MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Annals of Occupational Hygiene' source. Fri, 12 Mar 2010 15:52:20 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334048&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F247%3Frss%3D1 This article describes a device intended to produce replicas on filters by liquid deposition of anion or metal solutions. Schematically, the filters are housed in cassettes labelled automatically by means of a code. An automatic arm takes each cassette, reads the code, and deposits the amount of element required. Weighing before and after deposition allows the amount deposited to be accurately checked and determined. This automated system allows the production of replicas with high deposition regularity, replica dispersion for the most part being <1%. The samples produced can be used during proficiency tests where the assigned value is determined either by the participants or by the organizer. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334048 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:03 +0100 3334048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334047&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F236%3Frss%3D1 This study investigated the specific fluid dynamics characteristics of cytotoxic safety cabinets (CSC), particularly those used in cancer drug reconstitution operations. Measurements taken on site were used to derive characteristic data for these cabinets. An in-depth laboratory investigation of airflows inside another CSC was also conducted. Anemometric values recorded on these two installations enabled the experimental validation of computational fluid dynamics methods applied to CSC. The digital flow simulations conducted provide a better understanding of the detailed flow structure inside a CSC and made it possible to study the influence of different operating parameters on the air velocity distribution inside the cabinet front opening: recycled air temperature, product protection airf... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334047 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:03 +0100 3334047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334046&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F228%3Frss%3D1 Metalworking fluids (MWF) may contain a variety of additives, including medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (MCCP). There is concern that exposure to MCCP may be associated with increased risks for kidney toxicity. MCCP has been undergoing an evaluation as part of a European regulatory risk assessment and consequently it is important that an estimate is made of the likely occupational exposure. This paper reviews the available published data on dermal exposure to MWF and derives typical and reasonable worst-case (RWC) estimates of MCCP exposure. Estimates were highest for oil-based fluids (520 and 35 000 mg typical daily exposure and RWC exposure, respectively) and lowest for water-based fluids (30 and 520 mg for typical and RWC, respectively). Comparison with published inhalation exposure d... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334046 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:03 +0100 3334046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334045&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F217%3Frss%3D1 Employees at agricultural working places are often exposed to complex bioaerosols. Investigations of bioaerosols in duck houses revealed concentrations of cultivable bacteria between 0.4 and 3 x 105 colony forming units (CFU) m–3 on tryptone soy agar, 0.3 and 2 x 105 CFU m–3 on actinomycetes isolation agar, and 0.8 and 5 x 103 CFU m–3 on Middlebrook agar, respectively, when incubated at 25°C. At an incubation temperature of 37°C, 0.6–3 x 102 CFU m–3 were counted on MacConkey agar and 0.3–2 x 103 CFU m–3 on Middlebrook agar, and the concentrations of bacteria on glycerol–arginine agar and oatmeal agar incubated at 50°C varied between 0.1 and 2 x 103 and 1 and 7 x 103 CFU m–3, respectively. In addition, high concentrations of ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334045 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:03 +0100 3334045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334044&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F204%3Frss%3D1 A range of industrial minerals was tested using the rotating drum and the continuous drop methods, the two methods proposed by the published European standard EN 15051 [CEN. (2006) EN 15051 Workplace atmospheres—measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials—requirements and test methods. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization], to evaluate and compare their dustiness. The assessment of bulk materials dustiness can help to develop less dusty products and to reduce dust exposure to the workers by improving the processing of minerals. The European standard EN 15051 (CEN, 2006) proposes a classification system that was developed with the intention to assist in the labelling of products in the future. This paper presents a comparison of both test methods in class... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334044 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334043&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F188%3Frss%3D1 Several samplers (IOM, CIP 10-I v1, ACCU-CAPTM, and Button) were evaluated at various wood industry companies using the CALTOOL system. The results obtained show that compared to the CALTOOL mouth, which can be considered to be representative of the exposure of a person placed at the same location under the same experimental conditions, the concentrations measured by the IOM, CIP 10-I v1, and ACCU-CAPTM samplers are not significantly different (respectively, 1.12, 0.94, and 0.80 compared to 1.00), the Button sampler (0.86) being close to the ACCU-CAPTM sampler. Comparisons of dust concentrations measured using both a closed-face cassette (CFC) and one of the above samplers were also made. In all, 235 sampling pairs (sampler + CFC) taken at six companies provided us with a comparison of con... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334043 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334042&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F165%3Frss%3D1 Assessment of inhalable dust exposure requires reliable sampling methods in order to measure airborne inhalable particles’ concentrations. Many inhalable aerosol samplers can be used but their performances widely vary and remain unknown in some cases. The sampling performance of inhalable samplers is strongly dependent on particle size and ambient air velocity. Five inhalable aerosol samplers have been studied in two laboratory wind tunnels using polydisperse glass-beads’ test aerosol. Samplers tested were IOM sampler (UK), two versions of CIP 10-I sampler, v1 and v2 (F), 37-mm closed face cassette sampler (USA), 37-mm cassette fitted up with an ACCU-CAPTM insert (USA), and Button sampler (USA). Particle size-dependent sampling efficiencies were measured in a horizontal wind tu... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334042 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334041&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F154%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: This population-based study has confirmed findings of previous international studies showing elevated risks in a number of high-risk occupations. The strongest risks were consistently observed for printers, bakers, and sawmill labourers. Several occupations were also identified that have not been previously associated with asthma, suggesting that the risk of occupational asthma may be more widely spread across the workforce than previously assumed. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334041 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334040&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F144%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: This study indicates that occupational exposure to risk factors for work-related disease and injury remains common in the New Zealand working population. While these occupational exposures are disproportionately experienced by workers in certain industries, they also occur in occupational groups not traditionally associated with hazardous exposures or occupational disease. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334040 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334039&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F137%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Interventions are required to ensure that workers in extreme heat stress conditions maintain adequate levels of hydration. Failure to do so reduces the protection afforded by heat stress indices based on environmental monitoring. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334039 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334038&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F134%3Frss%3D1 Throughout the world, large numbers of manual workers perform physically demanding labour in conditions of high environmental heat stress. Although the importance of adequate hydration in combating heat stress is universally recognized, studies in a range of worker groups have demonstrated a disturbingly poor hydration level in a high proportion of at-risk workers. Management of work in hot environments traditionally focuses on environmental monitoring, while strategies to promote and ensure good hydration behaviour are often haphazard at best. An example is given of simple guidelines for adequate and appropriate fluid intake and practical recommendations to foster compliance. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334038 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334037&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F2%2F131%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334037 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 14:46:02 +0100 3334037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148198&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F127%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148198 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148197&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F125%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148197 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148196&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F117%3Frss%3D1 We studied the heating efficiency of an electrically heated vest (EHV), its relationship to the microclimate temperature distribution in a three-layer clothing ensemble, and the effect of an EHV on the clothing's total thermal insulation by both theoretical analysis and thermal manikin measurements. The heat losses at different ambient conditions and heating states were recorded and the heating efficiency of the EHV was calculated. It was found that the EHV can alter the microclimatic temperature distribution of the three-layer clothing ensemble. The EHV can provide an air temperature of 34°C around the manikin's torso skin. The highest temperature on the outside surface of the EHV was around 38°C, which indicates that it is safe for the consumer. The higher the heating temperature... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148196 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148195&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F100%3Frss%3D1 An inhaling mannequin, CALTOOL, was used in a specially ventilated room to compare the concentrations inhaled with those sampled by samplers mounted across the breathing zone. The CALTOOL is made from metal sheets and consists of a cylindrical torso (42 x 24 x 54 cm) with a circular cylinder as head. A circular nozzle simulates the mouth. This nozzle is part of a cassette that holds a filter. The inhalation rate is not periodic but kept constant at nominally 20 l min–1. The CALTOOL was placed in a horizontal air stream (~10 cm s–1) either facing or back to the wind. In front of the lower chest of the CALTOOL, a particle source was mounted which emitted particles with a momentum directed upwards at an angle of 45° towards the CALTOOL. Five monodisperse aluminium oxide powder... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148195 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148194&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F88%3Frss%3D1 This study examines the usage of computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) for estimating the time-elapsed decay of contaminants within a chamber experiencing high Reynolds flow. CFD results were compared with measurements taken at a controlled facility. In addition, parameters of the CFD simulation were examined; namely the effects of turbulence and inertial transport at high Reynolds number ventilating flows, as well as inlet duct configuration and its effect on the inlet velocity profile. The agreement between the computational and experimental clearance times was quite good, with percent errors as low as –5.32% at high flow rate and –11.8% at the lower flow rate. This study determined that for high Reynolds flow, diffusive transport effects may be ignored as the majority of mass ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148194 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148193&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F78%3Frss%3D1 Tsai et al. (Airborne nanoparticle exposures associated with the manual handling of nanoalumina and nanosilver in fume hoods. J Nanopart Res 2009; 11: 147–61) found that the handling of dry nanoalumina and nanosilver inside laboratory fume hoods can cause a significant release of airborne nanoparticles from the hood. Hood design affects the magnitude of release. With traditionally designed fume hoods, the airflow moves horizontally toward the hood cupboard; the turbulent airflow formed in the worker wake region interacts with the vortex in the constant-flow fume hood and this can cause nanoparticles to be carried out with the circulating airflow. Airborne particle concentrations were measured for three hood designs (constant-flow, constant-velocity, and air-curtain hoods) using manua... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148193 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148192&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F68%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, even for a well-fitting FFR respirator, most particle penetration occurs through faceseal leakage, which varies with breathing flow rate and particle size. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148192 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148191&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F55%3Frss%3D1 Transmission electron microscopy observations most frequently form a basis for estimating asbestos fibre concentration in the environment and in buildings with asbestos-containing materials. Sampled fibres can be transferred to microscope grids by applying either a direct [ISO (1995) Draft International ISO/DIS 10312. Ambient air. Determination of asbestos fibres. Direct transfer transmission electron microscopy procedure. Geneva, Switzerland: International Standardization Organization] or an indirect [AFNOR (1996) Détermination de la concentration en fibres d'amiante par microscopie électronique à transmission—Méthode indirecte. Cedex, France: AFNOR, p. 42; ISO (1997) Draft International ISO/DIS 13794. Ambient air. Determination of asbestos fibres. Indire... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148191 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148190&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F41%3Frss%3D1 In this study, we describe the quantification of 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in hydrolyzed plasma of 46 spray painters applying 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-containing paint in vehicle repair shops collected during repeated visits to their workplace and their relationship with dermal and inhalation exposure to HDI monomer. HDA was detected in 76% of plasma samples, as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives, and the range of HDA concentrations was ≤0.02–0.92 µg l–1. After log-transformation of the data, the correlation between plasma HDA levels and HDI inhalation exposure measured on the same workday was low (N = 108, r = 0.22, P = 0.026) compared with the correlation between plasma HDA levels and inhalation exposure occurring ~20 to 60 days before blood coll... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148190 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148189&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F31%3Frss%3D1 This study indicates that exposure to MDI can be quantified on workers’ skin even if air levels are close to unquantifiable. Thus, the potential for uncured MDI to deposit on and penetrate into the skin is demonstrated. Therefore, dermal exposure along with inhalation exposure to MDI should be measured in the occupational settings where MDI is present in order to shed light on their roles in the development of occupational isocyanate asthma. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148189 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:33 +0100 3148189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148188&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F23%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The skin condition and high levels of nickel on the skin were most probably caused by inadequate chemical protection provided by protective gloves. Although, the permeability of nickel through intact skin is considered to be low, a decreased barrier function of dehydrated or slightly damaged skin will increase its permeability for nickel. The ethnicity of these exposed workers may contribute significantly toward the low incidence of allergic contact dermatitis observed. Several measures to lower dermal exposure to nickel are also recommended. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148188 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:32 +0100 3148188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148187&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F8%3Frss%3D1 The aim of this study was to measure the levels of nickel in the skin contaminant layer of workers involved in specific processes and tasks within the primary nickel production and primary nickel user industries. Dermal exposure samples were collected using moist wipes to recover surface contamination from defined areas of skin. These were analysed for soluble and insoluble nickel species. Personal samples of inhalable dust were also collected to determine the corresponding inhalable nickel exposures. The air samples were analysed for total inhalable dust and then for soluble, sulfidic, metallic, and oxidic nickel species. The workplace surveys were carried out in five different workplaces, including three nickel refineries, a stainless steel plant, and a powder metallurgy plant, all of wh... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148187 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:32 +0100 3148187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148186&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F5%3Frss%3D1 Organizations dedicated to applying engineering solutions to improve health in developing countries may lack sufficient expertise in the public health aspects of these efforts to ensure successful project design and implementation. The occupational hygienist is a valuable complement to the efforts needed for development-oriented public health engineering projects. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148186 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:32 +0100 3148186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3148185&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F54%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3148185 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 15:23:32 +0100 3148185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979985&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F859%3Frss%3D1 A SYBR® Green real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for specific detection and quantification of airborne Salmonella cells in livestock housings is presented. A set of specific primers was tested and validated for specific detection and quantification of Salmonella-specific invA genes of DNA extracted from bioaerosol samples. Application of the method to poultry house bioaerosol samples showed concentrations ranging from 2.2 x 101 to 3 x 106 Salmonella targets m–3 of air. Salmonella were also detected by a cultivation-based approach in some samples, but concentrations were two to three magnitudes lower than the concentrations detected by molecular biological results. Specificity of results was demonstrated by cloning analyses of PCR products, which were ex... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979985 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979984&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F839%3Frss%3D1 Asbestos-containing brake linings were used in heavy-duty construction equipment such as tractors, backhoes, and bulldozers prior to the 1980s. While several published studies have evaluated exposures to mechanics during brake repair work, most have focused on automobiles and light trucks, not on heavy agricultural or construction vehicles. The purpose of this study is to characterize the airborne concentration of asbestos to workers and bystanders from brake wear debris during brake removal from 12 loader/backhoes and tractors manufactured between 1960 and 1980. Asbestos content in brake lining (average 20% chrysotile by polarized light microscopy) and brake wear debris [average 0.49% chrysotile by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)] was also quantified. Breathing zone samples on the ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979984 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979983&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F829%3Frss%3D1 Real-time size, mass and number particle concentrations, and emission rates in university laboratories producing nanoparticles by scalable flame spray pyrolysis are quantified. Measurements were conducted in four laboratories using various technological set-ups and during production of particles of a range of compositions with differing physical–chemical properties, from NaCl salt, BiPO4, CaSO4, Bi2O3, insoluble TiO2, SiO2, and WO3 to composites such as Cu/ZnO, Cu/SiO2, Cu/ZrO2, Ta2O5/SiO2, and Pt/Ba/Al2O3. Production time ranged from 0.25 to 400 min and yields from 0.33 to 183 g. Temporal and spatial analyses of the particle concentrations were performed indicating that elevated number concentrations in the workplace can occur. Airborne submicron number concentrations increased from... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979983 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979982&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F815%3Frss%3D1 This study evaluated five decontamination methods [ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), ethylene oxide, vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP), microwave oven irradiation, and bleach] using nine models of NIOSH-certified respirators (three models each of N95 FFRs, surgical N95 respirators, and P100 FFRs) to determine which methods should be considered for future research studies. Following treatment by each decontamination method, the FFRs were evaluated for changes in physical appearance, odor, and laboratory performance (filter aerosol penetration and filter airflow resistance). Additional experiments (dry heat laboratory oven exposures, off-gassing, and FFR hydrophobicity) were subsequently conducted to better understand material properties and possible health risks to the respirator u... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979982 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979981&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F807%3Frss%3D1 Few papers have been published in the open literature on the emissions from biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during the storage and transportation and their potential health impacts. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentrations, emission factors, and emission rate factors of CO2, CO, and CH4 from wood pellets stored with different headspace to container volume ratios with different initial oxygen levels, in order to develop methods to reduce the toxic off-gas emissions and accumulation in storage spaces. Metal containers (45 l, 305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) were used to study the effect of headspace and oxygen levels on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concentrations of CO2, CO, and CH4 in the headspace were measured using a gas chromatograph as a func... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979981 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979980&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F797%3Frss%3D1 Different qualities of biofuel pellets were made from pine and spruce sawdust according to an industrial experimental design. The fatty/resin acid compositions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for both newly produced pellets and those after 2 and 4 weeks of storage. The aldehydes/ketones compositions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. The designs were analyzed for the response variables: total fatty/resin acids and total aldehydes/ketones. The design showed a strong correlation between the pine fraction in the pellets and the fatty/resin acid content but the influence decreased over storage time. The amount of fatty/resin acids decreased ~40% during 4 weeks. The influence of drying temperature on the aldehyde/ketone emissi... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979980 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979979&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F789%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, moisture, and the relative size of storage headspace on emissions from wood pellets in an enclosed space. Twelve 10-l plastic containers were used to study the effects of headspace ratio (25, 50, and 75% of container volume) and temperatures (10–50°C). Another eight containers were set in uncontrolled storage relative humidity (RH) and temperature. Concentrations of CO2, CO, and CH4 were measured by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that emissions of CO2, CO, and CH4 from stored wood pellets are more sensitive to storage temperature than to RH and the relative volume of headspace. Higher peak emission factors are associated with higher temperatures. Increased headspace volume ratio increases peak... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979979 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979978&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F779%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, the measurements show that transport of logs and wood chips in confined spaces may result in rapid and severe oxygen depletion and CO2 formation. Thus, apparently harmless cargoes may create potentially life-threatening conditions. The oxygen depletion and CO2 formation are seemingly primarily caused by microbiological activity, in contrast to the oxidative processes with higher CO formation that predominate in cargoes of wood pellets. Improved technical and organizational measures are considered necessary to prevent future accidents. Recommendations given regarding safe entry procedures and technical preventive methods may also apply to other oxygen-depleting products. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979978 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2979977&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F8%2F775%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2979977 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 16:12:12 +0100 2979977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868051&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F772%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868051 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:12 +0100 2868051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868050&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F771%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868050 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:12 +0100 2868050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868049&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F759%3Frss%3D1 This study confirms that urinary AcPrCys is an important 1-BP metabolite and an effective biomarker for highly exposed foam cushion workers. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868049 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:12 +0100 2868049 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868048&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F749%3Frss%3D1 In this study, we investigate whether airborne fungal components smaller than spore size are present in bioaerosols in working areas at biofuel plants. Furthermore, we measure the exposure to bacteria and fungal components in airborne particulate matter (PM) with a D50 of 1 µm (called PM1 dust). PM1 was sampled using Triplex cyclones at a working area at 14 Danish biofuel plants. Millipore cassettes were used to sample ‘total dust’. The PM1 particles (29 samples) were analysed for content of 11 different components and the total dust was analysed for cultivable fungi, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), and (1 -> 3)-β-D-glucans. In the 29 PM1 samples, cultivable fungi were found in six samples and with a median concentration below detection level. Using mi... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868048 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868047&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F739%3Frss%3D1 This article describes an experimental study of the dynamic, thermal, and mass fields that develop from a hot rectangular (0.5 x 1.25 m) horizontal source. The metrology available allows the measurement of not only the local temperatures and velocities but also the concentration of a tracer gas (helium). Mathematical models have been developed enabling representation of the fields concerned; their characterization by isothermal, iso-velocity, or iso-concentration curves; calculation of the flow rate carried by the plume at a given height; calculation of the enthalpy transport; and so on. Moreover, a pollutant capture device has been introduced, and the measurement technique used allows the determination of various efficiencies of practical interest. The ratio of capture flow to free plume ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868047 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868046&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F731%3Frss%3D1 Studies that seek to associate reduced human health with exposure to occupational and environmental aerosols are often hampered by limitations in the exposure assessment process. One limitation involves the measured exposure metric itself. Current methods for personal exposure assessment are designed to estimate the aspiration of aerosol into the human body. Since a large proportion of inhaled aerosol is subsequently exhaled, a portion of the aspirated aerosol will not contribute to the dose. This leads to variable exposure misclassification (for heterogenous exposures) and increased uncertainty in health effect associations. Alternatively, a metric for respiratory deposition would provide a more physiologically relevant estimate of risk. To address this challenge, we have developed a meth... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868046 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868045&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F723%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Working as a cook in a Norwegian à la carte restaurant with some manual panfrying involves exposure to components in cooking fumes which may cause adverse health effects. Additional studies are necessary in order to identify relations between exposure levels and the adverse health effects of cooking fumes. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868045 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868044&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F713%3Frss%3D1 Endotoxin exposure is a significant concern in agricultural environments due to relatively high exposure levels. The goals of this study were to determine patterns of 3-hydroxy fatty acid (3-OHFA) distribution in dusts from four types of agricultural environments (dairy, cattle feedlot, grain elevator, and corn farm) and to evaluate correlations between the results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis (total endotoxin) and biological recombinant factor C (rFC) assay (free bioactive endotoxin). An existing GC/MS-MS method (for house dust) was modified to reduce sample handling and optimized for small amount (<1 mg) of agricultural dusts using GC/EI-MS. A total of 134 breathing zone samples using Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) inhalable samplers were collecte... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868044 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868043&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F703%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The introduction of TGVs helps to reduce occupational exposure and allows pharmacy personnel to benchmark their own contamination levels. This provides a basis for improvement in occupational safety precautions and for regular contamination controls. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868043 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868042&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F691%3Frss%3D1 We report here the use of linear mixed modeling (LMM) to identify the primary determinants of dermal exposure. Dermal concentrations of HDI, uretidone, biuret, and isocyanurate were significantly higher in 15 painters who did not wear coveralls or gloves (N = 51 paint tasks) than in 32 painters who did wear coveralls and gloves (N = 192 paint tasks) during spray painting. Regardless of whether protective clothing was worn, isocyanurate was the predominant species measured in the skin [geometric mean (GM) = 33.8 ng mm–3], with a 95% detection rate. Other polyisocyanates (GM ≤ 0.17 ng mm–3) were detected in skin during <23% of the paint tasks. According to marginal R2 statistics, mixed models generated in this study described no <36% of the variability in dermal concentr... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868042 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868041&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F677%3Frss%3D1 We report here the use of linear mixed modeling to identify the primary determinants of the measured BZCs. Both one-stage (N = 98 paint tasks) and two-stage (N = 198 paint tasks) filter sampling was used to measure concentrations of HDI, uretidone, biuret, and isocyanurate. The geometric mean (GM) level of isocyanurate (1410 µg m–3) was higher than all other analytes (i.e. GM < 7.85 µg m–3). The mixed models were unique to each analyte and included factors such as analyte-specific paint concentration, airflow in the paint booth, and sampler type. The effect of sampler type was corroborated by side-by-side one- and two-stage personal air sampling (N = 16 paint tasks). According to paired t-tests, significantly higher concentrations of HDI (P = 0.0363) and isocyanu... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868041 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868040&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F669%3Frss%3D1 The objective of the present work was to estimate the efficiency of moistened wipes in removing beryllium with different solutions including CitranoxTM, AlconoxTM, NaCl 5%, ResolveTM, and LedizolvTM on various types of surfaces such as unpainted metal, wood frames, painted metal, concrete, painted concrete, and PlexiglasTM from three different occupational settings. Of the three plants that were investigated, only surfaces in the aluminium smelter were decontaminated down to the clearance reference level of 0.2 µg 100 cm–2, with all the solvents used. In the machine tooling and milling department, the clearance level of 0.2 µg 100 cm–2 was reached after the three decontaminations, with all the solvents. In the machine plant for the military, aerospace, and telecommu... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868040 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868039&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F657%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: Analysis of the temporal trend in UK wood dust exposure concentrations revealed declines of 8% per annum. Interviews with key long-serving employees and management suggest that factors such as technological changes in production processes, response to new legislation, and enforcement agency inspections, together with global economic trends, could be linked to the downward trends observed. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868039 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:11 +0100 2868039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868038&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F7%2F651%3Frss%3D1 Many concerns would find it useful to have a publicly available database recording exposures to particular substances, with contextual information. The European Union's Registration, Evaluations, Authorisation, and restriction of Chemicals regulation has increased interest in this. It has been suggested that journals should require detailed publication of exposure data with papers. But there are problems for researchers, for whom the data are a valuable resource which has been obtained with effort and often ingenuity. The publication could also raise problems of confidentiality and liability, and those who have to put the effort in publication are not those who benefit. Also, there are the problems of hostile critics misusing the information—for example, industry reanalysing data to ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868038 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 14:13:10 +0100 2868038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680945&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F639%3Frss%3D1 It is important that analytical results, produced to demonstrate compliance with exposure limits are comparable, to ensure controls are monitored to similar standards. Correcting a measurement result of respirable -quartz for the percentage of crystalline material in the calibration dust is good analytical practice and significant changes in the values assigned to calibration materials will affect the interpretation of results by an analyst or occupational hygiene professional. The reissue of the certification for the quartz reference material NIST 1878a in 2005 and differences in comparative values obtained by other work created uncertainty about the values of crystallinity assigned to national calibration dusts for -quartz. Members of an International Organization for Standardization wor... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680945 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680945 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680944&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F627%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: It is very important to train the operator conducting the study since a completely subjectivity-free method does not exist. Whatever method is used will always be affected by the subjectivity linked to the competency and the training of the operator. Moreover, each method on its own cannot assess the risk of exposure to asbestos, but reliable assessment of asbestos-containing materials requires the use of more than one method, such as visual inspections, a pull-up test, and an assessment algorithm. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680944 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680944 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680943&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F617%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this study was to evaluate these three loading methods so that tool evaluators can select appropriate loading devices in order to obtain results that can be applied to their specific workplace operations. Six experienced tool operators used five tool models to evaluate the loading mechanisms. The results of this study indicate that different loads can yield different tool comparison results. However, any of the three devices appears to be adequate for initial tool screenings. On the other hand, vibration emissions measured in the laboratory are unlikely to be fully representative of those in the workplace. Therefore, for final tool selections and for reliably assessing workplace vibration exposures, vibration measurements should be collected under actual working conditions... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680943 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680943 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680942&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F605%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Full-shift equivalent noise levels on the construction sites assessed were well above the level at which HPDs are required, but usage rates were quite low. Understanding and predicting HPD use differs by methods used to assess use (survey versus activity card/dosimetry). Site, trade, and the belief that wearing HPD is not time consuming were the only predictors of HPD use common to both measures on an individual level. At the group level, perceived support for site safety and HPD use proved to be predictive of HPD use. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680942 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680942 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680941&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F595%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: Dust, endotoxin, and β(1->3)-glucan exposure are considerable in horse stables. Bacterial and fungal exposure levels were moderate. Endotoxin exposures were above the Dutch proposed standard limits, suggesting workers in horse stables to be at risk of adverse health effects. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680941 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680941 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680940&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F585%3Frss%3D1 Occupational lung disease is a significant problem among agricultural workers exposed to organic dusts. Measurements of exposure in agricultural environments in the USA have traditionally been conducted using 37-mm closed-face cassettes (CFCs) and respirable Cyclones. Inhalable aerosol samplers offer significant improvement for dose estimation studies to reduce respiratory disease. The goals of this study were to determine correction factors between the inhalable samplers (IOM and Button) and the CFC and Cyclone for dusts sampled in livestock buildings and to determine whether these factors vary among livestock types. Determination of these correction factors will allow comparison between inhalable measurements and historical measurements. Ten sets of samples were collected in swine, chick... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680940 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680940 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680939&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F573%3Frss%3D1 In this study, the field performance of two coverall designs used by pesticide applicators was determined. Two coverall types were selected based on data from previously conducted comfort testing under field conditions in southern Europe. Dermal exposure was measured during 22 applications conducted with 11 operators using similar hand-held spray guns in greenhouse pepper crops in the Ierapetra region of Crete, Greece. One of the coverall designs studied was made from a cotton/polyester material treated with a water-repellent Resist Spills® finish, which was compared in the field study to a coverall of similar design, but using a woven, untreated cotton material. An in-house analytical method was developed and validated for determining residues of the active substance (a.s.) malathion ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680939 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680939 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680938&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F561%3Frss%3D1 When working with hot mix asphalt, road pavers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through the inhalation of vapors and particulate matter (PM) and through dermal contact with PM and contaminated surfaces. Several PAHs with four to six rings are potent carcinogens which reside in these particulate emissions. Since urinary biomarkers of large PAHs are rarely detectable in asphalt workers, attention has focused upon urinary levels of the more volatile and abundant two-ring and three-ring PAHs as potential biomarkers of PAH exposure. Here, we compare levels of particulate polycyclic aromatic compounds (P-PACs, a group of aromatic hydrocarbons containing PAHs and heterocyclic compounds with four or more rings) in air and dermal patch samples from 20 road pavers to the corres... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680938 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680938 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2680937&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F6%2F551%3Frss%3D1 Airborne emissions from hot asphalt contain mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including several carcinogens. We investigated urinary biomarkers of three PAHs, namely naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), and pyrene (Pyr) in 20 road-paving workers exposed to hot asphalt and in 6 road milling workers who were not using hot asphalt (reference group). Our analysis included baseline urine samples as well as postshift, bedtime, and morning samples collected over three consecutive days. We measured unmetabolized Nap (U-Nap) and Phe (U-Phe) as well as the monohydroxylated metabolites of Nap (OH-Nap), Phe (OH-Phe), and Pyr (OH-Pyr) in each urine sample. In baseline samples, no significant differences in biomarker levels were observed between pavers and millers, suggesting simila... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2680937 Thu, 06 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2680937 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568104&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F549%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568104 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568103&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F539%3Frss%3D1 This study clarifies whether the established frequency weighting procedure for evaluating exposure to hand-transmitted vibration can effectively evaluate the temporary changes in vibrotactile perception thresholds due to pre-exposure to vibration. In addition, this study investigates the relationship between changes of the vibrotactile perception thresholds and the normalized energy-equivalent frequency-weighted acceleration. The fingers of 10 healthy subjects, five male and five female, were exposed to vibration under 16 conditions with a combination of different frequencies, intensities, and exposure times. The vibration frequencies were 31.5 and 125 Hz and exposure lasted between 2 and 16 min. According to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 5349-1, the energy-equivalen... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568103 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568102&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F523%3Frss%3D1 This study evaluated the performance of three chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) canisters (MSA, 3M, and Scott) and one multi-gas canister similar in appearance to CBRN canisters but without CBRN certification (3M FR-64040). Challenge concentrations typical of overhaul exposures were generated by combusting common household materials. Twelve tests were conducted, using random canister selection, where challenge air and air filtered by the canisters were tested. All tests examined penetration of CO; NO2; SO2; respirable dust; aldehydes, including formaldehyde, acrolein, and glutaraldehyde; and hydrogen cyanide. Six of the tests also investigated naphthalene, benzene, and hydrogen chloride, but challenge concentrations from the simulated overhaul smoke were near the limit... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568102 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568101&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F509%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: On the basis of the tabulated outcomes, the sample size requirement is much more dominant than the number of repeated measurements for a group exposure comparison. Thus, in this case, recruiting more workers with fewer repeated measurements may be more economical than the opposite approach. For testing the presence of a long-term exposure trend, the sample size required decreases substantially with the number of repeated measurements. Also, equally spaced sampling times would be optimal because the effect of between-worker variance is algebraically cancelled out in sample size calculations. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568101 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568100&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F499%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The survey found that the measures used to control exposure to MbOCA could be improved. Although air levels of MbOCA were generally low, there was evidence of spread of surface contamination and poor maintenance of controls such as local exhaust ventilation. A BMGV based on the 90th percentile of data from workplaces with good control would be less than the 90% value of 8.6 µmol mol–1 creatinine found in this study and suggests that the current BMGV of 15 µmol mol–1 creatinine is no longer acting as a stimulus to reduce exposure. The metabolites of isocyanates found in urine samples in this study could arise from inhalation exposure to isocyanates or from dermal exposure to either isocyanates or their diamine breakdown product and need further investiga... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568100 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568099&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F491%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Considering the profound differences between the structure of balangeroite and amphiboles, previous results and observations on the poor ecopersistence of balangeroite, and the present data, we conclude that balangeroite traces may contribute to the overall toxicity of the airborne fibres in Balangero, but may not be compared to tremolite nor considered the sole responsible for the excess of mesothelioma found in Balangero. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568099 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568098&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F485%3Frss%3D1 Working in a molecular biology laboratory environment implies regular exposure to a wide range of hazardous substances. Several recent studies have shown that laboratory workers may have an elevated risk of certain cancers. Data on the nature and frequency of exposures in such settings are scanty. The frequency of use of 163 agents by staff working in molecular biology laboratories was evaluated over a period of 4 years by self-administered questionnaire. Of the agents listed, ethanol was used by the largest proportion of staff (70%), followed by ethidium bromide (55%). Individual patterns of use showed three patterns, namely (i) frequent use of a narrow range of products, (ii) occasional use of a wide range of products, and (iii) frequent and occasional use of an intermediate range of pro... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568098 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568097&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F475%3Frss%3D1 In this study, the particle characteristics were measured in seven Swedish industrial plants, with a special focus on the ultrafine particle fraction. Number concentration, size distribution, surface area concentration, and mass concentration were measured at 10 different job activities, including fettling, laser cutting, welding, smelting, core making, moulding, concreting, grinding, sieving powders, and washing machine goods. A thorough particle characterization is necessary in workplaces since it is not clear yet which choice of ultrafine particle metric is the best to measure in relation to health effects. Job activities were given a different order of rank depending on what particle metric was measured. An especially high number concentration (130 x 103 cm–3) and percentage of u... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568097 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568096&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F463%3Frss%3D1 The current study evaluated the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essentials model for short-term task-based exposures and full-shift exposures using measured concentrations of three volatile organic chemicals at a small printing plant. A total of 188 exposure measurements of isopropanol and 187 measurements of acetone were collected and each measurement took ~60 min. Historically, collected time-weighted average concentrations (seven results) were evaluated for methylene chloride. The COSHH Essentials model recommended general ventilation control for both isopropanol and acetone. There was good agreement between the task-based exposure measurements and the COSHH Essentials predicted exposure range (PER) for cleaning and print preparation with isopropanol and for cleaning w... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568096 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2568095&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F5%2F449%3Frss%3D1 The present study aims to explore the protection level that can be achieved by the German control banding (CB) tool Einfaches Massnahmenkonzept Gefahrstoffe, ‘Easy-to-use workplace control scheme for hazardous substances’. The rationale of our integrated approach is based on the Bewertungsindex (BWI), which is the quotient of the exposure level and the occupational exposure limit (OEL), with BWI <1 indicating compliance. The frequency distributions of the BWI were calculated in order to reflect statistically the variability of workplace conditions. The corresponding statistical values of the frequency distributions (percentiles etc.) are interpreted as an indicator of the level of protection that is achieved. The occupational exposure data sets used in the calculation of the... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2568095 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2568095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454336&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F441%3Frss%3D1 Vehicle cabs equipped with an effective air cleaning and pressurization system, fitted to agricultural and off-road machineries, isolate drivers from the polluted environment, in which they are likely to work. These cabs provide protection against particulate and gaseous pollutants generated by these types of work activities. Two laboratory methods have been applied to determining the performance characteristics of two cabs of different design, namely, optical counting-based measurement of a potassium chloride (KCl) aerosol and fluorescein aerosol-based tracing. Results of cab confinement efficiency measurements agreed closely for these two methods implemented in the study. Measurements showed that high confinement efficiencies can be achieved with cabs, which are properly designed in vent... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454336 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454335&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F425%3Frss%3D1 Using laser-assisted smoke flow visualization and tracer gas concentration detection techniques, this study examines aerodynamic flow properties and the characteristics of escape from containment, inward dispersion, and cross-cabinet contamination of a biological safety cabinet installed with an air curtain across the front aperture. The experimental method partially simulates the NSF/ANSI 49 standards with the difference that the biological tracer recommended by these standards is replaced by a mixture of 10% SF6 in N2. The air curtain is set up across the cabinet aperture plane by means of a narrow planar jet issued from the lower edge of the sash and a suction flow going through a suction slot installed at the front edge of the work surface. Varying the combination of jet velocity, suct... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454335 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454334&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F409%3Frss%3D1 Mathematical modeling is being increasingly used as a means for assessing occupational exposures. However, predicting exposure in real settings is constrained by lack of quantitative knowledge of exposure determinants. Validation of models in occupational settings is, therefore, a challenge. Not only do the model parameters need to be known, the models also need to predict the output with some degree of accuracy. In this paper, a Bayesian statistical framework is used for estimating model parameters and exposure concentrations for a two-zone model. The model predicts concentrations in a zone near the source and far away from the source as functions of the toluene generation rate, air ventilation rate through the chamber, and the airflow between near and far fields. The framework combines p... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454334 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454333&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F403%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: This method has been used to determine airborne non-fibrous SiC in a comprehensive ongoing project in the Norwegian SiC industry for further epidemiological studies. The method is fully applicable for compliance work. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454333 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454332&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F391%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Overall, these results favour using the simple and more easily available VHR when comparing pure substances. In the case of mixtures, the effect of nonideality may be important in certain cases. As a precaution, since no integrated tool is available presently to easily calculate OPI values corrected for nonideality, substitution should be recommended only as long as the non-corrected VHR value for an alternative solvent is at least 5-fold less than that of the solvent to replace. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454332 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454331&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F383%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: No clear, acute adverse health effects could be found in planters after exposure to conifer seedlings treated with imidacloprid (Merit Forest) or cypermethrin (Forester), as compared with planting untreated seedlings. The metabolite, 3-PBA, was found in low levels in urine and was increased after exposure to cypermethrin. However, no clear relationships could be found between exposure and reported symptoms or between elevated 3-PBA levels and reported symptoms. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454331 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454330&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F373%3Frss%3D1 Copper beryllium alloys are the most commonly used form of beryllium; however, there have been few studies assessing occupational exposure in facilities that worked exclusively with this alloy versus those where pure metal or beryllium oxide may also have been present. In this paper, we evaluated the airborne beryllium concentrations at a machining plant using historical industrial hygiene samples collected between 1964 and 2000. With the exception of a few projects conducted in the 1960s, it is believed that >95% of the operations used copper beryllium alloy exclusively. Long-term (>120 min) and short-term (<120 min) personal and area samples were collected during a variety of activities including machining of copper beryllium-containing parts, as well as finishing operations (e.... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454330 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454329&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F363%3Frss%3D1 An assessment survey of occupational exposure to beryllium (Be) was conducted in France between late 2004 and the end of 2006. Exposure estimates were based on the analytical results of samples collected from workplace air and from work surfaces in 95 facilities belonging to 37 sectors of activity. The results of this study indicated airborne Be concentrations in excess of the occupational exposure limit value of 2 µg m–3 recommended in France. Metallurgy and electronic component manufacturing represented the activities and occupations where workers had the highest arithmetic mean exposures to Be. Surface contamination levels were also high and frequently exceeded thresholds recommended by different bodies. These results should prompt the development of prevention programmes th... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454329 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454328&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F353%3Frss%3D1 The objective of the present research work was to study the feasibility of removing beryllium compounds from the surfaces of devices made of Be-Cu alloy and to estimate the frequency at which the surfaces had to be rubbed in order to evaluate the likelihood that beryllium can be removed from the surfaces by serial wipe sampling at concentrations exceeding the US Department of Energy (DOE) standard limit of 0.2 µg per 100 cm2. The standard limit was exceeded after successive cleanings of moulds and plates made of Be-Cu alloy with solvents such CitranoxTM, an acidic solvent, AlconoxTM, Z-99TM and FantastikTM, basic solvents, or more neutral solvents such as LuminoxTM and water. Citranox was the best solvent for extracting beryllium from the tested surfaces, while AlconoxTM seemed to be... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454328 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454327&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F341%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: In conclusion, the optimum combinations of nutrients appear to be methionine, taurine, zinc, ascorbic acid and glycine for the prevention of learning and memory impairment, while taurine and thiamine appear to be the effective factors for reversing Pb neurotoxicity. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454327 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454326&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F333%3Frss%3D1 In this work, welding fume samples were collected in a welding plant, where corrosion-resistant steel and unalloyed structural steel were welded by gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and manual metal arc welding (MMAW) techniques. The welding fumes were sampled with a fixed-point sampling strategy applying Higgins–Dewell cyclones. The following solutions were used to dissolve the different species of Ni and Mn: ammonium citrate solution [1.7% (m/v) diammonium hydrogen citrate and 0.5% (m/v) citric acid monohydrate] for ‘soluble’ Ni, 50:1 methanol–bromine solution for metallic Ni, 0.01 M ammonium acetate for soluble Mn, 25% acetic acid for Mn0 and Mn2+ and 0.5% hydroxylammonium chloride in 25% acetic acid for Mn3+ and Mn4+. ‘Insoluble’ Ni and Mn contents of the... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454326 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454325&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F325%3Frss%3D1 According to ISO 7730:2005, classification is a mandatory precondition for thermal comfort assessment since the appropriate criterion depends on which category the specific work situation (SWS) investigated belongs to. Unfortunately, while the standard does include three different comfort criteria, it does not indicate how the appropriate criterion should be selected. This paper presents a classification scheme that allows thermal comfort assessment to be reliably performed in any environment. The model is based on an algorithm that calculates a score by means of a weighted product of three quantities, each one taking care of a specific, highly relevant element: the subject's thermal sensitivity, the accuracy required for carrying out the task and the practicality of thermal control. The s... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454325 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454324&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F311%3Frss%3D1 Accurate exposure assessments are critical for ensuring that potentially hazardous exposures are properly identified and controlled. The availability and accuracy of exposure assessments can determine whether resources are appropriately allocated to engineering and administrative controls, medical surveillance, personal protective equipment and other programs designed to protect workers. A desktop study was performed using videos, task information and sampling data to evaluate the accuracy and potential bias of participants’ exposure judgments. Desktop exposure judgments were obtained from occupational hygienists for material handling jobs with small air sampling data sets (0–8 samples) and without the aid of computers. In addition, data interpretation tests (DITs) were adminis... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454324 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454323&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F4%2F307%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454323 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2454323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320078&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F297%3Frss%3D1 In this study, the objectives were to: (i) evaluate the applicability of the recently developed National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) respirator fit test panels for Chinese workers and (ii) develop new respirator fit test panels using the Chinese survey data. Overall, 95% of the workers in the Chinese survey fall within the NIOSH bivariate and principal component analysis (PCA) panels, suggesting that these panels would also be appropriate for the Chinese population. However, distribution of the subject across the panels was not uniform; only 6.3% of survey participants fell into five cells of the bivariate panel and only 7.2% were found within three cells of the PCA panel. Therefore, new respirator fit test panels with subject dimensions and distributions specific ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320078 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320077&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F289%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, disposable NRL gloves and disposable PVC gloves should not be used repeatedly for handling the hair dye products. Hydrogen peroxide did not accelerate chemical breakthrough. The compositions of the challenge solutions and physical and chemical properties (MV and logKow) affected permeation behaviors for different gloves. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320077 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320077 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320076&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F271%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, both the literature review and the measurement data analyzed found that decade and type of industry, operation and fluid were important determinants of total aerosol exposure. Industry type and fluid type were associated with differences in exposure to the thoracic and respirable fraction levels, respectively. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320076 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320075&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F265%3Frss%3D1 Statistical modeling of determinants of exposure ascertained in large-scale surveys is an increasingly popular approach to both (i) identifying effective occupational exposure controls that arise in ‘natural experiments’ and (ii) predicting how altering some working conditions may impact exposure levels. This paper sheds light on two underappreciated methodological challenges of such studies. First, I examine the impact of measurement error in the observed determinant of exposure on an investigator's ability to correctly rank the determinants of exposure in terms of their exposure rate (one aspect of how important a give determinant is). Simultaneously, I consider the issue of whether empirical models fitted for the sake of statistical convenience actually reflect the physical ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320075 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320074&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F249%3Frss%3D1 A model-based multiple imputation approach for analyzing sample data with non-detects is proposed. The imputation approach involves randomly generating observations below the detection limit using the detected sample values and then analyzing the data using complete sample techniques, along with suitable adjustments to account for the imputation. The method is described for the normal case and is illustrated for making inferences for constructing prediction limits, tolerance limits, for setting an upper bound for an exceedance probability and for interval estimation of a log-normal mean. Two imputation approaches are investigated in the paper: one uses approximate maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the parameters and a second approach uses simple ad hoc estimates that were developed fo... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320074 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320073&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F239%3Frss%3D1 This study reports the results of a numerical investigation and an experimental study on a round nozzle virtual impactor (VI) operated in two different modes. The newly proposed sampler, the semivolatile aerosol dichotomous sampler (SADS), was studied to overcome some of the problems of existing personal sampling methods such as evaporative loss during filter sampling. The main difference between VIs and the SADS was the inverted flow ratio between the major flow and the minor flow. Sampling in the SADS settings gives a lower cutsize in both numerical simulations and experimental results. Whereas the 50% separation efficiency for a VI occurred in numerical simulations when the square root of Stokes number equaled 0.97, the 50% efficiency for the same sampler run in the SADS settings occurr... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320073 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320073 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320072&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F225%3Frss%3D1 Health risks associated with the inhalation of airborne particles are known to be influenced by particle size. Studies have shown that certain nanoparticles, with diameters <100 nm, have increased toxicity relative to larger particles of the same substance. A reliable, size-resolving sampler able to collect a wide range of particle sizes, including particles with sizes in the nanometre range, would be beneficial in investigating health risks associated with the inhalation of airborne particles. A review of current aerosol samplers used for size-resolved collection of airborne particles highlighted a number of limitations. These could be overcome by combining an inertial deposition impactor with a diffusion collector in a single device. Verified theories of diffusion and inertial deposit... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320072 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320072 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320071&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F215%3Frss%3D1 In tungsten refining and manufacturing processes, a series of tungsten oxides are typically formed as intermediates in the production of tungsten powder. The present study was conducted to characterize airborne tungsten-containing fiber dimensions, elemental composition and concentrations in the US tungsten refining and manufacturing industry. During the course of normal employee work activities, seven personal breathing zone and 62 area air samples were collected and analyzed using National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) fiber sampling and counting methods to determine dimensions, composition and airborne concentrations of fibers. Mixed models were used to identify relationships between potential determinants and airborne fiber concentrations. Results from transmissi... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320071 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320071 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320070&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F201%3Frss%3D1 Noise assessments have been conducted using full-shift dosimetry and short-term task-based measurements. Advantages of the task-based method include the opportunity to directly identify high-noise exposure tasks and to target control measures, as well as obtain estimates of task-based full-shift exposures; however, there is little empirical evidence comparing the two methods. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health assessed noise exposures at three industrial facilities using dosimetry and task-based methods with the objective of comparing the two strategies and assessing the degree of agreement and causes of disagreement. Eight indices of task-based full-shift exposures were created from task-based sampling using three methods to assess time-at-task (direct observation by in... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320070 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320069&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F199%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320069 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2320068&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F3%2F197%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2320068 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2320068 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238075&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F195%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238075 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238074&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F192%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238074 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238073&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F191%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238073 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238073 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238072&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F184%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238072 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238072 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238071&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F181%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238071 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238071 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238070&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F173%3Frss%3D1 Empirical modeling of exposure levels has been popular for identifying exposure determinants in occupational hygiene. Traditional data-driven methods used to choose a model on which to base inferences have typically not accounted for the uncertainty linked to the process of selecting the final model. Several new approaches propose making statistical inferences from a set of plausible models rather than from a single model regarded as ‘best’. This paper introduces the multimodel averaging approach described in the monograph by Burnham and Anderson. In their approach, a set of plausible models are defined a priori by taking into account the sample size and previous knowledge of variables influent on exposure levels. The Akaike information criterion is then calculated to evaluate ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238070 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238069&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F167%3Frss%3D1 The symmetric-range accuracy A of a sampler is defined as the fractional range, symmetric about the true concentration, that includes a specified proportion of sampler measurements. In this article, we give an explicit expression for A assuming that the sampler measurements follow a normal distribution. We propose confidence limits for A based on the concept of a ‘generalized confidence interval’. A convenient approximation is also provided for computing the confidence limit. Monte Carlo evaluation indicates that the proposed approaches are very satisfactory even for small samples. The statistical procedures are illustrated using an example involving carbon monoxide monitoring. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238069 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238068&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F161%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The source of risk was exposure in the sterile chamber, even though the time of exposure was generally only ~30 min. To ensure complete worker protection, there is a need for a short-term exposure limit for H2O2 in addition to the existing ACGIH TLV–TWA value. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238068 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238068 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238067&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F153%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: We concluded that a closed system device can reduce occupational contamination and exposure to antineoplastic drugs in the hospital work environment. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238067 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238067 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238066&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F139%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The estimated average annual exposures to asbestos, coal tar-derived PAHs and quartz dust in the bitumen waterproofing industry in Finland and Denmark were significant in the past but have a clear declining trend. Exposure to bitumen fume was found to follow a similar trend. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238066 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238066 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238065&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F129%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, people working in cucumber and tomato nurseries were often exposed to high levels of inhalable dust and endotoxin. Cucumber harvest workers were exposed to significantly more dust and endotoxin than tomato harvest workers. The dust and endotoxin aerosolized during the working processes were only transported to other areas in the greenhouses to a very low degree. Cucumber and tomato leaves were identified as endotoxin reservoirs. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238065 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238064&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F117%3Frss%3D1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and European Norms (ENs) employ different test protocols for evaluation of air-purifying particulate respirators commonly referred to as filtering facepiece respirators (FFR). The relative performance of the NIOSH-approved and EN-certified ‘Conformité Européen’ (CE)-marked FFR is not well studied. NIOSH requires a minimum of 95 and 99.97% efficiencies for N95 and P100 FFR, respectively; meanwhile, the EN requires 94 and 99% efficiencies for FFRs, class P2 (FFP2) and class P3 (FFP3), respectively. To better understand the filtration performance of NIOSH- and CE-marked FFRs, initial penetration levels of N95, P100, FFP2 and FFP3 respirators were measured using a series of polydisperse and monodisperse... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238064 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238064 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2238063&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F2%2F99%3Frss%3D1 This study shows that the developed headset-mounted mini sampler is suitable for assessing exposure to manganese in welding aerosol. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2238063 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2238063 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089048&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F83%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The experimental archive at Porton Down has proved to be a rich source of data on tests conducted between 1941 and 1989. It has been possible to categorize most veterans according to date of test, chemical group, chemical, type of protection and, for certain chemicals, level of exposure and/or degree of acute toxicity. These categorizations have been used to assign veterans to exposure groups for epidemiological analysis. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089048 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089047&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F69%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The main results obtained in this study on a large number of observation days are as follows: (i) the mixing–loading step was the most contaminated task in open field accounting for two-thirds of the total daily exposure, (ii) no positive correlation was noted with classically used pesticide-related parameters: farm area, area sprayed and duration of application and (iii) relevant parameters were the type of spraying equipment, the type and number of tasks and technical problems or cases of overflowing. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089047 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089046&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F63%3Frss%3D1 This study selected for testing some professional footwear that could certainly not be considered as cold protective. Some footwear that could be used in cold was selected with as low insulation as the not cold-intended footwear. Also, a boot intended for cold was selected to be tested according to a modified standard at a temperature gradient of 70°C. The footwear selection was based on insulation measurements with a thermal foot model. All footwear did pass the test. Although it is clear for the user that a sandal, a mesh shoe or a thin textile shoe is not cold protective, it is not as clear that an item of safety footwear, that has as low insulation as those mentioned above, could be classified as cold protective according to the present standards. Because of this, the user might ha... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089046 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089045&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F55%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: There seems to be a dose–response relationship between the cumulative lifetime vibration dose of the HAV and finger blanching, sensorineural symptoms, symptoms of CTS and musculoskeletal symptoms of upper limbs and neck in the group of metalworkers of the study. The risk for neurosensory symptoms was the most significantly related to exposure to HAV and also to impulse vibration. Further studies are needed to confirm the present results also in other occupational groups taking into account the possible synergistic effect of workload as well. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089045 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089044&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F41%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Supplemental perceived noise exposure information appears to offer promise for improving exposure estimates, particularly for individuals with highly variable exposures. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089044 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089043&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F33%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The skin exposure algorithm developed in this study provides task-based personal daily and weekly average skin exposure indices that are adjusted for the use of PPE. These skin exposure indices can be used to assess isocyanate exposure–response relationships. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089043 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089042&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F27%3Frss%3D1 A new gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed to detect 2-methylanthraquinone (2-MeA) in wood dust. 2-MeA is present in teak wood (a suspected human carcinogen) but not in oak, beech, mahogany, birch, ash or pine. The method involved collection of workplace dust on filters and extraction of 2-MeA with methanol and GC/MS analysis. The method was tested on teak wood dust samples (n = 43) collected on polyvinylchloride membrane filters during various work operations in four small factories making furniture and fittings for leisure craft and boatyards (air teak wood dust concentration: range 0.32–14.32 mg m–3). A high correlation coefficient for the content of 2-MeA versus teak dust was obtained (logarithmic correlation: y = 1.5308x + 0.0998, r = 0.9215)... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089042 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089041&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F19%3Frss%3D1 Institute of Occupational Medicine dual-fraction samplers equipped with porous polyurethane foam inserts have been introduced as a cheaper alternative to cyclone pre-selectors for measuring respirable dust. Initial data from a variety of industries suggested that the dual-fraction sampler yielded similar results as personal cyclones and that the respirable selection of the foam was not adversely affected by particle loading. We conducted a similar study, but specifically in the brick industry to assess the validity of this dual-fraction sampler as an alternative to personal cyclones in this industry. A total of 72 side-by-side samples using Higgins–Dewell cyclones and dual-fraction samplers were taken in seven UK factories manufacturing a variety of bricks. A priori measurements were... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089041 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089040&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F53%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 Phthalates are used as plasticizers and solvents in industrial, medical and consumer products; however, occupational exposure information is limited. We sought to obtain preliminary information on occupational exposures to diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by analyzing for their metabolites in urine samples collected from workers in a cross-section of industries. We also obtained data on metabolites of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), di-isobutyl phthalate and di-isononyl phthalate. We recruited 156 workers in 2003–2005 from eight industry sectors. We assessed occupational contribution by comparing end-shift metabolite concentrations to the US general population. Evidence of occupational exposure to DEHP w... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089040 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942231&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F784%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942231 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942230&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F783%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942230 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942229&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F773%3Frss%3D1 Millions of workers in China rely on respirators and other personal protective equipment to reduce the risk of injury and occupational diseases. However, it has been >25 years since the first survey of facial dimensions for Chinese adults was published, and it has never been completely updated. Thus, an anthropometric survey of Chinese civilian workers was conducted in 2006. A total of 3000 subjects (2026 males and 974 females) between the ages of 18 and 66 years old was measured using traditional techniques. Nineteen facial dimensions, height, weight, neck circumference, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. A stratified sampling plan of three age strata and two gender strata was implemented. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the possible effects of gen... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942229 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942228&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F765%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the presence of contamination on the external surfaces of cyclophosphamide vials from two manufacturers on the Canadian market. It suggests that cleaning vials from manufacturers and wholesalers may help to reduce the risk of occupational exposure. There is a need for a pilot study to establish guidelines on decontamination agents and cleaning process to eliminate the presence of contamination on vial surfaces. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942228 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942227&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F757%3Frss%3D1 An adapted method for the quantitative determination of isocyanates in air was implemented and validated in-house. The method was based on air sampling using an impinger flask containing di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene and a glass fibre filter in series. The DBA derivatives were determined using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Studied isocyanates were isophorone diisocyanate, isocyanic acid (ICA), methyl isocyanate, ethyl isocyanate, propyl isocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 2,6- and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), phenyl isocyanate (PhI), MDI oligomers and different HDI adducts. Monitoring of selected reactions resulted in quantifications with correlation coefficients >0.995, within-batch relative standard deviation ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942227 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942226&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F747%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The plausible but variable relationship between current skin notations and the different approaches tested confirm the need to improve current skin notations. QSAR-based risk indices and dermal toxicity data might be successfully integrated in a systematic alternative to current skin notations for detecting chemicals associated with potential dermal risk in the workplace. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942226 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942225&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F739%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Higher aldehydes were detected in all samples from this study, and mutagenic aldehydes were detected in most of the samples. Frying with margarine gave statistically significantly higher levels of mutagenic aldehydes and particles in all three size fractions than frying with the three different kinds of oil. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942225 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942224&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F727%3Frss%3D1 Aerosol particles which deeply penetrate the human airways and which trigger baker's asthma manifestations are known to represent only a part of flour and of airborne particles found in bakeries. They were a major focus of this study. To this end, aerosols were produced from different wheat and rye flours, using an automatic generator designed for bronchial challenge. Particles were characterized for their size distribution, their ability to be deposited in the airways, their protein content, their histological composition and their reactivity with immunoglobulin E (IgE) present in sera from asthmatic bakers. Like dust particles collected in the bakery, the aerosols produced showed increased protein content but decreased IgE reactive protein content when compared to the corresponding bulk ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942224 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942223&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F717%3Frss%3D1 The dustiness of 12 test powders was determined using three different measuring methods. One of the methods, the continuous drop method, is a reference test method according to the EN 15051 ‘Workplace atmospheres—Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials—Requirements and reference test methods’. A test of equivalence between the reference test method and the other two methods, the modified Heubach Dustmeter, a rotating drum method and the Palas Dustview, a single-drop method, has been carried out as provided in Annex D of the European standard. No equivalence was found between any of the test methods. An applied best-case scenario yielded a slightly better outcome, but the results lead to the conclusion that it is impossible to generate viable values using the ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942223 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942222&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F707%3Frss%3D1 The evolution in time of a nanoparticle (NP) aerosol released into a simulated workplace environment was investigated for different starting scenarios including (i) NP release into a particle-free atmosphere and (ii) release in presence of a pre-existing background aerosol. In each case, particle number distributions and total number concentrations in a 2 m3 aerosol chamber were monitored over several hours. On the time scale and under the conditions relevant for workplace exposure, collisions between NP within their own size class and, if present, with the background aerosol were identified as the most important mechanism driving the change in particle size and number concentration. A model has been formulated on the basis of well-known aerosol dynamic principles to predict the evolution ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942222 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942221&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F695%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: This study demonstrates real-time worker exposure during gas-phase nanoparticle manufacturing. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of emission sources and concentration levels in a production plant is accomplished. These results are important for workers, employers and regulators in the nanotechnology field as they provide information on encountered exposures and possibilities for mitigation measures. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942221 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942220&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F685%3Frss%3D1 Production of wood pellets is a relatively new and expanding industry in which the exposure profiles differ from those in other wood-processing industries like carpentries and sawmills where there are lower levels of wood dust. Sixty-eight personal exposure measurements of wood dust (inhalable and total dust) and resin acids were collected for 44 participants at four production plants located in Sweden. Results were used to estimate within- and between-worker variability and to identify uniformly exposed groups and determinants of exposure. In addition, overexposure, whether the risk of the long-term mean exposure of a randomly selected worker exceeding the occupational exposure limit is acceptably low, was calculated as well as the underestimation of the exposure–response relationsh... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942220 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942219&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F675%3Frss%3D1 The full potential health impact from the emissions of biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during storage and transportation has not been documented in the open literature. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentration of CO2, CO and CH4 from wood pellets stored in sealed vessels and to develop a kinetic model for predicting the transient emission rate factors at different storage temperatures. Five 45-l metal containers (305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) equipped with heating and temperature control devices were used to study the temperature effect on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concurrently, ten 2-l aluminum canisters (100 mm diameter by 250 mm long) were used to study the off-gas emissions from different types of biomass materials. Concentrations of CO2... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942219 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1942218&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F8%2F673%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1942218 Fri, 07 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1942218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858592&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F663%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Previous studies have shown that workers can perform valid measurements, both select a day and technically perform measurements. This study indicates that this ability is not sufficient to ensure that measurements will be done or that implementing measurements will result in preventive actions. Workers need additional support to take preventive actions and use SAE for ongoing surveillance. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858592 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858591&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F653%3Frss%3D1 Petrol attendants are exposed to petrol volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which may have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. The single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) is a method highly sensitive to DNA damage induced by environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic and mutagenic agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of exposure of petrol attendants to petrol VOCs and also to determine their effect on DNA damage and repair in lymphocytes of African petrol attendants. The exposed group consisted of 20 subjects, randomly selected from three petrol stations. A control group of 20 unexposed subjects was also chosen and matched for age and smoking habits with the exposed group. Sorbent tubes were used to assess personal exposure of petrol attendants. Th... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858591 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858590&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F645%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The observed DNA damage could be associated with the hairdressers' occupational environment, where different chemicals are chronically manipulated and inhaled. Considering that this profession in many countries, including Brazil, is not officially regulated, more attention should focus on these professionals not only by legislative bodies but also by multidisciplinary teams able to develop and implement risk prevention and control strategies for chemical, physical and biological agents to which hairdressers are exposed. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858590 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858589&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F635%3Frss%3D1 The flow separation and its accompanied recirculation induced when the airflow passes over the inappropriately designed doorsill of a chemical fume cupboard are the key factors which would lead to deterioration of the cupboard performance. In order to alleviate the contaminant leakage of the fume cupboard induced by inherent aerodynamic deficiency, a technique using doorsill jet injection is developed and validated. A planar jet is ejected upward through a slot located across the inner surface of the doorsill of a full-scale, transparent fume cupboard and is ejected upward. The laser-light-sheet-assisted smoke flow visualization is performed to explore the physical mechanism of changing and controlling the flow structure. It is found that the upward injected jet is curved by the airflow dr... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858589 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858589 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858588&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F623%3Frss%3D1 Conclusion: The dust exposure levels of the employees were higher in the FeSi/Si-metal production group than in the SiMn/FeMn/FeCr production group. Age, gender, smoking status and previous exposure were significant determinants of dust exposure and should be evaluated in future analyses of the relationship between health outcomes and dust exposure in this industry. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858588 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858588 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858587&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F615%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: While accidental NSIs were most frequent in surgery, the nominal risk of blood-borne virus infection was greatest in the field of internal medicine. The study underlines the importance of HBV vaccinations and access to HIV-post-exposure prophylaxis for HCWs as well as the use of anti-needlestick devices. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858587 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858587 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858586&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F607%3Frss%3D1 Water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWFs) are capable of causing respiratory symptoms and diseases. Recently, much emphasis has been put on developing new methods for assessing respiratory exposure to MWF emulsions. The air concentrations of ingredients and contaminants of MWF and inhalable dust were measured in 10 metal workshops in southern Finland. Oil mist was determined by infra red spectroscopy analysis after tetrachloroethylene extraction from the filter. Aldehydes were collected on Sep-Pak chemosorbents and analysed by liquid chromatography. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected on Tenax adsorbents and analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection after thermal desorption. Endotoxins were collected on glass fibre filter and analysed by enzyme-based spe... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858586 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858585&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F597%3Frss%3D1 Metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols are associated with respiratory disorders including asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The aims of this study were to describe exposure to inhalable MWF aerosols and volatile compounds in machine shops, to estimate the influence of important determinants of exposure and to compare different sampling techniques for MWF aerosols. Personal full-shift air samples of inhalable aerosol (PAS-6 sampler) and total aerosol (open-faced sampler) were collected on operators in five medium to big-sized machine shops in three companies. The filters were analysed gravimetrically and extracted by supercritical fluid extraction for MWF aerosol and triethanolamine content. In addition, personal measurements were taken for formaldehyde and volatile compounds on adsorben... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858585 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858584&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F587%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Data from real-time measurements provide important detailed information with respect to exposure determinants and control measures, not obtainable from conventional measurement studies focusing at TWA exposure. This information is essential to perform prospective impact assessments of intervention strategies on the populations’ exposure distribution. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858584 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858584 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858583&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F577%3Frss%3D1 The present paper proposes a source–receptor model to schematically describe inhalation exposure to help understand the complex processes leading to inhalation of hazardous substances. The model considers a stepwise transfer of a contaminant from the source to the receptor. The conceptual model is constructed using three components, i.e. (i) the source, (ii) various transmission compartments and (iii) the receptor, and describes the contaminant's emission and its pattern of transport. Based on this conceptual model, a list of nine mutually independent principal modifying factors (MFs) is proposed: activity emission potential, substance emission potential, localized control, separation, segregation, dilution, worker behavior, surface contamination and respiratory protection. These MFs... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858583 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858582&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F567%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: It is envisaged that ECEL will contribute to exposure modelling, but should be supplemented with expert opinion, preferably in a formal expert elicitation procedure. The work presented here should be considered as a first attempt to collate and analyse RMM efficacy values and inclusion of additional (unpublished) exposure data is highly warranted. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858582 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858581&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F7%2F555%3Frss%3D1 Occupational hazards and obesity can lead to extensive morbidity and mortality and put great financial burden on society. Historically, occupational hazards and obesity have been addressed as separate unrelated issues, but both are public health problems and there may be public health benefits from considering them together. This paper provides a framework for the concurrent consideration of occupational hazards and obesity. The framework consists of the following elements: (i) investigate the relationship between occupational hazards and obesity, (ii) explore the impact of occupational morbidity and mortality and obesity on workplace absence, disability, productivity and healthcare costs, (iii) assess the utility of the workplace as a venue for obesity prevention programs, (iv) promote a ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858581 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685310&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F545%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: These results show that controlled exposure of human volunteers to a range of concentrations can be achieved with good accuracy in this inhalation chamber. The results compare favourably with other chambers described in the literature. Personal sampling showed lower aerosol concentrations than estimated in an empty chamber and the variability was significantly higher than measured stationary. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685310 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685309&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F535%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, DERM provided information on the determinants responsible for dermal exposure in a group of subsistence farmers. This can be useful to design monitoring and preventive programs, define priorities for intervention and prioritize and select most adequate measurement strategies. DERM promises to be a low-cost easy-to-use method to assess dermal exposure to pesticides in developing country conditions. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685309 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685308&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F527%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: The present study has thus demonstrated the combined adverse effects (osteoporosis and renal dysfunction) caused by occupational exposure to lead. There was a dose–response relationship between lead exposure and prevalence of osteoporosis, renal dysfunction and bone metabolism. The renal dysfunction might develop earlier than osteoporosis. Osteoporosis caused by lead was related to the change of bone metabolism and renal dysfunction, which was especially to tubular damage but not to glomerular damage. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685308 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685307&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F519%3Frss%3D1 Characterization of measurement uncertainty in terms of root sums of squares of both unknown systematic as well as random error components is given meaning in the sense of prediction intervals. Both types of errors are commonly encountered with industrial hygiene air monitoring of hazardous substances. Two extreme types of measurement methods are presented for illustrating how confidence levels may be ascribed to prediction intervals defined by such uncertainty values. In the case of method calibration at each measurement, systematic error or bias may enter from a biased calibrant. At another extreme, a single initial method evaluation may leave residual bias owing to random error in the evaluation itself or to the use of a biased reference method. Analysis is simplified through new simple... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685307 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685306&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F509%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Those involved in domestic work in rural Nepal are exposed to average respirable dust concentrations of ~1400 µg m–3. Converted to an 8-h TWA, this equates to more than the current UK limit for respirable dust (4000 µg m–3). Homemakers, primarily women, spend a large proportion of their lives indoors in these high respirable dust concentrations and these exposures are likely to produce respiratory illness. Exposure can be controlled by the use of different fuel types and/or the use of flued stoves. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685306 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685305&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F497%3Frss%3D1 Wildland firefighters are exposed to particulate matter and gases containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are known carcinogens. Our objective was to evaluate the extent of firefighter exposure to particulate and PAHs during prescribed pile burns of mainly ponderosa pine slash and determine whether these exposures were correlated with changes in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP), a PAH metabolite. Personal and area sampling for particulate and PAH exposures were conducted on the White Mountain Apache Tribe reservation, working with 21 Bureau of Indian Affairs/Fort Apache Agency wildland firefighters during the fall of 2006. Urine samples were collected pre- and post-exposure and pulmonary function was measured. Personal PAH exposures were detectable for only 3 of 16 ... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685305 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685304&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F481%3Frss%3D1 Conolly et al. (2003, 2004) developed biologically motivated models of formaldehyde carcinogenicity in F344 rats and humans based on a two-stage clonal expansion model of cancer. Based on the human model, Conolly et al. (2004) claimed that cancer risks associated with inhaled formaldehyde are deminimis at relevant human exposure levels. However, they did not conduct a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of this conclusion. Here, we present a limited sensitivity analysis of the formaldehyde human model. We show that when the control animals from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies are replaced with control animals only from NTP inhalation studies, estimates of human risk are increased by 50-fold. When only concurrent control rats are used, the model does not provide an... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685304 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685303&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F463%3Frss%3D1 This study also evaluated the fiber size and morphology distribution according to the International Organization for Standardization analytical method for asbestos. It was observed that (i) airborne asbestos concentrations increased with the number of boxes unpacked and repacked, (ii) handling boxes of brake pads resulted in higher worker asbestos exposures compared to handling boxes of brake shoes, (iii) cleanup and clothes-handling tasks produced less airborne asbestos than handling boxes of brakes and (iv) fiber size and morphology analysis showed that while the majority of fibers were free (e.g. not associated with a cluster or matrix), <30% were respirable and even fewer were of the size range (>20 µm length) considered to pose the greatest risk of asbestos-related disease... Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685303 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685302&cid=s_22767_48_f&fid=22767&url=http%3A%2F%2Fannhyg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F52%2F6%2F455%3Frss%3D1 Conclusions: Re-analysis of published data does not support the interpretation that, in automotive brake repair workers with malignant mesothelioma, asbestos content is within the normal range. The alternative interpretation that brake mechanics have a greater than background burden of asbestos fibres, attributable to occupational exposure to dusts from friction products manufactured from Canadian chrysotile, appears more credible. This asbestos burden might be associated with an increased risk of asbestos-associated cancers. (Source: Annals of Occupational Hygiene) Annals of Occupational Hygiene journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685302 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1685302