MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Anatomical Record' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 08:10:08 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602458&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22238152%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maldonado IL, Mandonnet E, Duffau H Abstract Fiber dissection of the deep white matter of a human left cerebral hemisphere (lateral view). See Figure 2 in Maldonado et al., on page 189, in this issue. PMID: 22238152 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602458 Wed, 18 Jan 2012 14:42:21 +0100 5602458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602457&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22241723%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Simons EL, O'connor PM Abstract Wing bone histology in three species of birds was characterized in order to test hypotheses related to the relationship between skeletal microstructure and inferred wing loading during flight. Data on the degree of laminarity (the proportion of circular vascular canals) and the occurrence of secondary osteons were obtained from three species that utilize different primary flight modes: the Double-crested cormorant, a continuous flapper; the Brown pelican, a static soarer; and the Laysan albatross, a dynamic soarer. Laminarity indices were calculated for four quadrants for each of the three main wing elements. Ulnae and carpometacarpi were predicted to exhibit quadrant specific patterns of laminarity due to hypothesized differences in locally... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602457 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535357&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095614%26dopt%3DAbstract This study focussed on the development of the corpus striatum in the fetus, using silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry. For the latter, we looked for nNOS positive cells and 5-HT(2A) receptors positive cells in the corpus striatum during development. During the initial formation of the corpus striatum, there was migration cells of the ganglionic eminence toward the putamen by 15-17 weeks of gestation. Process formation in the neurons started by week 17 and became very complex before term (31/32 weeks of gestation). By 25-27 gestational weeks, the globus pallidus already had two parts and the corpus striatum was similar to the adult in configuration. The nNOS positive cells appeared early (21-23 weeks in gestation) while 5-HT(2A) receptors positive cells were not observed until 31/3... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535357 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:47:47 +0100 5535357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535356&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095632%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kiyokawa H, Katori Y, Cho KH, Murakami G, Kawase T, Cho BH Abstract The cranial parasympathetic ganglia have been reported to paradoxically contain the sympathetic nerve marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in addition to neurons expressing parasympathetic markers such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, the distribution of these molecules in the cranial ganglia of human fetuses has not yet been examined. Using paraffin sections from 10 mid-term human fetuses (12-15 weeks), we performed immunohistochemistry for TH, VIP, and nNOS in the parasympathetic ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia, and for comparison, the sensory inferior vagal ganglion. The ciliary and submandibular ganglia contained abundant... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535356 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:47:38 +0100 5535356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535355&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abdala V, Ponssa ML Abstract Movement is thought to be a primary agent eliciting basic responses in the vertebrate body, such as the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. Embryos do not passively await hatching or birth but rather begin active movement very early on in their development. Most studies dealing with embryonic responses to changes in mobility have been performed in chickens or mammals. Herein, we investigate for the first time whether the embryos of organisms that are free-living during development demonstrate the same morphological responses to reduced mobility as embryos that undergo development in controlled environments such as in utero or in a shelled egg. We changed the viscosity of the environment in which free-living anuran tadpoles grow by... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535355 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:47:28 +0100 5535355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535354&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095866%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jensen EC PMID: 22095866 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535354 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:47:18 +0100 5535354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535353&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095884%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fisher RE, Smith HF, Kusumi K, Tassone EE, Rawls A, Wilson-Rawls J Abstract Clinical studies have suggested that defects in the epaxial muscles, particularly multifidus, may contribute to the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. While the epaxial muscles and the vertebrae derive from the same embryonic segmentation process, the mechanisms that pattern the multisegmental back muscles are still unclear. The process of segmentation is regulated by the Notch signaling pathway, and mutations in the modulators delta-like 3 (Dll3) and lunatic fringe (Lfng) are genetic models for spinal disorders such as scoliosis. Osteological defects have been characterized in these genetic models, but myological phenotypes have not previously been studied. We analyzed the multifidus muscle in the ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535353 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:47:08 +0100 5535353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535352&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095921%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Greene SJ, Killiany RJ, Abstract Atrophy within the hippocampus (HP) as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising biomarker for the progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subregions of the HP along the longitudinal axis have been found to demonstrate unique function, as well as undergo differential changes in the progression to AD. Little is known of relationships between such HP subregions and other potential biomarkers, such as neuropsychological (NP), genetic, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) beta amyloid and tau measures. The purpose of this study was to subdivide the hippocampus to determine how the head, body, and tail were affected in normal control, mild cognitively impaired, and AD subjects, and investigate relationships with HP subregions and ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535352 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:58 +0100 5535352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535351&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095938%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ikejiri T Abstract Morphology of the neurocentral synchondroses-thin cartilaginous layers between centra and neural arches-are documented in the extant crocodilian, Alligator mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia). Examination of dry skeletons demonstrates that neurocentral suture closure occurs in very late postnatal ontogeny (after reaching sexual maturity and/or body size ca. 40% from the upper range). Before sexual maturity (body length (BL) ≥ ca. 1.80 m), completely fused centra and neural arches are restricted to the caudal vertebral series. In contrast, the presacral vertebrae often remain unfused throughout postnatal ontogeny, retaining open sutures in very mature individuals (BL ≥ 2.80 m). These unfused centra and neural arches are structurally supported b... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535351 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:49 +0100 5535351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535350&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22095951%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hirose A, Nakashima T, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T Abstract Embryonic liver has a unique external morphology and quantitative morphometry, based on magnetic resonance imaging data of human embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. Liver morphogenesis is strongly affected by the adjacent organs and tissues. The left ventricle develops to the left medial-caudal side, which results in the formation of a depression at left medial region and a prominence bilaterally at the cranial surface of the liver between Carnegie Stage (CS)17 and CS19. An imprint of the stomach that formed at the dorsal left-medial region of the liver became more marked with development until CS23. A depression induced by the umbilicus formed at the ventral region of the liver between C... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535350 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:40 +0100 5535350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535349&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22139908%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mak KM, Kwong AJ, Chu E, Hoo NM Abstract The incidence of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cancer in the elderly population remains unknown. Human cadavers used in anatomy teaching, which come largely from older adults, may provide liver tissue for examining their pathologies. Livers were obtained from 68 cadavers (mean age 82.1 ± 10.4 years) with diverse causes of death in the Anatomy course at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red and evaluated for steatosis, fibrosis, cancer, and lipofuscin. Tissue preservation was graded as good in 38.2% of the embalmed livers, fair in 36.7%, and poor in 25.0%. Steatosis was observed in 35.3% of the livers, central vein fibrosis in 49.2%, perisinusoidal fibrosis in 63.... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535349 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:30 +0100 5535349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535348&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22139963%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was performed to detect molecules involved in dental hard tissue formation and tooth eruption by comparing gene expression in cap stage molar germs (before eruptive movement and dental hard tissue formation) with that in root formation stage molar germs (after eruptive movement and dental hard tissue formation). DD-PCR revealed that cyclophilin A (Cyp-A), a potent chemoattractant for monocytes as well as a ligand for extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) was expressed differentially in the two stages molar germs. The levels of Cyp-A and EMMPRIN mRNA were significantly higher at the root formation stage than at the cap and crown stages of the molar germs. Immunofluorescence showed that Cyp-A and EMMPRIN were expressed strongly in the follicular cells overlaying... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535348 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:20 +0100 5535348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535347&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22140092%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Huang Z, Meng S, Wang L, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang C Abstract Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) by macrophages leads to atherosclerotic plaque rupture by degradation of the extracellular matrix. NF-κB activation regulates many key inflammatory genes linked to atherosclerosis. In the present study, the function of berberine, a natural extract from Rhizoma coptidis, on MMP-9 and EMMPRIN expression, the role of NF-κB activation in oxLDL-stimulated macrophages, and the possible mechanism in which NF-κB activation is involved were investigated. Berberine inhibited the expression of MMP-9 and EMMPRIN at both mRNA and protein levels. The phosphorylation of IκB-α and nuclear translocation of p65 protein we... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535347 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:11 +0100 5535347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535346&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22140095%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the morphological plasticity of hippocampal formation and CXCR4 expression. A model of spatial learning and memory was established in rats by training using the MWM. Mossy fiber sprouting in the striatum oriens of the CA3 area of the hippocampus was found in trained rats by Neo-Timm's method. As shown by immunohistochemistry, the CXCR4 immunopositive neurons were distributed in all layers and areas of hippocampal formation. There were no differences among groups regarding the distribution or shape of the immunopositive neurons. However, the immunoreactive staining intensity was increased in trained rats as compared with the control rats. Both CXCR4 gene transcription and translation were significantly upregulated in the trained group... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535346 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:46:01 +0100 5535346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535345&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22140097%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kapuralin K, Van Ginneken C, Curlin M, Timmermans JP, Gajovic S Abstract Signal transducing adaptor molecule 2 (STAM2) is a phosphotyrosine protein, which is a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT-0) and is involved in the sorting process of the mono-ubiquitinated endosomal cargo for degradation in the lysosome. Analysis of gene trap mice carrying lacZ in frame with Stam2 revealed beta-galactosidase activity in the enteric nervous system (both in the myenteric and submucosal plexus) throughout the digestive tract. STAM2 immunostaining confirmed that the observed beta-galactosidase activity coincided with high Stam2 expression. To identify cell types with high Stam2 expression, STAM2 immunostaining was colocalized with the neuronal markers m... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535345 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:45:51 +0100 5535345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535344&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22144396%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim JH, Han EH, Jin ZW, Lee HK, Fujimiya M, Murakami G, Cho BH Abstract Using semiserial sections from 19 human fetuses of 8-30 weeks gestation, we examined the topohistology of the upper abdominal lymphatics and compared it with that of the lower abdominal and pelvic lymphatics. The upper abdominal lymphatics were characterized by an intimate relationship with the peritoneal lining, a common mesentery for the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Lymphatic connections from the upper abdominal viscera to the paraaortic and paracaval areas followed two routes: (1) from the intestinal mesentery, along the peritoneum on the left aspect of the proximal SMA, via the chain of lymph follicles (LFs) lying along the retropancreatic fusion fascia, to drain into the LFs ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535344 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:45:41 +0100 5535344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535343&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22147308%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated postnatal expression of a ligand that can bind to these receptors, ephrin-A2. Quantitative methods revealed that expression of ephrin-A2 mRNA in SI reached maximum levels on postnatal day (P) 4 and dropped thereafter to background by P18. Ephrin-A2 mRNA expression assessed by in situ hybridization qualitatively revealed a similar time course and localized the expression pattern primarily in two broad laminae in SI, comprising the supragranular and infragranular layers, and with additional expression in the subplate. This expression pattern was investigated in greater detail using immunohistochemistry for ephrin-A2 protein. Immunoreactivity generally showed the same laminar distribution as seen with in situ hybridization, except that it persisted longer, lasting to a... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535343 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:45:31 +0100 5535343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535342&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22170787%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abdala V, Ponssa ML Abstract Movement is thought to be a primary agent eliciting basic responses in the vertebrate body, such as the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. Embryos do not passively await hatching or birth but rather begin active movement very early on in their development. Most studies dealing with embryonic responses to changes in mobility have been performed in chickens or mammals. Herein, we investigate for the first time whether the embryos of organisms that are free-living during development demonstrate the same morphological responses to reduced mobility as embryos that undergo development in controlled environments such as in utero or in a shelled egg. We changed the viscosity of the environment in which free-living anuran tadpoles grow by... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535342 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 01:45:21 +0100 5535342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535335&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190390%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rafiq AM, Udagawa J, Lundh T, Jahan E, Matsumoto A, Sekine J, Otani H Abstract Prenatal development of the mandible is an important factor in its postnatal function. To examine quantitatively normal and abnormal developmental changes of the mandible, we here evaluated morphological changes in mineralizing mandibles by thin-plate spline (TPS) including bending energy (BE) and Procrustes distance (PD), and by Procrustes analyses including warp analysis, regression analysis, and discriminant function analysis. BE and PD were calculated from lateral views of the mandibles of mice or of human fetuses using scanned micro-computed tomography (CT) images or alizarin red S-stained specimens, respectively. BE and PD were compared (1) between different developmental stages, and furth... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535335 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535332&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190426%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamagishi T, Ando K, Nakamura H, Nakajima Y Abstract We performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) β2 during chick embryogenesis from stage 6 to 30 (Hamburger and Hamilton, J Morphol 1951;88:49-92) using in situ hybridization. During cardiogenesis, Tgfβ2 was expressed in the endothelial/mesenchymal cells of the valvulo-septal endocardial cushion tissue and in the epicardium until the end of embryogenesis. During the formation of major arteries, Tgfβ2 was localized in smooth muscle progenitors but not in the vascular endothelium. During limb development, Tgfβ2 was expressed in the mesenchymal cells in the presumptive limb regions at stage 16, and thereafter it was localized in the skeletal muscle progenitors. In addition, st... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535332 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535328&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hiraoka M, Inoue K, Kawano H, Takada M Abstract Axons in the fovea are precisely organized to ensure accurate vision. We investigated the morphologic characteristics and localization of nerve bundles in the optic nerve in primates. Macaque eyes were studied for conventional and immunostaining, and also marmoset eyes for carbocyanine dye tracing. Locally confined lesions associated with similar findings to human age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) were also evaluated. Axons of retinal ganglion cells formed fasciculi near their origin, and these fasciculi formed bundles thereafter. In the retinal nerve fiber layer, ascending bundles assembled stratification adding proximal bundle underneath successively. Bundles in the arcuate zone displayed a characteristic fine, parall... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535328 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535326&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190479%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moore BC, Mathavan K, Guillette LJ Abstract Phalli of male crocodilians transfer sperm to female cloaca during sexual intercourse, resulting in internal fertilization. For over a century there have been scientific descriptions of crocodilian phallus morphologies; however, little work has presented detailed cellular-level analyses of these structures. Here we present a histological investigation of the complex functional anatomy of the juvenile male American alligator phallus, including fibrous and vascular erectile structures, a variety of secretory epithelium morphologies, and observed immune cells. Using 3D reconstruction software, we show the shape and location of vascular erectile tissues within the phallus. Histochemical staining detected mucin-rich secretory cells in... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535326 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535325&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190510%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we assessed the prognostic significance of CapG and gelsolin (both markers of tumor motility), and of P-gp, GSTP1, and Topo-II (markers of MDR) in NSCLC patients. One hundred and twenty-one patients with pathologically confirmed, resectable NSCLC were included in the study. The expression levels of the five kinds of proteins mentioned above were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between the clinical characteristics and IHC findings were analyzed. Expression of CapG, gelsolin, and P-gp was found to be associated with an increased risk of death (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.799, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.2705-6.169, P = 0.011; HR = 3.968, 95% CI = 1.811-8.693, P = 0.001; HR = 3.251, 95% CI = 1.456-7.260, P = 0.004, respectively), whereas expression of G... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535325 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535340&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190256%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawashima T, Sato F Abstract To speculate how the extrinsic cardiac nerve plexus (ECNP) evolves phyletically and ontogenetically within the primate lineage, we conducted a comparative anatomical study of the ECNP, including an imaging examination in the great apes using 20 sides from 11 bodies from three species and a range of postnatal stages from newborns to mature adults. Although the position of the middle cervical ganglion (MG) in the great apes tended to be relatively lower than that in humans, the morphology of the ECNP in adult great apes was almost consistent with that in adult humans but essentially different from that in the lesser apes or gibbons. Therefore, the well-argued anatomical question of when did the MG acquire communicating branches with the spinal ce... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535340 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535339&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190283%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was designed to assess the impact of several molecular markers and clinicopathological characteristics on postoperative survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Postoperative clinical data of 64 patients with HCC were retrospectively analyzed. K-ras, PIK3CA, and BRAF gene mutations in surgically resected specimens of the 64 patients with HCC were detected by pyrosequencing. H-ras and XB130 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for univariate and multivariate survival analyses of the clinical and pathological parameters. The mutation rates of K-ras, PIK3CA, and BRAF genes in HCC were found to be 4.69%, 1.56%, and 0%, respectively. Positive expression rate of XB130 and H-ras in HCC was 75.0% a... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535339 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535338&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190334%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang Q, Wood SA, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Zapata U, Byron CD, Wright BW, Strait DS Abstract The global biomechanical impact of cranial sutures on the face and cranium during dynamic conditions is not well understood. It is hypothesized that sutures act as energy absorbers protecting skulls subjected to dynamic loads. This hypothesis predicts that sutures have a significant impact on global patterns of strain and cranial structural stiffness when analyzed using dynamic simulations; and that this global impact is influenced by suture material properties. In a finite element model developed from a juvenile Rhesus macaque cranium, five different sets of suture material properties for the zygomaticotemporal sutures were tested. The static and dynamic analyses produced similar result... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535338 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535338 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535337&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maldonado IL, Mandonnet E, Duffau H Abstract The goal of this study was to detail the composition of dorsal fronto-parietal connections in the human brain, focusing on the dorsal component of superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), short association fibers, their three-dimensional organization, and relationships with adjacent projection and commissural fibers. Ten human cerebral hemispheres (five left and five right) were obtained from necropsy specimens. The technique for specimen preparation was adapted from that previously described by Ludwig and Klingler for spreading groups of white matter fibers, rendering tracts visible and dissectible. Near the superior border of the hemisphere, we observed an overall organization consisting of a succession of "U" fibers in both si... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535337 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535337 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535336&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190355%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu Z, Yu Q, Li P, Yang Q Abstract The histology and ultrastructure of porcine tonsils were studied. The porcine tonsils were lymphoepithelial organs situated at the opening of both the digestive and respiratory tracts. The tonsil of the soft palate in the oropharyngeal tract and the paraepiglottic tonsil in the laryngopharynx were mainly consisted of secondary lymphoid follicles encapsulated by connective tissue. The stratified squamous epithelia covering the tonsils and their crypts were frequently heavily infiltrated by lymphoid cells. The pharyngeal and tubal tonsils (TT) were situated in the nasopharyngeal tract. The cells of the pseudostratified columnar epithelia of the pharyngeal and TT were loosely connected, with large intercellular space. They consisted of scatt... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535336 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535334&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190409%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, versican's importance in developing joints was investigated by specific inhibition of its expression in the early joint interzone, tissue that gives rise to articular cartilages and joint cavity. In ovo microinjection of adenoviral shRNA constructs into the HH25 chick wing was employed to silence endogenous versican protein in developing appendicular joints. Results showed statistically significant (12-14%) reduction of nonchondrogenic elbow joint interzone area in whole-mount specimens at HH36 in response to versican knockdown. Attenuated expression of key versican-associated molecules including hyaluronan, tenascin, CD44, and link protein was also noted by histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. Versican knockdown also lowered collagen II expression in presumptive ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535334 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535333&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190417%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruetz TJ, Vogl AW, Guttman JA Abstract Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulate the cytoskeleton of host intestinal epithelial cells, producing membrane protrusions termed pedestals that the bacteria reside on throughout the course of their infections. By definition pedestals are actin-based structures, however recent work has identified the spectrin cytoskeleton as a necessary component of EPEC pedestals. Here, we investigated the detailed arrangement of the spectrin and actin cytoskeletons within these structures. Immunofluorescent imaging revealed that the spectrin network forms a peripheral cage around actin at the membranous regions of pedestals. Myosin S1 fragment decorated actin filaments examined by electron microscopy demonstrated that actin filaments o... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535333 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535331&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190445%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Inoue I, Matsumoto K, Yu Y, Bay BH Abstract The Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1), characterized by the presence of the cold shock domain, has been reported to induce chemoresistance in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy is one of the main therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer, in addition to surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. However, chemoresistance remains a key obstacle to successful cancer management. In this review, we will focus on the role of YB-1, an important regulator of gene transcription, in cancer therapy and chemoresistance. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PMID: 22190445 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535331 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535330&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190447%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu X, Zhu Y, Chuai J Abstract Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. Gastrointestinal mucosal damage not only induces local and systemic inflammatory reactions but may also result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. We studied whether the changes in serum ghrelin and small intestinal motility occur in cerebral ischemia. The focal cerebral ischemia rat models were produced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. The MCAO group was further equally divided into five subgroups at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr, and the sham operated rats were used as controls. Serum ghrelin level was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and small intestinal motility was measured by methylene blue stainin... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535330 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535329&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190452%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we evaluated the growth inhibitory effects of Euphorbia helioscopia L extracts on five different human cancer cell lines for screening the main active fraction with antitumor effect. In this regard, the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) was found to markedly inhibit the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. EAE treatment arrested cell cycle in G-1 phase and EAE used at the concentration range of 100-200 μg/mL induced a marked increase of subdiploid peak. After EAE treatment at the concentrations of 150 and 200 μg/mL, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased. At the EAE concentration of 200 μg/mL, the typical morphology of early apoptotic change was observed in SMMC-7721 cells. Since tumorigenesis is often defined by an uncontrolled prolif... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535329 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535327&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190473%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li J, Hu P, Li K, Zhao Q Abstract Cyp26A1 is a major enzyme that controls retinoic acid (RA) homeostasis by metabolizing RA into bio-inactive metabolites. Previously, we demonstrated that zebrafish cyp26a1 promoter possesses two conserved RA response elements (RAREs; proximal R1 and distal R2) in response to RA. Here, we report that it contains a novel RARE (R3) lying between R1 and R2. Mutagenesis analysis reveals that R3 works together with R1 and R2 to ensure the maximum RA inducibility of cyp26a1 promoter. Performing electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we show that RA receptor alpha can bind the novel RARE. Creating and analyzing transgenic zebrafish of Tg(cyp26a1-R3mut:eYFP)nju3/+ that harbor enhanced yellow fluorescent protei... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535327 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535324&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190535%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe the interspecific variation in the visceral pigmentation in three anuran species (Scinax similis, S. fuscovarius, and S. fuscomarginatus). We analyzed the visceral pigmentation of 15 adult males from each species during the reproductive period. The individuals were weighed and measured, and the pigmented visceral cells were classified and documented in stereomicroscope. The shape and amount of pigment cells differed among organs and also among species. Significant differences were detected in the cardiorespiratory system, digestory system, urogenital system, and lumbosacral peritoneum. In the urogenital system, the main difference was observed in the testes, in which only S. fuscomarginatus had varying degrees of pigmentation. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535324 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535323&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22190546%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ye LH, Li WJ, Jiang XQ, Chen YL, Tao SX, Qian WL, He JS Abstract To investigate the mechanism of oridonin (ORI)-induced autophagy in prostate cancer PC-3 cells, PC-3 cells cultured in vitro were treated with ORI, and the inhibitory ratio of ORI on PC-3 cells was assayed by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. The ultrastructural changes of the cells were observed under light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Acridine orange (AO) staining was used to observe the acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). The level of autophagy-related proteins, MAP1-LC3, was detected by Western Blot, and RT-PCR was used to detect the level of mRNA of beclin 1. After ORI treatment, the proliferation of PC-3 cells was... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535323 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535341&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22174191%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nicolescu MI, Bucur A, Dinca O, Rusu MC, Popescu LM Abstract The parotid histological structure includes acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells, surrounded by a connective stromal component. The parotid stroma is mostly regarded as an inert shell, consisting of septa, which divide the parenchyma. Telocytes were recently identified as a new stromal cell type in various organs, including exocrine pancreas. We aimed to evaluate telocytes presence in parotid stroma and whether their topographical features might support an involvement in parotid function modulation. Serial ultrathin sections of human and rat parotid glands were studied and compared by transmission electron microscopy. Two-dimensional concatenation of sequenced micrographs allowed the ultrastructural identifica... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535341 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421674&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22083889%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abstract A Victorian era depiction of New World monkeys. From Buffon, G.L. Leclerc de and Hutton, W. 1821. Buffon's Natural History, Abridged. A new edition by the Rev. W. Hutton, London. Two of the five monkeys illustrated were improperly identified by common names in the plate's legend, perhaps because the printer reversed identifying numbers 4 and 5. Using current colloquial terms, the primates can be recognized as: 1. Brown capuchin (or cebus) monkey, Cebus apella; 2. Squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus; 3. Silvery marmoset, Callithrix argentata; 4. Black-handed tamarin, Saguinus niger; 5. White-fronted capuchin (or cebus) monkey, Cebus albifrons. Today, Buffon's tree seems prescient, for we regard all these animals as members of the same phylogenetic branch of the plat... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421674 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 01:42:12 +0100 5421674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380136&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21997996%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kerney R Abstract Adult female red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, attending a clutch of eggs inside a decaying hemlock. See Figure 1A in Kerney, on page 1797, in this issue. PMID: 21997996 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380136 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380136 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380135&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenberger AL, Halenar L, Cooke SB Abstract Among living New World monkeys, Howlers and Muriquis are by far the most folivorous. We examine how well the morphology and behavior of Alouatta and Brachyteles conform to leaf-eating adaptational models derived from other studies. Both genera match these expectations unevenly, which suggests a broader conception of primate folivory is in order. Hence the notion of "semifolivory." While their dentitions prove highly sensitive to selection for leaf-eating, core features relating to body size, brain size, ranging behavior and presumed energy budgets are less predictable corollaries. Leaf-eating in atelines and colobines may have evolved from a preadaptive reliance on seed-eating, which would have necessitated comparable gastric ad... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380135 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380134&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042518%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenberger AL Abstract This special volume of the Anatomical Record focuses on the evolutionary morphology of New World monkeys. The studies range from three-dimensional surface geometry of teeth to enamel ultrastructure; from cranioskeletal adaptations for eating leaves and seeds to the histology of taste bud proxies; from the architecture of its bones to the mechanoreceptors of the tail's skin; from the physical properties of wild foods to the feeding biomechanics of jaws and skull; from the shapes of claws and fingertips, and of elbows, to the diversity and morphology of positional behavior; from the vomeronasal organ and its biological roles to links between brains, guts, sociality, and feeding; from the gum-eating adaptations of the smallest platyrrhines to the metho... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380134 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380133&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042540%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vinyard CJ, Taylor AB, Teaford MF, Glander KE, Ravosa MJ, Rossie JB, Ryan TM, Williams SH Abstract New World monkeys display a wide range of masticatory apparatus morphologies related to their diverse diets and feeding strategies. While primatologists have completed many studies of the platyrrhine masticatory apparatus, particularly morphometric analyses, we collectively acknowledge key shortcomings in our understanding of the function and evolution of the platyrrhine feeding apparatus. Our goal in this contribution is to review several recent, and in most cases ongoing, efforts to address some of the deficits in our knowledge of how the platyrrhine skull is loaded during feeding. We specifically consider three broad research areas: (1) in vivo physiological studies docume... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380133 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380132&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042581%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laitman JT PMID: 22042581 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380132 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380131&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042603%26dopt%3DAbstract This study utilizes a quantitative multivariate analysis to define grooming claw morphology and document its presence in platyrrhine monkeys. Our results show that owl monkeys possess grooming claws similar to those of strepsirhines, while titi monkeys possess grooming claw-like morphology. Therefore, we conclude that anthropoids are not clearly united by the absence of a grooming claw. Furthermore, due to their presence in three major primate clades, we infer that it is likely that a grooming claw was present on the second pedal digit of the ancestor of living primates. Therefore, we advise the reassessment of fossil adapids in light of the anatomical correlates described here. This should increase resolution on the homology and polarity of grooming claw morphology, and, therefore, will h... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380131 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380130&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042607%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laitman JT, Albertine KH PMID: 22042607 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380130 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380129&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042627%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Halenar LB Abstract The majority of previous publications have suggested that the large-bodied subfossil Protopithecus brasiliensis was a suspensory ateline with a locomotor repertoire similar to that of extant Ateles and Brachyteles. This is unexpected, as the cranial morphology of Protopithecus is very similar to Alouatta, a genus usually classified as a deliberate quadrupedal climber. Complicating matters further, as Protopithecus is twice as large as Ateles and Brachyteles, its ability to be as suspensory as those two genera is suspect and a terrestrial component of the locomotor repertoire has also been hypothesized. The forelimbs of Protopithecus, while relatively elongated as would be expected in a suspensory animal, are also quite robust and show several adaptation... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380129 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380128&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042631%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hartwig W, Rosenberger AL, Norconk MA, Owl MY Abstract The dynamics of brain evolution in New World monkeys are poorly understood. New data on brain weight and body weight from 162 necropsied adult individuals, and a second series on body weight and gut size from 59 individuals, are compared with previously published reports based on smaller samples as well as large databases derived from museum records. We confirm elevated brain sizes for Cebus and Saimiri and also report that Cacajao and Chiropotes have relatively large brains. From more limited data we show that gut size and brain mass have a strongly inverse relationship at the low end of the relative brain size scale but a more diffuse interaction at the upper end, where platyrrhines with relatively high encephalizati... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380128 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380127&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042640%26dopt%3DAbstract This study utilizes multivariate and univariate analyses to compare gouging and non-gouging callitrichids for 25 biomechanically relevant craniofacial variables to address this form-function debate. We show that marmosets differ from non-gouging callitrichids in few craniofacial characteristics. Specifically, three craniofacial features differentiate them from non-gougers: relatively longer basicrania, narrower palates, and shorter coronoid processes. We suggest that these characteristics are consistent with a mosaic model for gouging adaptations. In particular, we argue that: (a) shortening the coronoid processes facilitates relatively larger maximum jaw-gapes, (b) basicranial elongation facilitates the extended neck/head posture utilized by marmosets during gouging to maximize gapes, and... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380127 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380126&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042663%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Halenar LB Abstract An accurate body size estimate is essential for reconstructing and interpreting many aspects of the paleobiology of an extinct taxon. With this in mind, the purpose of this study is two-fold: first, to create statistically robust predictive regression equations for body mass, total body length, and head and body length from postcranial elements using a platyrrhine reference sample, data that do not exist elsewhere in the literature; and, second, to apply those regression equations to the "giant" subfossil platyrrhine Protopithecus brasiliensis, a little-studied taxon represented by a nearly complete skeleton. Building on results of previous work with other primate groups, different skeletal elements, subgroups of the reference sample, and regression mod... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380126 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380125&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042688%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooke SB Abstract A three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach was employed to examine shape variation in laser-scan generated models of lower second molars and its relationship to diet in a sample of 9 extant and 16 extinct platyrrhine genera. Principal component analysis of twenty-three x,y,z landmarks describing the occlusal table and sidewalls showed that dental relief was the main contributing factor to variation along the first axis. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) of PC 1 scores and centroid size accurately classified extant platyrrhines according to dietary preference; however, without centroid size, the DFA was less successful. Within this framework, most of the fossil platyrrhines, including specimens from Patagonia, Colombia, Brazil, and the Caribbea... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380125 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380124&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042709%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examines dental microstructure of the New World monkey family, Cebidae, to provide further insight into forces influencing the evolution of primate dental ontogeny. The Cebidae were chosen because they are a diverse group which is distinct in ecology and phylogeny from the better known catarrhines of the Old World. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses (PGLS), we test whether brain mass, body mass, or the three above-mentioned ecological variables have stronger correlations with enamel growth. Results show that ecological factors have stronger relationships with cebid dental growth rates than brain or body mass. Foraging independence has the most impact on overall enamel growth as it has the strongest correlation with enamel extension rates. However, another esti... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380124 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380123&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042718%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Organ JM, Lemelin P Abstract Cebupithecia sarmientoi, an early pitheciine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, preserves an almost complete caudal vertebral sequence (18 vertebrae). Behavioral reconstructions for this taxon based on appendicular elements suggest a locomotor profile similar to that of Pithecia for which vertical clinging postures and leaping behavior are frequently adopted. General tail morphology suggests some similarity with prehensile-tailed Cebus in the proximal tail region, although overwhelming similarity with nonprehensile-tailed Pithecia is evident in the distal tail region. Indices of caudal muscle attachment sites show marked similarities to nonprehensile-tailed platyrrhines, especially Pithecia. However, the cortices of Cebupithecia cau... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380123 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380122&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042733%26dopt%3DAbstract This study documents the presence of four epicritic histologic mechanoreceptors in the friction pad of atelines: Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, and Merkel discs. Ruffini corpuscles and Merkel cells were also identified in the ventrodistal skin of the Cebus tail. However, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles (not typically associated with hairy skin) were not found in Cebus. Cebus was also compared to its closest living sister taxon, nonprehensile-tailed Saimiri, in which genus only Ruffini corpuscles are observed (no Merkel discs). The differences in mechanoreceptor type and morphology are attributed to the contrasting behavioral and tactile demands of the tail as it is used in posture and locomotion, which also distinguishes atelines from Cebus. Anat Rec,, 2... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380122 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380121&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042738%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Norconk MA, Veres M Abstract Several primate radiations exhibit dental adaptations that enable them to gain access to seeds embedded in well-protected fruit. To a database drawn from published sources in which hardness of fruit and seeds were tested in the field, we added an additional 100+ species of plants used as resources by pitheciin primates (specifically, South American white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) and bearded sakis (Chiropotes spp.). This sample allowed us to compare hardness of fruit and seeds and deduce the relative incisive and masticatory capability of several primate taxa (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, prosimians and chimpanzees). Pitheciins have very well developed and highly modified anterior dentition that they use in gaining access to mech... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380121 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380120&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042744%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examines sex differences in FPs and TPs (a TB surrogate) in 11 Cebus apella to test the hypothesis that higher FP density in females may be an adaptation specific to reproductive strategies of females. Tongues were imaged using an environmental scanning electron microscope; from these images FP surface area, FP density, TP count, and TP densities were calculated. We found that there were no significant differences between males and females in the number of TPs per FP. However, we did find that females do have larger FP surface areas and higher FP densities than males. The anatomical evidence indicates that females may have greater taste sensitivity than males because females have more FP than males. Future research on food preference and selection in Cebus is expected to show se... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380120 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380119&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042747%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Youlatos D, Meldrum J Abstract Modern platyrrhines exhibit a remarkable diversity of locomotor and postural adaptations, which evolved along multiple trajectories since the initial immigration to the island continent of South America. We trace this diversification by reviewing the available paleontological and neontological data for postcranial morphology and ecological adaptation. Fossil platyrrhines are notably diverse, from the Oligocene Branisella, to the varied Patagonian early Miocene quadurpedal-leaping and quadrupedal-climbing fossils of disputed affinities, on through the rich middle Miocene Colombian quadurpedal-leaping forms. More recent taxa exhibit even more derived positional patterns, from the largest suspensory atelids in Pleistocene Brazil, to the remarkab... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380119 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380118&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22042751%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith TD, Garrett EC, Bhatnagar KP, Bonar CJ, Bruening AE, Dennis JC, Kinznger JH, Johnson EW, Morrison EE Abstract Although all platyrrhine primates possess a vomeronasal organ (VNO), few species have been studied in detail. Here, we revisit the microanatomy of the VNO and related features in serially sectioned samples from 41 platyrrhine cadavers (14 species) of mixed age. Procedures to identify terminally differentiated vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) via immunolabeling of olfactory marker protein (OMP) were used on selected specimens. The VNO varies from an elongated epithelial tube (e.g., Ateles fusciceps) to a dorsoventrally expanded sac (e.g., Saguinus spp.). The cartilage that surrounds the VNO is J-shaped or U-shaped in most species, and articulates with a groo... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380118 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297974&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21972218%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carreira LM, Ferreira A, Burilo FL Abstract Dorsal sagittal venous sinus (DSVS) is an encephalic structure located in the midline of brain dorsal surface, starting behind the frontal venous sinus and following the brain falx in its extension. Knowing DSVS morphology and cranial-cerebral relationships it is very important for surgeon when he is planning the placement of craniotomies, in order to prevent the damage of this structure. The main purpose of this study were to establish craniometric points that can be used as key points of neurosurgical importance providing an anatomic framework to brain access regarding the localization of DSVS, and to characterize the morphology of DSVS in the three groups considered in study according their type of skull (brachycephalic-B, dol... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297974 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297974 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297973&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21972221%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fujioka H, Moghaddas S, Murdock DG, Lesnefsky EJ, Tandler B, Hoppel CL Abstract Aging decreases oxidative phosphorylation through cytochrome oxidase (COX) in cardiac interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) in 24-month old (aged) rats compared to 6-month old adult Fischer 344 rats, whereas subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) located beneath the plasma membrane remain unaffected. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) reveals in aged rats a 25% reduction in cardiac COX subunit VIIa in cardiac IFM, but not in SSM. In contrast, the content of subunit IV remains unchanged in both SSM and IFM, irrespective of age. These subunits are localized mainly on cristae membranes. In contrast, semi-quantitative immunoblotting, which detects denatured protein, indicates that the content of COX VIIa is si... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297973 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297976&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21972199%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mendoza-Garcés L, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA, Jiménez-Trejo F, Picazo O, Rodríguez MC, Cerbón M Abstract In the hippocampus, estrogens increase dendritic arborization, long-term potentiation, neuroprotection, and participate in many functions related with learning, memory, and affective behaviors. The presence of both estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) isoforms has been described in the hippocampus where they play different physiological roles. The aim of this study was to investigate, by using both techniques immunohistochemistry and Western Blot, the expression pattern of ERα and ERβ in the hippocampus of the rat along the estrous cycle. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of the antibodies used against ERα and ERβ and its relative c... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297976 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297975&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21972213%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang L, Luo YB, Bou G, Kong QR, Huan YJ, Zhu J, Wang JY, Li H, Wang F, Shi YQ, Wei YC, Liu ZH Abstract Nanog as an important transcription factor plays a pivotal role in maintaining pluripotency and in reprogramming the epigenome of somatic cells. Its ability to function on committed somatic cells and embryos has been well defined in mouse and human, but rarely in pig. To better understand Nanog's function on reprogramming in porcine fetal fibroblast (PFF) and nuclear transfer (NT) embryo, we cloned porcine Nanog CDS and constructed pcDNA3.1 (+)/Nanog and pEGFP-C1/Nanog overexpression vectors and transfected them into PFFs. We studied the cell biological changes and the expression of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, C-myc, and Sall4 in transfected PFFs. We also detected the devel... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297975 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298102&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21964916%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang L, Su D, Yan HJ, Xu JH, Zheng ZG, Hu YJ, Pan XD, Ding XW, Chen C, Chen B, Mao WM, Meng XL Abstract The aim of this study was to detect the pretreatment serum protein profiles of breast cancer patients by mass spectrometry (MS) to screen candidate tumor biomarkers, which will supply a simple, accurate, and minimally invasive method to predict the axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. We used magnetic bead-based weak cation-exchange chromatography followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight MS to detect proteins in the sera of 54 cases of axillary node-negative breast cancer, 47 cases of axillary node-positive breast cancer, and 101 healthy controls. The protein profiles were analyzed to screen tumor biomarkers and lymph node me... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298102 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5298102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298101&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21964938%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mass AM, Ketten DR, Odell DK, Supin AY Abstract The topographic organization of retinal ganglion cells was examined in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) to assess ganglion cell size and distribution and to estimate retinal resolution. The ganglion cell layer of the manatee's retina was comprised primarily of large neurons with broad intercellular spaces. Cell sizes varied from 10 to 60 μm in diameter (mean 24.3 μm). The retinal wholemounts from adult animals measured 446-501 mm(2) in area with total ganglion cell counts of 62,000-81,800 (mean 70,200). The cell density changed across the retina, with the maximum in the area below the optic disc and decreasing toward the retinal edges and in the immediate vicinity of the optic disc. The maximum cell dens... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298101 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5298101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298100&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21964967%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe the structural modifications that occur in the alimentary canal of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens during aestivation and after arousal. With fasting, all gut segments undergo structural modifications. The epithelium covering the intestinal vestibule undergoes bursts of activation at 4 months of aestivation, adopting a more quiescent appearance at 6 months. The ridge area of the spiral intestine shows, at 4 months of aestivation, epithelial disintegration, cell desquamation, cell death, and loss of the freshwater phenotype. Surprisingly, the epithelium adopts a stratified appearance at 6 months of aestivation. Except for epithelial disintegration, the smooth portion of the spiral intestine follows a similar pattern of modifications than the ridge area. The entire epi... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298100 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5298100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298098&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21965045%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Desantis S, Zizza S, Accogli G, Tufarelli V, Laudadio V Abstract Feed particle size effects on morphology and glycoconjugate pattern was investigated in the rabbit intestine. Rabbits fed with fine particles (2 mm) displayed more irregularly shaped, higher duodenal villi and deeper crypts in distal colon as well as higher number of goblet cells than coarse (8 mm) fed ones. Brush border expressed: (i) in duodenum, neutral/sulfated glycoconjugates and glycans binding MAL II, SNA, Con A than KOH-sialidase-PNA and DBA reactivity in fine and coarse fed rabbits, respectively, (ii) in cecum, mainly sulfoglycans in coarse fed rabbits, MAL II and PNA staining in all samples, and (iii) in distal colon few sulfoglycans and MAL II reactivity. Enterocytes bound MAL II in duodenum, Con A... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298098 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5298098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298097&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21965085%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gilloteaux J, Ott DW, Oldham-Ott CK Abstract The gallbladder of Uranoscopus exhibits a mucosal surface layer of simple columnar epithelium composed of specialized cholecystocytes. The apices show storage and mucous secretions, typical microvilli, and very apical projections extending deep into the luminal contents. Many organelles and heterogeneous vesicles of diverse size fill the cytoplasm, including neutral mucins, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomal bodies, and lipid-rich deposits with cholesterol inclusions. The fibromuscular layer shows little blood supply and contains scattered lymph-like walls with minute cholesterol inclusions. The remaining muscular, subserosal, and serosal or adventitial layers of this species do not show any histologic differences to those of ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298097 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5298097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298096&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21965127%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jacqmot OD, Snaps FR, Maquet NM, Heinen MP, Gabriel AE Abstract The aim of our study was to establish head arterial cartographies-useful for the diagnosis of brain diseases leading to cerebral vascular modifications-by means of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Casts of the arterial vascular brain system were used to corroborate the MRA results as they can be easily rotated in nonvirtual three-dimensions and give an accurate view of the arteries calibre and origin. Two types of 3T MRA images were used: three-dimensional fast low-angle shot (3D-FLASH) acquisition sequenced every 20 s, paired with injection of a paramagnetic contrast medium, and three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D-TOF) acquisition sequenced every 300 s. 3D-FLASH acquisition gives very accurate images of... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298096 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5298096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297996&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21965144%26dopt%3DAbstract This study emphasizes the degree to which typically larval structures are retained in this direct-developing species and provides a staging table for further investigations into the development and evolution of plethodontid salamanders. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21965144 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297996 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297982&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21965157%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen replacement therapy combined with insulin treatment on salivary secretory cells and on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors in salivary glands of spontaneously diabetic (NOD) mice. Twenty-five mice were divided into five groups of five animals each: group I (NOD diabetic), group II (NOD diabetic treated with insulin), group III (NOD diabetic treated with estrogen), group IV (NOD diabetic treated with insulin and estrogen), and group V (control Balb/c mice). Group II received insulin, group III received estrogen, and group IV received insulin plus estrogen administered daily for 20 days. Groups I and V received saline for the same period of time to simulate treatment. Glucose and estrogen levels wer... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297982 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297978&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21965166%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ura K, Hasegawa S, Tanaka E, Gotoh T, Ojima T, Takagi Y Abstract Subtilase, a major protease in the short-spined sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius), was isolated and used as antigen for the subsequent production of a specific polyclonal antibody. Immunoreactive cells were observed by immunohistochemical analysis in granules in the anterior and posterior stomach and the anterior intestine. These granules, which were most numerous in the anterior stomach, also stained intensely with methylene blue-Azure II. However, granules in cells of the esophagus, posterior intestine, and rectum were not stained by this antibody. We conclude that subtilase mainly localizes in the stomach and anterior intestine of the sea urchin. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID:... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297978 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5247339&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21928317%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abstract The cover shows a sagittal view of developing human brain, including cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. The background reveals the extensive immunohistochemically labeled serotonergic and noradrenergic cortical fibers in the rodent cortex. The individual puzzle blocks are representative data included in this issue. PMID: 21928317 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5247339 Fri, 23 Sep 2011 20:20:13 +0100 5247339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219264&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901837%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Azmitia EC, Singh JS, Hou XP, Wegiel J Abstract Autism causes neuropathological changes in varied anatomical loci. A coherent neural mechanism to explain the spectrum of autistic symptomatology has not been proposed because most anatomical researchers focus on point-to-point functional neural systems (e.g., auditory and social networks) rather than considering global chemical neural systems. Serotonergic neurons have a global innervation pattern. Disorders Research Program, AS073234, Program Project (JW). Their cell bodies are found in the midbrain but they project their axons throughout the neural axis beginning in the fetal brain. This global system is implicated in autism by animal models and by biochemical, imaging, pharmacological, and genetics studies. However, no an... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219264 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219263&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901838%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aiello TP, Whitaker-Azmitia PM Abstract The phenotypic expression of autism spectrum disorders varies widely in severity and characteristics and it is, therefore, likely that a number of etiological factors are involved. However, one finding which has been found consistently is that there is a greater incidence of autism in boys than girls. Recently, attention has been given to the extreme male hypothesis-that is that autism behaviors are an extreme form of typical male behaviors, including lack of empathy and language deficits but an increase in so-called systemizing behaviors, such as attention to detail and collecting. This points to the possibility that an alteration during sexual differentiation of the brain may occur in autism. During sexual differentiation of the br... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219263 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219262&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901839%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blatt GJ, Fatemi SH Abstract Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by repetitive stereotyped behavior, social-emotional deficits, and delayed or absent language abilities. There are known neuropathologies in the autism brain affecting limbic, cerebellar, and cortical structures but the neurochemical profile of affected individuals, revealed in postmortem tissue studies, is only recently emerging. One major component that appears highly impacted in autism is the GABAergic system. It is now apparent that there are widespread significant effects in many distributed regions in the autism brain revealed by histochemical, autoradiographic, and biochemical studies. The key synthesizing enzymes for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase type 65 and 67 (GAD65 and GA... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219262 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219261&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901840%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was undertaken to test previous theories relating abnormalities in levels of FMRP to GABA(A) receptor underexpression. We observed a significant reduction in levels of FMRP in the vermis of adults with autism. Additionally, we found that levels of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) protein were significantly increased in vermis of children with autism versus age and postmortem interval matched controls. There was also a significant decrease in level of GABA(A) receptor beta 3 (GABRβ3) protein in vermis of adult subjects with autism. Finally, we found significant increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein in vermis of both children and adults with autism when compared with controls. Taken together, our results provide further evidence that altered FMRP expression and i... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219261 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219260&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901841%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we performed double and/or triple immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against TH, DBH, and/or norepinephrine transporter (NET) to investigate the altered NE TH expression of cortical fibers in citalopram (CTM)-exposed rats and monoamine oxidase (MAO) A knock out (KO) mice. We have noted the following novel findings: (1) neonatal exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) CTM enhanced NE TH immunoreactive fibers throughout the entire neocortex, and a few of them appeared to be hypertrophic; (2) slightly enhanced NE cortical TH immunoreactive fibers were also noted in MAO A KO mice, and many of them revealed varicosities compared with the rather smooth NE cortical TH immunoreactive fibers in wild-type (WT) mice; (3) LC dendrites of MAO A KO mice exhi... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219260 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219259&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901842%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blue ME, Kaufmann WE, Bressler J, Eyring C, O'driscoll C, Naidu S, Johnston MV Abstract Our previous postmortem study of girls with Rett Syndrome (RTT), a development disorder caused by MECP2 mutations, found increases in the density of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the prefrontal cortex of 2-8-year-old girls, whereas girls older than 10 years had reductions in NMDA receptors compared with age-matched controls (Blue et al., Ann Neurol 1999b;45:541-545). Using [(3) H]-CGP to label NMDA-type glutamate receptors in 2- and 7-week old wild-type (WT), Mecp2-null, and Mecp2-heterozygous (HET) mice (Bird model), we found that frontal areas of the brain also exhibited a bimodal pattern in NMDA expression, with increased densities of NMDA receptors in Mecp2-null mice at 2... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219259 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219258&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901843%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe the bony and cartilaginous structures of five fetal skulls of Stenella attenuata (pantropical spotted dolphin) specimens. The specimens represent early fetal life as suggested by the presence of rostral tactile hairs and the beginnings of skin pigmentation. These specimens exhibit the developmental order of ossification of the intramembranous and endochondral elements of the cranium as well as the functional and morphological development of specific cetacean anatomical adaptations. Detailed observations are presented on telescoping, nasal anatomy, and middle ear anatomy. The development of the middle ear ossicles, ectotympanic bone, and median nasal cartilage is of interest because in the adult these structures are morphologically different from those in land mammals. We follow... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219258 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219257&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901844%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Agster KL, Clark BD, Gao WJ, Shumsky JS, Wang HX, Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD Abstract Amphetamine-like psychostimulant drugs have been used for decades to treat a variety of clinical conditions. Methylphenidate (MPH)-Ritalin(R) , a compound that blocks reuptake of synaptically released norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the brain, has been used for more than 30 years in low dose, long-term regimens to treat attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in juveniles, adolescents, and adults. Now, these agents are also becoming increasingly popular among healthy individuals from all walks of life (e.g., military, students) and age groups (teenagers thru senior citizens) to promote wakefulness and improve attention. Although there is agreement regarding the primary bioc... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219257 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219256&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901845%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lin RC PMID: 21901845 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219256 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219255&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901846%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Silva-Junior GO, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA Abstract Programming of fetal development is considered to be an important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease (CHD). Aiming to investigate the association between maternal nutrition and the development of the coronary arteries (CAs) in staged mice embryos, C57BL/6 mice embryos from Stages 16 to 23 were taken from mothers fed a normal protein (NP) or low protein (LP) diet, and the CA were studied. Although the LP embryos had lower masses, they had faster heart growth rates when compared with the NP embryos. The subepicardial plexuses were observed earlier in the NP embryos (Stage 20) than in the LP ones (Stage 22; P < 0.01). Apoptotic nuclei were seen around the aortic... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219255 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219254&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tanaka K, Hayakawa T, Maeda S, Kuwahara-Otani S, Seki M Abstract The distribution and the ultrastructure of afferent fibers innervating the parietal peritoneum in the rat was studied with immunohistochemistry using an antiserum against the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5. The immunoreactive fibers were distributed throughout the peritoneum. They generally ran straight and parallel to the intercostal nerves running in the abdominal muscles underlying the peritoneum. They sometimes branched and terminated by forming club-like endings. The number of nerve endings on the peritoneal surface was 3.25 ± 1.66 mm(-2) . Electron microscopic observations revealed both unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers. The unmyelinated fibers were thin and about 1 μm in diameter. Th... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219254 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219253&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21901848%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Daza JD, Diogo R, Johnston P, Abdala V Abstract The exact homologies of tetrapod jaw muscles remain unresolved, and this provides a barrier for phylogenetic analysis and tracing character evolution. Here, lepidosaur jaw muscles are surveyed using direct examination of species from 23 families and published descriptions of species from 10 families. A revised nomenclature is applied according to proposed homologies with Latimeria. Among lepidosaurs, variation was found in many aspects of jaw muscle anatomy. The superficial layers mm. levator and retractor anguli oris (LAO and RAO) are present in Sphenodon but not all squamates. The external jaw adductor muscles universally present in lepidosaurs are homologous with the main adductor muscle, A2, of Latimeria and include four ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219253 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219252&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21905241%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we found that a particular automated software system performed at least as well as human raters at measuring cylinder scores. Our data indicate that cylinder scores are more reliable and valid than chamber scores, and that the former can be measured very accurately using an automated video analysis system in ASD-relevant models. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21905241 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219252 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219251&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21905242%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rodriguez-Porcel F, Green D, Khatri N, Harris SS, May WL, Lin RC, Paul IA Abstract We have demonstrated that neonatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has lasting effects on behavior and serotonergic neurons in Long Evans rats. Hyperserotoninemia and altered sensory processing are reported in autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). We hypothesized that early life exposure to SSRIs alters sensory processing, disrupts responses to novelty, and impairs social interactions in a manner similar to that observed in ASD. Male and female Long-Evans rat pups were administered citalopram, buproprion, fluoxetine, or saline from postnatal day (P) 8-21. Rats were tested for response to a novel tone before weaning (P25). Later, rats were tested 2× for response to a novel o... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219251 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141623&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21830308%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jackowiak H, Skieresz-Szewczyk K, Godynicki S, Iwasaki SI, Meyer W Abstract Using LM and SEM methods, the study describes microstructures in particular areas of the tongue of the goose. A thick multilayered keratinized epithelium forms the "lingual nail" and covers small and giant conical papillae, whereby the first functions as an exoskeleton of the tongue apex, and the latter are arranged along the lingual and well-developed connective tissue cores, and together with the bill lamellae are involved in cutting. The row of conical papillae on the lingual prominence prevents regurgitation of transported food. In the area of the "lingual nail" and in the anterior part of the lingual prominence, Herbst corpuscles are accumulated, which allow to recognize food position. Filifor... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141623 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104092&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809453%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beard LL, Li T, Hu Y, Folkesson HG Near the end of gestation, the direction of ion and fluid flow across the alveolar epithelium rapidly changes from secretion to absorption. Thus, the relative cell membrane location of epithelial Na channels (ENaCs) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) Cl channels during late fetal lung development and after maternal interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pretreatment was the focus of our study. Western blot analysis after sucrose gradient separation of caveolin-1-(Cav-1)-rich membrane regions (CRR) and Cav-1-poor membrane (non-CRR) revealed primary CRR ENaC localization at gestation day (GD) 61 in guinea pigs. Correlating with the natural induction of distal lung fluid absorption, ENaC appeared in the non-CRR cell membrane regions at GD68. C... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104092 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104091&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809454%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morimoto N, De León MS, Nishimura T, Zollikofer CP The proximal femoral morphology of fossil hominins is routinely interpreted in terms of muscular topography and associated locomotor modes. However, the detailed correspondence between hard and soft tissue structures in the proximal femoral region of extant great apes is relatively unknown, because dissection protocols typically do not comprise in-depth osteological descriptions. Here, we use computed tomography and virtopsy (virtual dissection) for non-invasive examination of the femoropelvic musculoskeletal anatomy in Pan troglodytes, P. paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, and Homo sapiens. Specifically, we analyze the topographic relationship between muscle attachment sites and surface structures of the proximal fem... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104091 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104091 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104090&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809455%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schachner ER, Farmer CG, McDonald AT, Dodson P Examination of the thoracic rib and vertebral anatomy of extant archosaurs indicates a relationship between the postcranial axial skeleton and pulmonary anatomy. Lung ventilation in extant crocodilians is primarily achieved with a hepatic piston pump and costal rotation. The tubercula and capitula of the ribs lie on the horizontal plane, forming a smooth thoracic "ceiling" facilitating movement of the viscera. Although the parietal pleura is anchored to the dorsal thoracic wall, the dorsal visceral pleura exhibits a greater freedom of movement. The air sac system and lungs of birds are associated with bicapitate ribs with a ventrally positioned capitular articulation, generating a rigid and furrowed rib cage that minimizes dorsove... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104090 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104090 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104089&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leknes IL The ultrastructure of the endothelium in the heart of the firemouth cichlid (Thorichthys meeki) and its capability and capacity to take up foreign ferritin are described. The entire wall in atrium and ventricle was spongy and composed of muscle trabeculae, covered by endothelial cells which were about 4-6-μm thick in atrium and flat in ventricle. These cells contained a number of moderately electron-dense bodies (MDBs, diameter 2 μm and less), clathrin-coated vesicles, and tubules of agranular endoplasmatic reticulum. Numerous yellow-brown granules, width 2 μm and less, occurred in the endocardial endothelium covering the cardiac muscle trabeculae in ferritin-injected firemouth cichlid 8 hr postinjection; much Prussian blue precipitated within these granules when ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104089 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104089 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104088&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809457%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Giachi F, Tanteri G, Malentacchi C, Delfino G An ultrastructural study was carried out on the epidermis of Agalychnis callidryas tadpoles during limb development. Larval epidermis consisted of four cell layers: basal, lower intermediate, upper intermediate, and surface or apical layers. Basal cells represented the stem compartment of intermediate cells: both belong to the skein cell (SC) lineage, described in several anuran species, on account of the conspicuous intracytoplasmic tonofilament bundles. Apical cells were secretory in nature and released mucus on the body surface. Intermediate SCs exhibited a hydrated central cytoplasm and peripheral tonofilament bundles. They closely resembled the epidermal ball-like cells, Kugelzellen (KZn) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, and possib... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104088 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104088 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104087&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809458%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Qian CJ, Yao J, Si JM The conventional view of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which transmits information to the nucleus via the signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) without leaving the cytoplasm. However, accumulating data suggest that JAK2 may signal by exporting from cytoplasm to nucleus, where it guides the transcriptional machinery independent of STATs protein. Recent studies demonstrated that JAK2 is a crucial component of signaling pathways operating in the nucleus. Especially the latest landmark discovery confirmed that JAK2 goes into the nucleus and directly interacts with nucleoproteins, such as histone H3 at tyrosine 41 (H3Y41), nuclear factor 1-C2 (NF1-C2) and SWI/SNF-related helicases/ATPases (RUSH)-1α, indicating that... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104087 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104087 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104086&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809459%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mikkelsen HB, Larsen JO, Froh P, Nguyen TH Quantification of intestinal cells is challenging for several reasons: The cell densities vary throughout the intestines and may be age dependent. Some cell types are ramified and/or can change shape and size. Additionally, immunolabeling is needed for the correct identification of cell type. Immunolabeling is dependent on both up- and down-regulation of the antigen being labeled as well as on the primary and secondary antibodies, the fixation, and the enhancement procedures. Here, we provide a detailed description of immunolabeling of CD169(+) cells and major histocompatibility class II antigen (MHCII(+) ) cells and the subsequent quantification of these cells using design-based stereology in the intestinal muscularis externa. We use... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104086 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104086 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104085&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809460%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nikolić V, Blagojević Z, Stijak L, Mališ M, Parapid GT, Stanković G, Spasojević G, Filipović B The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometry of branching patterns of the main trunk of the left coronary artery (MT of LCA) in nonhuman primates, and comment on the current nomenclature. The biometric study was performed using stereomicroscopic dissection of hearts of healthy and fertile nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) of both sexes. Our results reveal that the MT of LCA terminates in a bifurcation into the anterior interventricular branch (AIB) and the circumflex branch (CB) (74.6%), trifurcation into the AIB, CB, and diagonal branch (DB) (23.6%), or occasionally quadrifurcation into the AIB, CB, and two DBs (1.8%). This is similar to the case i... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104085 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104085 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104084&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809461%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we introduce a method of using a mixture of acrylic blue dye and hydrogen peroxide to visualize the lymphatic system in rats. The lymphatic vessels were cannulated with micropipettes, and radio-opaque orange lead oxide was selectively injected. The lymphatic system became visible from the dorsal side of the hand and foot, and distal region of the tail to their termination at the left and right subclavicular veins via lymph nodes. Cisterna chyli in the abdominal cavity and thoracic duct ran along with the aorta. The advantage of this technique is that lymph nodes as well as lymphatic channels could be recorded not only photographically but also radiographically. This microinjection technique is useful for demonstrating the lymphatic system in rats and may provide further info... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104084 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104084 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104083&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809462%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Palmer MV, Stasko J, Waters WR, Thacker TC The pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), located at the posterior of the nasopharynx is ideally positioned to sample antigens passing through the nasal cavity or oral cavity. Entering antigens will first contact tonsilar epithelium. To better understand the cellular organization of this important epithelial layer, pharyngeal tonsils were collected from six, 7-month-old calves and examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis showed that the epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles (reticular epithelium) contained significantly more B-cells, CD4+, and CD11c+ cells than nonreticular epithelium. In contrast, nonreticular epithelium contained significantly more, γ/δ TCR+ cells than reticular e... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104083 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104083 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104082&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zihlman AL, McFarland RK, Underwood CE Great apes diversified during the Miocene in Old World forests. Two lineages, gorillas in Africa and orangutans in Asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super-sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. We test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. Whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification of body mass distribution to limb segments, of body composition (muscle, bone, skin, and fat relative to total body mass), and of muscle distribution and proportions. Results demonstrate that gorilla forelimb anatomy accommodates shoulder joint mobi... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104082 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104081&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809464%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bruner E, De La Cuétara JM, Holloway R The parietal bones approximately cover the extension of the underlying parietal lobes. Although the boundaries of these two anatomical elements do not coincide, during morphogenesis the growth of the parietal bones is largely induced by the pressure exerted by the parietal lobes. Modern humans display larger parietal chords and arcs compared with non-modern human species. However, the variation of these variables have not been analyzed before according to the covariation with the general endocranial diameters. When the curvature of the parietal bones is regressed onto the main neurocranial distances, modern humans show larger relative values, suggesting not only an absolute enlargement but a definite allometric change. Taking into accoun... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104081 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104080&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809465%26dopt%3DAbstract This study analyzes skin of the masseteric region of mice from the HRS/J strain after three different application regimens (three, six or ten applications per regimen) of low intensity laser at 20 J/cm(2) and 40 mW for 20 sec on alternate days. Three experimental groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six or ten) and three control groups (N = 5 animals for each group) were used. On the third day after the last irradiation, all animals were sacrificed and the skin was removed and processed to analyze the relative occupation of the test area by each epithelial layer and the aspects of neovascularization. Data were submitted to statistical analyzes. The irradiated groups compared to their respective controls at each period of time, showed no significant difference in rel... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104080 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104079&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Skedros JG, Clark GC, Sorenson SM, Taylor KW, Qiu S An important hypothesis is that the degree of infilling of secondary osteons (Haversian systems) is controlled by the inhibitory effect of osteocytes on osteoblasts, which might be mediated by sclerostin (a glycoprotein produced by osteocytes). Consequently, this inhibition could be proportional to cell number: relatively greater repression is exerted by progressively greater osteocyte density (increased osteocytes correlate with thinner osteon walls). This hypothesis has been examined, but only weakly supported, in sheep ulnae. We looked for this inverse relationship between osteon wall thickness (On.W.Th) and osteocyte lacuna density (Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar) in small and large osteons in human ribs, calcanei of sheep, deer, elk, and ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104079 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104079 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104078&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ott LE, McDowell ZT, Turner PM, Law JM, Adler KB, Yoder JA, Jones SL Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) is an actin binding protein substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) and critical for mouse and Xenopus development. Herein two MARCKS paralogs, marcksa and marcksb, are identified in zebrafish and the role of these genes in zebrafish development is evaluated. Morpholino-based targeting of either MARCKS protein resulted in increased mortality and a range of gross phenotypic abnormalities. Phenotypic abnormalities were classified as mild, moderate or severe, which is characterized by a slight curve of a full-length tail, a severe curve or twist of a full-length tail and a truncated tail, respectively. All three phenotypes displayed abnormal neural architecture.... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104078 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104077&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809468%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Albertine KH PMID: 21809468 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104077 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104077 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104076&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809469%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sylvester AD, Mahfouz MR, Kramer PA The functional significance of shape differences between modern human and australopithecine distal femora remains unclear. Here, we examine the morphological component of the effective mechanical advantage (EMA) of the quadriceps muscle group in a sample of hominins that includes the fossil A.L. 129-1a (Australopithecus afarensis) and modern humans. Quadriceps muscle moment arms were calculated from three-dimensional computer models of specimens through a range of knee flexion. All hominins were compared using the same limb positions to allow us to examine, in isolation, the morphological component of the lengths of the pertinent moment arms. After taking into account the differences in bicondylar angle, the morphological component of the EM... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104076 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104075&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809470%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated the growth, differentiation, and tubular morphogenesis of human eccrine sweat gland epithelial cells cultured in Matrigel. Human eccrine gland epithelial cells were isolated and cultured in vitro. The cell growth in Matrigel was evidenced by the formation of cell clusters, which were observed under an inverted microscope. The internal structure of the cell clusters was further investigated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of propidium iodide-stained nuclei. The results demonstrated that although on a plastic surface or in a collagen gel the cells could not form tubular structures, they formed tubular structures when cultured in Matrigel. Consequently, we conclude that Matrigel can promote tubular morphogenesis of human... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104075 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5104074&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21809471%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Parthasarathi K, Bhattacharya J Acid aspiration is a major cause of acute lung injury. However, the mechanisms that underlie this spatial expansion of the injury remain undefined. In current animal models of acid injury, intratracheal acid instillation replicates the lung injury. However intratracheal instillation causes a global effect, precluding studies of how the injury spreads. Here, we report an airway catheter-based method for localized acid delivery in the isolated blood-perfused rat lung. We co-instilled hydrochloric acid with evans blue through the catheter into one lung and determined blood-free extravascular lung water in tissue samples from regions that either received, or did not receive the instilled acid. Tissue samples from the noncatheterized contralateral lu... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5104074 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5104074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058108&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21774091%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Field DJ, Lin SC, Ben-Zvi M, Goldbogen JA, Shadwick RE Engulfment-feeding Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) off the Pacific coast of Mexico. Rorqual whales and brown pelicans exhibit convergent modes of engulfment feeding. See Figure 1A in Field et al., on page 1274, in this issue. PMID: 21774091 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058108 Sun, 24 Jul 2011 14:15:22 +0100 5058108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961771&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21678563%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kranioti EF, Holloway R, Senck S, Ciprut T, Grigorescu D, Harvati K Virtual approximation of the middle meningeal arterial networks and various sinuses of a Cioclovina brain. See Figure 4 in Kranioti et al., on page 1089, in this issue. PMID: 21678563 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961771 Fri, 24 Jun 2011 13:45:08 +0100 4961771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912732&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21634023%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kranioti EF, Holloway R, Senck S, Ciprut T, Grigorescu D, Harvati K Endocasts provide evidence on size and shape characteristics, blood supply trajectories, and neurological features of the brain, allowing comparative analyses of fossil hominins crucial to our understanding of human brain evolution. Here, we assess the morphological features of the virtual endocast of the Cioclovina Upper Paleolithic calvarium, one of the earliest reliably dated European modern human fossils. Our study was conducted on a computed tomography (CT) scan of the original specimen. The endocranial profile was approximated via a semiautomatic segmentation of the CT data. Virtual reconstructions of the endocast were used for assessing the morphological features of the endocranium and for the estimatio... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912732 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912732 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4866000&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21608136%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cox PG, Jeffery N Transverse microCT through the head of three rodent species, highlighting musculature that close the jaw. See Figure 12 in Cox and Jeffery, on page 926, in this issue. PMID: 21608136 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4866000 Fri, 27 May 2011 06:45:14 +0100 4866000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814016&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21548109%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lei L, Wang XJ, Zheng ZG, Huang J, Cao WM, Chen ZH, Shao XY, Cai JF, Ye WW, Lu HY Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) was used to screen serum samples to identify protein markers for early breast cancer relapse. We collected 67 serum samples from patients with breast cancer (24 preoperative; 23 postoperative without breast cancer relapse; 20 postoperative with breast cancer relapse). Eight protein peaks varied between the presurgical group and the postsurgical group without breast cancer relapse; 4 protein peaks were differentially expressed between the postsurgical patients without relapse and patients with relapse. The peak at 3964 m/z dropped after surgery and rebounded after relapse (P < 0.01). These results indic... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814016 Tue, 03 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814020&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21542138%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Soria G, De Notaris M, Tudela R, Blasco G, Puig J, Planas AM, Pedraza S, Prats-Galino A The aim of the present work was to provide the topography of the main gray nuclei and white matter tracts of the human brainstem at 7 Tesla (7 T) high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using structural imaging (T1) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Both imaging techniques represent a new field of increasing interest for its potential neuroanatomic and neuropathologic value. Brainstems were obtained postmortem from human donors, fixated by intracarotid perfusion of 10% neutral buffered formalin, and scanned in a Bruker BioSpec 7 T horizontal scanner. 