells with a semipermeable polymeric membrane. The latter permits the entry of nutrients and the exit of therapeutic protein produc... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3280600 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3280600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3257968&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20138940%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang C, Varshney RR, Wang DA Hydrogels are synthetic or natural polymer networks that closely mimic native extracellular matrices. As hydrogel-based vehicles are being increasingly employed in therapeutic cell delivery, two inherent traits of most common hydrogels, namely low cell affinity and high cell constraint, have significantly drawn the attention of biomedical community. These two properties lead to the unfavourable settlement of anchorage-dependent cells (ADCs) and unsatisfactory cell delivery or tissue formation in hydrogel matrices. Tissue engineers have correspondingly made many efforts involving chemical modification or physical hybridisation to facilitate ADC settlement and promote tissue formation. On the other hand, these two 'bio-inert' characteristics have par... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3257968 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3257968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3257969&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20138097%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Teramura Y, Iwata H Type 1 diabetes has been successfully treated by transplanting islets of Langerhans (islets), endocrine tissue releasing insulin. Serious issues, however, still remain. The administration of immunosuppressive drugs is required to prolong graft functioning; however, side effects of their long-term use on recipients are not fully understood, and cell transplantation therapy without the use of immunosuppressive drugs is desired. To resolve these issues, the encapsulation of isles with a semi-permeable membrane, or bioartificial pancreas, has been attempted. Many groups have reported that it functions very well in small animal models. Few of the bioartificial pancreases, however, were applied to human patients and their clinical outcome was not clear. In this r... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3257969 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3257969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240209&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122975%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, for the first time generation of renal tubules can be simulated under controlled in-vitro conditions. Using this model the effect of numerous innovative biomaterials and drug delivery system can be critically analyzed. PMID: 20122975 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240209 Sat, 30 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232244&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20117158%26dopt%3DAbstract This article samples roles that glycans play in development and then describes how metabolic glycoengineering - a technique where monosaccharide analogs are introduced into the metabolic pathways of a cell and are biosynthetically incorporated into the glycocalyx - is overcoming many of the long-standing barriers to manipulating carbohydrates in living cells and tissues and is becoming an intriguing new tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. PMID: 20117158 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232244 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232244 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232245&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114067%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sheyn D, Mizrahi O, Benjamin S, Pelled G, Gazit D Regenerative medicine appears to take as its patron, the Titan Prometheus, whose liver was able to regenerate daily, as the field attempts to restore lost, damaged, or aging cells and tissues. The tremendous technological progress achieved during the last decade in gene transfer methods and imaging techniques, as well as recent increases in our knowledge of cell biology, have opened new horizons in the field of regenerative medicine. Genetically engineered cells are a tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, albeit a tool whose development is fraught with difficulties. Gene-and-cell therapy offers solutions to severe problems faced by modern medicine, but several impediments obstruct the path of such treatments as... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232245 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3214151&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20102730%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eduardo A, Sánchez M, Gorka O Endogenous Regenerative Technology (ERT) involves the use of patient's own biologically active proteins, growth factors and biomaterial scaffolds for therapeutic purposes. This technology provides a new approach for the stimulation and acceleration of tissue healing and bone regeneration. The versatility and biocompatibility of using patient-derived fibrin scaffold as an autologous, biocompatible and biodegradable drug delivery system opens the door to a personalized medicine that is currently being used in numerous medical and scientific fields including dentistry, oral implantology, orthopaedics, ulcer treatment, sports medicine and tissue engineering among others. This review discusses the state of the art and new directions in the use of ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3214151 Sat, 23 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3214151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167332&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20060431%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu ZR N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers and their drug conjugates are one of the most intensively investigated drug delivery systems for over 30years. Some of the HPMA copolymer drug conjugates have entered clinical trials. Various molecular imaging technologies have been used to investigate the mechanism of drug delivery with HPMA copolymers. Fluorescence imaging has been used for the study of the process of intracellular drug delivery, including cell binding, subcellular trafficking and intracellular fate, of HPMA copolymers and drug conjugates. Magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine, including gamma-scintigraphy, SPECT and PET, have been used for the non-invasive visualization of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and drug targeting efficiency of H... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167332 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3143257&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20045094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Amidi M, Hennink WE PMID: 20045094 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3143257 Tue, 29 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3143257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3101173&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20005273%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lammers T, Ulbrich K PMID: 20005273 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3101173 Sat, 12 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3101173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3101175&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20005271%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duncan R, Vicent MJ N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer conjugates containing doxorubicin designed in the late 1970s/early 1980s as anticancer polymer therapeutics were the first synthetic polymer-based anticancer conjugates to enter clinical trial beginning in 1994. Early clinical results were promising, confirming activity in chemotherapy refractory patients and the safety of HPMA copolymers as a new polymer platform in this setting. Subsequent Phase I/II trials have investigated conjugates containing paclitaxel (PNU 166945), camptothecin (PNU 166148) (both failed in clinical trials underlining the importance of rational design), and most recently HPMA-copolymer platinates (AP5280 and then AP5346- ProLindac(TM)) entered Phase II clinical development. There are... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3101175 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3101175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3101174&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20005272%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Minko T Unique properties of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer granted its wide use as a carrier for different nanotherapeutics. However, the role of HPMA in a drug delivery system is not limited solely to a carrier for an active payload. Detailed investigations revealed its deep influence on the molecular mechanisms of antitumor action of chemotherapeutic drugs bound to HPMA copolymer. Such influence involves changing the internalization and intracellular trafficking of an entire HPMA-drug complex, modifying the topography of the accumulation of delivered anticancer drug in the tumor and inside tumor cells, overcoming and suppression of existing drug resistance and preventing its de novo development, inhibition of cellular drug detoxification and intracellula... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3101174 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3101174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3101172&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20005911%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fisher KD, Seymour LW Hydrophilic polymers are widely used already for steric stabilisation of bioactive proteins, changing their pharmacokinetics and modifying their interactions with the biological environment. Polymers may also be conjugated to biological surfaces, such as viruses, bacteria and mammalian cells, also to endow steric protection and changed properties. Reactive polymers based on N-[2-hydroxypropyl]methacrylamide have shown particular promise for surface coating of viruses, particularly adenovirus, and here we describe the important observations and innovations arising from this combination of chemical and genetic engineering. Adenovirus is a versatile agent that already finds important experimental applications as a recombinant vaccine, and also for cancer the... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3101172 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3101172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3101176&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20004693%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Talelli M, Rijcken CJ, van Nostrum CF, Storm G, Hennink WE Polymeric micelles have been under extensive investigation during the past years as drug delivery systems, particularly for anticancer drugs. They are formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous solutions and have a spherical shape and a size in the nano range (<200nm). Tumor accumulation of polymeric micelles upon intravenous administration can occur as a result of the leaky vasculature of tumor tissue (called the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect).To benefit from the EPR effect, polymeric micelles need to have prolonged circulation times as well as high and stable drug loadings. Poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (pHPMA) is a hydrophilic polymer currently under investi... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3101176 Tue, 08 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3101176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3059949&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19958805%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de la Fuente M, Raviña M, Paolicelli P, Sanchez A, Seijo B, Alonso MJ Nanoscience and nanotechnology has caused important breakthroughs in different therapeutic areas. In particular, the application of nanotechnology in ophthamology has led to the development of novel strategies for the treatment of ocular disorders. Indeed, the association of an active molecule to a nanocarrier allows the molecule to intimately interact with specific ocular structures, to overcome ocular barriers and to prolong its residence in the target tissue. Over the last decade, our group has designed and developed a delivery platform based on the polysaccharide chitosan, which suits the requirements of the topical ocular route. These nanosystems have been specifically adapted for the delivery of h... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3059949 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3059949 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3059950&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19954755%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee WG, Kim YG, Chung BG, Demirci U, Khademhosseini A Nano/microfluidic technologies are emerging as powerful enabling tools for diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases in both developed and developing countries. Miniaturized nano/microfluidic platforms that precisely manipulate small fluid volumes can be used to enable medical diagnosis in a more rapid and accurate manner. In particular, these nano/microfluidic diagnostic technologies are potentially applicable to global health applications, because they are disposable, inexpensive, portable, and easy-to-use for detection of infectious diseases. In this paper, we review recent developments in nano/microfluidic technologies for clinical point-of-care applications at resource-limited settings in developing countries. ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3059950 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3059950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3052820&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19951732%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lammers T Copolymers based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) are prototypic and well-characterized polymeric drug carriers that have been broadly implemented in the delivery of anticancer agents. HPMA copolymers circulate for prolonged periods of time, and by means of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect, they localize to tumors both effectively and selectively. Because of their beneficial biodistribution, and because of the fact that they are able to improve the balance between the efficacy and the toxicity of chemotherapy, it is reasonable to assume that HPMA copolymers combine well with other treatment modalities. In the present review, efforts in this regard are summarized, and HPMA copolymers are shown to be able to beneficially interact with sur... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3052820 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3052820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3052819&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19951733%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pike DB, Ghandehari H This review describes the design and development of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer - cyclic RGD conjugates for targeting tumor angiogenesis. Relative to non-targetable systems, HPMA copolymer-RGD4C and -RGDfK conjugates have shown increased tumor accumulation in a variety of solid tumors including prostate, lung, and breast tumor xenografts. Compared to free peptides, copolymers had increased tumor accumulation and decreased uptake in non-target organs such as the liver and spleen. Clinically relevant imaging agents such as (99m)Tc, (111)In, and Gd enabled in vivo imaging of the constructs by scintigraphy and magnetic resonance techniques. Targeted delivery of (90)Y, a radiotherapeutic agent by HPMA copolymer-RGD4C conjugates resulted... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3052819 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3052819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3037284&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19941919%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gunaseelan S, Gunaseelan K, Deshmukh M, Zhang X, Sinko PJ A variety of nanocarriers such as bioconjugates, dendrimers, liposomes, and nanoparticles have been widely evaluated as potential targeted drug delivery systems. Passive targeting of nanoscale carriers is based on a size-flow-filtration phenomenon that is usually limited to tumors, the reticular endothelial system, and possibly lymph nodes (LN). In fact, targeting the delivery of drugs to pivotal physiological sites such as the lymph nodes has emerged as a promising strategy in treating HIV disease. Ligands for specific cell surface receptors can be displayed on nanocarriers in order to achieve active targeting. The approach has been extensively used preclinically in cancer where certain receptors are over-expressed at ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3037284 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3037284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3037283&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19941920%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Romero EL, Morilla MJ Over several thousand years, the flagellated Trypanosome cruzi- causative agent of Chagas disease-developed a complex life cycle between the reduviidae vectors and its human hosts. Due to their silent and hidden location, the intracellular amastigotes are the main responsible for the nearly 50,000 annual deaths caused by the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Chagas disease is the most important parasitic disease in the Americas, though treatments have not evolved towards a more efficient pharmacotherapy that (i) eradicates the scarce amastigotes present at the indeterminate/chronic form and (ii) employs less toxic drugs than benznidazole or nifurtimox. Nano-drug delivery systems (nanoDDS) represent useful means to selectively deliver the drug to intracellu... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3037283 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3037283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3027258&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19931579%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tallury P, Malhotra A, Byrne LM, Santra S New methods to identify trace amount of infectious pathogens rapidly, accurately and with high sensitivity are in constant demand to prevent epidemics and loss of lives. Early detection of these pathogens to prevent, treat and contain the spread of infections is crucial. Therefore, there is a need and urgency for sensitive, specific, accurate, easy to use diagnostic tests. Versatile biofunctionalized engineered nanomaterials are proving to be promising in meeting these needs in diagnosing the pathogens in food, blood and clinical samples. The unique optical and magnetic properties of the nanoscale materials have been put to use for the diagnostics. In this review, we focus on the developments of the fluorescent nanoparticles, metallic ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3027258 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3027258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3027257&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19931580%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hauck TS, Giri S, Gao Y, Chan WC PMID: 19931580 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3027257 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3027257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3027256&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19931581%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chadwick S, Kriegel C, Amiji M The current prevalence of infectious diseases in many developing regions of the world is a serious burden, impacting both the general health as well as economic growth of these communities. Additionally, treatment with conventional medication becomes increasingly challenging due to emergence of new and drug resistant strains jeopardizing the progress made in recent years towards control and elimination of certain types of infectious diseases. Thus, from a public health perspective, prevention such as through immunization by vaccination, which has proven to be most effective, might be the best alternative to prevent and combat infectious diseases in these regions. To achieve this, development of wide-scale immunization programs become necessary in... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3027256 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3027256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3027260&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19931328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sharma P, Garg S The impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been devastating with nearly 7400 new infections every day. Although, the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has made a tremendous contribution in reducing the morbidity and mortality in developed countries, the situation in developing countries is still grim with millions of people being infected by this disease. The new advancements in the field of nanotechnology based drug delivery systems holds promise to improve the situation. These nanoscale systems have been successfully employed in other diseases such as cancer, and therefore, we now have a better understanding of the practicalities and technicalities associated with their clinical development. Nanotechnology based appro... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3027260 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3027260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3027259&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19931329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ulbrich K, Subr V Synthetic strategies and chemical and structural aspects of the synthesis of HPMA copolymer conjugates with various drugs and other biologically active molecules are described and discussed in this chapter. The discussion is held from the viewpoint of design and structure of the polymer backbone and biodegradable spacer between a polymer and drug, structure and methods of attachment of the employed drugs to the carrier and structure and methods of conjugation with targeting moieties. Physicochemical properties of the water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates and polymer micelles including mechanisms of drug release are also discussed. Detailed description of biological behavior of the polymer-drug conjugates as well as application of the copolymers for surface mo... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3027259 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3027259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3017292&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19925837%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Amidi M, Mastrobattista E, Jiskoot W, Hennink WE Therapeutic peptides/proteins and proteins-based antigens are chemically and structurally labile compounds, which are almost exclusively administered by parenteral injections. Recently, non-invasive mucosal routes have attracted interest for administration of these biotherapeutcis. Chitosan-based delivery systems enhance the absorption and/or cellular uptake of peptides/proteins across mucosal sites and have immunoadjuvant properties. Chitosan is mucoadhesive polysaccharide capable of opening the tight junctions between epithelial cells and it has functional groups for chemical modifications, which has resulted in a large variety of chitosan derivatives with tunable properties for the aimed applications. This review provides an ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3017292 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3017292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3013088&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19919846%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kopeček J, Kopečková P The overview covers the discovery of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers, initial studies on their synthesis, evaluation of biological properties, and explorations of their potential as carriers of biologically active compounds in general and anticancer drugs in particular. The focus is on the research in authors' laboratory - the development of macromolecular therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, the evaluation of HPMA (co)polymers as building blocks of modified and new biomaterials is presented: the utilization of semitelechelic poly(HPMA) and HPMA copolymers for the modification of biomaterial and protein surfaces and the design of hybrid block and graft HPMA copolymers tha... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3013088 Sat, 14 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3013088 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3013087&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19922749%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gultepe E, Nagesha D, Sridhar S, Amiji M The characteristics of nanoporous inorganic coatings on implants or on implantable devices are reviewed. The commonly used nanoporous materials, such as aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)), titanium oxide (TiO(2)) and porous silicon are highlighted with illustrative examples. The critical issues for sustained release systems are examined and the elution profiles of nanoporous coatings are discussed. The available data shows that these systems can be used effectively for sustained release applications. They satisfy the basic biocompatibility tests, meet the requirements of drug loading and sustained release profiles extending to several weeks and also are compatible with current implant technologies. Nanoporous inorganic coatings are well suited ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3013087 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3013087 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3013086&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19922750%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Look M, Bandyopadhyay A, Blum JS, Fahmy TM There is an urgent need for new strategies to combat infectious diseases in developing countries. Many pathogens have evolved to elude immunity and this has limited the utility of current therapies. Additionally, the emergence of co-infections and drug resistant pathogens has increased the need for advanced therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. These challenges can be addressed with therapies that boost the quality and magnitude of an immune response in a predictable, designable fashion that can be applied for wide-spread use. Here, we discuss how biomaterials and specifically nanoscale delivery vehicles can be used to modify and improve the immune system response against infectious diseases. Immunotherapy of infectious disease is th... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3013086 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3013086 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3013085&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19922751%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: du Toit LC, Pillay V, Choonara YE As we continue to be embroiled in the global battle against the human immunodefiency virus (HIV), there has been an ongoing evolution in the understanding of the molecular mode of sexual transmission of HIV. This has gone hand-in-hand with a paradigm shift and research focus on the development of microbicides - compounds designed for vaginal (and possibly rectal) administration that are envisaged to put safe, affordable and accessible protection into the hands of women. However, an effective microbicide is not yet available; innovative approaches for the design of topical vaginal microbicides are urgently needed. The potential of the advancing field of nanomedicine has been earmarked in the increasing efforts to address the major health proble... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3013085 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3013085 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004673&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Santos-Magalhães NS, Mosqueira VC Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like malaria, continue to be one the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks of conventional malaria chemotherapy are the development of multiple drug resistance and the non-specific targeting to intracellular parasites, resulting in high dose requirements and subsequent intolerable toxicity. Nanosized carriers have been receiving special attention with the aim of minimizing the side effects of drug therapy, such as poor bioavailability and the selectivity of drugs. Several nanosized delivery systems have already proved their effectiveness in animal models for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. A number of strategies... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004673 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004672&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914314%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: das Neves J, Amiji MM, Bahia MF, Sarmento B The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an increasing global burden with devastating health-related and socioeconomic effects. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved life quality and expectancy of infected individuals, but limitations of currently available drug regimens and dosage forms, alongside with the extraordinary adapting capacity of the virus, have impaired further success. Alongside, circumventing the escalating number of new infections can only be attained with effective and practical preventative strategies. Recent advances in the field of drug delivery are providing evidence that engineered nanosystems may contribute importantly for the enhancement of current antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, groundw... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004672 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004671&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914315%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sosnik A, Carcaboso AM, Glisoni RJ, Moretton MA, Chiappetta DA Tuberculosis (TB) is the second most deadly infectious disease. Despite potentially curative pharmacotherapies being available for over fifty years, the length of the treatment and the pill burden can hamper patient lifestyle. Thus, low compliance and adherence to administration schedules remain the main reasons for therapeutic failure and contribute to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Pediatric patients constitute a high risk population. Most of the first-line drugs are not commercially available in pediatric form. The design of novel antibiotics attempts to overcome drug resistance, to shorten the treatment course and to reduce drug interactions with antiretroviral therapies. On the other han... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004671 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004670&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914316%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaittanis C, Santra S, Perez JM Infectious diseases are still a major healthcare problem. From food intoxication and contaminated water, to hospital-acquired diseases and pandemics, infectious agents cause disease throughout the world. Despite advancements in pathogens' identification, some of the gold-standard diagnostic methods have limitations, including laborious sample preparation, bulky instrumentation and slow data readout. In addition, new field-deployable diagnostic modalities are urgently needed in first responder and point of care applications. Apart from compact, these sensors must be sensitive, specific, robust and fast, in order to facilitate detection of the pathogen even in remote rural areas. Considering these characteristics, researchers have utilized innovat... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004670 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004669&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914317%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Patra CR, Bhattacharya R, Mukhopadhyay D, Mukherjee P The targeted delivery of a drug should result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy with low to minimal side effects. This is a widely accepted concept, but limited in application due to lack of available technologies and process of validation. Biomedical nanotechnology can play an important role in this respect. Biomedical nanotechnology is a burgeoning field with myriads of opportunities and possibilities for advancing medical science and disease treatment. Cancer nanotechnology (1-100nm size range) is expected to change the very foundations of cancer treatment, diagnosis and detection. Nanomaterials, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique physicochemical properties, such as ultra small size, large surface area to m... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004669 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004668&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914318%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ríhová B, Kovář M HPMA copolymers are one of the most promising drug carriers as their biophysical and biochemical properties, including their immunocompatibility, are very favorable. So far, there is no evidence that HPMA copolymers can interact with the immune system in a way that would lead either to suppression of some of its crucial functions or to inappropriate activation with possible serious side-effects and thus we can conclude that HPMA copolymers are convincingly proved to be "immunologically" safe. Moreover, it was shown both in mice and humans that HPMA copolymer-bound doxorubicin (DOX-HPMA) conjugates possess beside powerful antitumor effect also various immunomodulatory properties and exert significantly decreased side-toxicities, minimized ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004668 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004667&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914319%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wong HL, Chattopadhyay N, Wu XY, Bendayan R Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can gain access to the central nervous system during the early course of primary infection. Once in the brain compartment the virus actively replicates to form an independent viral reservoir, resulting in debilitating neurological complications, latent infection and drug resistance. Current antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) often fail to effectively reduce the HIV viral load in the brain. This, in part, is due to the poor transport of many ARVs, in particular protease inhibitors, across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSBF). Studies have shown that nanocarriers including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and micelles can increase the ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004667 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004676&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19913579%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gupta U, Jain NK Development of an effective drug delivery approach for the treatment of HIV/AIDS is a global challenge. The conventional drug delivery approaches including Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) have increased the life span of the HIV/AIDS patient. However, the eradication of HIV is still not possible with these approaches due to some limitations. Emergence of polymeric and non-polymeric nanotechnological approaches can be opportunistic in this direction. Polymeric carriers like, dendrimers and nanoparticles have been reported for the targeting of anti HIV drugs. The synthetic pathways as well polymeric framework create some hurdles in their successful formulation development as well as in the possible drug delivery approaches. In the present article, w... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004676 Wed, 11 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004675&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19913580%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sosnik A, Amiji M PMID: 19913580 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004675 Wed, 11 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004674&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19913581%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Agasti SS, Rana S, Park MH, Kim CK, You CC, Rotello VM Nanoparticle-based platforms for identification of chemical and biological agents offer substantial benefits to biomedical and environmental science. These platforms benefit from the availability of a wide variety of core materials as well as the unique physical and chemical properties of these nanoscale materials. This review surveys some of the emerging approaches in the field of nanoparticle based detection systems, highlighting the nanoparticle based screening methods for metal ions, proteins, nucleic acids, and biologically relevant small molecules. PMID: 19913581 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004674 Wed, 11 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004679&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19909776%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu XM, Miller SC, Wang D Macromolecular drug conjugates have been developed to improve the efficacy and safety profile of various therapeutic agents for many years. Among them, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-drug conjugates are the most extensively studied delivery platforms for the effective treatment of cancer. In recent years, the applications of HPMA copolymers for the treatment of a broader range of non-cancerous diseases have also been explored. This review highlights the recent developments in the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates for non-cancerous diseases, such as musculoskeletal diseases, infectious diseases and spinal cord injury. The translation potential of these applications are also briefly d... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004679 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004678&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19909777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cherukuri P, Glazer ES, Curley SA PMID: 19909777 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004678 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004677&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19909778%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Veiseh O, Gunn J, Zhang M Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a class of non-invasive imaging agents that have been developed for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. These MNPs have traditionally been used for disease imaging via passive targeting, but recent advances have opened the door to cellular-specific targeting, drug delivery, and multi-modal imaging by these nanoparticles. As more elaborate MNPs are envisioned, adherence to proper design criteria (e.g. size, coating, molecular functionalization) becomes even more essential. This review summarizes the design parameters that affect MNP performance in vivo, including the physicochemical properties and nanoparticle surface modifications, such as MNP coating and targeting ligand functionalizations that can enhance MNP man... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004677 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980933&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19900496%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cormode DP, Jarzyna PA, Mulder WJ, Fayad ZA The development of novel and effective contrast agents is one of the drivers of the ongoing improvement in medical imaging. Many of the new agents reported are nanoparticle-based. There are a variety of natural nanoparticles known, e.g. lipoproteins, viruses or ferritin. Natural nanoparticles have advantages as delivery platforms such as biodegradability. In addition, our understanding of natural nanoparticles is quite advanced, allowing their adaptation as contrast agents. They can be labeled with small molecules or ions such as Gd(3+) to act as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, (18)F to act as positron emission tomography contrast agents or fluorophores to act as contrast agents for fluorescence techniques. Additional... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980933 Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2980933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980932&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19900497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fadeel B, Garcia-Bennett AE The development of nanoparticles for biomedical applications including medical imaging and drug delivery is currently undergoing a dramatic expansion. However, as the range of nanoparticle types and applications increases, it is also clear that the potential toxicities of these novel materials and the properties driving such toxic responses must also be understood. Indeed, a detailed assessment of the factors that influence the biocompatibility and/or toxicity of nanoparticles is crucial for the safe and sustainable development of the emerging nanotechnologies. This review summarizes some of the recent developments in the field of nanomedicine with particular emphasis on inorganic nanoparticles for drug delivery. The synthesis routes, physico-chemic... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980932 Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2980932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980931&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19900498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mukherjee P PMID: 19900498 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980931 Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2980931 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2945055&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19874862%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Park JH, Saravanakumar G, Kim K, Kwon IC Chitosan has prompted the continuous impetus for the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems because of its unique physicochemical and biological characteristics. The primary hydroxyl and amine groups located on the backbone of chitosan allow for chemical modification to control its physical properties. When the hydrophobic moiety is conjugated to a chitosan molecule, the resulting amphiphile may form self-assembled nanoparticles that can encapsulate a quantity of drugs and deliver them to a specific site of action. Chemical attachment of the drug to the chitosan throughout the functional linker may produce useful prodrugs, exhibiting the appropriate biological activity at the target site. Mucoadhesive and absorption enh... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2945055 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2945055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2939676&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19861142%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Agrawal P, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K Molecular imaging enables the non-invasive assessment of biological and biochemical processes in living subjects. Such technologies therefore have the potential to enhance our understanding of disease and drug activity during preclinical and clinical drug development. Molecular imaging allows a repetitive and non-invasive study of the same living subject using identical or alternative biological imaging assays at different time points, thus harnessing the statistical power of longitudinal studies, and reducing the number of animals required and cost. Chitosan is a hydrophilic and non-antigenic biopolymer and has a low toxicity toward mammalian cells. Hence, it has great potential as a biomaterial because of its excellent bio- compatibility. C... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2939676 Sat, 24 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2939676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2905634&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19835920%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hamm-Alvarez S, Cadenas E PMID: 19835920 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2905634 Mon, 12 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2905634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2891413&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19819276%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee VH PMID: 19819276 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2891413 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2891413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2873070&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19804806%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reddy LH, Couvreur P Squalene is a natural lipid belonging to the terpenoid family and a precursor of cholesterol biosynthesis. It is synthesized in humans and also in a wide array of organisms and substances, from sharks to olives and even bran, among others. Because of its significant dietary benefits, biocompatibility, inertness, and other advantageous properties, squalene is extensively used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations for disease management and therapy. In addition, squalene acts as a protective agent and has been shown to decrease chemotherapy-induced side-effects. Moreover, squalene alone exhibits chemopreventive activity. Although it is a weak inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation, it contributes either directly or indirectly to the treatment of canc... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2873070 Thu, 01 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2873070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866415&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19800376%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maher S, Leonard TW, Jacobsen J, Brayden DJ A major challenge in oral drug delivery is the development of novel dosage forms to promote absorption of poorly permeable drugs across the intestinal epithelium. To date, no absorption promoter has been approved in a formulation specifically designed for oral delivery of Class III molecules. Promoters that are designated safe for human consumption have been licensed for use in a recently approved buccal insulin spray delivery system and also for many years as part of an ampicillin rectal suppository. Unlike buccal and rectal delivery, oral formulations containing absorption promoters have the additional technical hurdle whereby the promoter and payload must be co-released in high concentrations at the small intestinal epithelium in ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866415 Tue, 29 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2866415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866414&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19800377%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kean T, Thanou M Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that has attracted significant scientific interest during the last two decades. It is a potentially biologically compatible material that is chemically versatile (-NH(2) groups and various M(w)). These two basic properties have been used by drug delivery and tissue engineering scientists to create a plethora of formulations and scaffolds that show promise in healthcare. Despite the high number of published studies, chitosan is not approved by the FDA for any product in drug delivery, and as a consequence very few biotech companies are using this material. This review will aim to provide information on these biological properties that affect chitosan's safe use in drug delivery. The term "Chitosan" represents a large group o... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866414 Tue, 29 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2866414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866416&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19799949%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bhattarai N, Gunn J, Zhang M Hydrogels are high-water content materials prepared from cross-linked polymers that are able to provide sustained, local delivery of a variety of therapeutic agents. Use of the natural polymer, chitosan, as the scaffold material in hydrogels has been highly pursued thanks to the polymer's biocompatibility, low toxicity, and biodegradability. The advanced development of chitosan hydrogels has led to new drug delivery systems that release their payloads under varying environmental stimuli. In addition, thermosensitive hydrogel variants have been developed to form a chitosan hydrogel in situ, precluding the need for surgical implantation. The development of these intelligent drug delivery devices requires a foundation in the chemical and physical char... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866416 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2866416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2856738&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19796660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mao S, Sun W, Kissel T Among non-viral vectors, chitosan and chitosan derivatives have been developed in vitro and in vivo for DNA and siRNA delivery systems because of their cationic charge, biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as their mucoadhesive and permeability-enhancing properties. However, the transfection efficiency of chitosan is too low for clinical application. Studies indicated that the transfection efficiency depends on a series of chitosan-based formulation parameters, such as the Mw of chitosan, its degree of deacetylation, the charge ratio of chitosan to DNA/siRNA (N/P ratio), the chitosan salt form used, the DNA/siRNA concentration, pH, serum, additives, preparation techniques of chitosan/nucleic acid particles and routes of administration. In this ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2856738 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2856738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2856737&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19796661%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kozlowska D, Foran P, Macmahon P, Shelly MJ, Eustace S, O'Kennedy R Molecular imaging has the potential to transform the field of diagnostic imaging through enabling far more detailed investigation and characterisation of disease processes than is currently possible. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of three-dimensional non-invasive imaging of opaque tissues at near cellular resolution. Among the imaging techniques available today, MRI has, perhaps, the greatest potential to exploit the possibilities that molecular imaging presents. Nanoparticles are the focus of intense research, due to a wide variety of potential applications in the biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. In this article we examine the progress made in the development of nanoparticles as targe... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2856737 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2856737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2808151&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19758574%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Caldorera-Moore M, Peppas NA Advances in medical treatments of a wide variety of pathophysiological conditions require the development of better therapeutic agents, as well as a combination of the required therapeutic agents with device-integrated biomaterials that can serve as sensors and carriers. Combination of micro- and nanofabricated systems with intelligent biomaterials that have the ability to sense and respond is a promising avenue for the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic medical systems. Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMs and NEMs) are now becoming a family of potentially powerful new technologies for drug delivery, diagnostic tools, and tissue engineering. Improvements in micro- and nano-fabrication technology have enhanced the ability t... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2808151 Sat, 12 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2808151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2783130&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19737589%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jackson MJ It is recognised that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are both key regulators of cellular signalling and initiators of oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins under different circumstances. Thus in skeletal muscle from animals and humans, studies indicate that ROS can potentially contribute to the pathophysiologogy of the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, while additionally acting as a key signal for contraction-induced adaptations in the tissue. The specific nature and sources of generation of the ROS contributing to these actions remain unknown, but the combination of physiological and pathological roles of ROS imply that interventions based on a simple suppression of ROS activities through use on non-specific antioxidants are unlikely to r... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2783130 Fri, 04 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2783130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2778776&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19735684%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Camarero JA PMID: 19735684 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2778776 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2778776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2778777&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19733603%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Antico Arciuch VG, Alippe Y, Carreras MC, Poderoso JJ Phylogenetic studies had shown that evolution of mitochondria occurred in parallel with the maturation of kinases implicated in growth and final size of modern organisms. In the last years, different reports confirmed that MAPKs, Akt, PKA and PKC are present in mitochondria, particularly in the intermembrane space and inner membrane where they meet mitochondrial constitutive upstream activators. Although a priori phosphorylation is the apparent aim of translocation, new perspectives indicate that kinase activation depends on redox status as determined by the mitochondrial production of oxygen species. We observed that the degree of mitochondrial oxidation of ERK Cys(38) and Cys(214) discriminates the kinase to be phosphoryl... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2778777 Wed, 02 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2778777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753016&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716394%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Viña J, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Borras C, Froio T, Sanchis-Gomar F, Martinez-Bello VE, Pallardo FV Mitochondrial biogenesis is critical for the normal function of cells. It is well known that mitochondria are produced and eventually after normal functioning they are degraded. Thus, the actual level of mitochondria in cells is dependent both on the synthesis and the degradation. Ever since the proposal of the mitochondrial theory of ageing by Jaime Miquel in the 70's, it was appreciated that mitochondria, which are both a target and a source of radicals in cells, are most important organelles to understand ageing. Thus, a common feature between cell physiology of ageing and exercise is that in both situations mitochondria are critical for normal cell functioning. Mitochondrial s... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753016 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753014&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716396%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kagan VE, Wipf P, Stoyanovsky D, Greenberger JS, Borisenko G, Belikova NA, Yanamala N, Samhan Arias AK, Tungekar MA, Jiang J, Tyurina YY, Ji J, Klein-Seetharaman J, Pitt BR, Shvedovah AA, Bayır H Effective regulation of highly compartmentalized production of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation reactions in mitochondria requires targeting of small molecule antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes into the organelles. This review describes recently developed approaches to mitochondrial targeting of small biologically active molecules based on: (i) preferential accumulation in mitochondria because of their hydrophobicity and positive charge (hydrophobic cations), (ii) binding with high affinity to an intra-mitochondrial constituent, and (iii) metabolic conversions by speci... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753014 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753013&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19720099%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stiles BL The role of PI-3-K in regulation of mitochondrial functions is becoming a field that draws attentions from cancer as well as metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on the action of the major downstream target of PI-3-K, the serine/threonine kinase AKT, a proto-oncoprotein. We reviewed the functions of AKT in the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis pathway. We analyzed how AKT regulates the different factors in the Bcl-2 family of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors either directly or indirectly. We further reviewed the role of AKT in regulating mitochondrial coupled glycolysis through hexokinase II and VDAC. This review is focused on the function of PI-3-K and AKT at the mitochondrial. These interactions between the mitogenic PI-3-K/AKT and the mitochondrial function... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753013 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753012&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19720100%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosca MG, Lemieux H, Hoppel CL Endogenous acetylcarnitine is an indicator of acetyl-CoA synthesized by multiple metabolic pathways involving carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, sterols, and ketone bodies, and utilized mainly by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Acetylcarnitine supplementation has beneficial effects in elderly animals and humans, including restoration of mitochondrial content and function. These effects appear to be dose-dependent and occur even after short-term therapy. In order to set the stage for understanding the mechanism of action of acetylcarnitine, we review the metabolism and role of this compound. We suggest that acetylation of mitochondrial proteins leads to a specific increase in mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial protein synthesis. I... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753012 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753022&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716388%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yap LP, Garcia JV, Han D, Cadenas E Decrease in mitochondrial energy-transducing capacity is a feature of the aging process that accompanies redox alterations, such as increased generation of mitochondrial oxidants, altered GSH status, and increased protein oxidation. The decrease in mitochondrial energy-transducing capacity and altered redox status should be viewed as a concerted process that embodies the mitochondrial energy - redox axis and is linked through various mechanisms including: (a) an inter-convertible reducing equivalents pool (i.e., NAD(P)(+)/NAD(P)H) and (b) redox-mediated protein post-translational modifications involved in energy metabolism. The energy-redox axis provides the rationale for therapeutic approaches targeted to each or both component(s) of the ax... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753022 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753021&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716389%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matsuzaki S, Szweda PA, Szweda LI, Humphries KM Excessive production of free radicals by mitochondria is associated with, and likely contributes to, the progression of numerous pathological conditions. Nevertheless, the production of free radicals by the mitochondria may have important biological functions under normal or stressed conditions by activating or modulating redox-sensitive cellular signaling pathways. This raises the intriguing possibility that regulated mitochondrial free radical production occurs via mechanisms that are distinct from pathologies associated with oxidative damage. Indeed, the capacity of mitochondria to produce free radicals in a limited manner may play a role in ischemic preconditioning, the phenomenon whereby short bouts of ischemia protect from ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753021 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753020&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716390%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bolaños JP, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Almeida A Mitochondria represent both the main source and target of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). In view of the large energy expenditure made by neurons during neurotransmission, an intact mitochondrial function is of paramount importance for the correct function of the brain. Accordingly, the search of therapeutic strategies against situations in which there is an abnormal brain function, such neurological disorders and stroke, should be focused towards mitochondria. Here, we have reviewed the normal and abnormal mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, highlighting the relevance that, for these processes in the brain RONS exert. Evidence suggests that disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics may have a cri... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753020 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753019&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zammit VA, Ramsay RR, Bonomini M, Arduini A PMID: 19716391 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753019 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753018&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716392%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu J, Shen W, Zhao B, Wang Y, Wertz K, Weber P, Zhang P Insulin resistance is an important feature of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unclear and may involve pathological changes in multiple tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial loss and over-production of oxidants, has been suggested to be involved in the development of insulin resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that targeting mitochondria to protect mitochondria function as a unique measure, i.e., mitochondrial medicine, could prevent and ameliorate various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we have summarized recent progress in pharmaceutical and nutritional studies of drugs and nutrients to targeting mitocho... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753018 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753017&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716393%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pathania D, Millard M, Neamati N Cancer cells are characterized by self-sufficiency in the absence of growth signals, their ability to evade apoptosis, resistance to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, uncontrolled proliferation, and invasion and metastasis. Alterations in cellular bioenergetics are an emerging hallmark of cancer. The mitochondrion is the major organelle implicated in the cellular bioenergetic and biosynthetic changes accompanying cancer. These bioenergetic modifications contribute to the invasive, metastatic and adaptive properties typical in most tumors. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA mutations complement the bioenergetic changes in cancer. Several cancer management therapies have been proposed that target tumor cell metabolism and mitochondria. Glycol... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753017 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2753015&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19716395%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee J, Boo JH, Ryu H Mitochondria are the power engine generating biochemical energy in the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergy deficiency is closely linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria play a variety of roles by integrating extracellular signals and executing important intracellular events in neuronal survival and death. In this context, the regulation of mitochondrial function via therapeutic approaches may exert some salutary and neuroprotective mechanisms. Understanding the relationship of mitochondria-dependent pathogenesis may provide important pharmacological utility in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Indee... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2753015 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2753015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2730964&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19699247%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Greco F, Vicent MJ The discovery of new molecular targets and the subsequent development of novel anticancer agents is opening new possibilities for drug combination therapy as anticancer treatment. Polymer-drug conjugates are well established for the delivery of a single therapeutic agent, but only in very recent years their use has been extended to the delivery of multi-agent therapy. These early studies revealed the therapeutic potential of this application but raised new challenges (namely, drug loading and drugs ratio, characterisation, development of suitable carriers) that need to be addressed for a successful optimisation of the system towards clinical applications. PMID: 19699247 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2730964 Tue, 18 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2730964 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2730963&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19699248%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Segal E, Satchi-Fainaro R Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is one of the central key points in tumor progression and metastasis. Consequently, it became an important target in cancer therapy, making novel angiogenesis inhibitors a new modality of anticancer agents. Although relative to conventional chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents display a safer toxicity profile, the vast majority of these agents are low-molecular-weight compounds exhibiting poor pharmacokinetic profile with short half-life in the bloodstream and high overall clearance rate. The "Polymer Therapeutics" field has significantly improved the therapeutic potential of low-molecular-weight drugs and proteins for cancer treatment. Drugs can be conjugated to polymeric... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2730963 Tue, 18 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2730963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2730962&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19699249%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duncan R The concept of polymer-drug conjugates was proposed more than 30years ago, and an N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer conjugate of doxorubicin covalently bound to the polymer backbone by a Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly peptidyl linker (FCE28068) became the first synthetic polymer-based anticancer conjugate to enter clinical trial in 1994. This conjugate arose from rational design attempting to capitalise on passive tumour targeting by the enhanced permeability and retention effect and, at the cellular level, lysosomotropic drug delivery to improve therapeutic index. Early clinical results were promising, confirming activity in chemotherapy refractory patients and the safety of HPMA as a new polymer platform. Subsequent Phase I/II trials have investigated an HPMA copo... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2730962 Tue, 18 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2730962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2709639&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19682512%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rihova B This paper reviews an early clinical experience with anthracycline (epirubicin; Epi or doxorubicin; Dox) containing N-(2-hydroyxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer carrier targeted with autologous or commercial human immunoglobulin in six patients aged 28 - 55 suffering from therapy-resistant metastatic cancer. More than 100 biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters including nine tumor markers, were tested in blood samples taken 24 h after the first and up to 10 months after the last application. The intravenous application proceeded without serious adverse or side effects and did not require hospitalization. Cardiotoxicity was not observed. Four of six monitored patients attained stabilization of disease (liver ultrasound scan and bone computer tomography... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2709639 Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2709639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2709638&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19682513%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gaspar RS, Duncan R Since the early 1990s polymer-protein conjugates (included PEGylated enzymes and cytokines), polymeric drugs and polymeric sequestrants have been entering the market as innovative polymer-based therapeutics. Initially these products were most frequently developed as novel anticancer agents; indeed they can be considered first generation "nanomedicines". More recently, a much broader range of life-threatening and debilitating diseases (e.g. viral infections, arthritis, multiple sclerosis and hormone abnormalities) have been targeted via intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.) or oral routes of administration. Given the increasing novelty of polymeric materials proposed for development as second-generation polymer therapeutics (with increasing complexity of c... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2709638 Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2709638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2709637&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19682514%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Davis ME IT-101 (Insert Therapeutics-101) is a linear, cyclodextrin-containing polymer conjugate of camptothecin (CPT). When formulated properly, the polymer conjugate self-assembles into nanoparticles of ca. 30 nm diameter and near neutral zeta potential. The nanoparticles show long circulation half-lives in animals and humans and localize in tumors. The nanoparticles enter tumor cells and slowly release the CPT causing them to disassemble into individual polymer chains that are sufficiently small to be cleared renally. IT-101 is currently being investigated in human clinical trials. Here, the design and development of IT-101 is described with emphasis on features distinguishing it from other polymer-containing therapeutics. PMID: 19682514 [PubMed - as supplied by publish... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2709637 Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2709637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2709636&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19682515%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dhal PK, Polomoscanik SC, Avila LZ, Holmes-Farley SR, Miller RJ Biologically active synthetic polymers have received considerable scientific interest and attention in recent years for their potential as promising novel therapeutic agents to treat human diseases. Although a significant amount of research has been carried out involving polymer-linked drugs as targeted and sustained release drug delivery systems and prodrugs, examples on bioactive polymers that exhibit intrinsic therapeutic properties are relatively less. Several appealing characteristics of synthetic polymers including high molecular weight, molecular architecture, and controlled polydispersity can all be utilized to discover a new generation of therapies. For example, high molecular weight bioactive polymers ca... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2709636 Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2709636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2709635&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19682516%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vicent MJ, Ringsdorf H, Duncan R PMID: 19682516 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2709635 Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2709635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2709634&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19682517%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yurkovetskiy AV, Fram RJ An overview of XMT-1001 is provided in the context of other topoisomerase I inhibitors conjugated to polymers or encapsulated in liposomes. XMT-1001 is a novel polymeric pro-drug derivative of camptothecin (CPT) with a molecular weight of 70 kDa, in which CPT is chemically tethered to a hydrophilic, bio-degradable polyacetal polymer, poly (1-hydroxymethylene hydroxymethyl formal), also called PHF or Fleximer (R). XMT-1001 releases CPT via intermediates camptothecin-20-O-(N-succinimidoglycinate) (CPT-SI), and camptothecin-20-O-(N-succinamidoyl-glycinate) (CPT-SA) over an extended time period. XMT-1001 has an improved therapeutic window compared to CPT and irinotecan in human tumor xenograft models, providing a compelling rationale for clinical developme... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2709634 Mon, 10 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2709634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2704117&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19679153%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nagata S, Pastan I Immunogenicity of non-human proteins with useful therapeutic properties has prevented their development for use in the therapy of disease. However, this class of proteins could be very useful, if their immunogenicity could be markedly reduced so that many treatment cycles could be administered. One approach to reduce the immunogenicity of foreign proteins is to identify B-cell epitopes on the protein and eliminate them by mutagenesis. In this article, theoretical aspects and experimental evidence for the feasibility of B cell epitope removal is reviewed. A special focus is given to our results with deimmunization of recombinant immunotoxins in which Fvs are fused to a 38kDa portion of the bacterial protein, Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38). Immunotoxins targeti... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2704117 Sun, 09 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2704117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2700418&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19671438%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pasut G, Veronese FM During the almost forty years of PEGylation, several antitumor agents, either proteins, peptides or low molecular weight drugs, have been considered for polymer conjugation but only few entered clinical phase studies. The results from the first clinical trials have shared and improved the knowledge on biodistribution, clearance, mechanism of action and stability of a polymer conjugate in vivo. This has helped to design conjugates with improved features. So far, most of the PEG conjugates comprise of a protein, which in the native form has serious shortcomings that limit the full exploitation of its therapeutic action. The main issues can be short in vivo half-life, instability towards degrading enzymes or immunogenicity. PEGylation proved to be effective i... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2700418 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2700418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2700417&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19671439%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nowotnik DP, Cvitkovic E ProLindac (AP5346) is DACH (diaminocyclohexane) platinum polymer prodrug currently in phase 2 clinical development. It uses a 25 kDa polymer delivery vehicle based on hydroxypropylmethacrylamide (HPMA) to target the active form of the approved drug oxaliplatin to tumors. The pH-sensitive linker that binds platinum to the polymer releases platinum more rapidly in low pH environments, as found typically in many tumors. This review summarizes the development of ProLindac to date, including preclinical efficacy studies, the phase 1 monotherapy clinical study in patients with solid tumors, and the phase 1/2 monotherapy study in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Both preclinical and clinical study data indicate that ProLindac exhibits efficacy at least... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2700417 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2700417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2671616&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19651166%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sell SA, McClure MJ, Garg K, Wolfe PS, Bowlin GL The process of electrospinning has seen a resurgence of interest in the last few decades which has led to a rapid increase in the amount of research devoted to its use in tissue engineering applications. Of this research, the area of cardiovascular tissue engineering makes up a large percentage, with substantial resources going towards the creation of bioresorbable vascular grafts composed of electrospun nanofibers of collagen and other biopolymers. These bioresorbable grafts have compositions that allow for the in situ remodeling of the structure, with the eventual replacement of the graft with completely autologous tissue. This review will highlight some of the work done in the field of electrospinning for cardiovascular appli... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2671616 Thu, 30 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2671616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2671615&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19651167%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chakraborty S, Liao IC, Adler A, Leong KW Electrospinning and electrospraying are facile electrohydrodynamic fabrication methods that can generate drug delivery systems (DDS) through a one-step process. The nano-structured fiber and particle morphologies produced by these techniques offer tunable release kinetics applicable to diverse biomedical applications. Coaxial-electrospinning/electrospraying, a relatively new technique of fabricating core-shell fibers/particles have added to the versatility of these DDS by affording a near zero-order drug release kinetics, dampening of burst release, and applicability to a wider range of bioactive agents. Controllable electrospinning/spraying of fibers and particles and subsequent drug release from these chiefly polymeric vehicles depen... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2671615 Thu, 30 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2671615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2671617&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19647768%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tran P, Zhang L, Webster TJ Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers have long been investigated for applications in composite structural materials, semiconductor devices, and sensors. With the recent well-documented ability to chemically modify nanofibrous carbon materials to improve their solubility and biocompatibility, a whole new class of bioactive carbon nanostructures has been created for biological applications. This review focuses on the latest application of carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicine. PMID: 19647768 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2671617 Wed, 29 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2671617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2671618&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19647024%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lim SH, Mao HQ Stem cells interact with and respond to a myriad of signals emanating from their extracellular microenvironment. The ability to harness the regenerative potential of stem cells via a synthetic matrix has promising implications for regenerative medicine. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds can be prepared with high degree of control over their structure creating highly porous meshes of ultrafine fibers that resemble the extracellular matrix topography, and are amenable to various functional modifications targeted towards enhancing stem cell survival and proliferation, directing specific stem cell fates, or promoting tissue organization. The feasibility of using such a scaffold platform to present integrated topographical and biochemical signals that are essential to st... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2671618 Tue, 28 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2671618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2671619&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19646493%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jang JH, Castano O, Kim HW Nanofibrous materials produced by electrospinning processes have attracted considerable interest in tissue regeneration, including bone reconstruction. A range of novel materials and processing tools have been developed to mimic the native bone extracellular matrix for potential applications as tissue engineering scaffolds and ultimately to restore the degenerated functions of the bone. Degradable polymers, bioactive inorganics and their nanocomposites / hybrids nanofibers with suitable mechanical properties and bone bioactivity for osteoblasts and progenitor / stem cells have been produced. The surface functionalization with apatite minerals and proteins / peptides as well as drug encapsulation within the nanofibers is a promising strategy for achie... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2671619 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2671619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661225&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19643152%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yoo HS, Kim TG, Park TG Electrospun nanofibers with a high surface area to volume ratio have received much attention because of their potential applications for biomedical devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery carriers. In order to develop electrospun nanofibers as useful nanobiomaterials, surfaces of electrospun nanofibers have been chemically functionalized for achieving sustained delivery through physical adsorption of diverse bioactive molecules. Surface modification of nanofibers includes plasma treatment, wet chemical method, surface graft polymerization, and co-electrospinning of surface active agents and polymers. A variety of bioactive molecules including anti-cancer drugs, enzymes, cytokines, and polysaccharides were entrapped within the interior o... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661225 Sun, 26 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2661225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661224&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19643153%26dopt%3DAbstract Nanofibers in regenerative medicine & drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009 Jul 27; Authors: Chew SY, Park TG PMID: 19643153 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661224 Sun, 26 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2661224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661223&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19643154%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang X, Reagan MR, Kaplan DL Electrospinning is a versatile technique that enables the development of nanofiber-based biomaterial scaffolds. Scaffolds can be generated that are useful for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine since they mimic the nanoscale properties of certain fibrous components of the native extracellular matrix in tissues. Silk is a natural protein with excellent biocompatibility, remarkable mechanical properties as well as tailorable degradability. Integrating these protein polymer advantages with electrospinning results in scaffolds with combined biochemical, topographical and mechanical cues with versatility for a range of biomaterial, cell and tissue studies and applications. This review covers research related to electrospinning of silk, includ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661223 Sun, 26 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2661223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661222&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19643155%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee KY, Jeong L, Kang YO, Lee SJ, Park WH Electrospinning techniques enable the production of continuous fibers with dimensions on the scale of nanometers from a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers. The number of recent studies regarding electrospun polysaccharides and their derivatives, which are potentially useful for regenerative medicine, is increasing dramatically. However, difficulties regarding the processibility of the polysaccharides (e.g., poor solubility and high surface tension) have limited their application. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of various polysaccharides such as alginate, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, starch, dextran, and heparin, which are either currently being used or have potential to be used for electrosp... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661222 Sun, 26 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2661222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661221&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19643156%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cao H, Liu T, Chew SY The repairing process in the nervous system is complicated and brings great challenges to researchers. Tissue engineering scaffolds provide alternative approach for neural regeneration. Sub-micron and nano-scale fibrous scaffolds which mimic the topography of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) can be potential scaffold candidates for neural tissue engineering. Two fiber-fabrication methods have been explored in the field of nerve regeneration: electrospinning and self-assembly. Electrospinning produces fibers with diameters ranging from several micrometers to hundreds of nanometers. The fibrous nerve conduits can be introduced at lesion sites by implantation. Self-assembly fibers have diameters of tens of nanometers and can be injected for central nervous... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661221 Sun, 26 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2661221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532577&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19356738%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Howard KA RNAi-based therapies are dependent on extracellular and intracellular delivery of RNA molecules for enabling target interaction. Polycation-based nanoparticles (or polyplexes) formed by self-assembly with RNA can be used to modulate pharmacokinetics and intracellular trafficking to improve the therapeutic efficacy of RNAi-based therapeutics. This review describes the application of polyplexes for extracellular and intracellular delivery of synthetic RNA molecules. Focus is given to routes of administration and silencing effects in animal disease models. The inclusion of functional components into the nanoparticle for controlling cellular trafficking and RNA release is discussed. This work highlights the versatile nature of polycation-based nanoparticles to fulfil the... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532577 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:43 +0100 2532577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532575&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19383521%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Endoh T, Ohtsuki T RNAi-mediated silencing of specific genes is a promising strategy for gene therapy. To utilize RNAi for therapy, an efficient and safe method for delivery of RNA into the cell cytosol is necessary. The plasma membrane is the primary, and most difficult, barrier for RNA to cross, because negatively charged RNA is strongly repulsed by the negatively charged membrane. A variety of cationic polymers can be used as RNA carriers by interacting with RNA and covering its negative charges to form a cell-penetrating complex. Among the emerging candidates for RNA carriers are cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which can cross the plasma membrane and internalize into cells together with RNA. This review focuses on CPP-based RNA delivery strategies. In using CPP-... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532575 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:38 +0100 2532575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532568&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19386274%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific gene silencing event in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) degrades target mRNA. Therefore, RNAi is of potential use as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of diseases in which aberrant expression of mRNA causes a problem. RNAi can be achieved by delivering siRNA or vectors that transcribe siRNA or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). The aim of this review is to examine the potential of nonviral vector-mediated RNAi technology in treating diseases. The characteristics of plasmid DNA expressing shRNA were compared with those of siRNA, focusing on the duration of gene silencing, delivery to target cells and target specificity. Recent progresses in prolonging the RNAi effect, improving... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532568 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:23 +0100 2532568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532564&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19389435%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Takakura Y PMID: 19389435 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532564 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:16 +0100 2532564 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532563&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19389436%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rao DD, Vorhies JS, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process through which expression of a targeted gene can be knocked down with high specificity and selectivity. Using available technology and bioinformatics investigators will soon be able to identify relevant bio molecular tumor network hubs as potential key targets for knockdown approaches. Methods of mediating the RNAi effect involve small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and bi-functional shRNA. The simplicity of siRNA manufacturing and transient nature of the effect per dose are optimally suited for certain medical disorders (i.e. viral injections). However, using the endogenous processing machinery, optimized shRNA constructs allow for high potency and sustainable effects us... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532563 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:14 +0100 2532563 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532561&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19389438%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee M, Mahato RI PMID: 19389438 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532561 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:10 +0100 2532561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532560&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19393271%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mann J, Mann DA Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a process of cellular transdifferentiation in which, upon liver injury, the quiescent vitamin A storing perisinusoidal HSC is converted into a wound-healing myofibroblast and acquires potent pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic activities. This remarkable phenotypic transformation is underpinned by changes in the expression of a vast number of genes. In this review we survey current knowledge of the transcription factors that either control HSC activation or which regulate specific fibrogenic functions of the activated HSC such as collagen expression, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. PMID: 19393271 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532560 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:08 +0100 2532560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532559&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19393272%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Kawashima S, Yamamoto K, Kato K, Miyatsuka T, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M Pancreatic beta-cell-specific insulin gene expression is regulated by a variety of pancreatic transcription factors and the conserved A3, C1 and E1 elements in the insulin gene enhancer region are very important for activation of insulin gene. Indeed, PDX-1 binding to the A3 element and NeuroD binding to the E1 element are crucial for insulin gene transcription. Recently, C1 element-binding transcription factor was identified as MafA, which is a basic-leucine zipper transcription factor and functions as a potent transactivator for the insulin gene. Under diabetic conditions, chronic hyperglycemia gradually deteriorates pancreatic beta-cell function, which is accompanied by decreased ex... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532559 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:06 +0100 2532559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532558&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19393703%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dong Z, Nör JE It is well known that angiogenesis plays a critical role in the pathobiology of tumors. Recent clinical trials have shown that inhibition of angiogenesis can be an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer. However, one of the outstanding issues in anti-angiogenic treatment for cancer is the development of toxicities related to off-target effects of drugs. Transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells involves the use of specific promoters for selective expression of therapeutic genes in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of tumors. Recently, several genes that are expressed specifically in tumor-associated endothelial cells have been identified and characterized. These discoveries have enhanced the prospectus of transcripti... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532558 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:04 +0100 2532558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532556&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19393704%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miller AM, Dean DA Low levels of gene transfer and a lack of tissue-specific targeting of vectors have limited the therapeutic potential of non-viral gene therapy. This is due to the numerous cellular barriers that hinder nuclear delivery of vectors and the paucity of methods that restrict expression to specific cells types. In non-dividing cells, the nuclear envelope is an especially problematic hurdle to gene transfer. Given that the majority of target tissues are non-dividing in vivo, the nuclear membrane is a major obstacle to therapeutic gene transfer. In this review, the various barriers to gene transfer are discussed. In particular, the role of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in regulating passage of plasmid vectors during interphase is reviewed. Several methods of modif... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532556 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:02 +0100 2532556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532555&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19393705%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu Y Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American males today. Novel and effective treatment such as gene therapy is greatly desired. The early viral based gene therapy uses tissue-nonspecific promoters, which causes unintended toxicity to other normal tissues. In this chapter, we will review the transcriptionally regulated gene therapy strategy for prostate cancer treatment. We will describe the development of transcriptionally regulated prostate cancer gene therapy in the following areas: (1) Comparison of different routes for best viral delivery to the prostate; (2) Study of transcriptionally regulated, prostate-targeted viral vectors: specificity and activity of the transgene under several different prost... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532555 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:04:00 +0100 2532555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532554&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19393706%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siomi MC PMID: 19393706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532554 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:58 +0100 2532554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532553&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394373%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stieger K, Belbellaa B, Le Guiner C, Moullier P, Rolling F Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of viral gene delivery vectors, and recent clinical trials have shown promising results. However, the tight control of transgene expression is likely to be required for therapeutic applications and in some instances, for safety reasons. For this purpose, several ligand-dependent transcription regulatory systems have been developed. Among these, the tetracycline-regulatable system is by far the most frequently used and the most advanced towards gene therapy trials. This review will focus on this system and will describe the most recent progress in the regulation of transgene expression in various organs, including the muscle, the retina and the brain. Since the... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532553 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:56 +0100 2532553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532552&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394374%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee SK, Kumar P RNA interference (RNAi) has the potential to permit the downregulation of virtually any gene. While transgenic RNAi enables stable propagation of the resulting phenotype to progeny, the dominant nature of RNAi limits its use to applications where the continued suppression of gene expression does not disturb normal cell functioning. This is of particular importance when the target gene product is essential for cell survival, development or differentiation. It is therefore desirable that knockdown be externally regulatable. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the approaches for conditional RNAi in mammalian systems, with a special mention of studies employing these approaches to target therapeutically/biologically relevant molecules, their advantages... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532552 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:54 +0100 2532552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532551&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394375%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sera T Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) are potentially a powerful molecular tool to modulate endogenous target gene expression in living cells and organisms. To date, many DNA-binding molecules have been developed as the DNA-binding domains for ATFs. Among them, ATFs comprising Cys(2)His(2)-type zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) as the DNA-binding domain have been extensively explored. The zinc-finger-based ATFs specifically recognize targeting sites in chromosomes and effectively up- and downregulate expression of their target genes not only in vitro, but also in vivo. In this review, after briefly introducing Cys(2)His(2)-type ZFPs, I will review the studies of endogenous human gene regulation by zinc-finger-based ATFs and other applications as well. PMID: 19394375 [Pu... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532551 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:52 +0100 2532551 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532550&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394376%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dorer DE, Nettelbeck DM Cancer-specificity is the key requirement for a drug or treatment regimen to be effective against malignant disease--and has rarely been achieved adequately to date. Therefore, targeting strategies need to be implemented for future therapies to ensure efficient activity at the site of patients' tumors or metastases without causing intolerable side-effects. Gene therapy and viral oncolysis represent treatment modalities that offer unique opportunities for tumor targeting. This is because both the transfer of genes with anti-cancer activity and viral replication-induced cell killing, respectively, facilitate the incorporation of multiple mechanisms restricting their activity to cancer. To this end, cellular mechanisms of gene regulation have been successf... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532550 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:50 +0100 2532550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532549&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394377%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Won JC, Rhee BD, Ko KS Regulation of gene expression by glucose is an important mechanism for mammals in adapting to their nutritional environment. Glucose, the primary fuel for most cells, modulates gene expression that is crucial in the cellular adaptation to glycemic variation. Transcription of the genes for insulin and glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes is stimulated by glucose in pancreatic beta-cells and liver. Recent findings further support the key role of the carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein in the regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic genes by glucose and dietary carbohydrates. Herein, we review the transcriptional regulation of glucose-responsive genes, and recent advances in the gene therapy using glucose-responsive gene expression for diabetes. P... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532549 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:48 +0100 2532549 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532548&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394378%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this review is to provide insights into the cellular mechanisms of heat-shock response, as prerequisite for therapeutic actions of hyperthermia and into the field of heat-responsive gene therapy. Furthermore, the major strategies of heat-responsive gene therapy systems in particular for cancer treatment are summarized. The developments for heat-responsive vector systems for in vitro and in vivo approaches are discussed. This review will provide an overview for this gene therapy strategy and its potential for multimodal therapeutic concepts in the clinic. PMID: 19394378 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532548 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:47 +0100 2532548 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532547&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394379%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim HA, Mahato RI, Lee M Gene therapy for ischemic diseases has been developed with various growth factors and anti-apoptotic genes. However, non-specific expression of therapeutic genes may induce deleterious side effects such as tumor formation. Hypoxia-specific regulatory systems can be used to regulate transgene expression in hypoxic tissues, in which gene expression is induced in ischemic tissues, but reduced in normal tissues by transcriptional, translational or post-translational regulation. Since hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates transcription of genes in hypoxic tissues, it can play an important role in the prevention of myocardial and cerebral ischemia. Hypoxia-specific promoters including HIF-1 binding sites have been used for transcriptional regulation o... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532547 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:45 +0100 2532547 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532546&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19394380%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boulaire J, Balani P, Wang S Transcriptional targeting using a mammalian cellular promoter to restrict transgene expression to target cells is often desirable for gene therapy. This strategy is, however, hindered by relatively weak activity of some cellular promoters, which may lead to low levels of gene expression, thus declining therapeutic efficacy. Here we outline the advances accomplished in the area of transcriptional targeting to brain cells, with a particular focus on engineering gene cassettes to augment cell type-specific expression. Among the effective approaches that improve gene expression while retaining promoter specificity are promoter engineering to change authentic sequences of a cellular promoter and the combined use of a native cellular promoter and other c... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532546 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:43 +0100 2532546 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532545&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19409433%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kizaka-Kondoh S, Tanaka S, Harada H, Hiraoka M Solid tumors possess unique microenvironments that are exposed to chronic hypoxic conditions, so-called tumor hypoxia. Although more than half a century has passed since it was suggested that tumor hypoxia correlated with bad treatment outcomes and contributed to the recurrence of cancer, no fundamental solution to this problem has yet been found. Hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1 is the main transcription factor that regulates the cellular response to hypoxia. It induces various genes, whose function is strongly associated with the malignant alteration of the entire tumor. The cellular changes induced by HIF-1 are extremely important therapeutic targets of cancer therapy, particularly in the therapy against refractory cancers. There... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532545 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:41 +0100 2532545 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532533&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19427885%26dopt%3DAbstract This article will critically review a selection of relevant recent advances in RNAi therapeutics, from novel asymmetric or bi-functional siRNA designs, deliberate use of small RNAs to regulate nuclear transcription, engineering of potent adeno-associated viral vectors for shRNA expression, exploitation of endogenous miRNAs to control transgene expression or vector tropism, to elegant attempts to inhibit cellular miRNAs involved in human disease. This review will also present cautionary notes on the potential risks inherent to in vivo RNAi applications, before discussing the latest surprising findings on circulating miRNAs in human body fluids, and concluding with an outlook into the possible future of RNAi as an increasingly powerful biomedical tool. PMID: 19427885 [PubMed - indexed fo... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532533 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 16:03:17 +0100 2532533 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532576&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19376175%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aggarwal P, Hall JB, McLeland CB, Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE Proteins bind the surfaces of nanoparticles, and biological materials in general, immediately upon introduction of the materials into a physiological environment. The further biological response of the body is influenced by the nanoparticle-protein complex. The nanoparticle's composition and surface chemistry dictate the extent and specificity of protein binding. Protein binding is one of the key elements that affects biodistribution of the nanoparticles throughout the body. Here we review recent research on nanoparticle physicochemical properties important for protein binding, techniques for isolation and identification of nanoparticle-bound proteins, and how these proteins can influence particle biodistribution an... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532576 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532574&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19383522%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jones CF, Grainger DW Nanotechnology has grown from a scientific interest to a major industry with both commodity and specialty nanomaterial exposure to global populations and ecosystems. Sub-micron materials are currently used in a wide variety of consumer products and in clinical trials as drug delivery carriers and imaging agents. Due to the expected growth in this field and the increasing public exposure to nanomaterials, both from intentional administration and inadvertent contact, improved characterization and reliable toxicity screening tools are required for new and existing nanomaterials. This review discusses current methodologies used to assess nanomaterial physicochemical properties and their in vitro effects. Current methods lack the desired sensitivity, reliabili... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532574 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532569&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19386273%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Grainger DW PMID: 19386273 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532569 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532567&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19386275%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aillon KL, Xie Y, El-Gendy N, Berkland CJ, Forrest ML It is well recognized that physical and chemical properties of materials can alter dramatically at nanoscopic scale, and the growing use of nanotechnologies requires careful assessment of unexpected toxicities and biological interactions. However, most in vivo toxicity concerns focus primarily on pulmonary, oral, and dermal exposures to ultrafine particles. As nanomaterials expand as therapeutics and as diagnostic tools, parenteral administration of engineered nanomaterials should also be recognized as a critical aspect for toxicity consideration. Due to the complex nature of nanomaterials, conflicting studies have led to different views of their safety. Here, the physicochemical properties of four representative nanomateri... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532567 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532567 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532566&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19389433%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fako VE, Furgeson DY The lack of correlative and predictive models to assess acute and chronic toxicities limits the rapid pre-clinical development of new therapeutics. This barrier is due in part to the exponential growth of nanotechnology and nanotherapeutics, coupled with the lack of rigorous and robust screening assays and putative standards. It is a fairly simple and cost-effective process to initially screen the toxicity of a nanomaterial by using invitro cell cultures; unfortunately it is nearly impossible to imitate a complimentary invivo system. Small mammalian models are the most common method used to assess possible toxicities and biodistribution of nanomaterials in humans. Alternatively, Daniorerio, commonly known as zebrafish, are proving to be a quick, cheap, and... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532566 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532565&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19389434%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shubayev VI, Pisanic TR, Jin S Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge tool in medicine because they can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field. Use of MNPs has advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), guided drug and gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy, tissue engineering, cell tracking and bioseparation. Integrative therapeutic and diagnostic (i.e., theragnostic) applications have emerged with MNP use, such as MRI-guided cell replacement therapy or MRI-based imaging of cancer-specific gene delivery. However, mounting evidence suggests that certain properties of nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell and tissue barriers, resistance to biodegradation) amplify their cytotoxic potent... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532565 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532565 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532562&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19389437%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zolnik BS, Sadrieh N The promise of nanoscale material containing drug products to treat complex diseases is mounting. According to the literature, in addition to the liposomes, micelles, emulsions, there are novel drug delivery systems such as dendrimers and metal colloids at different stages of pre-clinical and clinical development. With the anticipation that more nanoscale material containing drug products will be submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval in the future, FDA formed a Nanotechnology Task Force in 2006 to determine the critical regulatory issues regarding nanomaterials. As a result, all centers within the FDA are considering the development of guidance documents to address nanomaterial specific issues. It is well established in the liter... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532562 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532527&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19538995%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fonseca S, Pereira MP, Kelley SO The selective permeability of the plasma membrane prohibits most exogenous agents from gaining cellular access. Since many therapeutics and reporter molecules must be internalized intracellularlyfor activity, crossing the plasma membrane is essential. A very effective class of transporters harnessed for this purpose are cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), a group of short cationic sequences with a remarkable capacity for membrane translocation. Since their discovery in 1988, CPPs have been employed for the delivery of a wide variety of cargo including small molecules, nucleic acids, antibodies and nanoparticles. Thisreview describes recent advances in the use of CPPs for biological and therapeutic applications. In particular, an emphasis was plac... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532527 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532527 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532528&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19470399%26dopt%3DAbstract This article gives an overview of the discovery of cyclotides, describes their unique structural features and range of bioactivities, and discusses their applications in drug design. PMID: 19470399 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532528 Fri, 22 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532530&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19445984%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rose S, Chaudhari A, Peterson CM This manuscript serves as a review of Mirena((R)), the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) as a very successful drug delivery system. The LNG IUS has a very high contraceptive efficacy rate, and low rates of patient discontinuation. In addition to its contraceptive benefits, most users experience a decrease in menstrual bleeding over the 5 years of use. LNG IUS has also been used for management of menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, adenomyosis, and endometrial hyperplasia in some cases. The LNG IUS provides long term efficacy, high rates of compliance, rapid return to fertility, and minimal adverse effects during use. PMID: 19445984 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532530 Tue, 12 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532530 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532529&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19446586%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hassan MH, Othman EE, Hornung D, Al-Hendy A Gene therapy is the introduction of genetic material into patient's cells to achieve therapeutic benefit. Advances in molecular biology techniques and better understanding of disease pathogenesis have validated the use of a variety of genes as potential molecular targets for gene therapy based approaches. Gene therapy strategies include: mutation compensation of dysregulated genes; replacement of defective tumor-suppressor genes; inactivation of oncogenes; introduction of suicide genes; immunogenic therapy and antiangiogenesis based approaches. Preclinical studies of gene therapy for various gynecological disorders have not only shown to be feasible, but also showed promising results in diseases such as uterine leiomyomas and endomet... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532529 Tue, 12 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532531&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442693%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cheriyan M, Perler FB The judicious application of intein technologies to biological problems has resulted in powerful tools for biomedical research. Inteins are intervening sequences that excise themselves from precursor proteins and ligate the surrounding sequences. Variations of intein chemistry have been used to create tagless protein purification strategies, specifically label expressed proteins for biochemical assays, design biosensors, produce microarrays, and synthesize cyclic peptide libraries for inhibitor studies. Moreover, recent advances in small molecule triggered protein splicing allow for tunable post-translational control of protein function in vivo. Inteins are now positioned as an essential tool to study the mechanism of disease progression and validate drug... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532531 Mon, 11 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532532&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19427886%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mody VV, Nounou MI, Bikram M Gynecological cancers result in significant morbidity and mortality in women despite advances in treatment and diagnosis. This is due to detection of the disease in the late stages following metastatic spread in which treatment options become limited and may not result in positive outcomes. In addition, traditional contrast agents are not very effective in detecting primary metastatic tumors and cells due to a lack of specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic tools, which limits their effectiveness. Recently, the field of nanomedicine-based contrast agents offers a great opportunity to develop highly sophisticated devices that can overcome many traditional hurdles of contrast agents including solubility, cell-specific targeting, toxicities, and... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532532 Thu, 07 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532536&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19426772%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wagner AM, Schoeberlein A, Surbek D Advances in human prenatal medicine and molecular genetics have allowed the diagnosis of many genetic diseases early in gestation. In-utero transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) has been successfully used as a therapy in different animal models and recently also in human fetuses. Unfortunately, clinical success of this novel treatment is limited by the lack of donor cell engraftment in non-immunocompromised hosts and is thus restricted to diseases where the fetus is affected by severe immunodeficiency. Gene therapy using genetically modified autologous HSC circumvents allogeneic HLA barriers and constitutes one of the most promising new approaches to correct genetic deficits in the fetus. Recent developments of strateg... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532536 Tue, 05 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532535&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19426773%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee M Gene therapy is a promising strategy to treat various inherited and acquired diseases. However, targeting gene expression to specific tissue is required to minimize side effects of gene therapy. Hypoxia is present in the microenvironment of solid tumors such as breast tumors. A hypoxic tumor targeting gene expression system has been developed for cancer gene therapy. In hypoxic tissues, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha is accumulated and stimulates transcription of the genes that have hypoxia response elements (HREs) in their promoters. Therefore, transcriptional regulation with a hypoxia inducible promoter is the most widely used strategy for hypoxic tumors targeting gene therapy. In breast cancer gene therapy, breast tumor specific promoters in combination with HR... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532535 Tue, 05 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532544&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422863%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hunn J, Dodson MK, Webb J, Soisson AP Endometrial carcinoma is the fourth most common cancer among women in the United States. Surgical pathologic staging has been the standard of care since 1988, which consists of analysis of collected peritoneal fluid, hysterectomy/oophorectomy, and pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. In 2005, it was further recommended that essentially all women with endometrial cancer who choose to undergo surgery have pelvic and para-aortic lymph node analysis. Despite this recommendation, there still remains controversy as to whether all patients with endometrial cancer should undergo full lymph node dissection. In this review, we assess the evidence surrounding this controversy and conclude that women with endometrial cancer should undergo complete ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532544 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532543&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422864%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Montejo M, Werner TL, Gaffney D Endometrial cancer remains a management challenge. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis may enable better understanding of biologic behavior and guide therapy. Improvements in diagnostic imaging, radiation delivery systems, and systemic therapies potentially can improve outcomes while minimizing morbidity. Novel strategies for screening and prevention also hold promise for reducing incidence and mortality of this disease. PMID: 19422864 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532543 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532543 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532542&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422865%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matthews KS, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT Ovarian cancer is a leading gynecologic malignancy with relatively grim survival statistics. There is a significant need for the development of new treatment options for this malignancy. The development of virotherapy as a treatment option for ovarian cancer has the potential to improve patient survival. Adenoviruses have multiple advantages as vectors for virotherapy including a well-understood structure and the ability to infect cells easily. We will outline the advances in virotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer, with particular attention directed toward adenoviral vectors. PMID: 19422865 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532542 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532541&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422866%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bae Y, Kataoka K This review describes our recent efforts on the design and preparation of intelligent polymeric micelles from functional poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(amino acid) (PEG-PAA) block copolymers. The polymeric micelles feature a spherical sub-100 nm core-shell structure in which anticancer drugs are loaded avoiding undesirable interactions in vivo. Chemical modification of the core-forming block of PEG-PAA with a hydrazone linkage allows the polymeric micelles to release drugs selectively at acidic pH (4-6). Installation of folic acids on the micelle surface improves cancer cell-specific drug delivery efficiency along with pH-controlled drug release. These intelligent micelles appear to be superior over classical micelles that physically incorporate drugs. Studies sho... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532541 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532540&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422867%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Janát-Amsbury MM, Peterson CM, Kim SW PMID: 19422867 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532540 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532540 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532539&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422868%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yockman JW, Kim SW, Bull DA Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States today. This year over 750,000 women will have a new or recurrent myocardial infarction. Currently, the mainstay of therapy for IHD is revascularization. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that revascularization alone is insufficient for the longer-term management of many patients with IHD. To address these issues, innovative therapies that extend beyond revascularization to protection of the myocyte and preservation of ventricular function are required. The emergence of gene therapy and proteomics offers the potential for innovative prophylactic and treatment strategies for IHD. The goal of our research is to develop therapeutic gene constructs for the treatment of m... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532539 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532539 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532538&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422869%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oh YK, Park TG With increasing knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of endogenous RNA interference, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been emerging as innovative nucleic acid medicines for treatment of incurable diseases such as cancers. Although several siRNA candidates for the treatment of ocular and respiratory diseases are undergoing clinical trials, there are challenges inherent in the further development of siRNAs for anti-cancer therapeutics, because systemic administration will be required in most cases. In addition to nonspecific off-target and immune stimulation problems, appropriate delivery remains a major hurdle. The technologies developed for delivery of nucleic acid medicines such as plasmid DNA and antisense oligonucleotides have paved the way to rapid prog... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532538 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532537&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19422870%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elstad NL, Fowers KD Cancer treatment regimens often include multiple anticancer agents targeting different cellular mechanisms in delicate balance with associated toxicity. Drug delivery systems offer a unique tool in the treatment of cancer, and applications in the local treatment of cancer have demonstrated utility in providing sustained high local concentrations at the tumor site while minimizing systemic drug levels. Treatment options for local cancer therapy are focused on indications where targeted activity may result in improved patient outcomes such as increased local control and decreased metastatic potential. Targeted therapies may also enhance response to combination anticancer regimens. OncoGel, a controlled-release depot formulation of paclitaxel in ReGel, has be... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532537 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532534&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19426774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Janát-Amsbury MM, Gupta KM, Kablitz CD, Peterson CM In vitro fertilization has experienced phenomenal progress in the last thirty years and awaits the additional refinement and enhancement of medication delivery systems. Opportunity exists for the novel delivery of gonadotropins, progesterone and other adjuvants. This review highlights the rationale for various medications, present delivery methods and introduces the status of novel ideas and possibilities. PMID: 19426774 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532534 Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532573&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19385054%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nishikawa M, Hashida M, Takakura Y Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to be involved in a variety of human diseases. Catalase, an enzyme degrading hydrogen peroxide, can be used as a therapeutic agent for such diseases, but its successful application will depend on the distribution of the enzyme to the sites where ROS are generated. Chemical modification techniques have been used to control the tissue distribution of catalase, and delivery to hepatocytes (galactosylation), liver nonparenchymal cells (mannosylation or succinylation), kidney (cationization) and the blood pool (PEGylation) has been achieved. The effectiveness of catalase delivery has been demonstrated in animal models for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, chemical-induced tissue injuries and tum... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532573 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532572&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19385090%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakamura H, Hoshino Y, Okuyama H, Matsuo Y, Yodoi J Thioredoxin 1 (Trx 1) is a redox-active small protein ubiquitously present in human body. It is one of the defensive proteins induced in response to various stress conditions. In addition to its anti-oxidative effect by dithiol-disulfide exchange in its active site, Trx 1 has anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Trx 1 overexpression has been shown to be effective in a wide variety of animal models for oxidative and inflammatory disorders. An administration of recombinant Trx 1 protein is also effective in animal models especially for severe acute lung diseases where Trx 1 is likely to act with its anti-inflammatory properties. Trx 1 in circulation shows anti-chemotactic effects for neutrophils and inhibitory effects ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532572 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532571&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19385091%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nishiyama N, Morimoto Y, Jang WD, Kataoka K Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves systemic administration of photosensitizers (PSs) followed by local photoillumination, is a promising method for the treatment of solid tumors and other diseases. Recently, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of nanocarriers for the PS delivery with the aim of avoiding non-specific phototoxicity to normal tissues such as the skin. Here, we discuss the biological significance of the use of nanocarrier-encapsulated PSs in PDT. Also, we report our recent achievements on the development of dendrimer photosensitizer-loaded micelles as nanocarriers for PS delivery. We found that our nanocarriers greatly enhanced the PDT efficacy in vitro and in vivo, and also significantly re... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532571 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2532570&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19385092%26dopt%3DAbstract Effects of nitrite on modulating ROS generation following ischemia and reperfusion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009 Apr 28;61(4):339-50 Authors: Raat NJ, Shiva S, Gladwin MT It has long been known that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major cause of injury after ischemia/reperfusion. More recently it has emerged that the predominant source of these ROS are the mitochondria, which are specifically damaged during prolonged ischemic episodes. Several strategies have been tested to attenuate mitochondrial damage and reperfusion ROS. Most successful has been ischemic preconditioning, a procedure in which repetitive short periods of ischemia and reperfusion reduce injury from a subsequent prolonged ischemia and reperfusion. Recently, ischemic postconditioning, whereby re... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2532570 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2532570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2307467&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19341774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Manjunath N, Wu H, Subramanya S, Shankar P In less than a decade after discovery, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing is already being tested as potential therapy in clinical trials for a number of diseases. Lentiviral vectors provide a means to express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to induce stable and long-term gene silencing in both dividing and non-dividing cells and thus, are being intensively investigated for this purpose. However, induction of long-term shRNA expression can also cause toxicities by inducing off target effects and interference with the endogenous micro RNA (miRNA) pathway that regulates cellular gene expression. Recently, several advances have been made in the shRNA vector design to mimic cellular miRNA processing and to express multiplex siRNAs in a ti... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2307467 Mon, 30 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2307467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2269602&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19272313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Klinman DM, Klaschik S, Sato T, Tross D Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses. CpG motifs promote the induction of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and support the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenting cells (particularly plasmacytoid dendritic cells). These effects are optimized by maintaining close physical contact between the CpG ODN and the immunogen. Co-administering CpG ODN with a variety of vaccines has improved the resultant humoral and/or cellular immune responses, culminating in enhanced protective immunity in rodent and primate challenge models. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG ODN are safe and well-tolerated when adm... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2269602 Tue, 17 Mar 2009 08:32:16 +0100 2269602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2269599&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19272328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Krishnamachari Y, Salem AK Cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) is a recent class of immunostimulatory adjuvants that includes unmethylated CpG dinucleotide sequences similar to those commonly found in bacterial DNA. CpG ODN specifically triggers toll like receptor 9 (TLR9), which is found within phagoendosomes of antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). CpG ODN triggers activation and maturation of DCs and helps to increase expression of antigens. CpG ODN can be used to induce polarized Th1 type immune responses. Several studies have shown that antigens and CpG ODN must be co-localized in the same APC to generate the most potent therapeutic antigen-specific immune responses. Delivery vehicles can be utilized to ensure co-deli... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2269599 Tue, 17 Mar 2009 08:31:03 +0100 2269599