MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 14:03:57 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5662648&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22289471%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Graf N, Lippard SJ Abstract This review provides an overview of metal-based anticancer drugs and drug candidates. In particular, we focus on metal complexes that can be activated in the reducing environment of cancer cells, thus serving as prodrugs. There are many reports of Pt and Ru complexes as redox-activatable drug candidates, but other d-block elements with variable oxidation states have a similar potential to serve as prodrugs in this manner. In this context are compounds based on Fe, Co, or Cu chemistry, which are also covered. A trend in the field of medicinal inorganic chemistry has been toward molecularly targeted, metal-based drugs obtained by functionalizing complexes with biologically active ligands. Another recent activity is the use of nanomaterials for dru... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5662648 Wed, 25 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5662648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5662647&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22300653%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lin SY, Wang SL Abstract The solid-state chemistry of drugs has seen growing importance in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of useful API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) of drugs and stable dosage forms. The stability of drugs in various solid dosage forms is an important issue because solid dosage forms are the most common pharmaceutical formulation in clinical use. In solid-state stability studies of drugs, an ideal accelerated method must not only be selected by different complicated methods, but must also detect the formation of degraded product. In this review article, an analytical technique combining differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared (DSC-FTIR) microspectroscopy simulates the accelerated stability test, and simultane... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5662647 Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5662647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5662651&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22285584%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dancik Y, Miller MA, Jaworska J, Kasting GB Abstract A comprehensive transient model of chemical penetration through the stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis formulated in terms of an Excel™ spreadsheet and associated add-in is presented The model is a one-dimensional homogenization of underlying microscopic transport models for stratum corneum and dermis; viable epidermis is treated as unperfused dermis. The model's salient features are a detailed structural description of the skin layers, a combination of first-principles based transport equations and empirical partition and diffusion coefficients, and the capability of simulating a variety of exposure scenarios. Model predictions are compared with representative in vitro skin permeation data obtained from the ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5662651 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5662651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5662649&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22285705%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lévy R, Brust M PMID: 22285705 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5662649 Sat, 21 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5662649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5662650&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22285585%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ma Y, Nolte RJ, Cornelissen JJ Abstract New nanocarrier platforms based on natural biological building blocks offer great promises in revolutionalizing medicine. The usage of specific protein cage structures: virus-like particles (VLPs) for drug packaging and targetted delivery is summarized here. Versatile chemical and genetic modifications on the outer surfaces and inner cavities of VLPs facilitate the preparation of new materials that could meet the biocompatibility, solubility and high uptake efficiency requirements for drug delivery. A full evaluation on the toxicity, bio-distribution and immunology of these materials are envisaged to boost their application potentials. PMID: 22285585 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5662650 Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5662650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625951&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22266127%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: la Rica RD, Aili D, Stevens MM Abstract Enzymes are key components of the bionanotechnology toolbox that possess exceptional biorecognition capabilities and outstanding catalytic properties. When combined with the unique physical properties of nanomaterials, the resulting enzyme-responsive nanoparticles can be designed to perform functions efficiently and with high specificity for the triggering stimulus. This powerful concept has been successfully applied to the fabrication of drug delivery schemes where the tissue of interest is targeted via release of cargo triggered by the biocatalytic action of an enzyme. Moreover, the chemical transformation of the carrier by the enzyme can also generate therapeutic molecules, therefore paving the way to design multimodal nanomedicin... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625951 Sat, 14 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625951 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625950&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22266128%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang Y, Byrne JD, Napier ME, Desimone JM Abstract The ability to engineer particles has the potential to shift the paradigm in the creation of new medicines and diagnostics. Complete control over particle characteristics, such as size, shape, mechanical property, and surface chemistry, can enable rapid translation and facilitate the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of particle technologies for the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, diabetes, and a host of other major illnesses. The incorporation of natural and artificial external stimuli to trigger the release of drugs enables exquisite control over the release profiles of drugs in a given environment. In this article, we examine several readily scalable top-down methods for the fabrication of shape-sp... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625950 Sat, 14 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625953&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22265843%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jones MD, Young P, Traini D Abstract Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a sensitive technique for the measurement of powder surface properties, especially surface energetics. Given the importance of these characteristics to the performance of dry powder inhaler formulations (DPIs), it is unsurprising that IGC has been applied to the study of these systems. Monitoring batch-to-batch variation and the effects of processing steps are established uses of IGC in this field and the relevant studies are discussed. A less established use of IGC is for the prediction of DPI performance. Although some groups have found a negative relationship between the dispersive surface energy of one formulation component and fine particle delivery, such studies often have a number of limitation... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625953 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625952&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22265844%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawakami K Abstract New chemical entities are required to possess physicochemical characteristics that result in acceptable oral absorption. However, many promising candidates need physicochemical modification or application of special formulation technology. This review discusses strategies for overcoming physicochemical problems during the development at the preformulation and formulation stages with emphasis on overcoming the most typical problem, low solubility. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be improved by employing metastable states, salt forms, or cocrystals. Since the usefulness of salt forms is well recognized, it is the normal strategy to select the most suitable salt form through extensive screening in the current developmental study. Promis... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625952 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625952 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625954&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22261307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frasch HF, Barbero AM Abstract The application of numerical methods for mechanistic, diffusion-based modeling of skin permeation is reviewed. Methods considered here are finite difference, method of lines, finite element, finite volume, random walk, cellular automata, and smoothed particle hydrodynamics. First the methods are briefly explained with rudimentary mathematical underpinnings. Current state of the art numerical models are described, and then a chronological overview of published models is provided. Key findings and insights of reviewed models are highlighted. Model results support a primarily transcellular pathway with anisotropic lipid transport. Future endeavors would benefit from a fundamental analysis of drug/vehicle/skin interactions. PMID: 22261307 [Pu... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625954 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625954 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5605833&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22245080%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Khafagy ES, Morishita M Abstract During the past few decades, the novel biotherapeutic agents such as peptides and proteins have been contributed to the treatment of several diseases. However, their oral absorption is significantly limited due to their poor delivery through the intestinal mucosa. Therefore, the feasible approaches are needed for improving the oral bioavailability of biodrugs. Recently, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) such as HIV-1 Tat, penetratin and oligoarginine are considered as a useful tool for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic macromolecules. Hence, it was expected that the ability of CPPs may be applicable to enhance the absorption of biodrugs through intestinal epithelial membrane. CPPs are likely to become powerful tools for overcoming th... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5605833 Wed, 04 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5605833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5605834&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22240258%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ghoshmitra S, Diercks DR, Mills NC, Hynds DL, Ghosh S Abstract There are approximately 1.5million people who experience traumatic injuries to the brain and 265,000 who experience traumatic injuries to the spinal cord each year in the United States. Currently, there are few effective treatments for central nervous system (CNS) injuries because the CNS is refractory to axonal regeneration and relatively inaccessible to many pharmacological treatments. Smart, remotely tunable, multifunctional micro- and nanocarriers hold promise for delivering treatments to the CNS and targeting specific neurons to enhance axon regeneration and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, assessing the efficacy of treatments could be enhanced by biocompatible nanovectors designed for imaging in vivo. Recent ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5605834 Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5605834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5566761&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22212900%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ensign LM, Cone R, Hanes J Abstract Oral delivery is the most common method for drug administration. However, poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability of many drugs make achieving therapeutic levels via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract challenging. Drug delivery must overcome numerous hurdles, including the acidic gastric environment and the continuous secretion of mucus that protects the GI tract. Nanoparticle drug carriers that can shield drugs from degradation and deliver them to intended sites within the GI tract may enable more efficient and sustained drug delivery. However, the rapid secretion and shedding of GI tract mucus can significantly limit the effectiveness of nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Many types of nanoparticles are efficiently trapped in and... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5566761 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5566761 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5566760&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22212901%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Choi JW, Lee JS, Kim SW, Yun CO Abstract Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) has been used in cancer gene therapy largely due to its ability to selectively infect and replicate in tumor cells. However, because the oncolytic antitumor activity is insufficient to effectively eliminate tumors, various strategies have been devised to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Single-vector Ads "armed" with short hairpin RNA, cytokines, or matrix-modulating proteins have been developed. Two clear advantages are viral amplification of the therapeutic gene, and the additive effects of oncolytic and therapeutic gene-mediated antitumor activities. To develop systemically injectable Ad carriers, strategies to modify the Ad surface with polymers, liposomes, or nanoparticles have been shown to extend ci... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5566760 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5566760 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5566759&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22212902%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matsumura Y Abstract Despite great advances in cell and molecular biology, pharmacology and medicine, there is to date no antitumor drug available which can specifically kill tumor cells in the human body without damaging normal tissue, because it has not been possible to find a truly cancer specific molecule to target. Low molecular weight (MW) anticancer drugs extravasate easily from normal vessels in the body causing drug adverse effects. Conversely, high MW anti-tumor agents including antibodies against cancer cell antigens, accumulate selectively in tumors because of their leaky vasculature. However, most human solid tumors possess abundant intercellular connective tissue, hindering diffusion of such macromolecules. That is why immunoconjugate therapy for stroma rich ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5566759 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5566759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5552277&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22197851%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lévy R, Brust M PMID: 22197851 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5552277 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5552277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5552276&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22202501%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Banks WA Abstract The successful treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will require drugs that can negotiate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the BBB is not simply a physical barrier, but a complex interface that is in intimate communication with the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) and influenced by peripheral tissues. This review examines three aspects of the BBB in AD. First, it considers how the BBB may be contributing to the onset and progression of AD. In this regard, the BBB itself is a therapeutic target in the treatment of AD. Second, it examines how the BBB restricts drugs that might otherwise be useful in the treatment of AD and examines strategies being developed to deliver drugs to the CNS for the treatment of AD. Third, it considers how drug pe... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5552276 Sat, 17 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5552276 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5552278&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22197850%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang C, Kwan P, Zuo Z, Baum L Abstract Epilepsy is the most common serious chronic neurological disorder. Current data show that one-third of patients do not respond to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Most non-responsive epilepsy patients are resistant to several, often all, AEDs, even though the drugs differ from each other in pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and interaction potential. The mechanisms underlying drug resistance of epilepsy patients are still not clear. In recent years, one of the potential mechanisms interesting researchers is over-expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, also known as ABCB1 or MDR1) in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in epilepsy patients. P-gp plays a central role in drug absorption and distribution in many organisms. T... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5552278 Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5552278 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537688&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22192684%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jones DS, Tian Y, Abu-Diak O, Andrews GP Abstract The successful development of polymeric drug delivery and biomedical devices requires a comprehensive understanding of the viscoleastic properties of polymers as these have been shown to directly affect clinical efficacy. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) is an accessible and versatile analytical technique in which an oscillating stress or strain is applied to a sample as a function of oscillatory frequency and temperature. Through cyclic application of a non-destructive stress or strain, a comprehensive understanding of the viscoelastic properties of polymers may be obtained. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the theory of DMTA and the basic instrumental/operating principles. Moreover, the applicati... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537688 Tue, 13 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537691&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22178405%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ford JL, Mann TE Abstract Conventional rate Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) has been used for many years as a tool in the analysis of pharmaceutical materials. In recent years an extension of the technique to include fast heating and cooling rates has become more prevalent. Broadly termed Fast-Scan DSC, this review examines the current applications of this technique to the characterisation and selection of pharmaceutical materials. Its increasing use encompasses the characterisation of amorphousness in crystalline materials, the characterisation of polymorphs and polymorphic transitions, the solubility of drugs in polymers, and characterisation of dosage forms. Notwithstanding the advantages of analytical speed in analytical turnover, the review emphasises the adva... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537691 Sun, 11 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537689&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22178904%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang L, Morgan RA Abstract In the past two decades, human gene transfer research has been translated from a laboratory technology to clinical evaluation. The success of adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive lymphocytes to treat the patients with metastatic melanoma has led to new strategies to redirect normal T cells to recognize tumor antigens by genetic engineering with tumor antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) genes. This new strategy can generate large numbers of defined antigen-specific cells for therapeutic application. Much progress has been made to TCR gene transfer systems by optimizing gene expression and gene transfer protocols. Vector and protein modifications have enabled excellent expression of introduced TCR chains in human lymphocytes with reduced mis-pai... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537689 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537690&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22178615%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Biddlestone-Thorpe L, Marchi N, Guo K, Ghosh C, Janigro D, Valerie K, Yang H Abstract Research into the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been enhanced by rapid advances in nanotechnology and an expansion in the library of nanostructured carriers. This review discusses the latest applications of nanomaterials in the CNS with an emphasis on brain tumors. Novel administration routes and transport mechanisms for nanomaterial-mediated CNS delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to bypass or cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) are also discussed. These include temporary disruption of the BBB, use of impregnated polymers (polymer wafers), convection-enhanced delivery (CED), and intranasal delivery. Moreover, an in vitro BBB model capable ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537690 Thu, 08 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537692&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22166590%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sant S, Tao SL, Fisher O, Xu Q, Peppas NA, Khademhosseini A Abstract Micro-/nanoscale technologies such as lithographic techniques and microfluidics offer promising avenues to revolutionalize the fields of tissue engineering, drug discovery, diagnostics and personalized medicine. Microfabrication techniques are being explored for drug delivery applications due to their ability to combine several features such as precise shape and size into a single drug delivery vehicle. They also offer to create unique asymmetrical features incorporated into single or multiple reservoir systems maximizing contact area with the intestinal lining. Combined with intelligent materials, such microfabricated platforms can be designed to be bioadhesive and stimuli-responsive. Apart from drug del... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537692 Sun, 04 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537693&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22155026%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Werner T, Morris MB, Dastmalchi S, Church WB Abstract Proteins are the workhorses of biomolecules and their function is affected by their structure and their structural rearrangements during ligand entry, ligand binding and protein-protein interactions. Hence, the knowledge of protein structure and, importantly, the dynamic behaviour of the structure are critical for understanding how the protein performs its function. The predictions of the structure and the dynamic behaviour can be performed by combinations of structure modelling and molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations also need to be sensitive to the constraints of the environment in which the protein resides. Standard computational methods now exist in this field to support the experimental effort of solvin... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537693 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537695&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22138133%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aronica E, Sisodiya SM, Gorter JA Abstract Over-expression of drug efflux transporters at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been proposed as a mechanism responsible for multidrug resistance. Drug transporters in epileptogenic tissue are not only expressed in endothelial cells at the BBB, but also in other brain parenchymal cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and neurons, suggesting a complex cell type-specific regulation under pathological conditions associated with epilepsy. This review focuses on the cerebral expression patterns of several classes of well-known membrane drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the epileptogenic brain. Both experimental and clinical evidence of epilepsy-associated... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537695 Tue, 29 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537695 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537694&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22154620%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen Y, Liu L Abstract The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated and efficient barrier that provides a sanctuary to the brain. It is designed to regulate brain homeostasis and to permit selective transport of molecules that are essential for brain function. Unfortunately, drug transport to the brain is hampered by this almost impermeable, highly selective and well coordinated barrier. With progress in molecular biology, the BBB is better understood, particularly under different pathological conditions. This review will discuss the barrier issue from a biological and pathological perspective to provide a better insight to the challenges and opportunities associated with the BBB. Modern methods which can take advantage of these opportunities will be reviewed. Appli... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537694 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5537696&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22138074%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vytla D, Combs-Bachmann RE, Hussey AM, McCarron ST, McCarthy DS, Chambers JJ Abstract Hyperexcitation in the central nervous system is the root cause of a number of disorders of the brain ranging from acute injury to chronic and progressive diseases. The major limitation to treatment of these ailments is the miniscule, yet formidable blood-brain barrier. To deliver therapeutic agents to the site of desired action, a number of biomedical engineering strategies have been developed including prodrug formulations that allow for either passive diffusion or active transport across this barrier. In the case of prodrugs, once in the brain compartment, the active therapeutic agent is released. In this review, we discuss in some detail a number of factors related to treatment of cen... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5537696 Sun, 27 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5537696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460333&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22120022%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shur J, Price R Abstract Efficient control and characterisation of the physico-chemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients for orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) are critical to successful product development. Control and reduction of risk require the introduction of a material science based approach to product development and the use of advanced analytical tools in understanding how the solid-state properties of the input materials influence structure and product functionality. The key issues to be addressed, at a microscopic scale, are understanding how the critical quality attributes of input materials influence surface, interfacial and particulate interactions within OIDPs. This review offers an in-depth discussion on the use of adv... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460333 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5460333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460334&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22119441%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lochhead JJ, Thorne RG Abstract Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is very difficult due to the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) ability to severely restrict entry of all but small, non-polar compounds. Intranasal administration is a non-invasive method of drug delivery which may bypass the BBB to allow therapeutic substances direct access to the CNS. Intranasal delivery of large molecular weight biologics such as proteins, gene vectors, and stem cells is a potentially useful strategy to treat a variety of diseases/disorders of the CNS including stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. Here we give an overview of relevant nasal anatomy and physiology and discuss the pathways and mechanisms likely ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460334 Tue, 15 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5460334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460332&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22123598%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW Abstract A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with cha... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460332 Tue, 15 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5460332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460336&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22100125%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wong HL, Wu XY, Bendayan R Abstract Effective non-invasive treatment of neurological diseases is often limited by the poor access of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of drugs and biotechnological agents do not readily permeate into brain parenchyma due to the presence of two anatomical and biochemical dynamic barriers: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Therefore, one of the most significant challenges facing CNS drug development is the availability of effective brain targeting technology. Recent advances in nanotechnology have provided promising solutions to this challenge. Several nanocarriers ranging from the more established systems, e.g. polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460336 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5460336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460335&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22100528%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses methods and techniques and reviews current pharmaceutical applications to aid assay design. PMID: 22100528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460335 Sun, 06 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5460335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5426814&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22086142%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maroni A, Zema L, Del Curto MD, Foppoli A, Gazzaniga A Abstract Oral colon delivery is currently considered of importance not only for the treatment of local pathologies, such as primarily inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but also as a means of accomplishing systemic therapeutic goals. Although the large bowel fails to be ideally suited for absorption processes, it may indeed offer a number of advantages over the small intestine, including a long transit time, lower levels of peptidases and higher responsiveness to permeation enhancers. Accordingly, it has been under extensive investigation as a possible strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs. Because of a strong underlying rationale, most of these studies have focused on insulin. In the... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5426814 Sun, 06 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5426814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5426816&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22063020%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wong W, Fletcher DF, Traini D, Chan HK, Young PM Abstract Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Modelling (DEM) studies relevant to inhaled drug delivery are reviewed. CFD is widely used in device design to determine airflow patterns and turbulence levels. CFD is also used to simulate particles and droplets, which are subjected to various forces, turbulence and wall interactions. These studies can now be performed routinely because of the availability of commercial software containing high quality turbulence and particle models. DEM allows for the modelling of agglomerate break-up upon interaction with a wall or due to shear in the flow. However, the computational cost is high and the number of particles that can be simulated is minimal compared with the ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5426816 Sun, 23 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5426816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5426815&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22063021%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johannessen Landmark C, Johannessen SI, Tomson T Abstract Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay in the treatment of epilepsy, one of the most common serious chronic neurological disorders. AEDs display extensive pharmacological variability between and within patients, and a major determinant of differences in response to treatment is pharmacokinetic variability. Host factors affecting AED delivery may be defined as the pharmacokinetic characteristics that determine the AED delivery to the site of action, the epileptic focus. Individual differences may occur in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. These differences can be determined by genetic factors including gender and ethnicity, but the pharmacokinetics of AEDs can also be affected by age, specific ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5426815 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5426815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382738&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22036906%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salegio EA, Samaranch L, Kells AP, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS Abstract In this review, we discuss recent developments in the delivery of adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAV), particularly with respect to the role of axonal transport in vector distribution in the brain. The use of MRI-guidance and new stereotactic aiming devices have now established a strong foundation for neurological gene therapy to become an accepted procedure in interventional neurology. PMID: 22036906 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382738 Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382739&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22016112%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yang L, Zhang X, Ye M, Jiang J, Yang R, Fu T, Chen Y, Wang K, Liu C, Tan W Abstract The combination of aptamers with novel nanomaterials, including nanomaterial-based aptamer bioconjugates has attracted considerable interest and has led to a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss how a variety of nanomaterials, including gold, silica and magnetic nanoparticles, as well as carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, liposomes and micelles, have been used to functionalize aptamers for a variety of applications. These aptamer functionalized materials have led to advances in amplified biosensing, cancer cell-specific recognition, high-efficiency separation, and targeted drug delivery. PMID: 22016112 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Rev... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382739 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382742&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22008637%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bahadur D, Dravid VP PMID: 22008637 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382742 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382742 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382741&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22014591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan K, Rogueda P PMID: 22014591 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382741 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382741 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382740&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22014592%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jezek J, Rides M, Derham B, Moore J, Cerasoli E, Simler R, Perez-Ramirez B Abstract The use of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents has been increasing steadily over the last decade for the treatment of various conditions. There is often a need to deliver a large dose of the protein, so there is a trend toward developing commercially viable liquid formulations of highly concentrated antibodies. Such concentrated solutions are associated with a number of challenges, including optimization of production processes, plus chemical and physical stability of the final product where solution viscosity becomes a critical quality attribute. Assessment of the rheological characteristics of concentrated compositions is essential as are development strategies to reduce the visco... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382740 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382740 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382748&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21982955%26dopt%3DAbstract In this report we review some of the recent progress made for enhancing the biocompatibility of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) and for developing targeted bio-inspired applications centered on live cell imaging and sensing. We start with a detailed analysis of the surface functionalization strategies developed thus far, and discuss their effectiveness for providing long term stability of the quantum dots in biological media, to changes in pH and to added electrolytes. We then discuss the available conjugation techniques to couple QDs to a variety of biological receptors and compare their effectiveness. In particular, we highlight the implementation of new strategies such as the use of copper-free cyclo-addition reaction (CLICK) chemistry and chemo-selective ligation. We then discuss the ad... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382748 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382747&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983078%26dopt%3DAbstract This article summarizes efforts to evaluate poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as carriers for oral drug delivery. Specifically, the effect of PAMAM generation, surface charge and surface modification on toxicity, cellular uptake and transepithelial transport is discussed. Studies on Caco-2 monolayers, as models of intestinal epithelial barrier, show that by engineering surface chemistry of PAMAM dendrimers, it is possible to minimize toxicity while maximizing transepithelial transport. It has been demonstrated that PAMAM dendrimers are transported by a combination of paracellular and transcellular routes. Depending on surface chemistry, PAMAM dendrimers can open the tight junctions of epithelial barriers. This tight junction opening is in part mediated by internalization of the dendrime... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382747 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382747 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382746&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983079%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dufort S, Sancey L, Coll JL Abstract Nanoparticles are efficient to safely deliver therapeutic and imaging contrast agents to tumors for cancer diagnostic and therapy, if they can escape the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and accumulate in tumors either passively due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or actively via a specific ligand. The main hallmark of nanoparticles is their large surface areas, which, depending of their chemical compositions, surface coatings, electric charges, sizes and shapes, will generate complex, extremely dynamic and continuous interactions and exchanges between the nanoparticles and the different molecules present in the blood. Special attention will be paid to explain how the nanoparticles were improved step by step in o... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382746 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382746 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382745&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marcucci F, Corti A Abstract Solid tumors are characterized by an abnormal architecture and composition that limit the uptake and distribution of antitumor drugs. Over the last two decades, drugs have been identified that improve the tumor uptake and distribution of drugs that have direct antitumor effects. We propose to refer to these drugs as promoter drugs, and as effector drugs to drugs that have direct antitumor effects. Some promoter drugs have received regulatory approval, while others are in active clinical development. This review gives an overview of promoter drugs, by classifying them according to their mechanism of action: promoter drugs that modulate tumor blood flow, modify the barrier function of tumor vessels, induce tumor cell killing, and overcome stromal... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382745 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382744&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21996055%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the development of oligomers, dendrimers, and linear polymers based on self-immolative spacers. This new class of molecules is designed to undergo a cascade of intramolecular reactions in response to the cleavage of a trigger moiety, resulting in molecular fragmentation and the release of multiple reporter or drug molecules. Progress in the development of these materials as drug delivery vehicles and sensors will be highlighted. PMID: 21996055 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382744 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382744 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382743&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21996056%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Felber AE, Dufresne MH, Leroux JC Abstract Titratable polyanions, and more particularly polymers bearing carboxylate groups, have been used in recent years to produce a variety of pH-sensitive colloids. These polymers undergo a coil-to-globule conformational change upon a variation in pH of the surrounding environment. This conformational change can be exploited to trigger the release of a drug from a drug delivery system in a pH-dependent fashion. This review describes the current status of pH-sensitive vesicles, polymeric micelles, and nanospheres prepared with polycarboxylates and their performance as nano-scale drug delivery systems, with emphasis on our recent contribution to this field. PMID: 21996056 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Del... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382743 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5382743 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5301739&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21971337%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the diverse nonviral gene delivery approaches that have been applied to the field of therapeutic angiogenesis, including plasmids, cationic polymers/lipids, scaffolds, and stem cells. This article also reviews clinical trials employing nonviral gene therapy and discusses the limitations of current technologies. Finally, this article proposes a future strategy to efficiently develop delivery vehicles that might be feasible for clinically relevant nonviral gene therapy, such as high-throughput screening of combinatorial libraries of biomaterials. PMID: 21971337 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5301739 Sat, 24 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5301739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234701&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925220%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elsaesser A, Howard CV Abstract While nanotechnology and the production of nanoparticles are growing exponentially, research into the toxicological impact and possible hazard of nanoparticles to human health and the environment is still in its infancy. This review aims to give a comprehensive summary of what is known today about nanoparticle toxicology, the mechanisms at the cellular level, entry routes into the body and possible impacts to public health. Proper characterisation of the nanomaterial, as well as understanding processes happening on the nanoparticle surface when in contact with living systems, is crucial to understand possible toxicological effects. Dose as a key parameter is essential in hazard identification and risk assessment of nanotechnologies. Understa... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234701 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234700&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925556%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rana S, Bajaj A, Mout R, Rotello VM Abstract Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) provide attractive vehicles for delivery of drugs, genetic materials, proteins, and small molecules. AuNPs feature low core toxicity coupled with the ability to parametrically control particle size and surface properties. In this review, we focus on engineering of the AuNP surface monolayer, highlighting recent advances in tuning monolayer structures for efficient delivery of drugs and biomolecules. This review covers two broad categories of particle functionalization, organic monolayers and biomolecule coatings, and discusses their applications in drug, DNA/RNA, protein and small molecule delivery. PMID: 21925556 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234700 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234702&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21920394%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Park CW, Rhee YS, Vogt FG, Hayes D, Zwischenberger J, Deluca PP, Mansour HM Abstract The technical advances in microscopy imaging techniques have been applied to assess the fate of drugs for researching respiratory drug delivery in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Recent developments in optical imaging (confocal microscopy, multi-photon microscopy, fluorescence imaging (FLI) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI)), and in non-optical imaging (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computing tomography (CT), positron-emission tomography (PET) and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT)) are presented with their derivative medical devices. The novel microscopy techniques have been utilized to address many biological questions in basic research and are becoming powerful clin... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234702 Sat, 03 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5221227&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21914455%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bysell H, Månsson R, Hansson P, Malmsten M Abstract The present review focuses on the interaction of microgels and microcapsules with biological macromolecules, particularly peptides and proteins, as well as drug delivery applications of such systems. Results from recent studies on factors affecting peptide/protein binding to, and release from, microgels and related systems are discussed, including effects of network properties, as well as protein aggregation, peptide length, hydrophobicity and charge (distributions), secondary structure, and cyclization. Effects of ambient conditions (pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc.) are also discussed, all with focus on factors of importance for the performance of microgel and microcapsule delivery systems for biomacromolecular dr... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5221227 Sat, 03 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5221227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5221228&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21907254%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Serno T, Geidobler R, Winter G Abstract Aggregation is arguably the biggest challenge for the development of stable formulations and robust manufacturing processes of therapeutic proteins. In search of novel excipients inhibiting protein aggregation, cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been under examination for use in parenteral protein products since more than 20years and significant research work has been accomplished highlighting the great potential of cyclodextrins as stabilizers of therapeutic proteins. Oftentimes, the potential of cyclodextrins to inhibit protein aggregation has been attributed to their capability to incorporate hydrophobic residues on aggregation-prone proteins or on their partially unfolded intermediates into the hydrophobic cavity. In additi... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5221228 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5221228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5221229&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21893135%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Plank C, Zelphati O, Mykhaylyk O Abstract Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characteriza... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5221229 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5221229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5180157&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21867736%26dopt%3DAbstract This article comprehensively reviews the most recent trends in graphene-based biosensors and attempts to identify the future directions in which the field is likely to thrive. PMID: 21867736 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5180157 Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5180157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5180156&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21871508%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fenoglio I, Fubini B, Ghibaudi E, Turci F Abstract The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of biological systems with inorganic materials is of interest in both fundamental and applied disciplines. The adsorption of proteins modulates the formation of biofilms onto surfaces, a process important in infections associated to medical implants, in dental caries, in environmental technologies. The interaction with biomacromolecules is crucial to determine the beneficial/adverse respzonse of cells to foreign inorganic materials as implants, engineered or accidentally produced inorganic nanoparticles. A detailed knowledge of the surface/biological fluids interface processes is needed for the design of new biocompatible materials. Researchers involved in the... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5180156 Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5180156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160155&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21856345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dai X, Moffat JG, Wood J, Reading M Abstract The ability to characterize the physical and chemical properties of dosage forms is crucial to a more complete understanding of how vehicles for drug delivery behave and therefore how effective they are. Spatially resolved characterization that enables the visualization of properties on the nanoscale is particularly powerful. The usefulness of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in the field of drug delivery is becoming increasingly well established and the use of thermal probes offers new capabilities thus enabling SPM to provide more and sometimes unique information. One type of measurement enabled by thermal probes is determining transition temperatures by means of local thermal analysis. The ability to identify and characterize ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160155 Tue, 09 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5160155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160156&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21851844%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: De M, Chou SS, Joshi HM, Dravid VP Abstract The development of MRI contrast agents has experienced its version of the gilded age over the past decade, thanks largely to the rapid advances in nanotechnology. In addition to progress in single mode contrast agents, which ushered in unprecedented R(1) or R(2) sensitivities, there has also been a boon in the development of agents covering more than one mode of detection. These include T(1)-PET, T(2)-PET T(1)-optical, T(2)-optical, T(1)-T(2) agents and many others. In this review, we describe four areas which we feel have experienced particular growth due to nanotechnology, specifically T(2) magnetic nanostructure development, T(1)/T(2)-optical dual mode agents, and most recently the T(1)-T(2) hybrid imaging systems. In each of ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160156 Fri, 05 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5160156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142538&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21843564%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baird JA, Taylor LS Abstract Amorphous solid dispersions are an increasingly important formulation approach to improve the dissolution rate and apparent solubility of poorly water soluble compounds. Due to their complex physicochemical properties, there is a need for multi-faceted analytical methods to enable comprehensive characterization, and thermal techniques are widely employed for this purpose. Key parameters of interest that can influence product performance include the glass transition temperature (T(g)), molecular mobility of the drug, miscibility between the drug and excipients, and the rate and extent of drug crystallization. It is important to evaluate the type of information pertaining to the aforementioned properties that can be extracted from thermal analyti... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142538 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142540&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21824501%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tamai I Abstract Transporters play important roles in tissue distribution and urinary- and biliary-excretion of drugs and transporter molecules involved in those processes have been elucidated well. Furthermore, an involvement of efflux transporters such as P-glycoproteins, multidrug resistance associated protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein as the intestinal absorption barrier and/or intestinal luminal secretion mechanisms has been demonstrated. However, although there are many suggestions for the contribution of uptake/influx transporters in intestinal absorption of drugs, information on the transporter molecules responsible for the intestinal absorptive process is limited. Among them, most studied absorptive drug transporter is peptide transporter PEPT1. Howe... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142540 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142540 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142539&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827802%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kunisawa J, Kurashima Y, Kiyono H Abstract Oral vaccine has been considered to be a prospective vaccine against many pathogens especially invading across gastrointestinal tracts. One key element of oral vaccine is targeting efficient delivery of antigen to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the inductive site in the intestine where antigen-specific immune responses are initiated. Various chemical and biological antigen delivery systems have been developed and some are in clinical trials. In this review, we describe the immunological features of GALT and the current status of antigen delivery systems for successful oral vaccine. PMID: 21827802 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142539 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142539 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108432&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21802464%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kondoh M, Takahashi A, Yagi K Epithelium covers the body and, therefore, separates the inner body from the outside environment. Passage across the epithelium is the first step in drug absorption. Tight junctions (TJs) seal the space between adjacent epithelial cells and prevent the free movement of solutes through the paracellular space. Modulation of the epithelial barrier is the most important strategy for enhancing drug absorption. Development of the strategy has accelerated with progress in understanding of the biology of the TJ seal. The first-generation absorption enhancers were screened on the basis of their absorption-enhancing activity in vivo. However, TJs were not well understood initially. The identification of TJ components, including those based on occludin and c... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108432 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5108432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108431&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21803085%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arima Y, Toda M, Iwata H When artificial materials come into contact with blood, various biological responses are induced. For successful development of biomaterials used in biomedical devices that will be exposed to blood, understanding and control of these interactions are essential. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is one of the surface-sensitive optical methods to monitor biological interactions. SPR enables real-time and in situ analysis of interfacial events associated with biomaterials research. In this review, we describe an SPR biosensor and its application to monitor complement activation onto biomaterials surface. We also discuss the effect of surface properties of the material on complement activation. PMID: 21803085 [PubMed - as supplied by publish... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108431 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5108431 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065141&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21782866%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhou QT, Morton DA For dry powder inhaler formulations, micronized drug powders are commonly mixed with coarse lactose carriers to facilitate powder handling during the manufacturing and powder aerosol delivery during patient use. The performance of such dry powder inhaler formulations strongly depends on the balance of cohesive and adhesive forces experienced by the drug particles under stresses induced in the flow environment during aerosolization. Surface modification with appropriate additives has been proposed as a practical and efficient way to alter the inter-particulate forces, thus potentially controlling the formulation performance, and this strategy has been employed in a number of different ways with varying degrees of success. This paper reviews the main strategie... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065141 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065145&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21771620%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ekdahl KN, Lambris JD, Elwing H, Ricklin D, Nilsson PH, Teramura Y, Nicholls IA, Nilsson B When an artificial biomaterial (e.g., a stent or implantable pump) is exposed to blood, plasma proteins immediately adhere to the surface, creating a new interface between the biomaterial and the blood. The recognition proteins within the complement and contact activation/coagulation cascade systems of the blood will be bound to, or inserted into, this protein film and generate different mediators that will activate polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes, as well as platelets. Under clinical conditions, the ultimate outcome of these processes may be thrombotic and inflammatory reactions, and consequently the composition and conformation of the proteins in the initial layer formed on ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065145 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065149&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21762737%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shukla D, Schneider CP, Trout BL Protein based therapeutics hold great promise in the treatment of human diseases and disorders and subsequently, they have become the fastest growing sector of new drugs being developed. Proteins are, however, inherently unstable and the degraded form can be quite harmful if administered to a patient. Of the various degradation pathways, aggregation is one of the most common and a cause for great concern. Aggregation suppressing additives have long been used to stabilize proteins, and they still remain the most viable option for combating this problem. Much work has been devoted toward investigating the behavior of commonly used additives and the resulting models give valuable insight toward explaining aggregation suppression. In a few cases, a... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065149 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065147&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21763375%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee HJ, McAuley A, Schilke KF, McGuire J Loss of activity through aggregation and surface-induced denaturation is a significant problem in the production, formulation and administration of therapeutic proteins. Surfactants are commonly used in upstream and downstream processing and drug formulation. However, the effectiveness of a surfactant strongly depends on its mechanism(s) of action and properties of the protein and interfaces. Surfactants can modulate adsorption loss and aggregation by coating interfaces and/or participating in protein-surfactant associations. Minimizing protein loss from colloidal and interfacial interaction requires a fundamental understanding of the molecular factors underlying surfactant effectiveness and mechanism. These concepts provide direction f... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065147 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065143&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21777633%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Venkataraman S, Hedrick JL, Ong ZY, Chuan Y, Ee PL, Hammond PT, Yang YY Amphiphilic polymeric nanostructures have long been well-recognized as an excellent candidate for drug delivery applications. With the recent advances in the "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches, development of well-defined polymeric nanostructures of different shapes has been possible. Such a possibility of tailoring the shape of the nanostructures has allowed for the fabrication of model systems with chemically equivalent but topologically different carriers. With these model nanostructures, evaluation of the importance of particle shape in the context of biodistribution, cellular uptake and toxicity has become a major thrust area. Since most of the current polymeric delivery systems are based upon sphe... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065143 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065153&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21756952%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prakash S, Malhotra M, Shao W, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Abbasi S The scope of nanotechnology to develop target specific carriers to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy is gaining importance in the pharmaceutical and other industries. Specifically, the emergence of nanohybrid materials is posed to edge over chemotherapy and radiation therapy as cancer therapeutics. This is primarily because nanohybrid materials engage controlled production parameters in the making of engineered particles with specific size, shape, and other essential properties. It is widely expressed that these materials will significantly contribute to the next generation of medical care technology and pharmaceuticals in areas of disease diagnosis, disease prevention and many other treatment procedures. This revi... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065153 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065157&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21745509%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tomatsu I, Peng K, Kros A Hydrogels are soft materials composed of a three-dimensional network which contain a high percentage of water similar to body tissue and are therefore regarded as a biocompatible material. Hydrogels have various potential applications in the biomedical field such as drug delivery and as scaffold for tissue engineering. Control over the physical properties of a hydrogel by an external stimulus is highly desirable and is therefore actively studied. Light is a particularly interesting stimulus to manipulate the properties of a hydrogel as it is a remote stimulus that can be controlled spatially and temporally with great ease and convenience. Therefore in recent years photoresponsive hydrogels have been investigated as an emerging biomaterial. Here we wil... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065157 Fri, 01 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065151&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21756953%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ohtake S, Kita Y, Arakawa T A variety of excipients are used to stabilize proteins, suppress protein aggregation, reduce surface adsorption, or to simply provide physiological osmolality. The stabilizers encompass a wide variety of molecules including sugars, salts, polymers, surfactants, and amino acids, in particular arginine. The effects of these excipients on protein stability in solution are mainly caused by their interaction with the protein and the container surface, and most importantly with water. Some excipients stabilize proteins in solution by direct binding, while others use a number of fundamentally different mechanisms that involve indirect interactions. In the dry state, any effects that the excipients confer to proteins through their interactions with water ar... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065151 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065155&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21745510%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moghimi SM, Hunter AC PMID: 21745510 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065155 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5065155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012140&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21740940%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shah K Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that stem cell-based therapies hold tremendous promise for the treatment of human disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are emerging as promising anti-cancer agents which have an enormous potential to be utilized to treat a number of different cancer types. MSC have inherent tumor-trophic migratory properties, which allows them to serve as vehicles for delivering effective, targeted therapy to isolated tumors and metastatic disease. MSC have been readily engineered to express anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic agents that specifically target different cancer types. Many of these strategies have been validated in a wide range of studies evaluating treatment feasibility or efficacy, as well as establishin... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012140 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012145&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718727%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cao HS, McElroy M, Kaushal S, Hoffman RM, Bouvet M A thorough understanding of the lymphatic system and its interaction with cancer cells is crucial to our ability to fight cancer metastasis. Efforts to study the lymphatic system had previously been limited by the inability to visualize the lymphatic system in vivo in real time. Fluorescence imaging can address these limitations and allow for visualization of lymphatic delivery and trafficking of cancer cells and possibly therapeutic agents as well. Here, we review recent articles in which antibody-fluorophore conjugates are used to label the lymphatic network and fluorescent proteins to label cancer cells in the evaluation of lymphatic delivery and imaging. PMID: 21718727 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advan... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012145 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012144&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718728%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nune SK, Gunda P, Majeti BK, Thallapally PK, Forrest ML Cancer remains the second leading cause of death after heart disease in the US. While metastasized cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon are incurable, before their distant spread, these diseases will have invaded the lymphatic system as a first step in their progression. Hence, proper evaluation of the disease state of the lymphatics which drain a tumor site is crucial to staging and the formation of a treatment plan. Current lymphatic imaging modalities with visible dyes and radionucleotide tracers offer limited sensitivity and poor resolution; however, newer tools using nanocarriers, quantum dots, and magnetic resonance imaging promise to vastly improve the staging of lymphatic spread without needless biopsies. C... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012144 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012146&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21712055%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cai S, Zhang Q, Bagby T, Forrest ML The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to disease, and most solid cancers initially spread from the primary site via the tumor's surrounding lymphatics before hematological dissemination. Hence, the lymphatic system is an important target for developing new vaccines, cancer treatments, and diagnostic agents. Targeting the lymphatic system by subcutaneous, intestinal, and pulmonary routes has been evaluated and subsequently utilized to improve lymphatic penetration and retention of drug molecules, reduce drug-related systemic toxicities, and enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble and unstable drugs. Lymphatic imaging is an essential tool for the detection and staging of cancer. New nano-ba... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012146 Fri, 24 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012142&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21729726%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pierobon P, Cappello G In the last two decades, the single particle and single molecule approach became more and more popular to investigate the activity and the mechano-chemical properties of biological molecules. The inherent limit of these assays was that the molecules of interest were observed in vitro, out of their natural environment, the cell. Several recent works have shown the possibility to overcome this limit, to extend this approach to living cells and to observe the details of many cellular processes at the molecular level. In this review we discuss the use of semiconductor quantum dots to perform single particle and single molecule tracking in the cell. We refer to other articles for the technical aspects of this method. Here, after an introduction on the advanta... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012142 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012143&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718729%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Villiers MM, Lvov YM PMID: 21718729 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012143 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012147&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21704094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carroll MV, Sim RB The complement system consists of about 35-40 proteins and glycoproteins present in blood plasma or on cell surfaces. Its main biological function is to recognise "foreign" particles and macromolecules, and to promote their elimination either by opsonisation or lysis. Although historically complement has been studied as a system for immune defence against bacteria, it has an important homeostatic role in which it recognises damaged or altered "self" components. Thus complement has major roles in both immune defence against microorganisms, and in clearance of damaged or "used" host components. Since complement proteins opsonise or lyse cells, complement can damage healthy host cells and tissues. The system is regulated by many endogenous regulatory proteins. ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012147 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012148&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21699937%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McAllaster JD, Cohen MS The lymphatic system was first described centuries ago. The recent discovery of various molecular markers has allowed for more in-depth research of the lymphatic system and its role in health and disease. The lymphatic system has recently been elucidated as playing an active role in cancer metastasis. The knowledge of the active processes involved in lymphatic metastasis provides novel treatment targets for various malignancies. PMID: 21699937 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012148 Tue, 14 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5012141&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21729727%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chandra S, Barick KC, Bahadur D The research on biomedical applications of nanoparticles has seen an upsurge in recent years due to their unique capabilities in treatment of ailments. Though there are ample reviews on the advances of nanoparticles right from their fabrication to applications, comparatively fewer reviews are available for the nanostructured materials particularly on oxides and hybrids. These possess unique physicochemical properties with an ability to get functionalized at molecular and cellular level for biochemical interactions. Keeping the enormosity of the nanostructures in mind, we intend to cover only the recent and most noteworthy developments in this area. We, particularly emphasize on iron oxide and its derivatives, zinc oxides, layered double hydroxid... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5012141 Tue, 14 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5012141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969124&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21683103%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pal I, Ramsey JD The development and improvement of vaccines has been a significant endeavor on the part of the medical community for more than the last two centuries, and the success of these efforts is obvious when one considers the millions of lives that have been saved. Recent work in the field of vaccines, however, indicates that vaccines may be developed for even more challenging diseases than those previously addressed. It will be important in achieving this feat to account for the physical and chemical processes related to vaccine trafficking, rather than solely relying on our knowledge of the pathogen and our empirical experience. Thorough knowledge of the lymphatic system is essential considering the role it plays in antigen trafficking and all immunological activity... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969124 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969123&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21683745%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohen SM, Fishinghawk BG, Cohen MS Imaging in the lymphatic system has gone through much advancement over the past 70years since its beginnings. In this review, we will examine the modalities available for lymphatic imaging. We will explore the modern uses of early modalities, such as ultrasound as well as more modern modalities, such as Positron-Emission Tomography (PET). We will also describe some of the new modalities currently in development and their potential uses for the future as well as some of the current imaging modalities being studied in animal models. PMID: 21683745 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969123 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969119&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21689702%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yáñez JA, Wang SW, Knemeyer IW, Wirth MA, Alton KB Intestinal lymphatic transport has been shown to be an absorptive pathway following oral administration of lipids and an increasing number of lipophilic drugs, which once absorbed, diffuse across the intestinal enterocyte and while in transit associate with secretable enterocyte lipoproteins. The chylomicron-associated drug is then secreted from the enterocyte into the lymphatic circulation, rather than the portal circulation, thus avoiding the metabolically-active liver, but still ultimately returning to the systemic circulation. Because of this parallel and potentially alternative absorptive pathway, first-pass metabolism can be reduced while increasing lymphatic drug exposure, which opens the potential for novel therapeut... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969119 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969127&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21669239%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rybak-Smith MJ, Sim RB Carbon nanotube interaction with an important part of the innate immune system, complement, needs to be taken into account when envisaging their use in biomedical applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other synthetic materials are recognized by various components of the complement system in human or mammalian blood and also collectins in the lungs. Modification of the surface chemistry of CNTs alters their interactions with complement proteins and collectins. Functionalizations of CNTs which have been tested so far do not completely prevent complement activation or plasma protein binding. The interaction of the functionalized CNTs with the complement system proteins in blood may influence the adhesion of CNTs to phagocytic cells and red blood cells. ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969127 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969122&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21683746%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaminskas LM, Porter CJ Dendrimers are unique biomaterials that are constructed by the stepwise addition of layers (generations) of polymer around a central core. They can be constructed with a range of molecular weights and have a polyfunctional surface that facilitates the attachment of drugs and pharmacokinetic modifiers such PEG or targeting moieties. These properties have led to considerable interest in the development of dendrimers for a range of biomedical applications. After subcutaneous administration, larger dendrimers in particular (>8nm), preferentially drain from the injection site into the peripheral lymphatic capillaries and therefore have potential as lymphatic imaging agents for magnetic resonance and optical fluorescence lymphangiography and as vectors for... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969122 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969121&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21684313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pavlukhina S, Sukhishvili S Localized delivery of bioactive compounds from surfaces of biomedical devices affords significant therapeutic benefits, and often relies on the capability of surface coatings to provide spatial and temporal control over release rate. The layer-by-layer technique presents a unique means to construct surface coatings that can conform to a variety of biomaterial surfaces and serve as matrices enabling controlled delivery of bioactive molecules from surfaces. The versatility of layer-by-layer assembly enables construction of surface coatings of diverse chemistry and internal architecture with controlled release properties. This review focuses on recent developments in constructing such layered matrices using linear polymers, polymer nanoparticles and bl... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969121 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969120&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21689701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moghimi SM, Andersen AJ, Ahmadvand D, Wibroe PP, Andresen TL, Hunter AC Uncontrolled complement activation can induce many inflammatory and life threatening conditions. Accordingly, the role of complement in initiation of adverse reactions to polymers and nanoparticulate drug carriers is receiving increasing attention and has prompted extensive 'structure-immune performance' relationship studies in nanomedicine research at many fronts. The interaction between nanomaterials and the complement system is complex and regulated by inter-related factors to include nanoscale size, morphology and surface characteristics. Each of these parameters may affect complement activation differently and through different sensing molecules and initiation pathways. The importance of material prop... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969120 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969126&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21669240%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohen MS, Forrest ML PMID: 21669240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969126 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969125&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21679733%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hamdy S, Haddadi A, Hung RW, Lavasanifar A Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating anti-tumor immunity has led to the development of several strategies that target vaccine antigens to DCs as an attempt for developing potent, specific and lasting anti-tumor T cell responses. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview on the application of poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) as cancer vaccine delivery system and highlight their potential in the development of future therapeutic cancer vaccines. PLGA-NPs containing antigens along with immunostimulatory molecules (adjuvants) can not only ta... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969125 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969129&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21664392%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harboe M, Thorgersen EB, Mollnes TE The main function of the complement system is pattern recognition of danger. Typical exogenous danger signals are pathogen associated molecular patterns inducing a protective inflammatory response. Other examples are exposure to foreign surfaces of biomedical materials including nanoparticles, which principally induce the same inflammatory response. If a surface is "foreign" to the host, it induces complement activation. Development of monoclonal antibodies to neoepitopes on complement activation products introduced an entirely new set of methods for assay of complement activation. Activation of complement by a surface occurs by impairment of the fine balance of the control system, e.g. by preferred binding of factor B at the expense of fact... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969129 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969128&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21664937%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Palmer TD, Ashby WJ, Lewis JD, Zijlstra A Mortality and morbidity in patients with solid tumors invariably result from the disruption of normal biological function caused by disseminating tumor cells. Tumor cell migration is under intense investigation as the underlying cause of cancer metastasis. The need for tumor cell motility in the progression of metastasis has been established experimentally and is supported empirically by basic and clinical research implicating a large collection of migration-related genes. However, there are few clinical interventions designed to specifically target the motility of tumor cells and adjuvant therapy to specifically prevent cancer cell dissemination is severely limited. In an attempt to define motility targets suitable for treating metast... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969128 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4922358&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21640772%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Longest PW, Holbrook LT This review discusses the application of computational models to simulate the transport and deposition of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosol from the site of particle or droplet formation to deposition within the respiratory tract. Traditional one-dimensional (1-D) whole-lung models are discussed briefly followed by a more in-depth review of three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The review of CFD models is organized into sections covering transport and deposition within the inhaler device, the extrathoracic (oral and nasal) region, conducting airways, and alveolar space. For each section, a general review of significant contributions and advancements in the area of simulating pharmaceutical aerosols is provided followed by ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4922358 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4922358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876573&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601603%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamashita S PMID: 21601603 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876573 Wed, 18 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876575&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21600252%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schenke-Layland K, Nerem RM PMID: 21600252 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876575 Mon, 16 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876569&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21616108%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wu TL, Zhou D Viral delivery for cancer gene therapy is a promising approach, where traditional radiotherapy or chemotherapy to limit proliferation and movement of cancer cells has met resistance. Based on the new understanding of the biology of the viral vectors, therapeutic viral vectors for cancer gene therapy have been improved for greater safety and efficacy as well as transitioned from being non-replicating to replication-competent. Traditional oncolytic vectors have focused on eliminating tumor growth, while novel vectors simultaneously target epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, which could further prevent and reverse the aggressive tumor progression. In this review, we highlight the illustrative examples of cancer gene therapy in clinical trials... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876569 Sat, 14 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876574&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601602%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan HK PMID: 21601602 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876574 Fri, 13 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876572&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21605607%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yoo JW, Doshi N, Mitragotri S Recent studies have led to significant advances in understanding the impact of key drug carrier properties such as size, surface chemistry and shape on their performance. Converting this knowledge into improved therapeutic outcomes, however, has proved challenging. This owes to the fact that successful drug delivery carriers have to navigate through multiple physiological hurdles including reticuloendothelial system (RES) clearance, target accumulation, intracellular uptake and endosomal escape. Each of these processes may require unique, and often conflicting, design parameters, thus making it difficult to choose a design that addresses all these hurdles. This challenge can be addressed by designing carriers whose properties can be changed in tim... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876572 Thu, 12 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876570&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21616107%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pilcer G, Wauthoz N, Amighi K The delivery efficiency of dry-powder products for inhalation is dependent upon the drug formulation, the inhaler device, and the inhalation technique. Dry powder formulations are generally produced by mixing the micronised drug particles with larger carrier particles. These carrier particles are commonly lactose. The aerosol performance of a powder is highly dependent on the lactose characteristics, such as particle size distribution and shape and surface properties. Because lactose is the main component in these formulations, its selection is a crucial determinant of drug deposition into the lung, as interparticle forces may be affected by the carrier-particle properties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the various grades of ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876570 Thu, 12 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876571&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21609742%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang XA, Mahato RI PMID: 21609742 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876571 Mon, 09 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4876576&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21569804%26dopt%3DAbstract This report gives an overview on the barriers to delivering nanomedicines to various target sites within a solid tumor, the experimental approaches to overcome such barriers, and the potential utility of nanotechnology. PMID: 21569804 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4876576 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4876576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4823653&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21565233%26dopt%3DAbstract We present process considerations for controlling supersaturations as well as physical and chemical routes for modifying API solubility to optimize supersaturation and control particle size. We conclude with a discussion of post-precipitation factors which influence nanoparticle stability and efficacy in vivo and techniques for stabilization. PMID: 21565233 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4823653 Fri, 29 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4823653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4823652&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21565234%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brader P, Wong RJ, Horowitz G, Gil Z There are three main ways for dissemination of solid tumors: direct invasion, lymphatic spread and hematogenic spread. The presence of metastases is the most significant factor in predicting prognosis and therefore evidence of metastases will influence decision-making regarding treatment. Conventional imaging techniques are limited in the evaluation and localization of metastases due to their restricted ability to identify subcentimeter neoplastic disease. Hence, there is a need for an effective noninvasive modality that can accurately identify occult metastases in cancer patients. One such method is the combination of positron emission tomography (PET) with vectors designed for delivery of reporter genes into target cells. Vectors expressi... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4823652 Fri, 29 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4823652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4823655&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21554908%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ai H Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolyte capsules have demonstrated their unique advantages and capability in drug delivery applications. These ordered micro/nano-structures are also promising candidates as imaging contrast agents for diagnostic and theranostic applications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most powerful clinical imaging modality, is moving forward to the molecular imaging field and requires the availability of advanced imaging probes. In this review, we are focusing on the design of MRI visible LbL capsules, which incorporate either paramagnetic metal-ligand complexes or superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. The design criteria cover the topics of probe sensitivity, biosafety, long-circulation property, targeting ligan... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4823655 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4823655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4823654&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21565232%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Boer AH, Chan HK, Price R Many years of research have not led to a profound knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the formulation and dispersion of carrier based mixtures for inhalation. Although it is well understood that the mixing is a key process in DPI carrier based formulation, there remains a limited understanding of how blending processes affect in-process material properties and the resulting distribution of the drug in the final dosage form. A great number of variables are considered relevant to the interfacial forces in adhesive mixtures, but their effects have mostly been investigated individually, without taking account of the influence they may have on each other. Interactions may be expected and without proper choices made and definitions given for all the ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4823654 Fri, 22 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4823654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768597&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514334%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Narang AS, Varia S Tumor targeted drug delivery has the potential to improve cancer care by reducing non-target toxicities and increasing the efficacy of a drug. Tumor targeted delivery of a drug from the systemic circulation, however, requires a thorough understanding of tumor pathophysiology. A growing or receding (under the impact of therapy) tumor represents a dynamic environment with changes in its angiogenic status, cell mass, and extracellular matrix composition. An appreciation of the salient characteristics of tumor vascular architecture and the unique biochemical markers that may be used for targeting drug therapy is important to overcome barriers to tumor drug therapy and to facilitate targeted drug delivery. This review discusses the unique aspects of tumor vascula... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768597 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768594&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21515319%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schenke-Layland K PMID: 21515319 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768594 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768596&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514335%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: König K, Raphael AP, Lin L, Grice JE, Soyer HP, Breunig HG, Roberts MS, Prow TW Multiphoton tomography for in vivo high-resolution multidimensional imaging have been used in clinical investigations and small animal studies. The novel femtosecond laser tomographs have been employed to detect cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical components in situ as well as to study the interaction of drugs with intratissue cells and the extracellular matrix under physiological conditions. Applications include the intra-tissue accumulation of sunscreen nanoparticles in humans, the monitoring the metabolic status of patients with dermatitis, the biosynthesis of collagen after administration of anti-aging products, and the detection of porphyrins after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. More than... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768596 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768595&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514336%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe here a new family of folate-decorated and carbon nanotube (CNT)-mediated drug delivery system that involves uniquely combining carbon nanotubes with anticancer drug (doxorubicin) for controlled drug release, which is gaining significant attention. The synthesis of nanocarrier involved attachment of doxorubicin (DOX) to CNT surface via π-π stacking interaction, followed by encapsulation of CNTs with folic acid-conjugated chitosan. The π-π stacking interaction, ascribed as a non-covalent type of functionalization, allows controlled release of drug. Furthermore, encapsulation of CNTs enhances the stability of the nanocarrier in aqueous medium because of the hydrophilicity and cationic charge of chitosan. The unique integration of drug targeting and visualization has high poten... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768595 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768601&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21504772%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: De Koker S, De Cock LJ, Rivera Gil P, Parak WJ, Auzély Velty R, Vervaet C, Remon JP, Grooten J, De Geest BG Polymeric multilayer capsules have emerged as a novel drug delivery platform. These capsules are fabricated through layer-by-layer sequential deposition of polymers onto a sacrificial core template followed by the decomposition of this core yielding hollow capsules. The resulting nanometer thin membrane is permselective, allowing diffusion of water and ions but excluding larger molecules. Moreover, the sequential fabrication procedure allows a precise fine-tuning of the capsules' physicochemical and biological properties. These properties have put polymeric multilayer capsules under major attention in the field of drug delivery. In this review we focus on polymeric mult... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768601 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768600&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21510987%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Antipina MN, Sukhorukov GB Polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules represent a unique tool to fabricate micron- and submicron-sized delivery systems with the properties of external guidance by means of remote physical influence. Embedding of nanoparticles into polyelectrolyte multilayer constructs opens up the opportunities to navigate the capsules with magnetic field and in-situ trigger the release of encapsulated material in response to the physical stimuli, such as light and ultrasound. So far, optically- and magnetically-induced addressing of the polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules internalized by the living cells in-vitro has been demonstrated. In this review, we discuss the state of the art, future perspectives and anticipated obstacles of in-vivo and in-vitro applications o... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768600 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768599&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21510988%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sato K, Yoshida K, Takahashi S, Anzai JI The present review provides an overview on the recent progress in the development of pH- and sugar-sensitive layer-by-layer (LbL) thin films and microcapsules in relation to their potential applications in drug delivery. pH-sensitive LbL films and microcapsules have been studied for the development of peptide and protein drug delivery systems to the gastrointestinal tract, anti-cancer drugs to tumor cells, anti-inflammatory drugs to inflamed tissues, and the intracellular delivery of DNA, where pH is shifted from neutral to acidic. pH-induced decomposition or permeability changes of LbL films and microcapsules form the basis for the pH-sensitive release of drugs. Sugar-sensitive LbL films and microcapsules have been studied mainly for t... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768599 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768598&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21510989%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ariga K, Lvov YM, Kawakami K, Ji Q, Hill JP There are several requirements for the safe and effective delivery of therapeutic agents for human use. Direct injection of drugs may cause side effects due to their permeation to other, undiseased regions of the body so that concealment and targeting with appropriate materials is a critical consideration in the design of practical drug delivery systems. In particular, carriers with structures which can be flexibly controlled are more useful since functional structure units can be assembled in component-by-component and/or layer-by-layer fashion. In this review, we focus on preparation of layer-by-layer shells directed at drug delivery applications. After a description of the fundamentals of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, recent prog... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768598 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4768598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4719516&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21477627%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu X, Zhang XA, Wang DW Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to biologically active eicosanoids. The primary epoxidation products are four regioisomers of cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET): 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET. CYP2J2, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 are the predominant epoxygenase isoforms involved in EET formation. CYP2J and CYP2C gene families in human are abundantly expressed in endothelium, myocardium, and kidney. The cardiovascular effects of CYP epoxygenases and EETs range from vasodilation, anti-hypertension, pro-angiogenesis, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammation to anti-injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Using transgenic animals for in vivo analyses of CYP epoxygenases revealed comprehensive and marked cardiovascular protective e... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4719516 Mon, 04 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4719516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4719517&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21463658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Delcea M, Möhwald H, Skirtach AG Review of basic principles and recent developments in the area of stimuli responsive polymeric capsules and nanoshells formed via layer-by-layer (LbL) is presented. The most essential attributes of the LbL approach are multifunctionality and responsiveness to a multitude of stimuli. The stimuli can be logically divided into three categories: physical (light, electric, magnetic, ultrasound, mechanical, and temperature), chemical (pH, ionic strength, solvent, and electrochemical) and biological (enzymes and receptors). Using these stimuli, numerous functionalities of nanoshells have been demonstrated: encapsulation, release including that inside living cells or in tissue, sensors, enzymatic reactions, enhancement of mechanical properties, and fu... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4719517 Fri, 01 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4719517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4719518&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457742%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan HK, Kwok PC This review focuses on bottom-up processes such as precipitation (or crystallisation) and single droplet evaporation to produce nanoparticles containing largely pure therapeutics for pharmaceutical applications. Suitable precipitation techniques involve the use of high-gravity, confined impinging liquid jet mixing, multi-inlet vortex mixing, supercritical fluids, and ultrasonic waves. Droplet evaporation methods are spray-based, including nanospray drying, aerosol flow reactor method, spraying of low-boiling solvent under ambient conditions and electrospraying of low-electrical conducting solutions. A key to the success of yielding stable nanoparticles in these various techniques is to control the particle growth kinetics through evaporation rate of the drople... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4719518 Tue, 29 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4719518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663723&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21447362%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shchukina EM, Shchukin DG Nowadays, more than 40% of new pharmacologically active compounds exhibit poor water solubility, which requires the development of the new methods for their administration and delivery. One of the most promising approaches for the development of such delivery systems is the use of layer-by-layer assembly technology for encapsulation of the lipid-based drugs. This technique permits the step-wise adsorption of various components as the layer growth is governed by their electrostatic attraction and allows the formation of multilayer shells with nanometer-scale precision. The proposed review surveys the application of layer-by-layer assembly for emulsions, nanoparticles, and capsule-based delivery systems for lipid-based drugs. PMID: 21447362 [PubMed ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663723 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4663723 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663722&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21447363%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kumar CS, Mohammad F Previous attempts to review the literature on magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy focused primarily on magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) using mono metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles. The term "Hyperthermia" in the literature was also confined only to include use of heat for therapeutic applications. Recently, there have been a number of publications demonstrating magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia to generate local heat resulting in the release of drugs either bound to the magnetic nanoparticle or encapsulated within polymeric matrices. In this review article, we present a case for broadening the meaning of the term "hyperthermia" by including thermotherapy as well as magnetically modulated controlled drug delivery. We provide a cl... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663722 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4663722 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663724&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443915%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaneda Y Despite advancements in treatments, cancer remains a life-threatening disease that is resistant to therapy. Single-modal cancer therapy is often insufficient to provide complete remission. A revolution in cancer therapy may someday be provided by vector-based gene and drug delivery systems. However, it remains difficult to achieve this aim because viral and non-viral vectors have their own advantages and limitations. To overcome these limitations, virosomes have been constructed by combining viral components with non-viral vectors or by using pseudovirions without viral genome replication. Viruses, such as influenza virus, HVJ (hemagglutinating virus of Japan; Sendai virus) and hepatitis B virus, have been used in the construction of virosomes. The HVJ-derived vector ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663724 Fri, 25 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4663724 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663725&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21421015%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Naito Y, Shinoka T, Duncan D, Hibino N, Solomon D, Cleary M, Rathore A, Fein C, Church S, Breuer C The application of tissue engineering technology to cardiovascular surgery hold great promise for improving outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Currently used synthetic vascular grafts have several limitations including thrombogenicity, increased risk of infection, and lack of growth potential. We have completed the first clinical trial evaluating the feasibility of using tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) created by seeding autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) onto biodegradable tubular scaffolds. Despite an excellent safety profile, data from the clinical trial suggest that the primary graft related complication of the TEVG is stenosis,... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663725 Fri, 18 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4663725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4604476&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21397647%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alkilany AM, Thompson LB, Boulos SN, Sisco PN, Murphy CJ Gold nanorods have promising applications in the fields of drug delivery and photothermal therapy. These promises arise from the nanorods' unique optical and photothermal properties, the availability of synthetic protocols that can tune the size and shape of the particles, the ability to modify the surface and conjugate drugs/molecules to the nanorods, and the relative biocompatibility of gold nanorods. In this review, current progress in using gold nanorods as phototherapeutic agents and as drug delivery vehicles is summarized. Issues of dosage, toxicity and biological interactions at three levels (biological media alone; cells; whole organisms) are discussed, concluding with recommendations for future work in this area... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4604476 Thu, 10 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4604476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4604477&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21396416%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Novosel EC, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ The main limitation in engineering in vitro tissues is the lack of a sufficient blood vessel system - the vascularization. In vivo almost all tissues are supplied by these endothelial cell coated tubular networks. Current strategies to create vascularized tissues are discussed in this review. The first strategy is based on the endothelial cells and their ability to form new vessels known as neoangiogenesis. Herein prevascularization techniques are compared to approaches in which biomolecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, peptides and proteins as well as cells are applied to generate new vessels. The second strategy is focused on scaffold-based techniques. Naturally-derived scaffolds, which contain vessels, are distinguished from synthet... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4604477 Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4604477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4604503&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21392551%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen C, Loe F, Blocki A, Peng Y, Raghunath M With the advent of multicellular organisms, the exterior of cells evolved dramatically from highly aqueous surroundings into an extracellular matrix and space crowded with macromolecules. Cell-based therapies require removal of cells from their crowded physiological context and propagating them in dilute culture medium to attain therapeutically relevant numbers whilst preserving their phenotype. However, bereft of their microenvironment, cells under perform and lose functionality. Major efforts currently aim to modify cell culture surfaces and build three dimensional scaffolds to improve this situation. We discuss here alternative strategies that enable cells to re-create their own microenvironment in vitro, using carbohydrate-based... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4604503 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4604503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4604507&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21371511%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nsair A, Maclellan WR The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has, in the short time since their discovery, revolutionized the field of stem cell biology. This technology allows the generation of a virtually unlimited supply of cells with pluripotent potential similar to that of embryonic stem cells (ESC). However, in contrast to ESC, iPSC are not subject to the same ethical concerns and can be easily generated from living individuals. For the first time, patient-specific iPSC can be generated and offer a supply of genetically identical cells that can be differentiated into all somatic cell types for potential use in regenerative therapies or drug screening and testing. As the techniques for generation of iPSC lines are constantly evolving, new uses for human iP... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4604507 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4604507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4604504&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21371513%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hearnden V, Sankar V, Hull K, Juras DV, Greenberg M, Kerr AR, Lockhart PB, Patton LL, Porter S, Thornhill M The oral mucosa's accessibility, excellent blood supply, by-pass of hepatic first-pass metabolism, rapid repair and permeability profile make it an attractive site for local and systemic drug delivery. Technological advances in mucoadhesives, sustained drug release, permeability enhancers and drug delivery vectors are increasing the efficient delivery of drugs to treat oral and systemic diseases. When treating oral diseases, these advances result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced drug wastage and the prospect of using biological agents such as genes, peptides and antibodies. These technologies are also increasing the repertoire of drugs that can be delivered acro... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4604504 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4604504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4604506&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21371512%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ye Z, Zhou Y, Cai H, Tan W Heart failure remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Recent recognition of adult heart having intrinsic regenerative capability prompted a great wave of research efforts in applying cell-based therapies, especially with skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow-derived cells to regenerate broken heart. While the mechanism of action for the observed beneficial effects for bone marrow-derived cells remains obscure, new cell candidates are emerging including embryonic stem (ES) and introduced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells as well as cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from adult heart. Moreover, the very low engraftment efficiency and survival of implanted cells prevent cell therapy from turning into a clinical reality. Injectable hydrogel biomaterials bas... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4604506 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4604506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4542030&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21356260%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lam JK, Liang W, Chan HK Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has a huge potential for the treatment or prevention of various lung diseases. Once the RNA molecules have successfully entered the target cells, they could inhibit the expression of specific gene sequence through RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism and generate therapeutic effects. The biggest obstacle to translating siRNA therapy from the laboratories into the clinics is delivery. An ideal delivery agent should protect the siRNA from enzymatic degradation, facilitate cellular uptake and promote endosomal escape inside the cells, with negligible toxicity. Lung targeting could be achieved by systemic delivery or pulmonary delivery. The latter route of administration could potentially enhance siRNA retention in the lungs and ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4542030 Fri, 25 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4542030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4542031&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21352879%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee VH PMID: 21352879 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4542031 Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4542031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4542032&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21345359%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maeda K, Sugiyama Y Microdose studies using non-radiolabeled compounds enable assessment of the clinical pharmacokinetics of drug candidates in humans without the need to synthesize radiolabeled compounds. We have demonstrated that the quantification limits of many drugs measured by LC-MS/MS are low enough to allow estimation of their pharmacokinetic parameters following administration of a microdose. Our previous microdose studies with LC-MS/MS demonstrated the linear pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine between microdoses and therapeutic doses. We also obtained time profiles of plasma concentrations of nicardipine and its multiple metabolites following administration of a microdose. A significant advantage of using non-radiolabeled compounds is the ability to perform cassette mi... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4542032 Sun, 20 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4542032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4542034&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21333700%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mahato R, Tai W, Cheng K As the mainstay in the treatment of various cancers for several decades, chemotherapy is successful but still faces challenges including non-selectivity and high toxicity. Improving the selectivity is therefore a critical step to improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. Prodrug is one of the most promising approaches to increase the selectivity and efficacy of a chemotherapy drug. The classical prodrug approach is to improve the pharmaceutical properties (solubility, stability, permeability, irritation, distribution, etc.) via a simple chemical modification. This review will focus on various targeted prodrug designs that have been developed to increase the selectivity of chemotherapy drugs. Various tumor-targeting ligands, transporter-associat... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4542034 Thu, 17 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4542034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4542033&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21335038%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chua KN, Poon KL, Lim J, Sim WJ, Huang RY, Thiery JP Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental mechanism in development driving body plan formation. EMT describes a transition process wherein polarized epithelial cells lose their characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. The apico-basal polarity of epithelial cells is replaced by a front-rear polarity in mesenchymal cells which favor cell-extracellular matrix than intercellular adhesion. These events serve as a prerequisite to the context-dependent migratory and invasive functions of mesenchymal cells. In solid tumors, carcinoma cells undergoing EMT not only invade and metastasize but also exhibit cancer stem cell-like properties, providing resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. In cardiov... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4542033 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4542033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484968&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21315781%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the physical and chemical stability of drug nanoparticles, including their mechanisms and corresponding characterization techniques. A few common strategies to overcome stability issues are also discussed. PMID: 21315781 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484968 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484969&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21315122%26dopt%3DAbstract We present our unpublished clinical data on nanoparticle penetration and previously published reports that support the hypothesis that nanoparticles >10nm in diameter are unlikely to penetrate through the stratum corneum into viable human skin but will accumulate in the hair follicle openings, especially after massage. However, significant uptake does occur after damage and in certain diseased skin. Current chemistry limits both atom by atom construction of complex particulates and delineating their molecular interactions within biological systems. In this review we discuss the skin as a nanoparticle barrier, recent work in the field of nanoparticle drug delivery to the skin, and future directions currently being explored. PMID: 21315122 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484969 Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484974&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21295094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Walles T The development of substitutes for the human trachea or its bronchial tree represents a niche application in the rapidly advancing scientific field of Regenerative Medicine. Despite a comparatively small research foundation in the field of tracheo-bronchial bioengineering, four different approaches have already been translated into clinical settings and applied in patients. This can be attributed to the lack of established treatment options for a small group of patients with extensive major airway disease. In this review, the clinical background and tissue-specific basics of tracheo-bronchial bioengineering will be evaluated. Focusing on the clinical applications of bioengineered tracheal tissues, a "top-down" or "bedside-to-bench" analysis is performed in order to gu... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484974 Wed, 02 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484974 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484976&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21295093%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Veiseh O, Kievit F, Ellenbogen RG, Zhang M Cell invasion is an intrinsic cellular pathway whereby cells respond to extracellular stimuli to migrate through and modulate the structure of their extracellular matrix (ECM) in order to develop, repair, and protect the body's tissues. In cancer cells this process can become aberrantly regulated and lead to cancer metastasis. This cellular pathway contributes to the vast majority of cancer related fatalities, and therefore has been identified as a critical therapeutic target. Researchers have identified numerous potential molecular therapeutic targets of cancer cell invasion, yet delivery of therapies remains a major hurdle. Nanomedicine is a rapidly emerging technology which may offer a potential solution for tackling cancer metasta... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484976 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484978&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21281685%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Butcher JT, Mahler GJ, Hockaday LA The aortic valve regulates unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium and arterial system. The natural anatomical geometry and microstructural complexity ensures biomechanically and hemodynamically efficient function. The compliant cusps are populated with unique cell phenotypes that continually remodel tissue for long-term durability within an extremely demanding mechanical environment. Alteration from normal valve homeostasis arises from genetic and microenvironmental (mechanical) sources, which lead to congenital and/or premature structural degeneration. Aortic valve stenosis pathobiology shares some features of atherosclerosis, but its final calcification endpoint is distinct. Despite its broad and significant clinical sign... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484978 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484977&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21281686%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kirkpatrick CJ, Fuchs S, Unger RE The endothelial cell (EC) is practically ubiquitous in the human body and forms the inner cellular lining of the entire cardiovascular system. Following tissue injury, the microcirculation becomes the stage for both the inflammatory response and the subsequent healing reaction to restore physiological function to the damaged tissue. The advent of the multidisciplinary field of Regenerative Medicine (RegMed), of which Tissue Engineering (TE) and drug delivery using modern stimuli-responsive or interactive biomaterials are important components, has opened up new approaches to the acceleration of the healing response. A central and rate-limiting role in the latter is played by the process of vascularization or neovascularization, so that it is no... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484977 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484979&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21277921%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bouten CV, Dankers PY, Driessen-Mol A, Pedron S, Brizard AM, Baaijens FP Cardiovascular tissue engineering aims to find solutions for the suboptimal regeneration of heart valves, arteries and myocardium by creating 'living' tissue replacements outside (in vitro) or inside (in situ) the human body. A combination of cells, biomaterials and environmental cues of tissue development is employed to obtain tissues with targeted structure and functional properties that can survive and develop within the harsh hemodynamic environment of the cardiovascular system. This paper reviews the up-to-date status of cardiovascular tissue engineering with special emphasis on the development and use of biomaterial substrates. Key requirements and properties of these substrates, as well as methods ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484979 Tue, 25 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4484979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417785&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21251940%26dopt%3DAbstract This article's objective is to clarify the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of such an exploratory minimum-risk human trial. The definition and non-clinical study requirements for microdosing have been harmonized among the European Union (EU), United States (US), and Japan. Being conducted according to these regulations, microdosing seems to be ethically well justified in terms of autonomy, beneficence, justice, human dignity, and animal welfare. Three big projects have been demonstrating the predictability of therapeutic dose pharmacokinetics from microdosing. The article offers suggestions as how microdosing can become a more useful and socially accepted strategy. PMID: 21251940 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417785 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417790&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21241756%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Groeber F, Holeiter M, Hampel M, Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K Significant progress has been made over the years in the development of in vitro-engineered substitutes that mimic human skin, either to be used as grafts for the replacement of lost skin or for the establishment of human-based in vitro skin models. This review summarizes these advances in in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue-engineered skin. We further highlight novel efforts in the design of complex disease-in-a-dish models for studies ranging from disease etiology to drug development and screening. PMID: 21241756 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417790 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417789&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21241757%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim HA, Rhim T, Lee M Ischemic heart diseases are caused by narrowed coronary arteries that decrease the blood supply to the myocardium. In the ischemic myocardium, hypoxia-responsive genes are up-regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Gene therapy for ischemic heart diseases uses genes encoding angiogenic growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins as therapeutic genes. These genes increase blood supply into the myocardium by angiogenesis and protect cardiomyocytes from cell death. However, non-specific expression of these genes in normal tissues may be harmful, since growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins may induce tumor growth. Therefore, tight gene regulation is required to limit gene expression to ischemic tissues, to avoid unwanted side effects. For this pu... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417789 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417788&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21241758%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yue J miRNAs are a new class of endogenous small RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Accumulating experimental evidence shows that miRNAs regulate cellular apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Dysregulation of miRNA expression leads to various human diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. miRNA maturation is regulated at multiple steps by different mechanisms, including miRNA editing, hairpin loop binding, self-regulation, and cross-talk with other signaling pathways. Vascular cell movement plays a pivotal role in the development of various cancers and cardiovascular diseases. miRNAs have been found to regulate vascular cell movement. Presently the chemically synthesized antagomir and miRNA mimics h... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417788 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417787&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21241759%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen WL, Simmons CA Diseased tissues are noted for their compromised mechanical properties, which contribute to organ failure; regeneration entails restoration of tissue structure and thereby functions. Thus, the physical signature of a tissue is closely associated with its biological function. In this review, we consider a mechanics-centric view of disease and regeneration by drawing parallels between in vivo tissue-level observations and corroborative cellular evidence in vitro to demonstrate the importance of the mechanical stiffness of the extracellular matrix in these processes. This is not intended to devalue the importance of biochemical signaling; in fact, as we discuss, many mechanical stiffness-driven processes not only require cooperation with biochemical cues, but ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417787 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417786&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21241760%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Monaghan M, Pandit A Tissue engineering aims to provide structural and biomolecular cues to compromised tissues through scaffolds. An emerging biomolecular cue is that of RNA interference by which the expression of genes can be silenced through a potent endogenous pathway. Recombinant viral-based approaches in RNAi delivery exist; however non-viral strategies offer many opportunities to exploit this mechanism of regulation in a safer way. Current RNAi therapies in clinical trials are without a vector (naked) or have slightly modified structures. Modification of these molecules with efficient backbone moieties for improved stability and potency, protecting and buffering them with delivery vehicles, and using scaffolds as reservoirs of delivery is at the frontier of current rese... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417786 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417791&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21237228%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bildstein L, Dubernet C, Couvreur P There are numerous anticancer agents based on a prodrug approach. However, no attempt has been made to review the ample available literature with a specific focus on the altered cell uptake pathways enabled by the conjugation and on the intracellular drug release mechanisms. This review focuses on the cellular interactions of a broad selection of parenterally-administered anti-cancer prodrugs based on synthetic polymers, proteins or lipids. The report also aims to highlight the prodrug design issues, which are key points to obtain an efficient intracellular drug delivery. The chemical basis of these molecular concepts is put into perspective with the uptake and intracellular activation mechanisms, the in vitro and in vivo proofs of concepts,... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417791 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4417791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4355384&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21232565%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dravid GG, Crooks GM The concept that stem cells can be used to replace and regenerate tissue was founded over half a century ago using hematopoietic stem cells in the clinical field of bone marrow transplantation. The development of human embryonic stem cell lines and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells has the potential to overcome the problem presented by shortages of immunologically compatible hematopoietic stem cell donors. This review summarizes the current advances made and limitations to be overcome in order to realize the full potential of engineering blood from pluripotent stem cells for clinical use. PMID: 21232565 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews) Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4355384 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4355384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4355385&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21223990%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Merisko-Liversidge E, Liversidge GG A significant percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredients identified through discovery screening programs are poorly soluble in water. These molecules are often difficult to formulate using conventional approaches and are associated with innumerable formulation-related performance issues, e.g. poor bioavailability, lack of dose proportionality, slow onset of action and other attributes leading to poor patient compliance. In addition, for parenteral products, these molecules are generally administered with co-solvents and thus have many undesirable side effects. Wet media milling is one on the leading particle size reduction approaches that have been successfully used to formulate these problematic compounds. The approach is a water-based... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4355385 Sat, 08 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4355385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4355386&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21184789%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aicher WK, Bühring HJ, Hart M, Rolauffs B, Badke A, Klein G Mesenchymal stromal cells, also referred to as mesenchymal stem cells, can be obtained from various tissues. Today the main source for isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells in mammals is the bone marrow. Mesenchymal stromal cells play an important role in tissue formation and organogenesis during embryonic development. Moreover, they provide the cellular and humoral basis for many processes of tissue regeneration and wound healing in infancy, adolescence and adulthood as well. There is increasing evidence that mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow and other sources including term placenta or adipose tissue are not a homogenous cell population. Only a restricted number of appropriate stem cells markers have been... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4355386 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4355386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4285541&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21167237%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Feil G, Daum L, Amend B, Maurer S, Renninger M, Vaegler M, Seibold J, Stenzl A, Sievert KD Tissue engineering is a promising technique for the development of biological substitutes that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. The creation of human tissue-engineered products, generated of autologous somatic cells or adult stem cells with or without seeding of biocompatible matrices is a vision to resolve the lack of tissues and organs for transplantation and to offer new options for reconstructive surgery. Tissue engineering in urology aims at the reconstruction of the urinary tract by creating anatomically and functionally equal tissue. It is a rapidly evolving field in basic research and the transfer into the clinic has yet to be realized. Necessary steps from benc... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4285541 Tue, 14 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4285541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4285542&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21156190%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li F, Mahato RI Islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes. Despite recent therapeutic success, it is still not common because a large number of transpanted islets get damaged by multiple challenges including instant blood mediated inflammatory reaction, hypoxia/reperfusion injury, inflammatory cytokines, and immune rejection. RNA interference (RNAi) is an novel strategy to selectively degrade target mRNA. The use of RNAi technologies to downregulate the expression of harmful genes has the potential to improve the outcome of islet transplantation. The aim of this review is to gain a thorough understanding of biological obstacles to islet transplantation and discuss how to overcome these barriers using different RNAi technologies. This eventually will help ... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4285542 Sat, 11 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4285542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4285544&cid=s_34421_13_f&fid=34421&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21145932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Szentivanyi A, Chakradeo T, Zernetsch H, Glasmacher B Electrospinning is a versatile technique in tissue engineering for the production of scaffolds. To guide tissue development, scaffolds must provide specific biochemical, structural and mechanical cues to cells and deliver them in a controlled fashion over time. Electrospun scaffold design thus includes aspects of both controlled release and structural cues. Controlled multicomponent and multiphasic drug delivery can be achieved by the careful application and combination of novel electrospinning techniques, i.e., emulsion and co-axial electrospinning. Drug distribution and polymer properties influence the resulting release kinetics. Pore size is far more relevant as a structural parameter than previously recognized. It enabl... Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4285544 Thu, 09 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4285544