3D-data sets were acquired using the modified driven equilibrium Fourier transform (MDEFT) sequence and Spin Echo-DTI (SE-DTI) sequence ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814020 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814019&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21542139%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang WH, Cheng LC, Pan FY, Xue B, Wang DY, Chen Z, Li CJ Histone acetylation is important for gene transcription, which is controlled by the balance between two kinds of opposing enzymes: histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs repress gene transcription by decreasing histone acetylation levels. Our hypothesis was that shuttling of Class II HDACs, such as HDAC4, between the nucleus and cytoplasm is critical for its function. We constructed mutants of mammalian HDAC4 that had different cellular locations and checked their function during memory formation using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. The deletion of hda4, a homolog of HDAC4, was able to enhance learning and long-term memory (LTM) in a thermotaxis model. Transgenic experiments showed that ma... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814019 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814018&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21542140%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we have investigated the potential role of Lewis (y) antigen, which was stably transfected into ovarian cancer RMG-1 cells, on carboplatin-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of Lewis (y) antigen effectively protected vitronectin-adherent RMG-1 cells from carboplatin-induced apoptosis as assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. Treatment with anti-Lewis (y) antigen, anti-integrin αv, or anti-integrin β3 antibody partially abolished the protective effect on apoptosis and markedly inhibited the expression of Topo-II β in cells overexpressing Lewis (y) antigen (all P < 0.01). Moreover, elevated expression of Topo-I and Topo-II β was found in Lewis (y) antigen-overexpressing cells (P < 0.01). However, no obvious changes in Topo-II α were observed throughou... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814018 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814017&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21542141%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Badlangana NL, Adams JW, Manger PR The current study examines the frontal air sinus of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cranium with the aim of evaluating previously offered hypotheses as to why they have such an atypically voluminous frontal sinus relative to other artiodactyls. To date, no quantification of the frontal sinus in the adult or developing giraffe has been undertaken or compared to other artiodactyl species. Crania from eight species of adult artiodactyls, and giraffes varying in age from newborn to adult, were studied using CT scans to provide a volumetric assessment of the frontal sinus. Sinus volume was strongly correlated to cranial mass in the male giraffe ontogenetic series. The adult giraffe of both sexes were found to possess a far larger than predict... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814017 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814041&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21495192%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hutchinson JR, Bates KT, Allen V PMID: 21495192 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814041 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814037&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Von Unge M, Buytaert JA, Dirckx JJ The pars flaccida of the Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian gerbil) was in previous studies shown to bulge almost spherically when pressurized, a behavior suggesting that it is suspended by a fixed circular boundary. The question arises whether this "functional" boundary is based on an underlying circular anatomical boundary, an important issue for modeling the middle-ear mechanics. In this article, the boundaries of the Mongolian gerbil pars flaccida were visualized in situ with otomicroscopy and in slides with light microscopy and by micro-CT radiology. For the major part of its circumference, the pars flaccida was found to be suspended by rigid bone, that is, the tympanic legs. The remaining boundary is made up of the terminal portion of the... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814037 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814023&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538935%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li ZY, Xiong SH, Hu M, Zhang CS The molecular mechanisms underlying human spinal chondrocyte differentiation remain unclear. We recently demonstrated that epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) is highly expressed in degenerative intervertebral discs. EMP1 is involved in the differentiation of multiple cell types, including progenitor/pre-B cells, neurons, and podocytes. Therefore, we hypothesize that EMP1 may participate in the differentiation of spinal chondrocytes. We cultured chondrocytes from human nucleus pulposus. Through lentivirus-mediated knockdown and overexpression of EMP1, we find that EMP1 promotes cell proliferation and survival, alters cell morphology and cell cycle, reduces cell condensation, and inhibits cell hypertrophy and the expression of chondrocyte matura... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814023 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814022&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538936%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jimenez M PMID: 21538936 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814022 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814040&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538924%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cox PG, Jeffery N Rodents are defined by their unique masticatory apparatus and are frequently separated into three nonmonophyletic groups-sciuromorphs, hystricomorphs, and myomorphs-based on the morphology of their masticatory muscles. Despite several comprehensive dissections in previous work, inconsistencies persist as to the exact morphology of the rodent jaw-closing musculature, particularly, the masseter. Here, we review the literature and document for the first time the muscle architecture noninvasively and in 3D by using iodine-enhanced microCT. Observations and measurements were recorded with reference to images of three individuals, each belonging to one of the three muscle morphotypes (squirrel, guinea pig, and rat). Results revealed an enlarged superficial masseter... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814040 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814039&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538925%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holmes WM, Cotton R, Xuan VB, Rygg AD, Craven BA, Abel RL, Slack R, Cox JP From high-resolution (65 μm) data acquired by magnetic resonance imaging, we have reconstructed the nasal passageway of a single adult hagfish specimen (probably Eptatretus stoutii). We have used this reconstruction to investigate how the anatomy and morphometry of the nasal passageway influence the olfactory ability of the hagfish. We found that the long, broad section of the passageway preceding the nasal chamber will delay the response to an odor by 1-2 s. Diffusion of odorant to the olfactory epithelium, on which the olfactory sensitivity of an animal depends, will be favored by the relatively large surface area of the olfactory epithelium (∼140 mm(2) ) and a modest expansion in the nasal chamber... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814039 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814038&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chandler N, Aslanidi O, Buckley D, Inada S, Birchall S, Atkinson A, Kirk D, Monfredi O, Molenaar P, Anderson R, Sharma V, Sigg D, Zhang H, Boyett M, Dobrzynski H We have previously shown in rabbit that the pacemaker of the heart (the sinus node) is widespread and matches the wide distribution of the leading pacemaker site within the right atrium. There is, however, uncertainty about the precise location of the pacemaker in human heart, and its spatial relationships with the surrounding right atrial muscle. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the distribution of the sinus node tissue in a series of healthy human hearts and, for one of the hearts to construct a computer three-dimensional anatomical model of the sinus node, including the likely orientation ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814038 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814036&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538928%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, it was the first time to investigate the expression of IL-18 in human nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, and its potential function in the formation of nasal polyps. Surgical samples were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression and location of IL-18, and its correlated cytokines, IL-4, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, the airway epithelial cell line, A549, was used to investigate the mutual regulation of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-18. IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-18 were all highly expressed in the epithelial cells, submucosal glands, and infiltrating inflammatory cells in the nasal polyp tissues, comparing with the control samples. Especially, the expression of IL-18 was upregulated significantly in nasal polyp tissues compared with control tissues. In addition, ... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814036 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814035&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538929%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim JH, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Verdugo-López S, Cho KH, Murakami G, Cho BH The cochlear scalas are differentiated from a single tube with a lining by the tall epithelium, that is, the cochlear duct. However, we have no information about the mechanism involved in the formation of the scalas. We evaluated histological sections taken from 20 fetuses: eight each at 8-9 weeks [early stage; 28-45 mm crown-rump length (CRL)] and 11-12 weeks (middle stage; 52-74 mm CRL), and four at 14-15 weeks (late stage; 90-110 mm CRL) of gestation. In four of eight early-stage and in all eight middle-stage specimens, we observed irregular perilymphatic spaces and their fusion; these spaces tended to be larger in the future scala tympani than in the future scala vestibuli. The cochlear duct epith... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814035 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814034&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538930%26dopt%3DAbstract This study showed significant morphological differences in the organization of mitochondria in excitatory spine synapses between CA1 and CA3 areas, which corresponded with already known differences in functionality and sensitivity to the ischemic insult. Our conclusion is that revealed post-ischemic changes in mitochondrial distribution in presynaptic CA1 and CA3 terminals could be an indicator of hippocampal metabolic dysfunction and synaptic plasticity. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21538930 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814034 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814033&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538931%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed to examine the chronological alternation of osteocytes in the bone surrounding the titanium implants using a rat model. The distribution of the osteocytic lacunar canalicular system (OLCS) in bone around the titanium implants was examined by silver impregnation according to Bodian's staining. We also performed double staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), as well as immunohistochemistry for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23-a regulator for the serum concentration of phosphorus-and sclerostin, which has been shown to inhibit osteoblastic activities. Newly formed bone and the injured bone at the early stage exhibited an irregularly distributed OLCS and a few osteocytes positive for sclerostin or FGF23, therefore indicating imm... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814033 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814029&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538932%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, 12-month male mice were chronically treated with stress-level dexamethasone (DEX, 5 mg/kg) and extract of Astragalus (EA, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1, 6.5 mg/kg) for 21 days. We investigated the protective effect of EA against DEX injury in mice and its action mechanism. Our results indicate that DEX can induce learning and memory impairments and neuronal cell apoptosis. The mRNA levels of caspase-3 are selectively increased after DEX administration. The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrate that caspase-3 and cytochrome c in hippocampus (CA1, CA3) and neocortex are significantly increased. Furthermore, DEX treatment increased the activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Treatment groups with EA (20 and 40 mg/kg) or Rg1 (6.5 mg/kg) significantly improve l... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814029 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814025&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538933%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu Y, Zheng H, Kang JS, Zhang L, Su J, Li HY, Sun LK Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in cancer cells are not fully understood. Here, we showed a critical role for the chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) in cisplatin resistance in human erythroleukemia K562 and RK562 cells. We found that a chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) could protect cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. NPPB treatment decreased the mRNA and the protein expression of Bax/Bcl-2, decreased the protein expressions of cytochrome C and caspase-3, and increased the mRNA expressions of cyclin D1 and ClC-3 in cells treated with cisplatin. The caspase-3 activity was decreased significantly and the rate of cell apoptosis was decreased. NPPB treatment increased CIC-3 expression, w... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814025 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814024&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538934%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bombardi C, Cozzi B, Nenzi A, Mazzariol S, Grandis A Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) contain the cell bodies of primary afferent neurons that transmit sensory information from the periphery into the spinal cord. Distinct populations of DRG neurons have been characterized by a variety of different immunohistochemical markers. A subpopulation of ganglionic neurons containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an enzyme known to generate nitric oxide, has been detected in a number of mammalian species. Despite previous studies, no information is known on the presence and exact distribution of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the DRGs of the bottlenose dolphin. In this investigation, immunoperoxidase for nNOS was used to determine the distribution and the perikaryal size of nitrergic... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814024 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814024 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814021&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21538937%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Voss M, Asbach P, Hilger A Four incompletely preserved caudal vertebrae lacking the neural arches of two fossil sirenian individuals of Halitherium schinzii (Oligocene) from the Rhine area in Germany and northern Belgium reveal osteological alterations. The caudal vertebrae possess a transverse process with growth retardation. This asymmetry indicates that the affected transverse processes are less developed than their counterparts and, consequently, deviate from the norm. Computed tomography (CT) scans reveal osteosclerotic patterns, a morphological feature that characterizes sea cows and supports the nonpathological state of the vertebrae. Additionally, no indications of vertebral fractures or any other occurrences due to external factors are present. This is the oldest docu... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814021 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4814021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651841&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416624%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jang HG, Chung MS, Shin DS, Park SK, Cheon KS, Park HS, Park JS PMID: 21416624 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651841 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 02:46:28 +0100 4651841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651831&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21433304%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenberger AL The hypothesis that hypertrophic eyeballs were widespread among Eocene tarsiiform primates can be tested by qualitatively examining an integrated set of anatomical features involving the middle face, palate, and orbital floor that are also manifest in Tarsius. The North American anaptomorphine Strigorhysis, restudied via micro-CT, is presented as an example, one of about nine fossil tarsiiforms (FTs) with moderately to enormously enlarged eyes-some possibly tarsier-sized. The eyeballs of Strigorhysis likely were ectopic and comparable in relative size to the smallest-bodied living tarsier, T. pumulis. These fossils, constituting approximately one-third of the Eocene tarsiiform adaptive radiation and possibly others still known essentially from dental remains, ap... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651831 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651830&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21433305%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Veilleux CC, Lewis RJ Many aspects of mammalian visual anatomy vary with activity pattern, reflecting the divergent selective pressures imposed by low light and high light visual environments. However, ambient light intensity can also differ substantially between and within habitats due to differences in foliage density. We explored the effects of interhabitat and intrahabitat variation in light intensity on mammalian visual anatomy. Data on relative cornea size, activity pattern, and habitat type were collected from the literature for 209 terrestrial mammal species. In general, mammalian relative cornea size significantly varied by habitat type. In within-order and across-mammal analyses, diurnal and cathemeral mammals from forested habitats exhibited relatively larger cornea... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651830 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651829&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21433306%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siebert JR, Osterhout DJ Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) give rise to the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), the OL. To examine molecular changes involved in OPC differentiation, a microarray analysis was performed at several time points during OPC maturation. The results revealed significant expression levels of mRNA for reelin, one reelin receptor, very low density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), and the cytoplasmic adaptor molecule, disabled homolog 1 (Dab1). The expression of these proteins in oligodendroglial (ODG) cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. It was also discovered that both progenitors and mature OLs secrete reelin. Although there is no known effect of reelin on ODG cells, the data suggest that thes... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651829 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651828&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21433307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Endo D, Yamamoto Y, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K The nasal cavity of adult Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) is composed of a series of three compartments: principal, middle, and inferior chambers. The principal chamber is lined with olfactory epithelium (OE), middle chamber with middle chamber epithelium (MCE), and inferior chamber with vomeronasal epithelium (VNE). In the present study, we examined developmental changes of lectin-binding patterns of the OE, MCE, and VNE by the use of four biotinylated lectins; DSL, DBA, PNA, and UEA-I. From Stage 59, just after the beginning of metamorphosis, the stainings of the free border for DBA and UEA-I were decreased in the OE and MCE, respectively, but the stainings of secretory granules (SGs) in the OE became intense. From Stage 63, sensory cel... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651828 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651827&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21433308%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we showed that Sp1 was co-overexpressed with survivin in adenocarcinoma of lung cells A549, but not in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells 4F0439 or small airway epithelial cells 3F1584. Subsequently, transfection experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of Sp1 signaling suppressed survivin expression in A549 cells, whereas Sp1 overexpression increased the level of survivin protein as well as its mRNA. We also found that Sp1 could decrease capase-9 activity, which is shown to be suppressed by survivin during apoptosis inhibition. Finally, Luciferase activity and ChIP assays revealed that Sp1 activated survivin promoter by direct interaction with it. Taken together, our data suggest Sp1 plays a potent role in the upregulation of survivin expression in lung can... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651827 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651838&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416625%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hutchinson JR, Bates KT, Allen V PMID: 21416625 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651838 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651837&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416626%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the antigastric cancer effect of melatonin is associated with downregulation of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs and its Foxp3 expression in the tumor tissue. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21416626 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651837 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651836&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416627%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the transplanted OECs could serve as a source of neuroprotection and remyelination to modify the ALS microenvironment. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21416627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651836 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651836 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651835&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416628%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: González-Morán MG The aim of this study was to evaluate the sequence of the histological and stereological changes that occur in diverse components of left growing and right regressing ovaries of Gallus domesticus as well as the variations in the number and size of the different cell subpopulations from 8-day-old chicken embryo to 4-week-old chickens. Results indicate a bilateral asymmetry in favor of the left ovary at all ages studied. The left ovary shows cortex and medulla, but the right ovary has no cortex, only a medulla. Stereological results show in the left ovary an increase in total volume of all components of the ovarian medulla with advancing development. The right ovary follows a similar pattern until the age of 1-day-old chicken, to regress afterward, thereby, r... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651835 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651834&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416629%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kustermann A, Neuhuber W, Brehmer A In human myenteric plexus, calretinin (CALR) and somatostatin (SOM) coexist in Dogiel Type II neurons, which were considered as intrinsic primary afferent neurons in the guinea pig. The aims of this study were to test if also human submucosal neurons costain immunohistochemically for CALR and SOM and whether these or other neurons display Type II morphology. Two sets of submucosal wholemounts of small and large intestine from 29 patients (median age 65 years) were triple stained for CALR, SOM, and human neuronal protein Hu C/D (HU, a pan-neuronal marker) as well as for CALR, SOM, and peripherin (PER), respectively. Only exceptionally, neurons coreactive for both CALR and SOM were found. The three major groups of neurons were CALR-/HU-coreact... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651834 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651833&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416630%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Byun TH, Kim JT, Park HW, Kim WK PMID: 21416630 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651833 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4651832&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21416631%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haidarliu S, Simony E, Golomb D, Ahissar E Anatomical and functional integrity of the rat mystacial pad (MP) is dependent on the intrinsic organization of its extracellular matrix. By using collagen autofluorescence, in the rat MP, we revealed a collagenous skeleton that interconnects whisker follicles, corium, and deep collagen layers. We suggest that this skeleton supports MP tissues, mediates force transmission from muscles to whiskers, facilitates whisker retraction after protraction, and limits MP extensibility. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 21416631 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record) Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4651832 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4651832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582896&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370491%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamamoto Y, Hashiguchi M, Yamaguchi-Yamada M Morphological development of sensory structures in the laryngeal mucosa of postnatal rats was observed by use of immunohistochemistry for protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Moreover, expression changes of high affinity neurotrophin receptors, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, and low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) were examined to elucidate the relationship to morphogenesis. Intraepithelial nerve endings and parent axons of the laminar endings with immunoreactivity for PGP9.5 have already appeared in the rat on embryonic day 18 (E18) as well as solitary chemoreceptor cells in the glottic cleft. According to neurotrophin receptors, TrkA immunoreactivity were observed on and after postnatal week 3 (3W) in the nervous sensory structures, t... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582896 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582895&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370492%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Osterlund C, Liu JX, Thornell LE, Eriksson PO Significant changes in extrafusal fiber type composition take place in the human masseter muscle from young age, 3-7 years, to adulthood, in parallel with jaw-face skeleton growth, changes of dentitions and improvement of jaw functions. As motor and sensory control systems of muscles are interlinked, also the intrafusal fiber population, that is, muscle spindles, should undergo age-related changes in fiber type appearance. To test this hypothesis, we examined muscle spindles in the young masseter muscle and compared the result with previous data on adult masseter spindles. Also muscle spindles in the young biceps brachii muscle were examined. The result showed that muscle spindle composition and distribution were alike in young and... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582895 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582894&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370493%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the semiserial histology of 20 human embryos and fetuses (crown-rump length 11-40 mm). We started observations of the canal at the stage through which the lung bud extends far caudally along the dorsal body wall to the level of the future adrenal, and the phrenic nerve has already reached the PP fold. Subsequently, the developing adrenal causes narrowing of the dorsocaudal parts of the canal, and provides the bilateral midsagittal recesses or "false" bottoms of the pleural cavity. However, at this stage, the PP fold mesenchymal cells are still restricted to the ventral side of the adrenal, especially along the liver and esophagus. Thereafter, in accordance with ascent of the lung, possibly due to anchoring of the liver to the adrenal, the PP fold mesenchymal cells seem to migra... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582894 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582893&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370494%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Burrows AM, Diogo R, Waller BM, Bonar CJ, Liebal K Facial expression is a communication mode produced by facial (mimetic) musculature. Hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) have a poorly documented facial display repertoire and little is known about their facial musculature. These lesser apes represent an opportunity to test hypotheses related to the evolution of primate facial musculature as they are the only hominoid with a monogamous social structure, and thus live in very small groups. Primate species living in large groups with numerous social relationships, such as chimpanzees and rhesus macaques, have been shown to have a complex facial display repertoire and a high number of discrete facial muscles. The present study was designed to examine the relative influence of social... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582893 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582892&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laurin M, Everett ML, Parker W This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the cecal appendix, its apparent function, and its evolution. The association of the cecal appendix with substantial amounts of immune tissue has long been taken as an indicator that the appendix may have some immune function. Recently, an improved understanding of the interactions between the normal gut flora and the immune system has led to the identification of the appendix as an apparent safe-house for normal gut bacteria. Further, a variety of observations related to the evolution and morphology of the appendix, including the identification of the structure as a "recurrent trait" in some clades, the presence of appendix-like structures in monotremes and some non-mammalian species,... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582892 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582891&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370496%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bright JA, Rayfield EJ Finite element (FE) models provide discrete solutions to continuous problems. Therefore, to arrive at the correct solution, it is vital to ensure that FE models contain a sufficient number of elements to fully resolve all the detail encountered in a continuum structure. Mesh convergence testing is the process of comparing successively finer meshes to identify the point of diminishing returns; where increasing resolution has marginal effects on results and further detail would become costly and unnecessary. Historically, convergence has not been considered in most CT-based biomechanical reconstructions involving complex geometries like the skull, as generating such models has been prohibitively time-consuming. To assess how mesh convergence influences res... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582891 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582890&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lima FC, Santos AL, Vieira LG, Da Silva-Junior LM, Romão MF, De Simone SB, Hirano LQ, Silva JM, Montelo KM, Malvásio A The aim of the present study was to investigate the sequence of shell bone formation in the embryos of the Pleurodira, Podocnemis unifilis. Their bones and cartilage were collected and cleared before staining. The shell was also examined by obtaining a series of histological slices. All the bony elements of the plastron have independent ossification centers, which subsequently join together and retain two fontanelles until the period of hatching. This turtle has a mesoplastra, which is characteristic of the Podocnemididae. The carapace begins to form concurrently with the ossification of the ribs at the beginning of stage 20. All the plates, except the supra... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582890 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582889&cid=s_37135_170_f&fid=37135&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21370498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cao N, Yao ZX The hemangioblast hypothesis has been hotly debated for over a century. Hemangioblasts are defined as multipotent cells that can give rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. The existence of hemangioblasts has now been confirmed and many important molecules and several signaling pathways are involved in their generation and differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor, renin-angiotensin system and runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) direct the formation of hemangioblasts through highly selective gene expression patterns. On the other hand, the hemogenic endothelium theory and a newly discovered pattern of hematopoietic/endothelial differentiation make the genesis of hemangioblasts more complicated. But how hemangioblasts are formed and how he... Anatomical Record journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582889 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582889