MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology' source. Thu, 18 Mar 2010 16:29:44 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3372334&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20232191%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nishizaka T The final goal of our group is to establish the missing link between chemical reaction and mechanical event in molecular motors. To achieve this, we have developed advanced versions of conventional optical microscopes and applied them into single-molecule techniques. In this chapter we present two studies: one is about the kinesin-microtubule system and the other F(1)-ATPase. These techniques are applicable to other molecular machines, hopefully in more sophisticated ways, and we hope to investigate this in future studies. PMID: 20232191 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3372334 Tue, 16 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3372334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3316331&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20186528%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vijayendran C, Flaschel E Since expression profiling methods have been available in a high throughput fashion, the implication of these technologies in the field of biotechnology has increased dramatically. Microarray technology is one such unique and efficient methodology for simultaneous exploration of expression levels of numerous genes. Likewise, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are extensively utilised for studying expression levels of numerous proteins. In the field of biotechnology these highly parallel analytical methods have paved the way to study and understand various biological phenomena depending on expression patterns. The next phenomenological level is represented by the metabolome and t... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3316331 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3316331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3316330&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20186529%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Klein-Marcuschamer D, Yadav VG, Ghaderi A, Stephanopoulos GN The uncertain price and tight supply of crude oil and the ever-increasing demand for clean energy have prompted heightened attention to the development of sustainable fuel technologies that ensure continued economic development while maintaining stewardship of the environment. In the face of these enormous challenges, biomass has emerged as a viable alternative to petroleum for the production of energy, chemicals, and materials owing to its abundance, inexpensiveness, and carbon-neutrality. Moreover, the immense ease and efficiency of biological systems at converting biomass-derived feedstocks into fuels, chemicals, and materials has generated renewed interest in biotechnology as a replacement for traditional chemica... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3316330 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3316330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312102&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20182927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fuchs S, Dohle E, Kolbe M, Kirkpatrick CJ Endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood or cord blood are attracting increasing interest as a potential cell source for cellular therapies aiming to enhance the neovascularization of tissue engineered constructs or ischemic tissues. The present review focus on a specific population contained in endothelial progenitor cell cultures designated as outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC) or endothelial colony forming cells from peripheral blood or cord blood. Special attention will be paid to what is currently known in terms of the origin and the cell biological or functional characteristics of OEC. Furthermore, we will discuss current concepts, how OEC might be integrated in complex tissue engineered constructs based on biomaterial o... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312102 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312101&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20182928%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this chapter is to review the metabolic engineering efforts carried out with E. coli by manipulating the central carbon metabolism and fermentative pathways to obtain strains that produce metabolites with high titers, such as ethanol, alanine, lactate and succinate. PMID: 20182928 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312101 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312100&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20182929%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weckbecker A, Gröger H, Hummel W Dehydrogenases which depend on nicotinamide coenzymes are of increasing interest for the preparation of chiral compounds, either by reduction of a prochiral precursor or by oxidative resolution of their racemate. The regeneration of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide cofactors is a very crucial step because the use of these cofactors in stoichiometric amounts is too expensive for application. There are several possibilities to regenerate nicotinamide cofactors: established methods such as formate/formate dehydrogenase (FDH) for the regeneration of NADH, recently developed electrochemical methods based on new mediator structures, or the application of gene cloning methods for the construction of "designed" cells by heterologous expression of... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312100 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312099&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20182930%26dopt%3DAbstract We report on new routes for the synthesis of oligosaccharides (OS), with emphasis on enzymatic reactions, since they offer unique properties, proceeding highly regio- and stereoselective in water solution, and providing for high yields in general. PMID: 20182930 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312099 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3255309&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20140656%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Biedendieck R, Bunk B, Fürch T, Franco-Lara E, Jahn M, Jahn D Over the last two decades the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium was systematically developed to a useful alternative protein production host. Multiple vector systems for high yield intra- and extracellular protein production were constructed. Strong inducible promoters were combined with DNA sequences for optimised ribosome binding sites, various leader peptides for protein export and N- as well as C-terminal affinity tags for affinity chromatographic purification of the desired protein. High cell density cultivation and recombinant protein production were successfully tested. For further system biology based control and optimisation of the production process the genomes of two B. megaterium strains w... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3255309 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3255309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3255308&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20140657%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wittmann C The Gram-positive soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum was discovered as a natural overproducer of glutamate about 50 years ago. Linked to the steadily increasing economical importance of this microorganism for production of glutamate and other amino acids, the quest for efficient production strains has been an intense area of research during the past few decades. Efficient production strains were created by applying classical mutagenesis and selection and especially metabolic engineering strategies with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Hereby experimental and computational approaches have provided fascinating insights into the metabolism of this microorganism and directed strain engineering. Today, C. glutamicum is applied to the industrial production... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3255308 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3255308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3255307&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20140658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee SY, Park JH Random mutation and selection or targeted metabolic engineering without consideration of its impact on the entire metabolic and regulatory networks can unintentionally cause genetic alterations in the region, which is not directly related to the target metabolite. This is one of the reasons why strategies for developing industrial strains are now shifted towards targeted metabolic engineering based on systems biology, which is termed systems metabolic engineering. Using systems metabolic engineering strategies, all the metabolic engineering works are conducted in systems biology framework, whereby entire metabolic and regulatory networks are thoroughly considered in an integrated manner. The targets for purposeful engineering are selected after all possible eff... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3255307 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3255307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3255306&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20140659%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lapin A, Klann M, Reuss M Agent-based models are rigorous tools for simulating the interactions of individual entities, such as organisms or molecules within cells and assessing their effects on the dynamic behavior of the system as a whole. In context with bioprocess and biosystems engineering there are several interesting and important applications. This contribution aims at introducing this strategy with the aid of two examples characterized by striking distinctions in the scale of the individual entities and the mode of their interactions. In the first example a structured-segregated model is applied to travel along the lifelines of single cells in the environment of a three-dimensional turbulent field of a stirred bioreactor. The modeling approach is based on an Euler-Lag... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3255306 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3255306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3255305&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20140660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baumstark-Khan C, Hellweg CE, Reitz G With the dramatic increase in the number of new agents arising from the chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries, there is an urgent need to develop assays for rapid evaluation of potential risks to man and environment. The panel of conventional tests used for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity and the strategies to progress from small scale assays to high content screening in toxicology are discussed. The properties of components necessary as sensors and reporters for new reporter assays, and the application of genetic strategies to design assays are reviewed. The concept of cellular reporters is based on the use of promoters of chemical stress-regulated genes ligated to a suitable luminescent or fluorescent reporter gene. Current... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3255305 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3255305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3201141&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20091287%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weber C, Pohl S, Poertner R, Pino-Grace P, Freimark D, Wallrapp C, Geigle P, Czermak P Cell based therapy promises the treatment of many diseases like diabetes mellitus, Parkinson disease or stroke. Microencapsulation of the cells protects them against host-vs-graft reactions and thus enables the usage of allogenic cell lines for the manufacturing of cell therapeutic implants. The production process of such implants consists mainly of the three steps expansion of the cells, encapsulation of the cells, and cultivation of the encapsulated cells in order to increase their vitality and thus quality. This chapter deals with the development of fixed-bed bioreactor-based cultivation procedures used in the first and third step of production. The bioreactor system for the expansion of ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3201141 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3201141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3201140&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20091288%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kuhbier JW, Weyand B, Radtke C, Vogt PM, Kasper C, Reimers K While bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are known and have been investigated for a long time, mesenchymal stem cells derived from the adipose tissue were identified as such by Zuk et al. in 2001. However, as subcutaneous fat tissue is a rich source which is much more easily accessible than bone marrow and thus can be reached by less invasive procedures, adipose-derived stem cells have moved into the research spotlight over the last 8 years.Isolation of stromal cell fractions involves centrifugation, digestion, and filtration, resulting in an adherent cell population containing mesenchymal stem cells; these can be subdivided by cell sorting and cultured under common conditions.They seem to have comparable pro... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3201140 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3201140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3201139&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20091289%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bullerjahn GS, Boyanapalli R, Rozmarynowycz MJ, McKay RM Due to their ubiquity in aquatic environments and their contribution to total biomass, especially in oligotrophic systems, cyanobacteria can be viewed as a proxy for primary productivity in both marine and fresh waters. In this chapter we describe the development and use of picocyanobacterial bioreporters to measure the bioavailability of nutrients that may constrain total photosynthesis in both lacustrine and marine systems. Issues pertaining to bioreporter construction, performance and field applications are discussed. Specifically, luminescent Synechococcus spp. and Synechocystis spp. bioreporters are described that allow the bioavailability of phosphorus, nitrogen and iron to be accurately measured in environmental s... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3201139 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3201139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3201138&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20091290%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Date A, Pasini P, Daunert S Luminescent whole-cell biosensing systems have been developed for a variety of analytes of environmental, clinical, and biological interest. These analytical tools allow for sensitive, rapid, simple, and inexpensive quantitative detection of target analytes. Furthermore, they can be designed to be nonspecific, semispecific, or highly specific/selective. A notable feature of such sensing systems employing living cells is that they provide information on the analyte bioavailability and activity. These characteristics, along with their suitability to miniaturization, make cell-based sensors ideal for field applications. However, a major limitation to on-site use is their "shelf-life." To address this problem, various methods for preservation of sensing... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3201138 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3201138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3201137&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20091291%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Banerjee P, Franz B, Bhunia AK Use of living cells or cellular components in biosensors is receiving increased attention and opens a whole new area of functional diagnostics. The term "mammalian cell-based biosensor" is designated to biosensors utilizing mammalian cells as the biorecognition element. Cell-based assays, such as high-throughput screening (HTS) or cytotoxicity testing, have already emerged as dependable and promising approaches to measure the functionality or toxicity of a compound (in case of HTS); or to probe the presence of pathogenic or toxigenic entities in clinical, environmental, or food samples. External stimuli or changes in cellular microenvironment sometimes perturb the "normal" physiological activities of mammalian cells, thus allowing CBBs to screen,... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3201137 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3201137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194653&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20087723%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shimomura-Shimizu M, Karube I Since the first microbial cell sensor was studied by Karube et al. in 1977, many types of microbial cell sensors have been developed as analytical tools. The microbial cell sensor utilizes microbes as a sensing element and a transducer. The characteristics of microbial cell sensors as sensing devices are a complete contrast to those of enzyme sensors or immunosensors, which are highly specific for the substrates of interest, although the specificity of the microbial cell sensor has been improved by genetic modification of the microbe used as the sensing element. Microbial cell sensors have the advantages of tolerance to measuring conditions, a long lifetime, and good cost performance, and have the disadvantage of a long response time. In this revi... