MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Annals of Occupational Hygiene' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 08:40:37 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602452&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F123%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602452 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602451&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F113%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: These new headforms represent the facial size and shape distribution of current Chinese workers and may be useful for respirator research and development. The Chinese medium headform has a wider face width, shorter face length, and smaller nose protrusion when compared with the current U.S. standard headforms. Upon validation, it may be useful to incorporate these dimensions into Chinese and international respiratory protective devices standards. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602451 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602450&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F102%3Frss%3D1 The use of protective facemasks (PFMs) negatively impacts respiratory and dermal mechanisms of human thermoregulation through impairment of convection, evaporation, and radiation processes. The relatively minor reported increases in core temperature directly attributable to the wearing of PFMs suggest that associated perceptions of increased body temperature may have a significant psychological component or that regional or global brain temperature changes are involved. Modifications in PFM structure, components, and materials might allow for improved heat dissipation and enhanced compliance with use. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602450 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602449&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F92%3Frss%3D1 This study examined the effectiveness of three energetic decontamination methods [ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), microwave-generated steam, and moist heat] on two National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-certified N95 FFRs (3M models 1860s and 1870) contaminated with H5N1. An aerosol settling chamber was used to apply virus-laden droplets to FFRs in a method designed to simulate respiratory deposition of droplets onto surfaces. When FFRs were examined post decontamination by viral culture, all three decontamination methods were effective, reducing virus load by >4 log median tissue culture infective dose. Analysis of treated FFRs using a quantitative molecular amplification assay (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) indicated that UVGI decontaminat... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602449 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602448&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F80%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: We provide a useful framework for combining quantitative exposure data with expert-based exposure ratings in population-based studies that maximized the information from both sources. Our framework calibrated the ratings to a concentration scale between ratings and across time and provided a mechanism to estimate exposure when a job/industry group reported by a subject was not represented in the exposure database. It also allowed the job/industry groups’ exposure levels to deviate from the pooled average for their respective JEM intensity ratings. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602448 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602447&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F70%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: ExpoSYN is a unique occupational exposure database with measurements from 18 European countries and Canada covering a time period of >50 years. This database will be used to develop a country-, job-, and time period-specific quantitative JEM. This JEM will enable data-driven quantitative exposure assessment in a multinational pooled analysis of community-based lung cancer case–control studies. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602447 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602446&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F61%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: There is a need to develop a harmonized method for the quantification of oil mist on filter and oil vapour on charcoal supported by a suitable proficiency testing scheme for laboratories involved in the analysis of occupational hygiene samples for the petroleum industry. The uncertainties in oil mist and vapour measurement have substantial implications in relation to compliance with occupational exposure limits and also in the reliability of any exposure–response information reported in epidemiological studies. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602446 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602445&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F55%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The asbestos exposure experienced by automobile mechanics may lead to pleural plaques. The low prevalence of non-malignant asbestos-related diseases, using a very sensitive diagnostic tool, is in favor of a low cumulative exposure to asbestos in this population of workers. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602445 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602444&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F49%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, exposures to historical airborne fiber levels prevailing half a century ago may still occur today when the work regulations are not applied. In these conditions, even very short exposures may result in considerable lung fiber retention in case of amphibole exposure with the subsequent risk for developing asbestos-related diseases. Fiber analysis in BALF is useful to clarify such exposures. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602444 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602443&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F37%3Frss%3D1 An assessment was carried out at a UK integrated steelworks to investigate the exposure of workers via inhalation to dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/F)], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Investigations focused on a basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) plant and an iron ore sintering plant. The highest concentrations of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB were found at the BOS vessels and sinter strand area at the BOS and sinter plant, respectively. A risk assessment was carried out by comparing the daily intake of PCDD/F and PCB via inhalation with the recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). For the most exposed category of worker in this study (i.e. sinter plan... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602443 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602442&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F25%3Frss%3D1 Airborne grain dust is a complex mixture of fragments of organic material from grain, plus mineral matter from soil, and possible insect, fungal, or bacterial contamination or their toxic products, such as endotoxin. In the 1990s, grain workers in Britain were frequently exposed to inhalable dust >10 mg.m–3 (8 h), with particularly high exposures being found at terminals where grain was imported or exported and in drying operations (personal exposure typically ~20 mg.m–3). Since then, the industry has made substantial progress in improving the control of airborne dust through better-designed processes, increased automation, and an improved focus on product quality. We have used information from the published scientific literature and a small survey of industry representative... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602442 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602441&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F18%3Frss%3D1 This paper investigates the electric and magnetic fields inside a large high voltage center constituted both of 400/150 and 150/20 kV substation areas. Results of previous field measurements and calculations in substations, made by the authors of this paper or other researchers, are presented first. The basic data distinguishing the examined center from previously examined substations follow. The main results of the field measurements in the areas of the above-mentioned center are presented in relevant diagrams. General conclusions arising from the comparison of the measured field values with relevant reference levels in force for safe public and occupational exposure as well as with the results of previous research are finally given. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602441 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602440&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F10%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Knowledge of these findings will be valuable information for those who teach and advise on safe driving techniques for such vehicles in the rural workplace where reduction of physical exposures and injury rates is of high importance. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602440 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5602439&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F56%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 The present paper summarizes the outcome of the discussions at the First International Scientific Workshop on Harmonization of Strategies to Measure and Analyze Exposure to (Manufactured) Nano-objects in Workplace Air that was organized and hosted by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) (Zeist, The Netherlands, December 2010). It reflects the discussions by 25 international participants in the area of occupational (nano) exposure assessment from Europe, USA, Japan, and Korea on nano-specific issues related to the three identified topics: (i) measurement strategies; (ii) analyzing, evaluating, and reporting of exposure data; and (iii) core information for (exposur... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5602439 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5602439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403963&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F1037%3Frss%3D1 Production of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes (CNFs/CNTs) and their composite products is increasing globally. High-volume production may increase the exposure risks for workers who handle these materials. Though health effects data for CNFs/CNTs are limited, some studies raise serious health concerns. Given the uncertainty about their potential hazards, there is an immediate need for toxicity data and field studies to assess exposure to CNFs/CNTs. An extensive study was conducted at a facility that manufactures and processes CNFs. Filter, sorbent, cascade impactor, bulk, and microscopy samples, combined with direct-reading instruments, provided complementary information on air contaminants. Samples were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), metals, and polycyclic aromatic... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403963 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403962&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F1016%3Frss%3D1 Production of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes (CNFs/CNTs) and their composite products is increasing globally. High volume production may increase the exposure risks for workers who handle these materials. Though health effects data for CNFs/CNTs are limited, some studies raise serious health concerns. Given the uncertainty about their potential hazards, there is an immediate need for toxicity data and field studies to assess exposure to CNFs/CNTs. An extensive study was conducted at a facility that manufactures and processes CNFs. Filter, sorbent, cascade impactor, bulk, and microscopy samples, combined with direct-reading instruments, provided complementary information on air contaminants. Samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), metals, and polycyclic aro... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403962 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403961&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F1006%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Both short duration of source emissions and deposition of aerosols have an important effect on dispersion, and the results from this study have been reflected in the ART model. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403961 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403960&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F989%3Frss%3D1 There is a large variety of activities in workplaces that can lead to emission of substances. Coding systems based on determinants of emission have so far not been developed. In this paper, a system of Activity Classes and Activity Subclasses is proposed for categorizing activities involving chemical use. Activity Classes share their so-called ‘emission generation mechanisms’ and physical state of the product handled and the underlying determinants of emission. A number of (industrial) stakeholders actively participated in testing and fine-tuning the system. With the help of these stakeholders, it was found to be relatively easy to allocate a large number of activities to the Activity Classes and Activity Subclasses. The system facilitates a more structured classification of ac... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403960 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403959&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F980%3Frss%3D1 The Advanced REACH Tool (ART) is an exposure assessment tool that combines mechanistically modelled inhalation exposure estimates with available exposure data using a Bayesian approach. The mechanistic model is based on nine independent principal modifying factors (MF). One of these MF is the substance emission potential, which addresses the intrinsic substance properties as determinants of the emission from a source. This paper describes the current knowledge and evidence on intrinsic characteristics of solids and liquids that determine the potential for their release into workplace air. The principal factor determining the release of aerosols from handling or processing powdered, granular, or pelletized materials is the dustiness of the material, as well as the weight fraction of the sub... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403959 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403958&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F957%3Frss%3D1 This paper describes the development of the mechanistic model within a collaborative project, referred to as the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) project, to develop a tool to model inhalation exposure for workers sharing similar operational conditions across different industries and locations in Europe. The ART mechanistic model is based on a conceptual framework that adopts a source receptor approach, which describes the transport of a contaminant from the source to the receptor and defines seven independent principal modifying factors: substance emission potential, activity emission potential, localized controls, segregation, personal enclosure, surface contamination, and dispersion. ART currently differentiates between three different exposure types: vapours, mists, and dust (fumes, fibres, a... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403958 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403958 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403957&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F949%3Frss%3D1 This paper provides an outline of the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) version 1.0 and a discussion of how it could be further developed. ART is a higher tier exposure assessment tool that combines mechanistically modelled inhalation exposure predictions with available exposure data using a Bayesian approach. ART assesses exposure for scenarios across different plants and sites. Estimates are provided for different percentiles of the exposure distribution and confidence intervals around the estimate. It also produces exposure estimates in the absence of data, but uncertainty of the estimates will decrease when results of exposure measurements are included. The tool has been calibrated using a broad range of exposure data and provides estimates for exposure to vapours, mists, and dusts. ART has a ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403957 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403957 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5403956&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F9%2F947%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5403956 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5403956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319974&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F946%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319974 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319974 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319973&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F937%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: PIMEX as a VEM method can be a useful tool as part of the strategy to assess exposure to nanoparticles. It can also be of value for other purposes like training, education, and risk communication. The possibility to synchronize more than one measuring instrument can be useful to simultaneously monitor different targets in the workplace, e.g. worker exposure in the breathing zone and background concentration. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319973 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319972&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F931%3Frss%3D1 Exposure was assessed in four facilities where used tires are turned into rubber granulates. Particulate exposure levels were measured using filter samples and gravimetric analysis. In parallel, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) screening was carried out using samples taken on activated carbon supports, followed by an analysis using a gas chromatograph coupled to a spectrometric detector. The exposure level medians are between 0.58 and 3.95 mg m–3. Clogging of the textile fiber separation systems can lead to worker exposure; in this case, the measured concentrations can reach 41 mg m–3. However, in contrast to the data in the literature, VOC levels >1 p.p.m. were not detected. The particulate mixtures deposited on the installation surfaces are complex; some of the chemical a... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319972 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319971&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F922%3Frss%3D1 In this work, a method previously proposed in the literature (Sisto R, Pinto I, Stacchini N et al. Infrared radiation exposure in traditional glass factories. AIHAJ 2000; 61: 5–10) to evaluate the exposure to infrared (IR) radiation when the source can be approximated as a black body is implemented in a mathematical code developed in Matlab. Some practical situations are discussed. A comparison between the results obtained by a spectroradiometric technique and that obtained by using a broadband radiometer and the modelling of the source is shown. The IR radiation exposure evaluations in a cement industry and in a steel forge are shown and compared to the exposure limit values. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319971 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319971 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319970&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F917%3Frss%3D1 Face masks or respirators are commonly worn by medical professionals and patients for protection against respiratory tract infection and the spread of illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and pandemic influenza (H1N1). Breathing discomfort due to increased breathing resistance is known to be a problem with the use of N95 respirators but there is a lack of scientific data to quantify this effect. The purpose of this study was to assess objectively the impact of wearing N95 face masks on breathing resistance. A total of 14 normal adult volunteers (seven males and seven females) were recruited in this study. Nasal airflow resistance during inspiration and expiration was measured using a standard rhinomanometry and nasal spirometry. A modified full face mask was produced in-hou... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319970 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319970 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319969&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F906%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Construction workers in the cohort had subject-interval and study-average exposures which present a substantial potential risk of NIHL. In a subsequent paper, we will use these estimates to evaluate the exposure–response relationship between noise and NIHL. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319969 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319968&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F893%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Binaural recording of the individual sound exposure showed that orchestra musicians could be exposed differently to the left and right ear and that they were primarily exposed from their own instruments. Specific repertoires as well as the specific instrument determine the level of exposure. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319968 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319967&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F886%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Exposure assessment of MDA should be carried out by biological monitoring rather than ambient monitoring. For this purpose, urine samples midweek or at the end of the week should be used based on the observed delay in the excretion of MDA after dermal absorption. Uptake of MDA via the skin could not be completely avoided even if state-of-the-art personal protection measures were applied. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319967 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319967 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319966&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F879%3Frss%3D1 In New Zealand, there is a need for a comprehensive and accessible database with national occupational exposure information, such as a general population job-exposure matrix (GPJEM). However, few New Zealand-specific exposure data exist that could be used to construct such a GPJEM. Here, we present the methods used to develop a GPJEM for New Zealand (NZJEM), by combining GPJEMs from other countries with New Zealand-specific exposure information, using wood dust as an example to illustrate this process. The assessments of GPJEMs from other countries were made available to a New Zealand expert in occupational wood dust exposure, who then provided a preliminary NZJEM assessment (including the percentage exposed and the level of exposure for each occupation). Where possible, this assessment wa... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319966 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319965&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F865%3Frss%3D1 Discussion: Initial Matgéné JEMs results are in agreement with the French and international literature, thus validating the methodology. Exposure estimates precision, however, vary between agents and according to the amount of exposure measurement data available. These JEMs are important epidemiological tools, and improving their quality will require investment in occupational health data harvesting, especially in the case of low-level exposures. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319965 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319965 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319964&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F841%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: It is advocated that this PBTK model, called IndusChemFate, is suitable for ‘first tier assessments’ and for early explorations of the fate of chemicals and/or metabolites in the human body. The availability of a simple model with a minimum burden of input information on the parent compound and its metabolites might be a stimulation to apply PBTK modelling more often in the field of biomonitoring and exposure science. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319964 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319964 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319963&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F8%2F829%3Frss%3D1 Hazard data mapping is a promising new technique that can enhance the process of occupational exposure assessment and risk communication. Hazard maps have the potential to improve worker health by providing key input for the design of hazard intervention and control strategies. Hazard maps are developed with aid from direct-reading instruments, which can collect highly spatially and temporally resolved data in a relatively short period of time. However, quantifying spatial–temporal variability in the occupational environment is not a straightforward process, and our lack of understanding of how to ascertain and model spatial and temporal variability is a limiting factor in the use and interpretation of workplace hazard maps. We provide an example of how sources of and exposures to wo... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319963 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115377&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F828%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115377 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115375&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F825%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115375 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115374&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F823%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115374 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115373&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F820%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115373 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115372&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F817%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115372 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115371&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F810%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, agreement between observed wet work and device-reported wet events in healthcare settings was not high and further adaptations and developments may be required. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115371 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115370&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F797%3Frss%3D1 Joint compound products containing chrysotile asbestos were commonly used for building construction from the late 1940s through the mid-1970s. Few relevant data exist to support reconstructing historical worker exposures to fibers generated by working with this material. Therefore, we re-created 1960s-era chrysotile-containing joint compound (JCC) and compared its characteristics to a current-day asbestos-free joint compound (JCN). Validation studies showed that a bench-scale chamber with controlled flow dynamics, designed to quantify particulate emissions from joint compound products, provided precise and reliable measurements of generated airborne dust mass, chrysotile fiber concentrations, and corresponding activity-specific emission rates. Subsequent chamber studies characterized fiber... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115370 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115370 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115369&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F784%3Frss%3D1 A recirculation aerosol wind tunnel was designed to maintain a uniform airflow and stable aerosol size distribution for evaluating aerosol sampler performance and determining particle penetration through protective clothing materials. The oval-shaped wind tunnel was designed to be small enough to fit onto a lab bench, have optimized dimensions for uniformity in wind speed and particle size distributions, sufficient mixing for even distribution of particles, and minimum particle losses. Performance evaluation demonstrates a relatively high level of spatial uniformity, with a coefficient of variation of 1.5–6.2% for wind velocities between 0.4 and 2.8 m s–1 and, in this range, 0.8–8.5% for particles between 50 and 450 nm. Aerosol concentration stabilized within the first 5&... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115369 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115368&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F775%3Frss%3D1 This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for thermal manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isothermal condition (Tmanikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating thermal manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isothermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than thos... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115368 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115367&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F764%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Our results show that firefighters may be at an increased risk of exposure to high noise levels, but CO exposures were lower than anticipated. Additional exposure studies are needed to confirm our results and to better understand the DoE to noise and CO among this occupational group. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115367 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115366&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F752%3Frss%3D1 This study aimed to characterize metal and pesticide exposure among a sample of British Columbia tree planters. Between May 2006 and April 2007, exposure measurements were taken from 54 tree planters at five geographically disperse worksites throughout British Columbia. Four worksites were using fertilizer and one was not. Metal concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on post-shift hand wipes, full-shift personal air sample, bulk soil, seedling root balls, and fertilizer samples. Pesticides were measured on post-shift hand wipes and on bulk seedling samples. Seedling nursery pesticide application records were used to focus pesticide analyses on pesticides known to have been applied to the seedlings used at the study sites. Carbamate pesticides were anal... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115366 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115365&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F736%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Combining a JEM and a subsequent final IEEA for a selected subset of exposure ratings is a feasible and labor-saving approach for exposure assessment in large occupational epidemiological studies. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115365 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115365 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115364&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F723%3Frss%3D1 Mounting evidence that long asbestos fibers (e.g. >20 or even 40 µm) pose the greatest cancer risk underscores the need for accurate measurement of concentrations of such fibers. These fiber lengths are of the same order of magnitude as the size of openings in the grids (typically 90 µm per side) used to analyze asbestos samples by transmission electron microscopy. This means that a substantial proportion of long fibers will cross the edge of a grid opening (GO) and therefore not be completely visible. Counting rules generally deal with such fibers by assigning a length equal to twice the visible length. Using both theoretical and simulation methods, we show that this doubling rule introduces bias into estimates of fiber concentrations and the amount of bias increases with f... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115364 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115364 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115363&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F710%3Frss%3D1 Monitoring of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) contamination of cockpit air was undertaken in three types of military aircraft [fighter trainer (FT), fighter bomber (FB), and cargo transport (CT) aircraft]. The aircraft had a previous history of pilot complaints about cockpit air contamination suspected to originate from the engine bleed air supply through the entry of aircraft turbine engine oil (ATO) into the engine compressor. Air samples were collected in flight and on the ground during engine runs using sorbent tubes packed with Porapak Q and cellulose filters. A total of 78 air samples were analysed, from 46 different aircraft, and 48 samples were found to be below the limit of detection. Nine incidents of smoke/odour were identified during the study. The concentrations of toxic o-cresyl ph... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115363 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115362&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F696%3Frss%3D1 Objectives: To provide targets for personal samplers designed for estimating particle deposition at distinct locations in the body, accounting if necessary for inter- and intra-person variation. Proposal: Ultrafine and fine aerosol sampling conventions are proposed for approximating the deposition efficiency for five distinct loci of the respiratory tract. The 2 x 5 = 10 conventions represent averages over variation in physical activity level, posture, sex, and breathing mode. Recognizing three approximate relationships among the 10 deposition efficiencies, the number of independent conventions is reduced to only seven, namely three ultrafine and four fine aerosol conventions. The ultrafine and fine conventions are defined as ideal sampling efficiencies in terms of thermodynamic (independe... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115362 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115362 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115361&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F692%3Frss%3D1 The rationale behind recently proposed aerosol particle sampling conventions is discussed. The conventions are tailored toward estimation of dose to specific areas of the human respiratory tract prior to possible dissolution or clearance. Allowance is made for inter- and intra-person variation. Particle size from sub- to supermicrometer size is covered. The intent is to spur the development of personal sampling equipment for improved correlation between workplace assessment and health response. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115361 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115361 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5115360&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F7%2F689%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5115360 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5115360 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015740&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F688%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015740 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015740 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015739&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F681%3Frss%3D1 Diffusive sampling methods have been validated for the determination of naphthalene and phenanthrene in workplace air. The diffusive sampler tested was the Perkin Elmer ATD tube, and the analysis was performed with thermal desorption, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometric detection. The sampling methods were validated in controlled test atmospheres, mainly according to the protocol proposed in the European standard EN 838. For the determination of naphthalene, the diffusive sampling rate was 0.41 ml min–1 with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 19%. The mean sampling rate for phenanthrene was 0.49 ml min–1 with a CV of 21%. Field tests confirmed the naphthalene results but could not be used to confirm the phenanthrene results. The method is not recommended for phenanthrene... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015739 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015738&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F666%3Frss%3D1 Respirators are used to help reduce exposure to a variety of contaminants in workplaces. Test aerosols used for certification of particulate respirators (PRs) include sodium chloride (NaCl), dioctyl phthalate, and paraffin oil. These aerosols are generally assumed to be worst case surrogates for aerosols found in the workplace. No data have been published to date on the performance of PRs with welding fumes, a hazardous aerosol that exists in real workplace settings. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of respirators and filters against a NaCl aerosol and a welding fume aerosol and determine whether or not a correlation between the two could be made. Fifteen commercial PRs and filters (seven filtering facepiece, two replaceable single-type filters, and six replaceable dual... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015738 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015737&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F658%3Frss%3D1 Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) contains various hazardous substances such as flame retardants (FRs). Inhalation exposures to many FRs simultaneously among WEEE recycling site workers have been little studied previously. The breathing zone airborne concentrations of five brominated FR compounds tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, hexabromobenzene, and one chlorinated FR (Dechlorane Plus®) were measured at four electronics recycling sites in two consecutive years. In addition, concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls were measured. The three most abundant FRs in personal air samples were PBDEs (comprising mostly of deca-BDE), TBBP-A, an... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015737 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015736&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F644%3Frss%3D1 The objectives of this study were to evaluate mounting methods for fiber examination of air sample filters by phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and to evaluate differences in fiber counts that might be due to fiber movement. Acetone/triacetin (AT) with various amounts of triacetin and acetone/Euparal (AE) where the mounting medium was placed between the cleared filter wedge and the coverslip were tested as a function of time. Field sample slides collected from a taconite iron-ore processing mill, a tremolitic talc-ore processing mill, and from around a crusher in a meta-basalt stone quarry were prepared with relocatable coverslips to revisit the same field areas on the slides. For each slide, three or four field areas were randomly selected and pictures were taken every 2 weeks to determine ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015736 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015735&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F634%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is significant potential for over-exposure to respirable quartz in farming and even clay soil farming may pose a risk. Soil type may determine whether exposure is >100 µg · m3, but the job type and the manner in which the task is performed (e.g. mechanical or manual) may be important determinants of exposure. Identifying quartz exposure determinants (e.g. type of job) and modifiers will be of value to focus implementation of controls of particular importance in developing countries. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015735 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015734&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F620%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Adjustment of application method, CR glove, and coverall weights in the AHS algorithm based on our exposure determinant findings substantially improved the correlation between the AHS algorithm and urinary metabolite levels. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015734 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015733&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F612%3Frss%3D1 The thermophilic actinomycete species Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula has been associated with the exogen allergic alveolitis (EAA). EAA is caused by the inhalation of high amounts of airborne spores that can be found for example in environments of agricultural production, compost facilities, mushroom cultivation rooms, or rooms with technical air moistening. Because of the medical relevance of S. rectivirgula, a reliable detection system is needed. Therefore, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primer system was designed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of the type strain S. rectivirgula DSM 43747T and six other S. rectivirgula reference strains. Our investigation showed that S. rectivirgula presumably own four operons of the 16S rRNA gene, which has to be considered for ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015733 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015733 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015732&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F601%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Assessments based on professional judgment may reduce misclassification by using two or three raters, by using questionnaires that systematically collect task information, and by defining intensity categories that are distinguishable by the raters. However, few studies have the resources to use multiple raters and these additional efforts may not be adequate for obtaining valid subjective ratings. Thus, improving exposure assessment approaches for studies that rely on professional judgment remain an important research need. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015732 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015732 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015731&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F591%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The closed molding VARTM process was very effective at controlling worker exposures to styrene. Personal breathing zone styrene air samples were reduced by an order of magnitude after changes were made to the glue wipe task. The company used chemical substitution to eliminate styrene exposure during the installation of the safety platform. Recommendations were provided to reduce styrene concentrations during gelcoating. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015731 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015730&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F578%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: DREAM observations were reproducible and showed a consistent dermal exposure pattern among the observed crews. The study provided a clear picture of dermal exposure among road pavers and indoor mastic workers, with the mastic workers being considerably more highly exposed. The most important route of exposure appeared to be transferred from contaminated surfaces to the hands. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015730 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015730 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015729&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F569%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: These findings indicate that diamond mine workers are at risk of asbestos exposure and, thus, of developing asbestos-related diseases. South Africa is a mineral-rich country and, when mining one commodity, it is likely that other minerals, including asbestos, will be accidentally mined. Even at low concentrations, asbestos has the potential to cause disease, and mining companies should be aware of the health risk of accidentally mining it. Recording of comprehensive work histories should be mandatory to enable the risk to be quantified in future studies. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015729 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015729 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015728&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F565%3Frss%3D1 Mesothelioma deaths due to environmental exposure to asbestos in The Netherlands led to parliamentary concern that exposure guidelines were not strict enough. The Health Council of the Netherlands was asked for advice. Its report has recently been published. The question of quality of the exposure estimates was studied more systematically than in previous asbestos meta-analyses. Five criteria of quality of exposure information were applied, and cohort studies that failed to meet these were excluded. For lung cancer, this decreased the number of cohorts included from 19 to 3 and increased the risk estimate 3- to 6-fold, with the requirements for good historical data on exposure and job history having the largest effects. It also suggested that the apparent differences in lung cancer potency... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015728 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015728 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015727&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F563%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015727 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015727 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015726&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F562%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015726 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015726 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015725&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F6%2F561%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015725 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5015725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930189&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F558%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930189 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930188&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F556%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930188 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930187&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F548%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: These studies provide evidence that self-pacing is a protective response to working in heat which does not require a highly informed workforce; recognition of this should form part of a holistic approach to management of heat stress in hot climates. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930187 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930186&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F537%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Hybrid noise exposure estimates performed better than individual estimates, and in this study, combination of TB and SR estimates using linear regression performed best. The application of hybrid approaches in other contexts will depend upon the exposure of interest and the nature of the individual exposure estimates available. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930186 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930185&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F526%3Frss%3D1 The aim of the study was to measure occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during various work tasks at switching and transforming stations of 110 kV (in some situations 20 kV), and analyze if the action values of European Union Directive 2004/40/EC or reference values of International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) were exceeded. The electric (n = 765) and magnetic (n = 203) fields were measured during various work tasks. The average values of all measurements were 3.6 kV m–1 and 28.6 µT. The maximum value of electric fields was 15.5 kV m–1 at task ‘maintenance of operating device of circuit breaker from service platform’. In one special work task close to shunt reactor cables (20 kV), the highest magnetic field was 71... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930185 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930184&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F519%3Frss%3D1 This study assessed the relationships between ethylbenzene exposure and levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) among spray painters. Sixty-four male workers employed at a large shipyard were recruited for this investigation. Fifteen spray painters exposed to paint, together with two non-exposed groups, namely 19 sandblasting workers and 30 office staffs were selected as the subjects. Personal exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene in air were collected using diffusive samplers. Urine samples of the spray painters were collected after a month-long holiday leave and during the pre- and post-workshifts. Urine samples of sandblasting workers and office staffs were gathered after their shift. Urinary mandelic acid and methyl hippuric acid were used as biological indices of dose of ethylbenzene... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930184 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930183&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F510%3Frss%3D1 The goal of the present study was to investigate physiological effects, mainly at the level of the foot, of two sock fabrics with distinct moisture properties. Twelve participants wore two different socks, one on each foot. The following two sock types were used: PP: 99.6% polypropylene and 0.4% elastane and BLEND: 50% Merino wool, 33% polypropylene, and 17% polyamide. The participants walked three times on a treadmill at 5 km h–1, with no gradient for the first and third phase and a 10% upward inclination for the second walking phase. The microclimate temperature between the boot and foot was measured during walking. Preceding and following the walking phases, additional measurements were carried out at the level of the foot, i.e. skin temperature and skin hydration on three locatio... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930183 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930182&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F495%3Frss%3D1 The problem of assessing occupational exposure using the mean or an upper percentile of a lognormal distribution is addressed. Inferential methods for constructing an upper confidence limit for an upper percentile of a lognormal distribution and for finding confidence intervals for a lognormal mean based on samples with multiple detection limits are proposed. The proposed methods are based on the maximum likelihood estimates. They perform well with respect to coverage probabilities as well as power and are applicable to small sample sizes. The proposed approaches are also applicable for finding confidence limits for the percentiles of a gamma distribution. Computational details and a source for the computer programs are given. An advantage of the proposed approach is the ease of computatio... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930182 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930181&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F485%3Frss%3D1 In this study, a baseline set of hundreds of paired measures of change in RH versus M over different time intervals were obtained over a 5-day period for replicate series of 40 unloaded 37-mm MCE filters under varying RH conditions at a nearly constant temperature. Similar baseline data were obtained for 25-mm MCE filters. Linear regressions fit to these data allow improved estimates of dust mass loaded onto MCE filters from measures of M and RH made before and after loading occurs. Using established theory, these relationships were generalized to address temperature variation as well, and examples of numerical applications are provided. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930181 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930180&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F476%3Frss%3D1 The current convention for sampling inhalable aerosols was based on several mannequin studies performed in wind tunnels at wind speeds between 0.5 and 4 m s–1. In reality, as we now know, the wind speed in most modern indoor working environments is generally at or below ~0.2 m s–1. Inhalability studies performed in calm air aerosol chambers have shown that human aspiration efficiency at essentially zero wind speed is not consistent with the existing inhalable aerosol convention, calling into question the universal applicability of the current standard. More recently, experiments were carried out in a new hybrid wind tunnel–calm air chamber at more representative workplace wind speeds, between ~0.1 and 0.5 m s–1, to fill in this knowledge gap. Comparing these new dat... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930180 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930179&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F465%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The methods developed provided an exposure profile of this group of US airline pilots, many of whom have been exposed to increasing cosmic radiation and circadian disruption from the 1990s through 2003. This assessment is likely to decrease exposure misclassification in health studies. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930179 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4930178&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F5%2F451%3Frss%3D1 The European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation (EC 1907/2006) places significant new obligations on the manufacturers or importers (M/Is) of chemicals in Europe. It also places new responsibilities on downstream users (DUs) of these chemicals i.e. those that purchase and use chemical products. In particular, for registered classified substances, the M/I is expected to communicate how any substance can be safely used without risk to man or the environment. This communication is in the form of an exposure scenario (ES), which is included in an Annex to the REACH extended safety data sheet. DUs then have certain obligations relating to adopting the control conditions described in the ES. The REACH Technical Guidance Documents lay do... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4930178 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4930178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702308&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F436%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: This study demonstrates that when exposure data are autocorrelated within days—which we argue is the major reason why theory overestimates sampling performance—sampling efficiency can be improved by distributing the sample widely across the day or across days, preferably using a fixed-interval strategy. While this guidance is particularly valid when small proportions of working days are assessed, we generally recommend collecting more data than suggested by theory if a certain precision of the resulting exposure estimate is needed. More data per se give a better precision and sampling larger proportion(s) of the working day(s) also alleviate the negative effects of possible autocorrelation in data. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702308 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702307&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F421%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Both descriptive approaches and deterministic models accurately reproduced the patterns of measured concentration peaks. However, only deterministic models provided an understanding of the relations between pollutant releases, air movements, and the resulting concentrations and may thus be recommended for exposure variability assessment purposes. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702307 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702306&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F410%3Frss%3D1 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used increasingly to simulate the distribution of airborne contaminants in enclosed spaces for exposure assessment and control, but the importance of realistic boundary conditions is often not fully appreciated. In a workroom for manufacturing capacitors, full-shift samples for isoamyl acetate (IAA) were collected for 3 days at 16 locations, and velocities were measured at supply grills and at various points near the source. Then, velocity and concentration fields were simulated by 3-dimensional steady-state CFD using 295K tetrahedral cells, the k- turbulence model, standard wall function, and convergence criteria of 10–6 for all scalars. Here, we demonstrate the need to represent boundary conditions accurately, especially emission characteristic... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702306 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702305&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F403%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Inhalable dust exposures measured in the weaving, carpet, and garment sectors were all below the UK WEL for cotton dust. A significant proportion of the measurements from the cotton recycling sector were above the UK WEL suggesting that better hygiene control measures are required. Airborne endotoxin concentrations in all sectors were found to exceed the Dutch health-based guidance limit of 90 EU m–3 and may be associated with respiratory health effects. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702305 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702304&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F397%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Manual labourers working in the heat and eating a low-sodium starch-based diet are at risk of chronic hyponatraemia. Increasing the sodium content of fluid and food provided to workers is warranted and may reduce the incidence of work-related illness and accidents in this population. The results of this study identify a need for sodium replacement guidelines specific for prolonged work in the heat to be developed. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702304 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702303&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F387%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: The Nordic data illustrate that it is possible over time to control chemical exposures even in an industry consisting of many small and scattered work places. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702303 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702302&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F369%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: If the specific risk of the respective type of hypoxia is taken into account, a pragmatic approach to provide health and safety for employees is possible. In contrast to other occupational exposures, a repeated exposure as often as possible is of benefit as it causes partial acclimatization. The consensus statement was approved by written consent in lieu of a meeting in July 2009. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702302 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702301&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F357%3Frss%3D1 Sampling the respirable fraction to measure exposure to crystalline silica is most often carried out using cyclones. However, low flow rates (<4 l min–1) and continuing improvement in workplace hygiene means less and less material is sampled for analysis, resulting in increased analytical uncertainty. Use of the CIP 10-R sampler, working at a flow rate of 10 l min–1, is one attempt to solve current analytical difficulties. To check the ability of the analysis of quartz sampled on foams, known amounts of quartz associated with a matrix have been injected into foams. The results obtained show that the proposed protocol, with prior acid attack and ashing of the foams, satisfies the recommendations of EN 482 Standard [CEN. (2006) Workplace atmospheres—general requirements ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702301 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4702300&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F4%2F347%3Frss%3D1 Workers in the drilling section of the offshore petroleum industry are exposed to air pollutants generated by drilling fluids. Oil mist and oil vapour concentrations have been measured in the drilling fluid processing areas for decades; however, little work has been carried out to investigate exposure determinants such as drilling fluid viscosity and temperature. A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of two different oil-based drilling fluid systems and their temperature on oil mist, oil vapour, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) levels in a simulated shale shaker room at a purpose-built test centre. Oil mist and oil vapour concentrations were sampled simultaneously using a sampling arrangement consisting of a Millipore closed cassette loaded with glass fibre and cellul... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4702300 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4702300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599136&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F343%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599136 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599136 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599135&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F339%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599135 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599134&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F329%3Frss%3D1 One of the reasons for cellular changes in the lung tissue exposed to the diesel exhaust composed of soot particles with adsorbed volatile organic molecules is the reduction of the clearance rate in the pulmonary region of the respiratory system. The interaction of the fractal-like particles and organic substances with a surfactant monolayer limits its dynamic activity. The surface properties of Survanta, a purified extract of bovine lung surfactant (LS), which interacted with carbon particles (200 nm aggregates) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), molecules were measured with the oscillating bubble technique. The results showed a significant lowering of the dynamics of the surfactant monolayer compared to the control case (no exposure). Additional measurements of surface pressure during the monoton... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599134 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599133&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F319%3Frss%3D1 Heavy fuel oil (HFO) components are a group of heavy petroleum streams produced in oil refineries from crude oil. Due to its physicochemical properties, the dermal route is an important route of exposure. However, no information on dermal exposure levels for HFO has previously been published. A method for measuring dermal HFO levels was developed using wipe sampling and measuring phenanthrene and naphthalene as markers of HFO exposure. Measurement surveys were carried out in four different types of facilities: oil refineries, distribution terminals, energy providers, and an engine building and repair company. Dermal wipe samples were collected from different anatomical regions: neck, hands, and forearms. The frequency of tasks with potential for dermal HFO exposure was generally low at the... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599133 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599132&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F305%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Welding exposures to TP and Mn vary considerably across the world and across occupational groups. Exposures to both contaminants have been and continue to be unacceptably high in most sectors of industry. Because exposures to the two agents have different sources and characteristics, separate control strategies should be considered to reduce welders’ exposures to TP and Mn. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599132 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599131&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F296%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Work posture during grinding operations does not appear to affect the level of HAV. Grinding wheels explained much of the variability in this study, but almost 40% of the variance remained unexplained. The considerable variability in the equivalent hand–arm-weighted acceleration has an impact on the risk assessment at both the group and the individual level. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599131 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599130&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F286%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Personal (age and BMI), physical (shock absorbers and velocity), and workplace characteristics (driving duration and dairy farming) suggest that a mix of engineered workplace and behavioural interventions is required to reduce this level of exposure to vibration and shock. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599130 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599129&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F272%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The collected data indicate that workers employed in Midwest greenhouses may be exposed to elevated levels of inhalable culturable microorganisms (fungi and bacteria collectively on the order of 102–105 CFU m–3), endotoxin (101–103 EU m–3), and (1->3)-β-D-glucan (101–102 ng m–3). Seasonal variations were observed for some bioaerosol components. The prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms was generally higher among greenhouse workers compared to controls; however, the differences were not statistically significant, likely due to the relatively low statistical power of the study. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599129 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599128&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F264%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Overall PFs increased when subjects passed fit testing. The results support the value of fit testing but also show for the first time that PFs are dependent on particle size regardless of fit testing status. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599128 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599127&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F253%3Frss%3D1 Nanoparticle (<100 nm size) exposure in workplaces is a major concern because of the potential impact on human health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved particulate respirators are recommended for protection against nanoparticles based on their filtration efficiency at sealed conditions. Concerns have been raised on the lack of information for face seal leakage of nanoparticles, compromising respiratory protection in workplaces. To address this issue, filter penetration and total inward leakage (TIL) through artificial leaks were measured for NIOSH-approved N95 and P100 and European certified Conformit'e Europe'en-marked FFP2 and FFP3 filtering facepiece respirator models sealed to a breathing manikin kept inside a closed chamber. Monodisperse sucros... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599127 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599126&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F248%3Frss%3D1 This paper reports the assessment of worker exposure to high levels of benzene (up to 18 p.p.m. 8 h time weighted average, weekly average) during tunnelling on a contaminated land site (former gas works). Although respiratory and personal protection was used, biological monitoring results indicated that workers had urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid levels in excess of that expected following exposure to the UK workplace exposure limit. Factors such as environmental conditions (high temperature and humidity, confined workspace), respiratory and personal equipment providing insufficient protection, human behaviour (removing protective equipment, using mobile phones), and work practices (12-h shifts, too few and too short breaks, lack of drinking water) were identified as contributing to the e... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599126 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599125&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F239%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of smoking prevention and cessation among those who work in the asbestos industry. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599125 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599124&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F230%3Frss%3D1 Although personal respiratory protection is widely recognized as having a lower priority than reduction of any risk at source, respiratory protective equipment (RPE) is a major part of risk management for many employers. We have identified the key elements of what constitutes an effective risk control programme involving RPE, through a 3-fold approach involving (i) a review of the published scientific literature, (ii) exploring the issue through >40 years of research publications from the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) (in which the ergonomics of personal protection equipment has been a significant thread), and (iii) a series of interviews and discussions with IOM and Health and Safety Executive staff with experience in the testing, prescription, or use of RPE. We have used th... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599124 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4599123&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F3%2F229%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4599123 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4599123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463259&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F214%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The permeation panel is a viable method to assess dermal protective clothing performance against polymerizing materials. Thin (0.10–0.13 mm) latex gloves were determined to be ineffective barriers to the isocyanates commonly found in clear coats. Because this type of glove is used frequently in auto body shops, the potential for isocyanate exposure is of concern. Permeation tests with other dermal protective clothing materials and other clear coat formulations are needed to make recommendations about alternative materials. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463259 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463258&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F202%3Frss%3D1 The purpose of this study was to illustrate how available physical–chemical exposure models can be used to compare potential risks and define risk management measures for non-routine exposure events, such as spills, leaks, or process upset conditions. A two-zone physical–chemical model was used to quantify and compare the potential exposure risks from five fluorinated solvents used in the manufacturing of electronic materials during an anticipated spill scenario. A 1-l spill scenario in a room measuring 2.74 m (9 ft) high by 3.66 m (12 ft) wide by 9.14 m (30 ft) long was constructed for modeling exposures using ‘The Two-zone Model with An Exponentially Decreasing Contaminant’ in available freeware ‘IH MOD’ (a PC based program available from the American ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463258 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463257&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F192%3Frss%3D1 We report the effects of full-face motorcycle helmet ventilation systems on heat, airflow, noise, and comfort perception for ventilation changes on the scalp. Eight subjects (aged 28.0 ± 5.4 years) underwent two experimental trials at ambient temperatures of 23.7 ± 0.4°C or 27.5 ± 0.3°C. In each trial, the thermally equilibrated subjects underwent two examination phases, during which four different helmets were assessed at wind speeds of 39.2 ± 1.9 km h–1 and 59.3 ± 1.4 km h–1. Vent-induced heat loss in the scalp ranged from –6.1 to 6.1 W, corresponding to vents being closed or opened, respectively. Perception of vent-induced changes was assessed immediately after the change. We find that the vent-induced heat loss, the subject, ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463257 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463256&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F180%3Frss%3D1 Recent recommendations for wood dust sampling include sampling according to the inhalable convention of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7708 (1995) Air quality—particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling. However, a specific sampling device is not mandated, and while several samplers have laboratory performance approaching theoretical for an ‘inhalable’ sampler, the best choice of sampler for wood dust is not clear. A side-by-side field study was considered the most practical test of samplers as laboratory performance tests consider overall performance based on a wider range of particle sizes than are commonly encountered in the wood products industry. Seven companies in the wood products industry of the Southeast USA (MS, KY, AL, a... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463256 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463255&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F164%3Frss%3D1 The current study developed a new type of range hood, which was termed an ‘inclined air-curtain range hood’, in order to improve the flow and performance of the conventionally used wall-mounted range hood. The flow characteristics and oil mist spillages of air-curtain and conventional range hoods under the influences of both a mannequin presence and a simulated walk-by motion were experimentally examined. The study examined flow patterns by using a laser-light-sheet-assisted smoke-flow visualization technique and diagnosed spillages by using the tracer gas concentration test method. A mannequin presented in front of the conventional hood induced turbulent dispersion of oil mists toward the chest and nose of the mannequin owing to the complex interaction among the suction, wake,... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463255 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463254&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F152%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The association between bullying and psychotropic drug use was found to be significant and strong and was partially mediated by physical and mental health. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463254 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463253&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F143%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this study was to develop a mathematical function that can use the result of ANN models to produce a measure for evaluating the direct association between exposure and possible outcome variables. This function was referred to as the function of Magnitude-of-Effect (MoE). Safety experts and practitioners can use the MoE function to interpret how strongly an exposure variable can affect the outcome variable, similar to an odds ratio, which can be calculated by using estimated parameters in LR models. The significance of such achievement is that it can eliminate one of the ANN model’s shortcoming and make them more applicable in the occupational safety and health engineering field. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463253 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463252&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F132%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this research was to demonstrate that ANN models can perform better than LR models with data sets comprised of all ordinal variables, which has not been done so far. The data set used in this research was collected from construction workers using the Work Compatibility questionnaire. The data set contained only ordinal variables both as input (exposure) and as output (outcome) variables. LR models and ANN models were constructed using the same data set and the performance of all models was compared by using the log-likelihood ratio. The result of this study showed that ANN models performed significantly better than LR models with a data set of all ordinal variables as well as other types of variables such as dichotomous and continuous. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygie... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463252 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4463251&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F2%2F127%3Frss%3D1 Isocyanates are reactive chemicals and thousands of workers may be exposed to them during their manufacture and use in a wide range of products. They are classed as sensitizers and are a major cause of occupational asthma in the UK. Workplace exposure limits are low and control of exposure often depends on personal respiratory protection. Biological monitoring is increasingly used to assess exposure and the efficacy of control measures, including the behavioural aspects of controls. Biological monitoring methods are available for the most common isocyanates hexamethylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. They are based on the analysis of hexamethylene diamine, toluene diamine, isopherone diamine, and methylenediamine released a... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4463251 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4463251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341645&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F113%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: This model may be improved with more detailed exposure determinants; however, the relatively large amount of variance explained by the final model along with the positive generalizability results of the cross-validation increases the confidence that the estimates derived from this model can be used for estimating welder exposures in absence of individual measurement data. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341645 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341644&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F97%3Frss%3D1 Studies of determinants of occupational exposure frequently involve left-censored lognormally distributed data, often with repeated measures. Left censoring occurs when observations are below the analytical limit of detection (LOD); repeated measures data results from taking multiple measurements on the same worker. A common method of dealing with this type of data has been to substitute a value (such as LOD/2) for the censored data followed by statistical analysis using the ‘usual’ methods. Recently, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) methods have been employed to reduce bias associated with the substitution method. We compared substitution and MLE methods using simulated lognormally distributed exposure data subjected to varying amounts of censoring using two procedures avai... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341644 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341643&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F86%3Frss%3D1 A rotating bluff-body disc (RBD) was developed to reduce spatiotemporal variability associated with sampling supermicron aerosol in low-velocity wind tunnels. The RBD is designed to rotate eight personal aerosol samplers around a circular path in a forward-facing plane aligned with the wind tunnel cross section. Rotation of the RBD allows each sampler to traverse an identical path about the wind tunnel cross section, which reduces the effects of spatial heterogeneity associated with dispersing supermicron aerosol in low-velocity wind tunnels. Samplers are positioned on the face of the RBD via sampling ports, which connect to an air manifold on the back of the disc. Flow through each sampler was controlled with a critical orifice or needle valve, allowing air to be drawn through the manifol... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341643 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341642&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F70%3Frss%3D1 Epidemiological studies have reported process-specific elevated prevalence of beryllium sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) among workers. However, exposure–response relationships have been inconsistent, possibly due to incomplete characterization of many biologically relevant aspects of exposure, including particle size. In 1999, two surveys were conducted 3–5 months apart at a beryllium metal, oxide, and alloy production facility during which personal impactor samples (n = 198) and personal 37-mm closed-face cassette (CFC) ‘total’ samples (n = 4026) were collected. Among process areas, median particle mass median aerodynamic diameter ranged from 5 to 14 µm. A large fraction of the beryllium aerosol was in the nonrespirable size range. Res... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341642 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341641&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F57%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Poorly soluble beryllium materials undergo dissolution in artificial sweat, suggesting that skin exposure is a biologically plausible pathway for development of sensitization. Skin surface acidity, which is regulated by sweat chemistry and bacterial hydrolysis of sebum lipids varies by anatomical region and may be an exposure-modifying factor for beryllium particle dissolution. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341641 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341640&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F43%3Frss%3D1 Beryllium metal was classified in Europe collectively with beryllium compounds, e.g. soluble salts. Toxicological equivalence was assumed despite greatly differing physicochemical properties. Following introduction of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, beryllium metal was classified as individual substance and more investigational efforts to appropriately characterize beryllium metal as a specific substance apart from soluble beryllium compounds was required. A literature search on toxicity of beryllium metal was conducted, and the resulting literature compiled together with the results of a recently performed study package into a comprehensive data set. Testing performed under Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341640 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341639&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F30%3Frss%3D1 The toxicity of soluble metal compounds is often different from that of the parent metal. Since no reliable data on acute toxicity, local effects, and mutagenicity of beryllium metal have ever been generated, beryllium metal powder was tested according to the respective Organisation for Economical Co-Operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Acute oral toxicity of beryllium metal was investigated in rats and local effects on skin and eye in rabbits. Skin-sensitizing properties were investigated in guinea pigs (maximization method). Basic knowledge about systemic bioavailability is important for the design of genotoxicity tests on poorly soluble substances. Therefore, it was necessary to experimentally compare the capacities of beryllium chloride and beryllium metal to form ions under si... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341639 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341638&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F16%3Frss%3D1 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essentials model was evaluated using full-shift exposure measurements of five chemical components in a mixture [acetone, ethylbenzene, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, and xylenes] at a medium-sized plant producing paint materials. Two tasks, batch-making and bucket-washing, were examined. Varying levels of control were already established in both tasks and the average exposures of individual chemicals were considerably lower than the regulatory and advisory 8-h standards. The average exposure fractions using the additive mixture formula were also less than unity (batch-making: 0.25, bucket-washing: 0.56) indicating the mixture of chemicals did not exceed the combined occupational exposure limit (OEL). The paper version of the COSHH Essent... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341638 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341637&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F6%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: During average shifts, the South African forestry workers, regardless of season, gender, or job category, experienced dehydration of a magnitude that compromised both their safety and productivity. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341637 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4341636&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F55%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 In 2010, the European Commission held a short consultation on a proposed definition for nanomaterials, to be used in European Union legislation and programmes. This was in response to a European Parliament resolution, and the definition followed a proposal by one of the Commission’s scientific committees. The definition has three parts: on size distribution, size of internal structural elements, and surface area; a material caught by any of these parts meets the definition. There are a number of problems. The definition seems to be written with engineered nanomaterials in mind but as written applies to non-supplied materials, such as smokes. The structural element component seems to capture items such as sunscreen and tennis rackets, which include nanomaterials. Use of the definition... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4341636 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4341636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4178004&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F962%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4178004 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4178004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4178003&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F955%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Modern pre-packed vacuum mixing systems further help to reduce the occupational hazards created by bone cement preparation. However, MMA fumes can still be detected using this technique. Although this is an important step in reducing MMA exposure in the operating theatre, further technical effort has to be taken to eliminate the continuous leakage of monomer from the devices while mixing and to minimize necessary manipulation for final delivery. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4178003 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4178003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4178002&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F944%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that exposure to BTX has the potential to cause genetic changes in the exposed subjects. The data highlight the need to maintain safety measures and intervention to minimize exposure. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4178002 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4178002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4178001&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F934%3Frss%3D1 In this study, turkey houses bioaerosols were investigated by cultivation-based and molecular methods in parallel to determine the concentrations and the composition of bacterial community. Results obtained with the molecular approach showed clearly its applicability for qualitative exposure measurements. With both, cultivation-based and molecular methods species of microorganism with a potential health risk for employees (Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aerococcus viridans, Pantoea agglomerans, and Shigella flexneri) were identified. These results underline the necessity of adequate protection measures, including the recommendation to wear breathing masks during work in poultry houses. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4178001 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4178001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4178000&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F923%3Frss%3D1 Moving patients or other care activities with manual patient handling is characterized by high mechanical load on the lumbar spine of healthcare workers (HCWs). During the patient transfer activity, the caregivers exert lifting, pulling, and pushing forces varying over time with respect to amplitude and direction. Furthermore, the caregivers distinctly change their posture and frequently obtain postures asymmetrical to the median sagittal plane, including lateral bending and turning the trunk. This paper describes a procedure to determine lumbar load during patient transfer supported by measurement techniques and an exemplary application; this methodology represents the basis of a complex research project, the third ‘Dortmund Lumbar Load Study (DOLLY 3)’. Lumbar load was determ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4178000 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4178000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177999&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F915%3Frss%3D1 This paper integrates perspectives from analytical chemistry, environmental engineering, and industrial hygiene to better understand how workers may be exposed to perfluorinated carboxylic acids when handling them in the workplace in order to identify appropriate exposure controls. Due to the dramatic difference in physical properties of the protonated acid form and the anionic form, this family of chemicals provides unique industrial hygiene challenges. Workplace monitoring, experimental data, and modeling results were used to ascertain the most probable workplace exposure sources and transport mechanisms for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its ammonium salt (APFO). PFOA is biopersistent and its measurement in the blood has been used to assess human exposure since it integrates exposure... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177999 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177998&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F904%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Within the construction and management company, few hand tools (3 of 20) exceeded the exposure action values (EAV) specified in the European Physical Agents (Vibration) Directive 2002/44/EC [On the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of works to the risks arising form physical agents (vibration)], when used for an 8-h period. HAV magnitudes were found to be very dependent on tool age, highlighting the importance of a tool maintenance programme incorporating tool work life prediction supported by regular vibration exposure measurements. Most of the vehicles (10 of 11) tested in this study exceeded the EAV specified for WBV, when operated for 8 h. WBV magnitudes were found to be dependent on the work task and thus, job rotation could be employed to cont... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177998 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177997&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F893%3Frss%3D1 A variety of artificial fibers extensively employed as lining in high-temperature apparatus may undergo a devitrification process that leads to significant changes in the chemical–physical properties of the materials. Among them, the crystallization of carcinogenic minerals, such as cristobalite, has already been documented for alumino-silicate ceramic fibers. Five fibrous samples with different compositions were treated over a wide range of temperatures (20–1500°C) and times (24–336 h) to investigate the rate and the crystalline phases that are formed as well their onset temperatures. The new phases were characterized by using a multimethodic approach: phase transformations were monitored together with thermal analysis and the new phases were investigated by using X-... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177997 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177997 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177996&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F880%3Frss%3D1 This study was undertaken to estimate potential chrysotile asbestos fiber exposures specific to these types of roofing products following artificially enhanced weathering. Roof panels coated with plastic roof cement and fibered roof coating were subjected to intense solar radiation and daily simulated precipitation events for 1 year and then scraped to remove the weathered materials to assess chrysotile fiber release and potential worker exposures. Analysis of measured fiber concentrations for hand scraping of the weathered products showed 8-h time-weighted average concentrations that were well below the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit for asbestos. There was, however, visibly more dust and a few more fibers collected during the hand scrapin... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177996 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177995&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F869%3Frss%3D1 This paper presents a summary of arsenic level statistics from air and wipe samples taken from studies conducted in fabrication operations. The main objectives of this study were not only to describe arsenic measurement data but also, through a literature review, to categorize fabrication workers in accordance with observed arsenic levels. All airborne arsenic measurements reported were included in the summary statistics for analysis of the measurement data. The arithmetic mean was estimated assuming a lognormal distribution from the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation or the range. In addition, weighted arithmetic means (WAMs) were calculated based on the number of measurements reported for each mean. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare arsenic levels clas... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177995 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177994&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F858%3Frss%3D1 When designing a strategy for collecting occupational exposure data, both economic and statistical performance criteria should be considered. However, very few studies have addressed the trade-off between the cost of obtaining data and the precision/accuracy of the exposure estimate as a research issue. To highlight the need of providing cost-efficient designs for assessing exposure variables in occupational research, the present review explains and critically evaluates the concepts and analytical tools used in available cost efficiency studies. Nine studies were identified through a systematic search using two algorithms in the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect. Two main approaches could be identified in these studies: ‘comparisons’ of the cost efficiency associated with diff... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177994 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4177993&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F8%2F851%3Frss%3D1 In the 1960s and 1970s, well designed case-referent studies put beyond doubt that exposure to airborne asbestos fibres was a cause of malignant mesothelioma. Some 35 cohort mortality studies in a large variety of industries during the 20-year period, 1974–1994, showed a wide range of outcomes, but in general that the risk was higher in exposures which included amphiboles rather than chrysotile alone. Real progress began, however, with discoveries along several lines: the link between pleural changes and mineralogy, the concept and importance of biopersistence, the developments in counting and typing mineral fibres in lung tissue, and data on amphibole mining in South Africa and Australia for comparison with that on chrysotile in Canada and Italy. This led to the recognition of the po... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4177993 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4177993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058909&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F842%3Frss%3D1 To assess the risk of hearing loss among workers using earphones as communication devices at noisy worksites, we compared temporary threshold shifts (TTS) between ears on which workers wore earphones and ears on which no earphones were worn. We measured ambient noise and personal noise exposure as well as noise generated by and passed through earphones by applying frequency analysis at three pinball facilities during their hours of actual operation. We assessed hearing levels before and after a work shift (prework and postwork) of 54 workers by pure tone audiometry at six frequencies. The time-weighted averages for ambient noise and personal noise exposure exceeded 85 dB(A) and 90 dB(A), respectively. Overall sound pressure levels generated by and passing through earphones reached 109 dB(A... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058909 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058908&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F833%3Frss%3D1 After a fatal accident during the discharge of wood pellets at Helsingborg, emissions from pellets during marine transportation became a concern for the safe handling and storage of wood pellets. In this paper, a two-compartment model has been developed for the first time to predict the concentrations of CO, CO2, CH4, and O2 inside the cargo ship and the time and rate of forced ventilation required before the safe entry into the stairway adjacent to the storage hatch. The hatch and stairway are treated as two perfectly mixed tanks. The gas exchange rate between these two rooms and the gas exchange rate with the atmosphere are fitted to satisfy a measured tracer final concentration of 33 p.p.m.v. in the stairway and an average final hatch to stairway CO, CO2, and CH4 concentration ratio of ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058908 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058907&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F824%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: There is more endotoxin in the presence of significantly lower dust levels in the respirable particle size fractions in CH poultry operations as compared to the FH poultry operations. This difference in respirable endotoxin may be important in relation to the differential respiratory response experienced by CH and FH poultry operation workers. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058907 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058906&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F813%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: A systematic and detailed approach was developed to estimate inhalation and dermal exposure for a nested case–control study among asphalt workers. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058906 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058905&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F799%3Frss%3D1 Recently, the appropriateness of using the ‘mass concentration’ metric for ultrafine particles has been questioned and surface area (SA) or number concentration metrics has been proposed as alternatives. To assess the abilities of various exposure metrics to distinguish between different exposure zones in workplaces with nanoparticle aerosols, exposure concentrations were measured in preassigned ‘high-’ and ‘low-’exposure zones in a restaurant, an aluminum die-casting factory, and a diesel engine laboratory using SA, number, and mass concentration metrics. Predetermined exposure classifications were compared by each metric using statistical parameters and concentration ratios that were calculated from the different exposure concentrations. In the restaur... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058905 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058904&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F789%3Frss%3D1 A shortage of disposable filtering facepiece respirators can be expected during a pandemic respiratory infection such as influenza A. Some individuals may want to use common fabric materials for respiratory protection because of shortage or affordability reasons. To address the filtration performance of common fabric materials against nano-size particles including viruses, five major categories of fabric materials including sweatshirts, T-shirts, towels, scarves, and cloth masks were tested for polydisperse and monodisperse aerosols (20–1000 nm) at two different face velocities (5.5 and 16.5 cm s–1) and compared with the penetration levels for N95 respirator filter media. The results showed that cloth masks and other fabric materials tested in the study had 40–90% instant... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058904 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058903&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F774%3Frss%3D1 We developed quantitative estimates of historical exposures to respirable elemental carbon (REC) for an epidemiologic study of mortality, including lung cancer, among diesel-exposed miners at eight non-metal mining facilities [the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS)]. Because there were no historical measurements of diesel exhaust (DE), historical REC (a component of DE) levels were estimated based on REC data from monitoring surveys conducted in 1998–2001 as part of the DEMS investigation. These values were adjusted for underground workers by carbon monoxide (CO) concentration trends in the mines derived from models of historical CO (another DE component) measurements and DE determinants such as engine horsepower (HP; 1 HP = 0.746 kW) and mine ventilation. CO was chosen to estimat... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058903 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058903 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058902&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F762%3Frss%3D1 Diesel exhaust (DE) has been implicated as a potential lung carcinogen. However, the exact components of DE that might be involved have not been clearly identified. In the past, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon oxides (COx) were measured most frequently to estimate DE, but since the 1990s, the most commonly accepted surrogate for DE has been elemental carbon (EC). We developed quantitative estimates of historical exposure levels of respirable elemental carbon (REC) for an epidemiologic study of mortality, particularly lung cancer, among diesel-exposed miners by back-extrapolating 1998–2001 REC exposure levels using historical measurements of carbon monoxide (CO). The choice of CO was based on the availability of historical measurement data. Here, we evaluated the relationship of REC ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058902 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058901&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F747%3Frss%3D1 Air monitoring surveys were conducted between 1998 and 2001 at seven non-metal mining facilities to assess exposure to respirable elemental carbon (REC), a component of diesel exhaust (DE), for an epidemiologic study of miners exposed to DE. Personal exposure measurements were taken on workers in a cross-section of jobs located underground and on the surface. Air samples taken to measure REC were also analyzed for respirable organic carbon (ROC). Concurrent measurements to assess exposure to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), two gaseous components of DE, were also taken. The REC measurements were used to develop quantitative estimates of average exposure levels by facility, department, and job title for the epidemiologic analysis. Each underground job was assigned to one of thr... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058901 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058900&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F728%3Frss%3D1 This report provides an overview of the exposure assessment process for an epidemiologic study that investigated mortality, with a special focus on lung cancer, associated with diesel exhaust (DE) exposure among miners. Details of several components are provided in four other reports. A major challenge for this study was the development of quantitative estimates of historical exposures to DE. There is no single standard method for assessing the totality of DE, so respirable elemental carbon (REC), a component of DE, was selected as the primary surrogate in this study. Air monitoring surveys at seven of the eight study mining facilities were conducted between 1998 and 2001 and provided reference personal REC exposure levels and measurements for other agents and DE components in the mining e... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058900 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058899&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F7%2F727%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058899 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:38:29 +0100 4058899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3847831&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F6%2F710%3Frss%3D1 To examine whether the actual dimensions of human facial features are important to the development of a low-velocity inhalable particulate mass sampling criterion, this study evaluated the effect of facial feature dimensions (nose and lips) on estimates of aspiration efficiency of inhalable particles using computational fluid dynamics modeling over a range of indoor air and breathing velocities. Fluid flow and particle transport around four humanoid forms with different facial feature dimensions were simulated. All forms were facing the wind (0.2, 0.4 m s–1), and breathing was simulated with constant inhalation (1.81, 4.3, 12.11 m s–1). The fluid flow field was solved using standard k-epsilon turbulence equations, and laminar particle trajectories were used to determine critica... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3847831 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 18:57:21 +0100 3847831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3847830&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F6%2F697%3Frss%3D1 The American Conference of Governmental Industrial hygienists (ACGIH) lowered the threshold limit value (TLV) for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) exposure from 0.05 to 0.025 mg m–3 in 2006. For a working environment with an airborne dust concentration near this lowered TLV, the sample collected with current standard respirable aerosol samplers might not provide enough RCS for quantitative analysis. Adopting high flow rate sampling devices for respirable dust containing silica may provide a sufficient amount of RCS to be above the limit of quantification even for samples collected for less than full shift. The performances of three high flow rate respirable samplers (CIP10-R, GK2.69, and FSP10) have been evaluated in this study. Eleven different sizes of monodisperse aerosols of a... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3847830 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 18:57:21 +0100 3847830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3847829&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F6%2F692%3Frss%3D1 There is ongoing argument about the potency of chrysotile asbestos to cause malignant mesothelioma. Risk assessment for chrysotile is influenced by the alleged absence of mesotheliomas among workers at the Raybestos Manhattan friction products plant in Connecticut, a plant that essentially used only chrysotile asbestos. Regrettably, the statement that there is an absence of mesothelioma deaths in the Connecticut plant is false. In this paper, we report on our review of the work histories and pathological reports of five individuals from the Connecticut plant who were diagnosed with mesothelioma. We discuss the Connecticut plant in relation to the most recent epidemiological information for chrysotile. Calculation suggests that mesothelioma rates at this plant were similar to those observed... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3847829 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 18:57:21 +0100 3847829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3847828&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F6%2F678%3Frss%3D1 Urinary 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) may serve as a biomarker for systemic exposure to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in occupationally exposed populations. However, the quantitative relationships between dermal and inhalation exposure to HDI and urine HDA levels have not been established. We measured acid-hydrolyzed urine HDA levels along with dermal and breathing-zone levels of HDI in 48 automotive spray painters. These measurements were conducted over the course of an entire workday for up to three separate workdays that were spaced approximately 1 month apart. One urine sample was collected before the start of work with HDI-containing paints and subsequent samples were collected during the workday. HDA levels varied throughout the day and ranged from nondetectable to 65.9 &mic... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3847828 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 18:57:21 +0100 3847828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3847827&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F6%2F671%3Frss%3D1 This study evaluated the effect of exhaled moisture on the breathing resistance of three classes of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) following 4 h of continuous wear at a breathing volume of 40 l min–1, utilizing an automated breathing and metabolic simulator as a human surrogate. After 4 h, inhalation and exhalation resistance increased by 0.43 and 0.23 mm of H2O pressure, respectively, and average moisture retention in the respirators was 0.26 ml. Under ambient conditions similar to those of the current study, and at similar breathing volumes, it is unlikely that exhaled moisture will add significantly to the breathing resistance of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) over 4 h of use. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3847827 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 18:57:21 +0100 3847827