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194653 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3194653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194652&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20087724%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shimomura-Shimizu M, Karube I Since the first microbial cell sensor was studied by Karube et al. in 1977, many types of yeast based sensors have been developed as analytical tools. Yeasts are known as facultative anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The yeast based sensor consisted of a DO electrode and an immobilized omnivorous yeast. In yeast based sensor development, many kinds of yeast have been employed by applying their characteristics to adapt to the analyte. For example, Trichosporon cutaneum was used to estimate organic pollution in industrial wastewater. Yeast based sensors are suitable for online control of biochemical processes and for environmental monitoring. In this review, principles and applications of yeast ba... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194652 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3194652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194651&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20087725%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ron EZ, Rishpon J One of the recently developed monitoring technologies involves the use of whole cell biosensors. Such biosensors can be constructed to detect expression of genes of interest and the effect of the environment on this expression. These biosensors are essential for monitoring environmental stress, such as general toxicity or specific toxicity caused by pollutants. Currently, a large spectrum of microbial biosensors have been developed that enable the monitoring of gene expression by measuring light, fluorescence, color, or electric current. The electrochemical monitoring is of special interest for in situ measurements as it can be performed using simple, compact, and mobile equipment and is easily adaptable for online measurements. Here we survey the potential a... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194651 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3194651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968176&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19888561%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu Y, Wang D, Fan WL, Mu XQ, Chen J The earliest industrial biotechnology originated in ancient China and developed into a vibrant industry in traditional Chinese liquor, rice wine, soy sauce, and vinegar. It is now a significant component of the Chinese economy valued annually at about 150 billion RMB. Although the production methods had existed and remained basically unchanged for centuries, modern developments in biotechnology and related fields in the last decades have greatly impacted on these industries and led to numerous technological innovations. In this chapter, the main biochemical processes and related technological innovations in traditional Chinese biotechnology are illustrated with recent advances in functional microbiology, microbial ecology, solid-state fermen... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968176 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2968176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2895400&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19826777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamagata Y A new methodology for fabricating thin film or micro patters of organic/bio material using surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomizer and electrostatic deposition is proposed and characteristics of atomization techniques are discussed in terms of drop size and atomization speed. Various types of SAW atomizer are compared with electrospray and conventional ultrasonic atomizers. It has been proved that SAW atomizers generate drops as small as electrospray and have very fast atomization speed. This technique is applied to fabrication of micro patterns of proteins. According to the result of immunoassay, the specific activity of immunoglobulin was preserved after deposition process. PMID: 19826777 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engine... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2895400 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2895400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2895399&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19826778%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saito M, Hiep HM, Nagatani N, Tamiya E With recent advances in nanotechnology, development of nanomaterial bioconjugates is growing exponentially towards eventual translation into biomolecular recognition layers on surfaces. Label-free monitoring of biorecognition events is also key-technology and provides a promising platform, which is simple, cost-effective, and requires no external modification to biomolecules. In this review, we describe the application of nanomaterials, mainly metal nanoparticles, and -specific applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based label-free approaches. PMID: 19826778 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2895399 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2895399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2745821&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19714316%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Onodera K The development of the molecular biology of bacteriophage such as T4, lambda and filamentous phages was described and the process that the fundamental knowledge obtained in this field has subsequently led us to the technology of phage display was introduced. PMID: 19714316 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2745821 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2745821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2675303&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19655102%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu SJ, Liu L, Chaudhry MT, Wang L, Chen YG, Zhou Q, Liu H, Chen J Environmental biotechnology has emerged as an important measure to tackle the environmental pollution as China experiences great economic success. Over the past decade, much emphasis has been paid to the following fields in environmental biotechnology: microbial degradation of toxic and organic chemicals, bio-treatment of wastewater, waste recycling. The Chinese researchers have done a lot of work to understand the natural degradation processes for organic and toxic compounds and finally to clean these compounds from polluted environments. For the treatment of wastewater, many new processes were proposed and optimized to meet the more strict effluent standards in China. Finally, more and more attention has been... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2675303 Tue, 04 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2675303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2668557&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19649586%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kikuchi K Cellular imaging has achieved many new biological findings, among them GFP and other fluorescent proteins and small molecule based fluorescent sensors have been widely used, especially in the last decade. The design concept and application of chemical sensors are described, these being FRET based sensors and Zn(2+) sensors.Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been used extensively as the designing principle for fluorescent sensor molecules. One of the most significant advantages of designing sensor molecules with FRET modulation is that it can enable ratiometric measurement in living cells, which reduces the artifact from microscopic imaging systems. The design strategy for the development of small molecular FRET sensors is described in terms of avoiding... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2668557 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2668557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2635107&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19623477%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yu HL, Xu JH, Lu WY, Lin GQ The importance of chiral issues in active pharmaceutical ingredients has been widely recognized not only by pharmacologists, but also by chemists, chemical engineers and administrators. In fact, the worldwide sales of single-enantiomer drugs have exceeded US $150 billion. Among them the contribution rate of biocatalysis technology is ever increasing (up to 15-20%). This chapter will focus on the biocatalytic synthesis of chiral compounds useful for pharmaceutical industry. Diverse enzymes, such as oxidoreductases, epoxide hydrolases, nitrilases/nitrile hydratases and hydroxy nitrile lyases which were isolated from various sources including microorganisms and plants, and the methodology for utilizing these enzymes in enantioselective or asymmetric sy... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2635107 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2635107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2635106&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19623478%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ravisé A, Cameau E, De Abreu G, Pralong A Modern biotechnology has grown over the last 35 years to a maturing industry producing and delivering high-value biopharmaceuticals that yield important medical and economical benefits. The constantly increasing need for biopharmaceuticals and significant costs related to time-consuming R&D work makes this industry risky and highly competitive. This trend is confirmed by the important number of biopharmaceuticals that are actually under development at all stages by all major pharmaceutical industry companies. A consequence of this evolution is an increasing need for development and manufacturing capacity. The build up of traditional - stainless steel - technology is complicated, time consuming and very expensive. The decision ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2635106 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2635106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2615543&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19609497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rudolph G, Lindner P, Bluma A, Joeris K, Martinez G, Hitzmann B, Scheper T To observe and control cultivation processes, optical sensors are used increasingly. Important parameters for controlling such processes are cell count, cell size distribution, and the morphology of cells. Among turbidity measurement methods, imaging procedures are applied for determining these process parameters. A disadvantage of most previously developed imaging procedures is that they are only available offline which requires sampling. On the other hand, available imaging inline probes can so far only deliver a limited number of process parameters. This chapter presents new optical procedures for the inline determination of cell count, cell size distribution, and other parameters. In particular, by ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2615543 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2615543 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549142&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19547941%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Torii T When quantitative analysis or quantitative chemical synthesis is performed using a micrototal analysis system (microTAS), the technologies for precise metering, transporting, and mixing of droplets are required. In this chapter, several technologies for the handling of droplets are described. For metering, dispensing and transporting of droplets, pneumatic and electrokinetic forces are used. Separation of cells and particles is also performed by electrical operation. Other handling technique, such as ultrasonic or centrifugal force applications, are also reviewed. Robotic synthesis devices or high throughput screening devices are promising applications for these technologies. PMID: 19547941 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engine... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549142 Mon, 22 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549147&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19543702%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hynninen A, Virta M Whole-cell bioreporters are living microorganisms that produce a specific, quantifiable output in response to target chemicals. Typically, whole-cell bioreporters combine a sensor element for the substance of interest and a reporter element coding for an easily detectable protein. The sensor element is responsible for recognizing the presence of an analyte. In the case of metal bioreporters, the sensor element consists of a DNA promoter region for a metal-binding transcription factor fused to a promoterless reporter gene that encodes a signal-producing protein.In this review, we provide an overview of specific whole-cell bioreporters for heavy metals. Because the sensing of metals by bioreporter microorganisms is usually based on heavy metal resistance/home... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549147 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549146&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19543703%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reifferscheid G, Buchinger S Genotoxicity test systems that are based on bacteria display an important role in the detection and assessment of DNA damaging chemicals. They belong to the basic line of test systems due to their easy realization, rapidness, broad applicability, high sensitivity and good reproducibility. Since the development of the Salmonella microsomal mutagenicity assay by Ames and coworkers in the early 1970s, significant development in bacterial genotoxicity assays was achieved and is still a subject matter of research. The basic principle of the mutagenicity assay is a reversion of a growth inhibited bacterial strain, e.g., due to auxotrophy, back to a fast growing phenotype (regain of prototrophy). Deeper knowledge of the -mutation events allows a mechanist... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549146 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549145&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19543704%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Henriques JG, Buziol S, Stocker E, Voogd A, Menezes JC Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a process monitoring and process supervision technique is reviewed in the context of biomanufacturing.An industrial pilot-plant mammalian cell cultivation process has been chosen to illustrate the use of on-line in-situ NIR monitoring by means of an immersion transflectance NIR probe.NIR calibration development must be performed carefully and should incorporate a number of steps to obtain a properly validated model which exhibits long-term robustness and is independent of process scale. A description of such good modelling practises is given. In general, NIR can be as accurate as the reference methods employed and at least as precise provided that sufficient spectral selectivity and sens... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549145 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549144&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19543705%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Almog R, Daniel R, Vernick S, Ron A, Ben-Yoav H, Shacham-Diamand Y The use of on-chip cellular activity monitoring for biological/chemical sensing is promising for environmental, medical and pharmaceutical applications. The miniaturization revolution in microelectronics is harnessed to provide on-chip detection of cellular activity, opening new horizons for miniature, fast, low cost and portable screening and monitoring devices. In this chapter we survey different on-chip cellular activity detection technologies based on electrochemical, bio-impedance and optical detection. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-on-chip technologies are mentioned and reviewed. PMID: 19543705 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549144 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549143&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19543706%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wu J, Zeng F, Weisel RD, Li RK Congestive heart failure, which often occurs progressively following a myocardial infarction, is characterized by impaired myocardial perfusion, ventricular dilatation, and cardiac dysfunction. Novel treatments are required to reverse these effects - especially in older patients whose endogenous regenerative responses to currently available therapies are limited by age. This review explores the current state of research for two related approaches to cardiac regeneration: cell therapy and tissue engineering. First, to evaluate cell therapy, we review the effectiveness of various cell types for their ability to limit ventricular dilatation and promote functional recovery following implantation into a damaged heart. Next, to assess tissue engineerin... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549143 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549148&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19533060%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lam H, Kostov Y In this chapter the optical sensors for oxygen, pH, carbondioxide and optical density (OD) which are essential for bioprocess monitoring are introduced, their measurement principles are explained and their realization and applications are shown. In addition sensors for ethanol and GFP are presented. With the exception of the optical density sensor all others employ certain fluorophores that are sensitive to the designated parameter. These fluorophores along with their optical properties, the sensing mechanisms and their mathematical formulations are described. An important part of this chapter covers the development of the optoelectronic hardware for low cost systems that are able to measure the fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence intensity ratio. The employ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549148 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472168&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19517075%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brecht R Modern biopharmaceutical development is characterised by deep understanding of the structure activity relationship of biological drugs. Therefore, the production process has to be tailored more to the product requirements than to the existing equipment in a certain facility. In addition, the major challenges for the industry are to lower the high production costs of biologics and to shorten the overall development time. The flexibility for providing different modes of operation using disposable bioreactors in the same facility can fulfil these demands and support tailor-made processes.Over the last 10 years, a huge and still increasing number of disposable bioreactors have entered the market. Bioreactor volumes of up to 2,000 L can be handled by using disposable bag s... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472168 Thu, 11 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472182&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19513633%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zweigerdt R Stem cells have been envisioned to become an unlimited cell source for regenerative medicine. Notably, the interest in stem cells lies beyond direct therapeutic applications. They might also provide a previously unavailable source of valuable human cell types for screening platforms, which might facilitate the development of more efficient and safer drugs. The heterogeneity of stem cell types as well as the numerous areas of application suggests that differential processes are mandatory for their in vitro culture. Many of the envisioned applications would require the production of a high number of stem cells and their derivatives in scalable, well-defined and potentially clinical compliant manner under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP). In this review we p... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472182 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472284&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19499206%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eltzov E, Marks RS Different whole cell fiber optic based biosensors have been developed to detect the total effect of a wide range of environmental pollutants, providing results within a very short period. These biosensors are usually built from three major components, the biorecognition element (whole-cells) intimately attached to a transducer (optic fiber) using a variety of techniques (adsorption, covalent binding, polymer trapping, etc). Even with a great progress in the field of biosensors, there is still a serious lack of commercial applications, capable of competing with traditional analytical tools. PMID: 19499206 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472284 Fri, 05 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472273&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19499207%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ni Q, Zhang J Our understanding of cellular signaling is critically dependent on our ability to visualize and quantify specific signaling events with high spatial and temporal resolution in the cellular context. Over the past decade or so, biosensors based on fluorescent proteins and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have emerged as one major class of fluorescent probes that are capable of tracking a variety of cellular signaling events, such as second messenger dynamics and enzyme activation/activity, in time and space. Here we review recent advances in the development of such biosensors and some biological insights revealed by these biosensors in living cells, tissue, and organisms. PMID: 19499207 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Bioch... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472273 Fri, 05 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472273 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472303&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19495683%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Amit M, Itskovitz-Eldor J Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from the mammalian blastocyst. Traditionally, these cells have been derived and cultured with mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) supportive layers, which allow their continuous growth in an undifferentiated state. However, for any future industrial or clinical application hESCs should be cultured in reproducible, defined, and xeno-free culture system, where exposure to animal pathogens is prevented. From their derivation in 1998 the methods for culturing hESCs were significantly improved. This chapter wills discuss hESC characterization and the basic methods for their derivation and maintenance. PMID: 19495683 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechn... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472303 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472228&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19499208%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Catapano G, Patzer JF, Gerlach JC Acute liver failure (ALF) is a devastating diagnosis with an overall survival of approximately 60%. Liver transplantation is the therapy of choice for ALF patients but is limited by the scarce availability of donor organs. The prognosis of ALF patients may improve if essential liver functions are restored during liver failure by means of auxiliary methods because liver tissue has the capability to regenerate and heal. Bioartificial liver (BAL) approaches use liver tissue or cells to provide ALF patients with liver-specific metabolism and synthesis products necessary to relieve some of the symptoms and to promote liver tissue regeneration. The most promising BAL treatments are based on the culture of tissue engineered (TE) liver constructs, wit... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472228 Thu, 28 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472400&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475376%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhong JJ, Xiao JH Medicinal higher fungi such as Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum have been used as an alternative medicine remedy to promote health and longevity for people in China and other regions of the world since ancient times. Nowadays there is an increasing public interest in the secondary metabolites of those higher fungi for discovering new drugs or lead compounds. Current research in drug discovery from medicinal higher fungi involves a multifaceted approach combining mycological, biochemical, pharmacological, metabolic, biosynthetic and molecular techniques. In recent years, many new secondary metabolites from higher fungi have been isolated and are more likely to provide lead compounds for new drug discovery, which may include chemopreventive agents posse... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472400 Tue, 26 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472382&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475377%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen J, Zheng RC, Zheng YG, Shen YC Biotransformation of nitriles mediated by nitrile-amide converting enzymes has attracted considerable attention and developed tremendously in the recent years in China since it offers a valuable alternative to traditional chemical reaction which required harsh conditions. As a result, an upsurge of these promising enzymes (including nitrile hydratase, nitrilase and amidase) has been taking place. This review aims at describing these enzymes in detail. A variety of microorganisms harboring nitrile-amide converting activities have been isolated and identified in China, some of which have already applied with moderate success. Currently, a wide range of high-value compounds such as aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic and heterocyclic amides and thei... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472382 Tue, 26 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472597&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475368%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ripp S Considered the most abundant organism on Earth, at a population approaching 10(31), bacteriophage, or phage for short, mediate interactions with myriad bacterial hosts that has for decades been exploited in phage typing schemes for signature identification of clinical, food-borne, and water-borne pathogens. With over 5,000 phage being morphologically characterized and grouped as to susceptible host, there exists an enormous cache of bacterial-specific sensors that has more recently been incorporated into novel bio-recognition assays with heightened sensitivity, specificity, and speed. These assays take many forms, ranging from straightforward visualization of labeled phage as they attach to their specific bacterial hosts to reporter phage that genetically deposit tracka... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472597 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472551&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475369%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fleming JT The direct interfacing of living cells with inorganic electronic materials, components or systems has led to the development of two broad categories of devices that can (1) transduce biochemical signals generated by biological components into electrical signals and (2) transduce electronically generated signals into biochemical signals. The first category of devices permits the monitoring of living cells, the second, enables control of cellular processes. This review will survey this exciting area with emphasis on the fundamental issues and obstacles faced by researchers. Devices and applications that use both prokaryotic (microbial) and eukaryotic (mammalian) cells will be covered. Individual devices described include microbial biofuel cells that produce electricit... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472551 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472551 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472531&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475370%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the uses of live cell optical sensing for probing cell biology and ligand pharmacology, with an emphasis of resonant waveguide grating biosensor cellular assays for high throughput applications. PMID: 19475370 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472531 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472511&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475371%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diplock EE, Alhadrami HA, Paton GI Bioreporters have been widely acknowledged to represent new and novel approaches in applied microbiology. Despite a plethora of constructions covering a diverse range of detection devices and host organisms, genuine applications are rare. Here, their application in the areas of general environmental microbiology, analytical detection and bioremediation are summarised and critically considered. Future applications require a more integrated approach such that those constructing bioreporters are aware of the needs of the end-user. A decade ago, predictions were made of the pivotal role of bioreporters and our future reliance; this fortune telling may take another decade to reach fruition. PMID: 19475371 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (S... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472511 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472511 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472489&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475372%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Colpo P, Ruiz A, Ceriotti L, Rossi F The interaction of biological systems with synthetic material surfaces is an important issue for many biological applications such as implanted devices, tissue engineering, cell-based sensors and assays, and more generally biologic studies performed ex vivo. To ensure reliable outcomes, the main challenge resides in the ability to design and develop surfaces or artificial micro-environment that mimic 'natural environment' in interacting with biomolecules and cells without altering their function and phenotype. At this effect, microfabrication, surface chemistry and material science play a pivotal role in the design of advanced in-vitro systems for cell culture applications. In this chapter, we discuss and describe different techniques enabl... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472489 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472470&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475373%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Glindkamp A, Riechers D, Rehbock C, Hitzmann B, Scheper T, Reardon KF For better control of productivity and product quality, detailed monitoring of various parameters is required. Since disposable bioreactors become more and more important for biotechnological applications, adequate sensors for this type of reactor are necessary. The required properties of sensors used in disposable reactors differ from those of sensors for multiuse reactors. For example, sensors which are in direct contact with the medium must be inexpensive, but do not need a long life-time, since they can be used only once.This chapter gives an overview on the state of the art and future trends in the field of sensors suited for use in disposable bioreactors. The main focus here is on in situ sensors, whic... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472470 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472446&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475374%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reardon KF, Zhong Z, Lear KL For monitoring and treatment of soil and water, environmental scientists and engineers require measurements of the concentration of chemical contaminants. Although laboratory-based methods relying on gas or liquid chromatography can yield very accurate measurements, they are also complex, time consuming, expensive, and require sample pretreatment. Furthermore, they are not readily adapted for in situ measurements.Sensors are devices that can provide continuous, in situ measurements, ideally without the addition of reagents. A biosensor incorporates a biological component coupled to a transducer, which translates the interaction between the analyte and the biocomponent into a signal that can be processed and reported. A wide range of transducers hav... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472446 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472420&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475375%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ducos JP, Terrier B, Courtois D PMID: 19475375 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472420 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472353&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19475378%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu P, Feng J, Yu B, Li F, Ma C PMID: 19475378 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472353 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472197&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19499209%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang X, Stettler M, Sanctis DD, Perrone M, Parolini N, Discacciati M, Jesus MD, Hacker D, Quarteroni A, Wurm F Driven by the commercial success of recombinant biopharmaceuticals, there is an increasing demand for novel mammalian cell culture bioreactor systems for the rapid production of biologicals that require mammalian protein processing. Recently, orbitally shaken bioreactors at scales from 50 mL to 1,000 L have been explored for the cultivation of mammalian cells and are considered to be attractive alternatives to conventional stirred-tank bioreactors because of increased flexibility and reduced costs. Adequate oxygen transfer capacity was maintained during the scale-up, and strategies to increase further oxygen transfer rates (OTR) were explored, while maintaining favor... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472197 Thu, 21 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472745&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373447%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sun Y, Liu FF, Shi QH Preparative liquid chromatography is widely used for the purification of chemical and biological substances. Different from high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of many different components at minimized sample loading, high-performance preparative chromatography is of much larger scale and should be of high resolution and high capacity at high operation speed and low to moderate pressure drop. There are various approaches to this end. For biochemical engineers, the traditional way is to model and optimize a purification process to make it exert its maximum capability. For high-performance separations, however, we need to improve chromatographic technology itself. We herein discuss four approaches in this review, mainly based on the rece... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472745 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472726&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373448%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paek KY, Murthy HN, Hahn EJ, Zhong JJ Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is one of the most famous oriental medicinal plants used as crude drugs in Asian countries, and now it is being used worldwide for preventive and therapeutic purposes. Among diverse constituents of ginseng, saponins (ginsenosides) have been found to be major components responsible for their biological and pharmacological actions. On the other hand, difficulties in the supply of pure ginsenosides in quantity prevent the development of ginseng for clinical medicines. Cultivation of ginseng in fields takes a long time, generally 5-7 years, and needs extensive effort regarding quality control since growth is susceptible to many environmental factors including soil, shade, climate, pathogens and pests. To sol... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472726 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472726 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472708&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373449%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu XW, Yu HQ, Ni BJ, Sheng GP Recently extensive studies have been carried out to cultivate aerobic granular sludge worldwide, including in China. Aerobic granules, compared with conventional activated sludge flocs, are well known for their regular, dense, and strong microbial structure, good settling ability, high biomass retention, and great ability to withstand shock loadings. Studies have shown that the aerobic granules could be applied for the treatment of low- or high-strength wastewaters, simultaneous removal of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and decomposition of toxic wastewaters. Thus, this new form of activate sludge, like anaerobic granular sludge, could be employed for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters in near future. This chapter att... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472708 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472689&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373450%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gottschalk U Disposable equipment has been used for many years in the downstream processing industry, but mainly for filtration and buffer/media storage. Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in the use of disposable concepts for chromatography, replacing steel and glass fixed systems with disposable plastic modules that can be discarded once exhausted, fouled or contaminated. These modules save on cleaning and validation costs, and their reduce footprints reduce buffer consumption, water for injection, labor and facility space, contributing to an overall reduction in expenditure that lowers the cost of goods. This chapter examines the practical and economic benefits of disposable modules in downstream processing. PMID: 19373450 [PubMed - as supplied by ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472689 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472668&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373451%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Geraerts M, Verfaillie CM The discovery of adult stem cells in most adult tissues is the basis of a number of clinical studies that are carried out, with therapeutic use of hematopoietic stem cells as a prime example. Intense scientific debate is still ongoing as to whether adult stem cells may have a greater plasticity than previously thought. Although cells with some features of embryonic stem cells that, among others, express Oct4, Nanog and SSEA1 are isolated from fresh tissue, it is not clear if the greater differentiation potential is acquired during cell culture. Moreover, adult more pluripotent cells do not have all pluripotent characteristics typical for embryonic stem cells. Recently, some elegant studies were published in which adult cells could be completely reprog... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472668 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472646&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373452%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang Y Some high value proteins and vaccines for medical and veterinary applications by animal cell culture have an increasing market in China. In order to meet the demands of large-scale productions of proteins and vaccines, animal cell culture technology has been widely developed. In general, an animal cell culture process can be divided into two stages in a batch culture. In cell growth stage a high specific growth rate is expected to achieve a high cell density. In production stage a high specific production rate is stressed for the expression and secretion of qualified protein or replication of virus. It is always critical to maintain high cell viability in fed-batch and perfusion cultures. More concern has been focused on two points by the researchers in China. First, t... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472646 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472626&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19373453%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eibl R, Werner S, Eibl D Today wave-mixed bag bioreactors are common devices in modern biotechnological processes where simple, safe and flexible production has top priority. Numerous studies that have been published on ex vivo generation of cells, viruses and therapeutic agents during the last 10 years have confirmed their suitability and even superiority to stirred bioreactors made from glass or stainless steel for animal as well as plant cell cultivations. In these studies the wave-mixed bag bioreactors enabled middle to high cell density and adequate productivity in laboratory and pilot scale. This mainly results from low-shear conditions and highly efficient oxygen transfer for cell cultures, as demonstrated for the widely used BioWave((R)).Starting with an overview of wa... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472626 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472603&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19384530%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eibl R, Eibl D In order to increase process efficiency, many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have introduced disposable bag technology over the last 10 years. Because this technology also greatly reduces the risk of cross-contamination, disposable bags are preferred in applications in which an absolute or improved process safety is a necessity, namely the production of functional tissue for implantation (tissue engineering), the production of human cells for the treatment of cancer and immune system diseases (cellular therapy), the production of viruses for gene therapies, the production of therapeutic proteins, and veterinary as well as human vaccines. Bioreactors with a pre-sterile cultivation bag made of plastic material are currently used in both development and... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472603 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472778&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19347267%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tolosa L PMID: 19347267 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472778 Sat, 04 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472778 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472763&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19347268%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bosio A, Huppert V, Donath S, Hennemann P, Malchow M, Heinlein UA PMID: 19347268 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472763 Sat, 04 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472843&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19343303%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gruh I, Martin U Recently a large amount of new data on the plasticity of stem cells of various lineages have emerged, providing new perspectives especially for the therapeutic application of adult stem cells. Previously unknown possibilities of cell differentiation beyond the known commitment of a given stem cell have been described using keywords such as "blood to liver," or "bone to brain." Controversies on the likelihood, as well as the biological significance, of these conversions almost immediately arose within this young field of stem cell biology. This chapter will concentrate on these controversies and focus on selected examples demonstrating the technical aspects of stem cell transdifferentiation and the evaluation of the tools used to analyze these events. PMID:... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472843 Sat, 28 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472792&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19343308%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hatakeyama H, Akita H, Kogure K, Harashima H In this review we introduce a new concept for developing a nonviral gene delivery system which we call "Programmed Packaging." Based on this concept, we succeeded in developing a multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND), which exerts high transfection activities equivalent to those of an adenovirus in a dividing cell. The use of MEND has been extended to in vivo applications. PEG/peptide/DOPE ternary conjugate (PPD)-MEND, a new in vivo gene delivery system for the targeting of tumor cells that dissociates surface-modified PEG in tumor tissue by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and exerts significant transfection activities, was developed. In parallel with the development of MEND, a quantitative gene delivery system, Confocal I... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472792 Sat, 28 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472832&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19343304%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mitalipov S, Wolf D Mammalian development commences with the totipotent zygote which is capable of developing into all the specialized cells that make up the adult animal. As development unfolds, cells of the early embryo proliferate and differentiate into the first two lineages, the pluripotent inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. Pluripotent cells can be isolated, adapted and propagated indefinitely in vitro in an undifferentiated state as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs retain their ability to differentiate into cells representing the three major germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm or any of the 200+ cell types present in the adult body. Since many human diseases result from defects in a single cell type, pluripotent human ESCs represent an unlimited source of a... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472832 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472821&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19343305%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morozov VN This chapter describes the basic physics underlying the newly emerging technique of electrospray deposition (ESD) as applied to biological macromolecules. Fabrication of protein films and microarrays are considered as the most important applications of this technology. All the major stages in the ESD process (solution electrification, formation of a cloud of charged microdroplets, transformation of microdroplets into ions and charged clusters, deposition, and neutralization) are discussed to reveal the physical processes involved, such as space charge effects, dissipation of energy upon landing and neutralization mechanisms. Fundamentals of ESD are presented together with a discussion of potential practical problems in realizing ESD through dielectric masks. Retenti... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472821 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472819&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19343306%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sato K, Kitamori T This chapter reviews the development of fundamental technologies required for microchip-based bioreactors utilizing living mammalian cells and pressure driven flow. The most important factor in the bioreactor is the cell culture. For proper cell culturing, continuous medium supply from a microfluidic channel and appropriate modification of the channel surface to accommodate cell attachment is required. Moreover, the medium flow rate should be chosen carefully, because shear stress affects cell activity. The techniques presented here could be applied to the development of micro bioreactors such as microlivers, pigment production by plant cells, and artificial insemination. PMID: 19343306 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472819 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472805&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19343307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ikai A Since its introduction in 1986, AFM has been applied to biological studies along with its widespread use in physics, chemistry and engineering fields. Due to its dual capabilities of imaging nano-materials with an atomic level resolution and of directly manipulating samples with high precision, AFM is now considered an indispensable instrument for nano-technological researchers especially in physically oriented fields. In biology in general, however, and in biotechnology in particular, its usefulness must be critically examined and, if necessary as it certainly is, further explored from a practical point of view. In this review, a new trend of applying AFM based technology to elucidate the mechanical basis of the cellular structure and its interaction with the extracell... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472805 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2472805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283572&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wendt D, Riboldi SA, Cioffi M, Martin I In this Chapter we discuss the role of bioreactors in the translational paradigm of Tissue Engineering approaches from basic research to streamlined tissue manufacturing. In particular, we will highlight their functions as: (1) Pragmatic tools for tissue engineers, making up for limitations of conventional manual and static techniques, enabling automation and allowing physical conditioning of the developing tissues; (2) 3D culture model systems, enabling us to recapitulate specific aspects of the actual in vivo milieu and, when properly integrated with computational modeling efforts and sensing and control techniques, to address challenging scientific questions; (3) Tissue manufacturing devices, implementing bioprocesses so as to support... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283572 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283569&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290496%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mertsching H, Hansmann J Cardiovascular tissue engineering is a fast evolving field of biomedical science and technology to manufacture viable blood vessels, heart valves, myocar-dial substitutes and vascularised complex tissues. In consideration of the specific role of the haemodynamics of human circulation, bioreactors are a fundamental of this field. The development of perfusion bioreactor technology is a consequence of successes in extracorporeal circulation techniques, to provide an in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions. The bioreactor system should enable an automatic hydrodynamic regime control. Furthermore, the systematic studies regarding the cellular responses to various mechanical and biochemical cues guarantee the viability, bio-monitoring, testing, sto... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283569 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283566&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dennis RG, Smith B, Philp A, Donnelly K, Baar K Muscle tissue bioreactors are devices which are employed to guide and monitor the development of engineered muscle tissue. These devices have a modern history that can be traced back more than a century, because the key elements of muscle tissue bioreactors have been studied for a very long time. These include barrier isolation and culture of cells, tissues and organs after isolation from a host organism; the provision of various stimuli intended to promote growth and maintain the muscle, such as electrical and mechanical stimulation; and the provision of a perfusate such as culture media or blood derived substances. An accurate appraisal of our current progress in the development of muscle bioreactors can only be made in the con... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283566 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283563&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haj AJ, Hampson K, Gogniat G The challenges for the tissue engineering of connective tissue lie in creating off-the-shelf tissue constructs which are capable of providing organs for transplantation. These strategies aim to grow a complex tissue with the appropri ate mechanical integrity necessary for functional load bearing. Monolayer culture systems lack correlation with the in vivo environment and the naturally occur ring cell phenotypes. Part of the development of more recent models is to create growth environments or bioreactors which enable three-dimensional culture. Evidence suggests that in order to grow functional load-bearing tissues in a bioreactor, the cells must experience mechanical loading stimuli similar to that experienced in vivo which sets out the requirement... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283563 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283563 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283562&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290499%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Griensven M, Diederichs S, Roeker S, Boehm S, Peterbauer A, Wolbank S, Riechers D, Stahl F, Kasper C Fracture healing is a complicated process involving many growth factors, cells, and physical forces. In cases, where natural healing is not able, efforts have to be undertaken to improve healing. For this purpose, tissue engineering may be an option. In order to stimulate cells to form a bone tissue several factors are needed: cells, scaffold, and growth factors. Stem cells derived from bone marrow or adipose tissues are the most useful in this regard. The differentiation of the cells can be accelerated using mechanical stimulation. The first part of this chapter describes the influence of longitudinal strain application. The second part uses a sophisticated approach with s... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283562 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283560&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290500%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Concaro S, Gustavson F, Gatenholm P The cartilage regenerative medicine field has evolved during the last decades. The first-generation technology, autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) involved the transplantation of in vitro expanded chondrocytes to cartilage defects. The second generation involves the seeding of chondrocytes in a three-dimensional scaffold. The technique has several potential advantages such as the ability of arthroscopic implantation, in vitro pre-differentiation of cells and implant stability among others (Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L, N Engl J Med 331(14):889-895, 1994; Henderson I, Francisco R, Oakes B, Cameron J, Knee 12(3):209-216, 2005; Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, Nilsson A, Sjogren-Jansson E, Lind... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283560 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283558&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290501%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pörtner R, Goepfert C, Wiegandt K, Janssen R, Ilinich E, Paetzold H, Eisenbarth E, Morlock M Technical aspects play an important role in tissue engineering. Especially an improved design of bioreactors is crucial for cultivation of artificial three-dimensional tissues in vitro. Here formation of cartilage-carrier-constructs is used to demonstrate that the quality of the tissue can be significantly improved by using optimized culture conditions (oxygen concentration, growth factor combination) as well as special bioreactor techniques to induce fluid-dynamic, hydrostatic or mechanical load during generation of cartilage. PMID: 19290501 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283558 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283556&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290502%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eibl R, Eibl D In order to increase process efficiency, many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have introduced disposable bag technology over the last 10 years. Because this technology also greatly reduces the risk of cross-contamination, disposable bags are preferred in applications in which an absolute or improved process safety is a necessity, namely the production of functional tissue for implantation (tissue engineering), the production of human cells for the treatment of cancer and immune system diseases (cellular therapy), the production of viruses for gene therapies, the production of therapeutic proteins, and veterinary as well as human vaccines.Bioreactors with a pre-sterile cultivation bag made of plastic material are currently used in both development and ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283556 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283555&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290503%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Melero-Martin JM, Santhalingam S, Al-Rubeai M Expansion of the cell population in vitro has become an essential step in the process of tissue engineering and also the systematic optimization of culture conditions is now a fundamental problem that needs to be addressed. Herein, we provide a rational methodology for searching culture conditions that optimize the acquisition of large quantities of cells following a sequential expansion process. In particular, the analysis of both seeding density and passage length was consid ered crucial, and their correct selection should be taken as a requisite to establish culture conditions for monolayer systems. This methodology also introduces addi tional considerations concerning the running cost of the expansion process. The selection of ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283555 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283554&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290504%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh H, Hutmacher DW The hydrodynamic environment "created" by bioreactors for the culture of a tissue engineered construct (TEC) is known to influence cell migration, proliferation and extra cellular matrix production. However, tissue engineers have looked at bioreactors as black boxes within which TECs are cultured mainly by trial and error, as the complex relationship between the hydrodynamic environment and tissue properties remains elusive, yet is critical to the production of clinically useful tissues. It is well known in the chemical and biotechnology field that a more detailed description of fluid mechanics and nutrient transport within process equipment can be achieved via the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. Hence, the coupling of experimental m... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283554 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283552&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19290505%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weyand B, Israelowitz M, von Schroeder HP, Vogt PM The following chapter summarizes principles of fluid dynamics in bioreactor design with a focus on mammalian cell-culture systems. PMID: 19290505 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283552 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 02:18:50 +0100 2283552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041782&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082807%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh H, Hutmacher DW The hydrodynamic environment "created" by bioreactors for the culture of a tissue engineered construct (TEC) is known to influence cell migration, proliferation and extra cellular matrix production. However, tissue engineers have looked at bioreactors as black boxes within which TECs are cultured mainly by trial and error, as the complex relationship between the hydrodynamic environment and tissue properties remains elusive, yet is critical to the production of clinically useful tissues. It is well known in the chemical and biotechnology field that a more detailed description of fluid mechanics and nutrient transport within process equipment can be achieved via the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. Hence, the coupling of experimental m... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041782 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041782 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041781&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082808%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pörtner R, Goepfert C, Wiegandt K, Janssen R, Ilinich E, Paetzold H, Eisenbarth E, Morlock M Technical aspects play an important role in tissue engineering. Especially an improved design of bioreactors is crucial for cultivation of artificial three-dimensional tissues in vitro. Here formation of cartilage-carrier-constructs is used to demonstrate that the quality of the tissue can be significantly improved by using optimized culture conditions (oxygen concentration, growth factor combination) as well as special bioreactor techniques to induce fluid-dynamic, hydrostatic or mechanical load during generation of cartilage . PMID: 19082808 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041781 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041781 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041780&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082809%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eibl R, Eibl D In order to increase process efficiency, many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have introduced disposable bag technology over the last 10 years. Because this technology also greatly reduces the risk of cross-contamination, disposable bags are preferred in applications in which an absolute or improved process safety is a necessity, namely the production of functional tissue for implantation (tissue engineering), the production of human cells for the treatment of cancer and immune system diseases (cellular therapy), the production of viruses for gene therapies, the production of therapeutic proteins, and veterinary as well as human vaccines.Bioreactors with a pre-sterile cultivation bag made of plastic material are currently used in both development and ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041780 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041779&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082810%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dennis RG, Smith B, Philp A, Donnelly K, Baar K Muscle tissue bioreactors are devices which are employed to guide and monitor the development of engineered muscle tissue. These devices have a modern history that can be traced back more than a century, because the key elements of muscle tissue bioreactors have been studied for a very long time. These include barrier isolation and culture of cells, tissues and organs after isolation from a host organism; the provision of various stimuli intended to promote growth and maintain the muscle, such as electrical and mechanical stimulation; and the provision of a perfusate such as culture media or blood derived substances. An accurate appraisal of our current progress in the development of muscle bioreactors can only be made in the con... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041779 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041777&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082812%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weyand B, Israelowitz M, von Schroeder HP, Vogt PM The following chapter summarizes principles of fluid dynamics in bioreactor design with a focus on mammalian cell-culture systems. PMID: 19082812 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041777 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041775&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082814%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mertsching H, Hansmann J Cardiovascular tissue engineering is a fast evolving field of biomedical science and technology to manufacture viable blood vessels, heart valves, myocardial substitutes and vascularised complex tissues. In consideration of the specific role of the haemodynamics of human circulation, bioreactors are a fundamental of this field. The development of perfusion bioreactor technology is a consequence of successes in extracorporeal circulation techniques, to provide an in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions. The bioreactor system should enable an automatic hydrodynamic regime control. Furthermore, the systematic studies regarding the cellular responses to various mechanical and biochemical cues guarantee the viability, bio-monitoring, testing, stor... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041775 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041775 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041774&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082815%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Concaro S, Gustavson F, Gatenholm P The cartilage regenerative medicine field has evolved during the last decades. The first-generation technology, autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) involved the transplantation of in vitro expanded chondrocytes to cartilage defects. The second generation involves the seeding of chondrocytes in a three-dimensional scaffold. The technique has several potential advantages such as the ability of arthroscopic implantation, in vitro pre-differentiation of cells and implant stability among others (Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L, N Engl J Med 331(14):889-895, 1994; Henderson I, Francisco R, Oakes B, Cameron J, Knee 12(3):209-216, 2005; Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, Nilsson A, Sjogren-Jansson E, Lind... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041774 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041774 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041772&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082931%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ray K, Chowdhury MH, Zhang J, Fu Y, Szmacinski H, Nowaczyk K, Lakowicz JR Fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used in chemical and biological research. Until recently most of the fluorescence experiments have been performed in the far-field regime. By far-field we imply at least several wavelengths from the fluorescent probe molecule. In recent years there has been growing interest in the interactions of fluorophores with metallic surfaces or particles. Near-field interactions are those occurring within a wavelength distance of an excited fluorophore. The spectral properties of fluorophores can dramatically be altered by near-field interactions with the electron clouds present in metals. These interactions modify the emission in ways not seen in classical fluorescence experime... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041772 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041771&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luong E, Gerecht S The clinical impact of tissue engineering depends upon our ability to direct cells to form tissues with characteristic structural and mechanical properties from the molecular level up to organized tissue. Induction and creation of functional vascular networks has been one of the main goals of tissue engineering either in vitro, for the transplantation of prevascularized constructs, or in vivo, for cellular organization within the implantation site. In most cases, tissue engineering attempts to recapitulate certain aspects of normal development in order to stimulate cell differentiation and functional tissue assembly. The induction of tissue growth generally involves the use of biodegradable and bioactive materials designed, ideally, to provide a mechanical, ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041771 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041770&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082933%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haj AJ, Hampson K, Gogniat G The challenges for the tissue engineering of connective tissue lie in creating off-the-shelf tissue constructs which are capable of providing organs for transplantation. These strategies aim to grow a complex tissue with the appropriate mechanical integrity necessary for functional load bearing. Monolayer culture systems lack correlation with the in vivo environment and the naturally occurring cell phenotypes. Part of the development of more recent models is to create growth environments or bioreactors which enable three-dimensional culture. Evidence suggests that in order to grow functional load-bearing tissues in a bioreactor, the cells must experience mechanical loading stimuli similar to that experienced in vivo which sets out the requirements ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041770 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041778&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082811%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Griensven M, Diederichs S, Roeker S, Boehm S, Peterbauer A, Wolbank S, Riechers D, Stahl F, Kasper C Fracture healing is a complicated process involving many growth factors, cells, and physical forces. In cases, where natural healing is not able, efforts have to be undertaken to improve healing. For this purpose, tissue engineering may be an option. In order to stimulate cells to form a bone tissue several factors are needed: cells, scaffold, and growth factors. Stem cells derived from bone marrow or adipose tissues are the most useful in this regard. The differentiation of the cells can be accelerated using mechanical stimulation. The first part of this chapter describes the influence of longitudinal strain application. The second part uses a sophisticated approach with s... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041778 Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041778 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041773&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082816%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wendt D, Riboldi SA, Cioffi M, Martin I In this Chapter we discuss the role of bioreactors in the translational paradigm of Tissue Engineering approaches from basic research to streamlined tissue manufacturing. In particular, we will highlight their functions as: (1) Pragmatic tools for tissue engineers, making up for limitations of conventional manual and static techniques, enabling automation and allowing physical conditioning of the developing tissues; (2) 3D culture model systems, enabling us to recapitulate specific aspects of the actual in vivo milieu and, when properly integrated with computational modeling efforts and sensing and control techniques, to address challenging scientific questions; (3) Tissue manufacturing devices, implementing bioprocesses so as to support... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041773 Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041773 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041776&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082813%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Melero-Martin JM, Santhalingam S, Al-Rubeai M Expansion of the cell population in vitro has become an essential step in the process of tissue engineering and also the systematic optimization of culture conditions is now a fundamental problem that needs to be addressed. Herein, we provide a rational methodology for searching culture conditions that optimize the acquisition of large quantities of cells following a sequential expansion process. In particular, the analysis of both seeding density and passage length was considered crucial, and their correct selection should be taken as a requisite to establish culture conditions for monolayer systems. This methodology also introduces additional considerations concerning the running cost of the expansion process. The selection of cu... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041776 Wed, 24 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 2041776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1680420&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18677451%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Parekh P, Martin J, Chen Y, Colon D, Wang H, Tan W The emerging science of systems biology focuses on the systematic study of complex interactions in whole biological systems. A systemic, or integrative, methodology is employed as the chief means of discovering new properties and understanding the aggregate of processes that occur in a biological system. Accordingly, the Human Genome Project has provided a complete map of genes and resultant proteins corresponding to their function. Protein-protein interactions are important pieces of this biological tapestry, and understanding how they work cooperatively in a cell will result in a better understanding of the whole organism. To accomplish this objective, we report the use of DNA/RNA aptamers as a novel tool for the study and e... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1680420 Sat, 02 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1680420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573000&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17874052%26dopt%3DAbstract This article takes a special focus on signal amplification technologies in immunoassays and new generations of lateral-flow assays. Novel signal amplification technologies based either on new classes of biofunctional nanocrystals consisting of releasable fluorophores or on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) can improve the sensitivity and the limits of detection in immunoassays. A bio-barcode assay also allows signal amplification by utilizing antibody-coated magnetic beads to concentrate the analytes and antibody-coated gold nanoparticle probes to carry with a large number of oligonucleotides. These innovative technologies boost the development of immunoassays. Growth in rapid immunoassay is fueled by the increasing number of diabetics, the globalization of infectious diseases and the sur... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573000 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1573000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572998&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17922101%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stoica L, Neugebauer S, Schuhmann W Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is discussed as a versatile tool to provide localized (electro)chemical information in the context of biosensor research. Advantages of localized electrochemical measurements will be discussed and a brief introduction to SECM and its operation modes will be given. Experimental challenges of the different detection modes of SECM and its applicability for different fields in biosensor research are discussed. Among these are the evaluation of immobilization techniques by probing the local distribution of biological activity, the visualization of diffusion profiles of reactants, cofactors, mediators, and products, and the elucidation of (local) kinetic parameters. The combination of SECM with other scan... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572998 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572993&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17928972%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wollenberger U, Spricigo R, Leimkühler S, Schröder K Electrochemistry using direct electron transfer between an electrode and a protein or an enzyme has developed into a means for studying biological redox reactions and for bioanalytics, biosynthesis and bioenergetics. This review summarizes recent work on direct protein electrochemistry with special emphasis on our results in bioelectrocatalysis using isolated enzymes and enzyme-protein couples. PMID: 17928972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572993 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572992&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17928973%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Warsinke A Proteins bear important functions for most life processes. It is estimated that the human proteome comprises more than 250,000 proteins. Over the last years, highly sophisticated and powerful instruments have been developed that allow their detection and characterization with great precision and sensitivity. However, these instruments need well-equipped laboratories and a well-trained staff. For the determination of proteins in a hospital, in a doctor's office, or at home, low-budget protein analysis methods are needed that are easy to perform. In addition, for a proteomic approach, highly parallel measurements with small sample sizes are required. Biochips are considered as promising tools for such applications. The following chapter describes electrochemical bioch... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572992 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572991&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17960341%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lambrianou A, Demin S, Hall EA Protein engineered biosensors provide the next best step in the advancement of protein-based sensors that can specifically identify chemical substrates. The use of native proteins for this purpose cannot adequately embrace the limits of detection and level of stability required for a usable sensor, due to globular structure restraints. This review chapter attempts to give an accurate representation of the three main strategies employed in the engineering of more suitable biological components for use in biosensor construction. The three main strategies in protein engineering for electrochemical biosensor implementation are: rational protein design, directed evolution and de novo protein design. Each design strategy has limitations to its use in a... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572991 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572990&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17985098%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Danielsson B Herein I will provide a brief overview of artificial receptors with emphasis on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and their applications. Alternative techniques to produce artificial receptors such as in silico designed and modelled polymers as well as different receptors designed using libraries of more or less natural composition will also be mentioned. Examples of these include aptamers and bio-nanocomposites. The physical presentation of the receptors is important and may depend on the application. Block polymerization of MIPs and grinding to particles of suitable size used to be the preferred technique, but today beaded materials can be produced in sizes down to nanobeads and also nanofibers can be used to increase available surface area and thereby capac... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572990 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572989&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17985099%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bier FF, von Nickisch-Rosenegk M, Ehrentreich-Förster E, Reiss E, Henkel J, Strehlow R, Andresen D Microarray technology provides new analytical devices that allow the parallel and simultaneous detection of several thousands of probes within one sample. Microarrays, sometimes called DNA chips, are widely used in gene-expression analysis, genotyping of individuals, analysis of point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as well as other genomic or transcriptomic variations. In this chapter we give a survey of common microarray manufacturing, the selection of support material, immobilisation and hybridisation and the detection with labelled complementary strands. However, DNA arrays may also serve as the basis for more complex analysis based on the action of e... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572989 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572988&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17987277%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang J The achievement of very high sensitivity is a major goal in biological assays such as the monitoring of DNA hybridization or protein interactions. This chapter reviews progress in the development of nanomaterials for amplified biosensing and discusses different nanomaterial-based bioamplification strategies. The emergence of nanotechnology is opening new horizons for highly sensitive bioassays and for novel biosensor protocols that employ electronic, optical, or microgravimetric signal transduction. Antibodies or nucleic acids functionalized with metal or semiconductor nanoparticles have been employed as amplifying tags for the biodetection of proteins and DNA. The coupling of different nanomaterial-based amplification platforms and amplification processes dramatically ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572988 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572987&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17992487%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Renneberg R, Pfeiffer D, Lisdat F, Wilson G, Wollenberger U, Ligler F, Turner AP This is a first attempt at a brief sketch of the history of biosensors. It is far from complete and rather unsystematic. Many names are still missing, and we apologize for this. But the authors hope to have laid a humble cornerstone for a future "Complete History of Biosensors". We hope that many of our colleagues will contribute! PMID: 17992487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572987 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572986&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17992488%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pänke O, Balkenhohl T, Kafka J, Schäfer D, Lisdat F This chapter introduces the basic terms of impedance and the technique of impedance measurements. Furthermore, an overview of the application of this transduction method for analytical purposes will be given. Examples for combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA but also for the analysis of living cells will be described. Special attention is devoted to the different electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Finally, the last two sections will show examples from the label-free determination of DNA and the sensorial detection of autoantibodies involved in celiac disease. PMID: 17992488 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnolog... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572986 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572985&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17999038%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sathuluri RR, Yamamura S, Tamiya E This review addresses the recent developments in miniaturized microsystems or lab-on-a-chip devices for biosensing of different biomolecules: DNA, proteins, small molecules, and cells, especially at the single-molecule and single-cell level. In order to sense these biomolecules with sensitivity we have fabricated chip devices with respect to the biomolecule to be analyzed. The details of the fabrication are also dealt with in this review. We mainly developed microarray and microfluidic chip devices for DNA, protein, and cell analyses. In addition, we have introduced the porous anodic alumina layer chip with nanometer scale and gold nanoparticles for label-free sensing of DNA and protein interactions. We also describe the use of microarray and... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572985 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572984&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17999039%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gauglitz G, Proll G A large number of methods using direct detection with label-free systems are known. They compete with the well-introduced fluorescence-based methods. However, recent applications take advantage of label-free detection in protein-protein interactions, high-throughput screening, and high-content screening. These new applications require new strategies for biosensors. It becomes more and more obvious that neither the transduction principle nor the recognition elements for the biomolecular interaction process alone determine the quality of the biosensor. Accordingly, the biosensor system has to be considered as a whole. This chapter focuses on strategies to optimize the detection platform and the biomolecular recognition layer. It concentrates on direct detecti... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572984 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572983&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18004516%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakamura H, Shimomura-Shimizu M, Karube I Many types of microbial sensors have been developed as analytical tools since the first microbial sensor was studied by Karube et al. in 1977. The microbial sensor consists of a transducer and microbe as a sensing element. The characteristics of the microbial sensors are a complete contrast to those of enzyme sensors or immunosensors, which are highly specific for the substrates of interest, although the specificity of the microbial sensor has been improved by genetic modification of the microbe used as the sensing element. Microbial sensors have the advantages of tolerance to measuring conditions, a long lifetime, and cost performance, and also have the disadvantage of a long response time. In this review, the long history of microbia... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572983 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572982&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18004517%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zayats M, Willner I Semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) or quantum dots (QDs) exhibit unique photophysical properties reflected by size-controlled fluorescence, high fluorescence quantum yields, and stability against photobleaching. These properties are utilized by applying the QDs as optical labels for the multiplexed analysis of immunocomplexes and DNA hybridization. Also, semiconductor QDs are used to probe biocatalytic transformations. The time-dependent replication or telomerization of nucleic acids, the oxidation of phenol derivatives by tyrosinase, and the hydrolytic cleavage of peptides by proteases are probed by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer or photoinduced electron transfer. The photoexcitation of semiconductor NP-biomolecule hybrids associated with elec... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572982 Thu, 03 Jul 2008 16:59:57 +0100 1572982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572968&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18594785%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhu Y, Power BE In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) is a powerful tool for studying protein-protein reactions, due to its high capacity and the versatility of droplet technologies. IVC bridges the gap between chemistry and biology as it enables the incorporation of unnatural amino acids with modifications into biological systems, through protein transcription and translation reactions, in a cell-like microdrop environment. The quest for the ultimate chip for protein studies using IVC is the drive for the development of various microfluidic droplet technologies to enable these unusual biochemical reactions to occur. These techniques have been shown to generate precise microdrops with a controlled size. Various chemical and physical phenomena have been utilized for on-chip manip... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572968 Wed, 02 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572967&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18594786%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smetanska I Plant cell cultures represent a potential source of valuable secondary metabolites which can be used as food additives, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. The synthesis of phytochemicals by the cell cultures in contrast to these in plants is independent of environmental conditions and quality fluctuations. In many cases, the chemical synthesis of metabolites is not possible or economically feasible. Moreover, the natural food additives are better accepted by consumers in contrast to those which are artificially produced. In this chapter, the process for obtaining the secondary metabolites from plant cell cultures is represented as a multi-stage strategy, and each link should be described according to specifications of cell cultures or products. For the establishi... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572967 Wed, 02 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572967 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572970&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18528666%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chappell TG, Gray PN Interaction defective alleles (IDAs) are alleles that contain mutations affecting their ability to interact with their wild type binding partners. The locations of the mutations may lead to the identification of protein interaction domains and interaction interfaces. IDAs may also distinguish different binding interfaces of multidomain proteins that are part of large complexes, thus shedding light on large protein structures that have yet to be determined. IDAs may also be used in conjunction with RNAi to dissect protein interaction networks. Here, the wild type allele is knocked down and replaced with an IDA that has lost the ability to interact with a specific binding partner. As a result, interactions are disrupted rather than knocking out the entire ge... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572970 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572970 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572969&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18528667%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Korf U, Henjes F, Schmidt C, Tresch A, Mannsperger H, Löbke C, Beissbarth T, Poustka A A significant bottleneck for the time-resolved and quantitative description of signaling networks is the limited sample capacity and sensitivity of existing methods. Recently, antibody microarrays have emerged as a promising experimental platform for the quantitative and comprehensive determination of protein abundance and protein phosphorylation. This review summarizes the development of microarray applications involving antibody-based capture of target proteins with a focus on quantitative applications. Technical aspects regarding the production of antibody microarrays, identification of suitable detection and capture antibody pairs, signal detection methods, detection limit, and data... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572969 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572971&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18496654%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thompson PB, Hannah W The range of social and ethical concerns that have been raised in connection with food and agricultural biotechnology is exceedingly broad. Many of these deal with risks and possible outcomes that are not unique to crops or animals developed using recombinant DNA. Food safety, animal welfare, socio-economic and environmental impacts, as well as shifts in power relations or access to technology raise concerns that might be generalized to many technologies. These aspects of the controversy over biotechnology are analyzed below as elements of general technological ethics, and key norms or values pertinent to each of these categories are specified in some detail. However, a number of special concerns unique to the use of rDNA in manipulating plant and animal ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572971 Thu, 22 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572971 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572972&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18463806%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Donalies UE, Nguyen HT, Stahl U, Nevoigt E Yeast was the first microorganism domesticated by mankind. Indeed, the production of bread and alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine dates from antiquity, even though the fact that the origin of alcoholic fermentation is a microorganism was not known until the nineteenth century. The use of starter cultures in yeast industries became a common practice after methods for the isolation of pure yeast strains were developed. Moreover, effort has been undertaken to improve these strains, first by classical genetic methods and later by genetic engineering. In general, yeast strain development has aimed at improving the velocity and efficiency of the respective production process and the quality of the final products. This review highligh... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572972 Thu, 08 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572973&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18461293%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J According to the German definition, probiotics are defined viable microorganisms, sufficient amounts of which reach the intestine in an active state and thus exert positive health effects. Numerous probiotic microorganisms (e.g. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. reuteri, bifidobacteria and certain strains of L. casei or the L. acidophilus-group) are used in probiotic food, particularly fermented milk products, or have been investigated-as well as Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, certain enterococci (Enterococcus faecium SF68) and the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii-with regard to their medicinal use. Among the numerous purported health benefits attributed to probiotic bacteria, the (transient) modulation of the intestinal microflora of the h... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572973 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572974&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18437298%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shin SY, Choo SM, Woo SH, Cho KH Intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics of cardiac myocytes are regulated by complex mechanisms of a variety of ion channels, transporters, and exchangers. Alterations of these Ca(2+) regulatory components might lead to development of cardiac diseases. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms and hidden Ca(2+) dynamics we use integrative systems analysis. Herein, we briefly summarize cardiac systems biology and, within the context of cardiac systems biology, identify the functional role of key Ca(2+) regulatory proteins and their influence on intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics (i.e., Ca(2+) transient, SR Ca(2+) content, CICR gain, half-decay time) using parameter sensitivity analysis based on an experimentally validated mathematical model of mouse ventricular... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572974 Fri, 25 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572974 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572975&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18418558%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beutling U, Städing K, Stradal T, Frank R Peptide arrays for screening large numbers of peptide fragments and probing with large numbers of samples is discussed. PMID: 18418558 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572975 Thu, 17 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1572975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572976&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18299808%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shewry PR, Jones HD, Halford NG Transgenesis is an important adjunct to classical plant breeding, in that it allows the targeted manipulation of specific characters using genes from a range of sources. The current status of crop transformation is reviewed, including methods of gene transfer, the selection of transformed plants and control of transgene expression. The application of genetic modification technology to specific traits is then discussed, including input traits relating to crop production (herbicide tolerance and resistance to insects, pathogens and abiotic stresses) and output traits relating to the composition and quality of the harvested organs. The latter include improving the nutritional quality for consumers as well as the improvement of functional properties... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572976 Tue, 26 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1572976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572977&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18253709%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Archer DB, Connerton IF, Mackenzie DA Filamentous fungi are metabolically versatile organisms with a very wide distribution in nature. They exist in association with other species, e.g. as lichens or mycorrhiza, as pathogens of animals and plants or as free-living species. Many are regarded as nature's primary degraders because they secrete a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that degrade waste organic materials. Many species produce secondary metabolites such as polyketides or peptides and an increasing range of fungal species is exploited commercially as sources of enzymes and metabolites for food or pharmaceutical applications. The recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided a major opportunity to explore and further exploit fungi as sources of enzymes and ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572977 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1572977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572978&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18227982%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abu-Farha M, Elisma F, Figeys D The use of mass spectrometry in protein identification has revolutionized the field of proteomics. Coupled to various affinity purification techniques, mass spectrometry is used to identify protein-protein interactions. This chapter looks at the use of these affinity purification techniques in the identification of protein interactions. Various tags are used to purify protein complexes including tandem affinity purification. The FLAG tag is another commonly used tag which is a small tag that tends not to interfere with the protein function. These different affinity purification methods are used to purify proteins that are further identified by either ESI-MS or MALDI-MS. PMID: 18227982 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572978 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1572978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572980&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18219467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guan H, Kiss-Toth E One of the key challenges of biology in the post-genomic era is to assign function to the many genes revealed by large-scale sequencing programmes, since only a small fraction of gene function can be directly inferred from the coding sequence. Identifying interactions between proteins is a substantial part in understanding their function. The main technologies for investigating protein-protein interactions and assigning functions to proteins include direct detection intermolecular interactions through protein microarray, yeast two-hybrid system, mass spectrometry fluorescent techniques to visualize protein complexes or pull-down assays, as well as technologies detecting functional interactions between genes, such as RNAi knock down or functional screening o... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572980 Fri, 25 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1572980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572979&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18219468%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan CS, Winstone TM, Turner RJ The identification of protein interaction partners can often elucidate the function of the protein under investigation based on the "guilty by association" concept. Furthermore, the binding event between two proteins can be used as a functional assay when no such assay is available. Despite the large number of advanced techniques that are currently available for studying protein-protein interactions, far-Westerns or blot overlays are still very commonly used in the average laboratory setting due to their powerfulness. This is due to the simplicity and clarity in the results that they produce. Here, the details and mechanics of far-Westerns are discussed to help the reader choose amongst the different variations that exist depending on the questi... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572979 Fri, 25 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1572979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572981&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18202838%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pitre S, Alamgir M, Green JR, Dumontier M, Dehne F, Golshani A Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a critical role in many cellular functions. A number of experimental techniques have been applied to discover PPIs; however, these techniques are expensive in terms of time, money, and expertise. There are also large discrepancies between the PPI data collected by the same or different techniques in the same organism. We therefore turn to computational techniques for the prediction of PPIs. Computational techniques have been applied to the collection, indexing, validation, analysis, and extrapolation of PPI data. This chapter will focus on computational prediction of PPI, reviewing a number of techniques including PIPE, developed in our own laboratory. For comparison, the co... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572981 Fri, 18 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1572981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1572999&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17922100%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe our method in detail and discuss the application of the method for predicting protein-protein interactions, beta-strand interactions, and protein-chemical interactions. PMID: 17922100 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1572999 Sat, 06 Oct 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1572999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573050&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fisher RJ, Peattie RA The reconstruction of tissues ex vivo and production of cells capable of maintaining a stable performance for extended time periods in sufficient quantity for synthetic or therapeutic purposes are primary objectives of tissue engineering. The ability to characterize and manipulate the cellular microenvironment is critical for successful implementation of such cell-based bioengineered systems. As a result, knowledge of fundamental biomimetics, transport phenomena, and reaction engineering concepts is essential to system design and development. Once the requirements of a specific tissue microenvironment are understood, the biomimetic system specifications can be identified and a design implemented. Utilization of novel membrane systems that are engineered t... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573050 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573049&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195462%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Peattie RA, Fisher RJ Biological processes within living systems are significantly influenced by the motion of the liquids and gases to which those tissues are exposed. Accordingly, tissue engineers must not only understand hydrodynamic phenomena, but also appreciate the vital role of those phenomena in cellular and physiologic processes both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, understanding the fundamental principles of fluid flow underlying perfusion effects in the organ-level internal environment and their relation to the cellular microenvironment is essential to successfully mimicking tissue behavior. In this work, the major principles of hemodynamic flow and transport are summarized, to provide readers with a physical understanding of these important issues. In particula... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573049 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573049 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573048&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Acker JP The development of effective preservation and long-term storage techniques is a critical requirement for the successful clinical and commercial application of emerging cell-based technologies. Biopreservation is the process of preserving the integrity and functionality of cells, tissues and organs held outside the native environment for extended storage times. Biopreservation can be categorized into four different areas on the basis of the techniques used to achieve biological stability and to ensure a viable state following long-term storage. These include in vitro culture, hypothermic storage, cryopreservation and desiccation. In this chapter, an overview of these four techniques is presented with an emphasis on the recent developments that have been made using thes... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573048 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573047&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195464%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tsang VL, Bhatia SN The goal of tissue engineering is to restore or replace the lost functions of diseased or damaged organs. Ideally, engineered tissues should provide nutrient transport, mechanical stability, coordination of multicellular processes, and a cellular microenvironment that promotes phenotypic stability. To achieve this goal, many engineered tissues require both macro- (approximately cm) and micro- (approximately 100 microm) scale architectural features. In recent years, techniques from the manufacturing world have been adapted to create scaffolds for tissue engineering with defined three-dimensional architectures at physiologically relevant length scales. This chapter reviews three-dimensional fabrication techniques for tissue engineering, including: acellular s... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573047 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573046&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195465%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Garlick JA Recent advances in the engineering of three-dimensional tissues known as skin equivalents, that have morphologic and phenotypic properties of human skin, have provided new ways to study human disease processes. This chapter will supply an overview of two such applications--investigations of the incipient development of squamous cell cancer, and studies that have characterized the response of human epithelium during wound repair. Using these novel tools to study cancer biology, it has been shown that cell-cell interactions inherent in three-dimensional tissue architecture can suppress early cancer progression by inducing a state of intraepithelial dormancy. This dormant state can be overcome and cancer progression enabled by altering tissue organization in response t... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573046 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573045&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Andreadis ST Tissue engineering combines the principles of cell biology, engineering and materials science to develop three-dimensional tissues to replace or restore tissue function. Tissue engineered skin is one of most advanced tissue constructs, yet it lacks several important functions including those provided by hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and dendritic cells. Although the complexity of skin may be difficult to recapitulate entirely, new or improved functions can be provided by genetic modification of the cells that make up the tissues. Gene therapy can also be used in wound healing to promote tissue regeneration or prevent healing abnormalities such as formation of scars and keloids. Finally, gene-enhanced skin substitutes have great potential as cell-b... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573045 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573044&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Webster TJ, Ahn ES Advances in several critical research fields (processing, catalytic, optical, actuation, electrical, mechanical, etc.) have started to benefit from nanotechnology. Nano-technology can be broadly defined as the use of materials and systems whose structures and components exhibit novel and significantly changed properties when control is gained at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels. Specifically, such advances have been found for materials when particulate size is decreased to below 100 nm. However, to date, relatively few advantages have been described for biological applications (specifically, those involving bone tissue engineering). This chapter elucidates several promising examples of how nanophase materials can be used to improve orthopedic... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573044 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573043&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17195468%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nahmias Y, Berthiaume F, Yarmush ML The liver is the largest internal organ in the body, responsible for over 500 metabolic, regulatory, and immune functions. Loss of liver function leads to liver failure which causes over 25,000 deaths/year in the United States. Efforts in the field of hepatic tissue engineering include the design of bioartificial liver systems to prolong patient's lives during liver failure, for drug toxicity screening and for the study of liver regeneration, ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, viral infection, and inflammation. This chapter will overview the current state-of-the-art in hepatology including isolated perfused liver, culture of liver slices and tissue explants, hepatocyte culture on collagen "sandwich" and spheroids, coculture of hepatocyte... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573043 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573042&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17290816%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beier V, Mund C, Hoheisel JD Methylation of cytosines at their carbon-5 position plays an important role both during development and in tumorgenesis. The methylation occurs almost exclusively in CpG dinucleotides. While the bulk of human genomic DNA is depleted in CpG sites, there are CpG-rich stretches, so-called CpG islands, which are located in promoter regions of more than 70% of all known human genes. In normal cells, CpG islands are unmethylated, reflecting an transcriptionally active state of the respective gene. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by hypermethylation of CpG islands is a very early and stable characteristic of tumorigenesis. The detection of DNA methylation is based on a treatment of genomic DNA with sodium bisulfite, which converts only unme... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573042 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573041&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17290817%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Majka J, Speck C Protein-DNA interactions are required for access and protection of the genetic information within the cell. Historically these interactions have been studied using genetic, biochemical, and structural methods resulting in qualitative or semiquantitative interaction data. In the future the focus will be on high quality quantitative data to model a huge number of interactions forming a specific network in system biology approaches. Toward this aim, BIAcore introduced in 1990 the first commercial machine that uses surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to study the real-time kinetics of biomolecular interactions. Since then systems have been developed to allow for robust analysis of a multitude of protein-DNA interactions. Here we provide a detailed guide for protein-DN... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573041 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573040&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17290818%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fischer DF, Backendorf C Gene families of recently duplicated but subsequently diverged genes provide an unique opportunity for comparative analysis of regulatory elements. We have studied the human SPRR gene family of small proline rich proteins involved in barrier function of stratified squamous epithelia. These genes are all expressed in normal human keratinocytes, but respond differently to environmental insults. Comparisons of the functional promoter regions allows the rapid identification of both conserved and of novel regulatory elements that appeared after gene duplication. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays can be used to confirm their presence. Here we show the power of gene family footprinting by the identification of two novel elements in the SPRR3 p... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573040 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573039&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17290819%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bulyk ML A number of important cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, recombination, replication, repair, and DNA modification, are performed by DNA binding proteins. Of particular interest are transcription factors (TFs) which, through their sequence-specific interactions with DNA binding sites, modulate gene expression in a manner required for normal cellular growth and differentiation, and also for response to environmental stimuli. Despite their importance, the DNA binding specificities of most DNA binding proteins still remain unknown, since prior technologies aimed at identifying DNA-protein interactions have been laborious, not highly scalable, or have required limiting biological reagents. Recently a new DNA microarray-based technology, termed protein ... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573039 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573038&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17290820%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Field S, Udalova I, Ragoussis J Microarray-based methods for understanding protein-DNA interactions have been developed in the last 6 years due to the need to introduce high-throughput technologies in this field. Protein-DNA microarrays utilise chips upon which a large number of DNA sequences may be printed or synthesised. Any DNA-binding protein may then be interrogated by applying either purified sample or cellular/nuclear extracts, subject to availability of a suitable detection system. Protein is simply added to the microarray slide surface, which is then washed and subjected to at least one further incubation with a labelled molecule which binds specifically to the protein of interest. The signal obtained is proportional to the level of DNA-binding protein bound to each D... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573038 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573037&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17290821%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nordhoff E, Lehrach H Mass spectrometry is the most sensitive and specific analytical technique available for protein identification and quantification. Over the past 10 years, by the use of mass spectrometric techniques hundreds of previously unknown proteins have been identified as DNA-binding proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression, replication, or DNA repair. Beyond this task, the applications of mass spectrometry cover all aspects from sequence and modification analysis to protein structure, dynamics, and interactions. In particular, two new, complementary ionization techniques have made this possible: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization. Their combination with different mass-over-charge analyzers and ion fragmen... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573037 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573036&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408080%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Peters D Industrial fermentations need raw materials that fulfill the requirements of the organism (suitable carbon and nitrogen source, minerals and specific nutrients) and that are available in a high quantity and quality. This contribution gives a comprehensive overview, including the new trends and progress of recent years. The use of feedstock based on several raw materials such as sugar, starch, inulin and lignocellulose is discussed. Biomass-based raw materials are by far the most applied feedstocks for fermentation. However, there are also raw materials for fermentations derived from the petrochemical industry. These substrates are especially hydrocarbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids. Some applications are given in this chapter. PMID: 17408080 [PubMed - indexed f... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573036 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573035&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408081%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reymond JL, Babiak P Enzyme screening technology has undergone massive developments in recent years, particularly in the area of high-throughput screening and microarray methods. Screening consists of testing each sample of a sample library individually for the targeted reaction. This requires enzyme assays that accurately test relevant parameters of the reaction, such as catalytic turnover with a given substrate and selectivity parameters such as enantio- and regioselectivity. Enzyme assays also play an important role outside of enzyme screening, in particular for drug screening, medical diagnostics, and in the area of cellular and tissue imaging. In the 1990s, methods for high-throughput screening of enzyme activities were perceived as a critical bottleneck. As illustrated p... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573035 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573034&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408082%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schäfer T, Borchert TW, Nielsen VS, Skagerlind P, Gibson K, Wenger K, Hatzack F, Nilsson LD, Salmon S, Pedersen S, Heldt-Hansen HP, Poulsen PB, Lund H, Oxenbøll KM, Wu GF, Pedersen HH, Xu H PMID: 17408082 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573034 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573033&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408083%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hilterhaus L, Liese A This contribution illustrates the versatility of fundamental approaches in industrial biotransformations. The applicability of biotechnology in organic synthesis on an industrial scale is discussed, followed by an overview of historical development and future progress. This chapter depicts three different approaches for the use of biocatalysts in production processes: non-chiral synthesis, asymmetric synthesis, and racemic and dynamic resolution. Applications for whole cells and isolated enzymes as catalysts are introduced. Finally, critical but optimistic conclusions are given. PMID: 17408083 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573033 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573032&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408084%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kamm B, Kamm M The development of biorefineries represents the key for access to an integrated production of food, feed, chemicals, materials, goods, and fuels of the future [1]. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biogenic raw materials with those of intermediates and final products. The main focus is directed at the precursors carbohydrates, lignin, oils, and proteins and the combination between biotechnological and chemical conversion of substances. Currently the lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery, green biorefinery, whole corn biorefinery, and the so-called two-platform concept are favored in research, development, and industrial implementation. PMID: 17408084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnolo... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573032 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573031&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408085%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weuster-Botz D, Hekmat D, Puskeiler R, Franco-Lara E Efficient parallel tools for bioprocess design, consequent application of the concepts for metabolic process analysis as well as innovative downstream processing techniques are enabling technologies for new industrial bioprocesses from an engineering point of view. Basic principles, state-of-the-art techniques and cutting-edge technologies are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is on parallel bioreactors for bioprocess design, biochemical systems characterization and metabolic control analysis, as well as on preparative chromatography, affinity filtration and protein crystallization on a process scale. PMID: 17408085 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573031 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573030&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17408086%26dopt%3DAbstract This article summarizes some of the new approaches in sensor technology and control strategies for different bioprocesses such as fermentations, biotransformations, and downstream processes. It focuses on bio- and chemosensors, optical sensors, DNA and protein chip technology, software sensors, and modern aspects of data evaluation for improved process monitoring and control. PMID: 17408086 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology) Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573030 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573029&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17522816%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rogers PL, Jeon YJ, Lee KJ, Lawford HG High oil prices, increasing focus on renewable carbohydrate-based feedstocks for fuels and chemicals, and the recent publication of its genome sequence, have provided continuing stimulus for studies on Zymomonas mobilis. However, despite its apparent advantages of higher yields and faster specific rates when compared to yeasts, no commercial scale fermentations currently exist which use Z. mobilis for the manufacture of fuel ethanol. This may change with the recent announcement of a Dupont/Broin partnership to develop a process for conversion of lignocellulosic residues, such as corn stover, to fuel ethanol using recombinant strains of Z. mobilis. The research leading to the construction of these strains, and their fermentation characteri... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573029 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573028&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17522817%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Einsele A Although the global area of biotech crops continues to climb for the tenth consecutive year at a sustainable double-digit growth rate, the acceptance of biotech products from agriculture in Europe is still low. There is a gap between science and perception. It is a strong belief that the public turning against science and against GM food has been encouraged by the negative activities of NGO groups. Scientists have to overcome the purely risk-based discussion, and the benefits of plant biotechnology have to be made literally visible. GM food should be available, the benefits should be tangible and the consumer should have fun with such novel food. The gap could be reduced if genetically modified plants and the products thereof were regulated in the same way as classic... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573028 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573027&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17522818%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schrell A, Bauser H, Brunner H Patenting of biotechnological inventions is an important concomitant side effect of progress in this field, but also a matter of dispute in the public. In this paper, the significance of and the prerequisites for patenting are reviewed, and the principal requirements for biotechnology patents in the signatory states of the European Patent Convention (EPC) are summarized. This is followed by a report on the historical development of biotech-patent legislation in Europe and in Germany as one contracting state to EPC and member state of the European Union. Characteristic features of the patenting policy in Europe and Germany are illustrated by critical examples of biotechnology patents or patent applications. Some examples illustrate the influence o... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573027 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1573026&cid=s_37361_70_f&fid=37361&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17522819%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leisola M Biosciences and their applications, which we call biotechnology, have affected human society in many ways. Great hopes have been set on future biotechnology. The future depends on three key issues. First, we need good science. Recent developments in biosciences have surprised us in many ways. I shall explain in this article how. Secondly, we need structured innovation systems in order to commercialize our discoveries. Europe is slow in this respect compared to our Japanese and American competitors and may lose in the competition. I shall describe the Finnish innovation chain using the rewarded Otaniemi model as an example of how commercialization can be done in a systematic way. Thirdly, we need norms to guide what to do and where to go. Bioethics is probably the mos... Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1573026 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1573026