MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Annual Review of Nutrition' source. Sun, 21 Mar 2010 15:39:36 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375260&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20225935%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stefater MA, Seeley RJ The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway coordinates cell growth in response to nutrient availability. Increasing evidence points to a role for mTOR to also direct whole-body energy balance in response to micronutrient as well as hormonal cues. This positions mTOR as a key central integrator of acute and chronic changes in fuel status. Energy balance is affected by mTOR in several organ systems, including the hypothalamus, where the pathway can modulate feeding. We propose that a greater understanding of this nutrient-sensitive pathway may open the door to more intelligent, effective diet design based on the effects of micronutrients on specific signaling pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition Volume 3... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375260 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2577008&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19575602%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Panagiotou G, Nielsen J Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are nascent areas that are evolving quickly and riding on the wave of "personalized medicine" that is providing opportunities in the discovery and development of nutraceutical compounds. The human genome sequence and sequences of model organisms provide the equivalent of comprehensive blueprints and parts lists that describe dynamic networks and the bases for understanding their responses to external and internal perturbations. Unfolding the interrelationships among genes, gene products, and dietary habits is fundamental for identifying individuals who will benefit most from, or be placed at risk by, intervention strategies. More accurate assessment of the inputs to human health and the consequences of those inputs measur... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2577008 Thu, 11 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2577008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2577007&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19575603%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vahter M Arsenic, which is commonly found in drinking water, is a potent toxicant, but little is known about its effects on maternal health. Arsenic's modes of action include enzyme inhibition and oxidative stress as well as immune, endocrine, and epigenetic effects. A couple of studies reported increased blood pressure and anemia during pregnancy. Susceptibility to arsenic is dependent on the biomethylation, which occurs via onecarbon metabolism. Methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid are main metabolites in urine, and elevated methylarsonic acid is considered a general risk factor. Arsenic easily passes the placenta, and a few human studies indicate a moderately increased risk of impaired fetal growth and increased fetal and infant mortality. The fetus and infant are pr... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2577007 Thu, 11 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2577007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536611&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400750%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tome D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR The role of dietary protein in weight loss and weight maintenance encompasses influences on crucial targets for body weight regulation, namely satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition. Protein-induced satiety may be mainly due to oxidation of amino acids fed in excess, especially in diets with "incomplete" proteins. Protein-induced energy expenditure may be due to protein and urea synthesis and to gluconeogenesis; "complete" proteins having all essential amino acids show larger increases in energy expenditure than do lower-quality proteins. With respect to adverse effects, no protein-induced effects are observed on net bone balance or on calcium balance in young adults and elderly ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536611 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536610&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400751%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Magkos F, Yannakoulia M, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS Sustainable lifestyle modifications in diet and physical activity are the initial, and often the primary, component in the management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. An energy-prudent diet, coupled with moderate levels of physical activity, favorably affects several parameters of the metabolic syndrome and delays the onset of diabetic complications. Weight loss, albeit not an absolute prerequisite for improvement, is a major determinant and maximizes effectiveness. Adopting a healthy lifestyle pattern requires a series of long-term behavioral changes, but evidence to date indicates low long-term adherence to diet and physical activity recommendations. This calls for greater research and public health efforts focusing on st... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536610 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536609&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400752%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lichten LA, Cousins RJ Research advances defining how zinc is transported into and out of cells and organelles have increased exponentially within the past five years. Research has progressed through application of molecular techniques including genomic analysis, cell transfection, RNA interference, kinetic analysis of ion transport, and application of cell and animal models including knockout mice. The knowledge base has increased for most of 10 members of the ZnT family and 14 members of the Zrt-, Irtlike protein (ZIP) family. Relative to the handling of dietary zinc is the involvement of ZnT1, ZIP4, and ZIP5 in intestinal zinc transport, involvement of ZIP10 and ZnT1 in renal zinc reabsorption, and the roles of ZIP5, ZnT2, and ZnT1 in pancreatic release of endogenous zinc. ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536609 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536608&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400753%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hirschi KD Plant-based foods offer an array of nutrients that are essential for human nutrition and promote good health. However, the major staple crops of the world are often deficient in some of these nutrients. Traditional agricultural approaches can marginally enhance the nutritional value of some foods, but the advances in molecular biology are rapidly being exploited to engineer crops with enhanced key nutrients. Nutritional targets include elevated mineral content, improved fatty acid composition, increased amino acid levels, and heightened antioxidant levels. Unfortunately, in many cases the benefits of these "biofortified" crops to human nutrition have not been demonstrated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition Volume 29 is July 17... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536608 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536617&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400699%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McCullough ML, Bostick RM, Mayo TL Higher vitamin D exposure is hypothesized to prevent several cancers, possibly through genomic effects modulated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, and autocrine/paracrine metabolism of the VDR's ligand, 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)-vitamin D. Herein we review the background and evidence to date on associations between polymorphisms in VDR and selected genes in the vitamin D pathway in relation to colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. Although most studies to date have examined only a few VDR polymorphisms, more are beginning to comprehensively investigate polymorphisms in the VDR as well as in other vitamin D pathway genes, such as the vitamin D binding protein gene (Gc) and CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, which code for enzymes that, respectively, synthesi... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536617 Mon, 20 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536613&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400703%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Krom M, Bauer F, Collier D, Adan RA, la Fleur SE Feeding is a physiological process, influenced by genetic factors and the environment. In recent years, many studies have been performed to unravel the involvement of genetics in both eating behavior and its pathological forms: eating disorders and obesity. In this review, we provide a condensed introduction on the neurological aspects of eating and we describe the current status of research into the genetics of eating behavior, primarily focused on specific traits such as taste, satiation, and hunger. This is followed by an overview on the genetic studies done to unravel the heritable background of obesity and eating disorders. We examine the discussion currently taking place in the field of genetics of complex disorders and... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536613 Wed, 15 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536618&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400698%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wurtman RJ, Cansev M, Sakamoto T, Ulus IH New brain synapses form when a postsynaptic structure, the dendritic spine, interacts with a presynaptic terminal. Brain synapses and dendritic spines, membrane-rich structures, are depleted in Alzheimer's disease, as are some circulating compounds needed for synthesizing phosphatides, the major constituents of synaptic membranes. Animals given three of these compounds, all nutrients-uridine, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, and choline-develop increased levels of brain phosphatides and of proteins that are concentrated within synaptic membranes (e.g., PSD-95, synapsin-1), improved cognition, and enhanced neurotransmitter release. The nutrients work by increasing the substrate-saturation of low-affinity enzy... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536618 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536616&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400700%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mattes RD Taste is a chemical sense that aids in the detection of nutrients and guides food choice. A limited number of primary qualities comprise taste. Accumulating evidence has raised a question about whether fat should be among them. Most evidence indicates triacylglycerol is not an effective taste stimulus, though it clearly contributes sensory properties to foods by carrying flavor compounds and altering texture. However, there is increasing anatomical, electrophysiological, animal behavior, imaging, metabolic, and psychophysical evidence that free fatty acids are detectable when non-taste cues are minimized. Free fatty acids varying in saturation and chain length are detectable, suggesting the presence of multiple transduction mechanisms and/or a nonspecific mechanism i... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536616 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2536616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536612&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400704%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Booth SL Recent interest in vitamin K has been motivated by evidence of physiological roles beyond that of coagulation. Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins may be involved in regulation of calcification, energy metabolism, and inflammation. However, the evidence for many of these proposed roles in the maintenance of health is equivocal. There is also an emerging viewpoint that the biochemical function of vitamin K may extend beyond that of a cofactor for the vitamin K-dependent (VKD) carboxylation of glutamyl residues (Glus) to carboxylated Glus in VKD proteins. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition Volume 29 is July 17, 2009. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates. PMID: 19400704 [PubM... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536612 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2536612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536619&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400697%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yaqoob P The structure, size, stability, and functionality of lipid rafts are still in debate, but recent techniques allowing direct visualization have characterized them in a wide range of cell types. Lipid rafts are potentially modifiable by diet, particularly (but not exclusively) by dietary fatty acids. However, it is not clear whether dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated into raft lipids or whether their low affinity to cholesterol disallows this and causes phase separation from rafts and displacement of raft proteins. This review examines the potential for dietary modification of raft structure and function in the immune system, brain and retinal tissue, the gut, and in cancer cells. Although there is increasing evidence to suggest that membrane m... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536619 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2536619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536615&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haase H, Rink L Recent years have brought a paradigm shift for the role of the essential trace element zinc in immunity. Although its function as a structural component of many enzymes has been known for decades, current experimental evidence points to an additional function of the concentration of free or loosely bound zinc ions as an intracellular signal. The activity of virtually all immune cells is modulated by zinc in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss the interactions of zinc with major signaling pathways that regulate immune cell activity, and the implications of zinc deficiency or supplementation on zinc signaling as the molecular basis for an effect of zinc on immune cell function. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition Vo... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536615 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2536615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2536614&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19400702%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fisher H Given the very difficult odyssey of my early years, who could have imagined the incredible and successful journey that constituted my life path after age 13? I was born into a Jewish family in Breslau, Germany, right before the rise of Nazism and Hitler's election. After Kristallnacht, when my father was taken to Buchenwald Concentration Camp, we had to leave Germany as soon as possible. The first opportunity came in May of 1939, when we boarded the SS St. Louis bound for Havana, Cuba. Almost all passengers were denied entrance into Cuba, and the ship had to go back to Europe, where I ended up in France. In December of 1939, during World War II, I was fortunate to be able to leave France. This time I made it to Cuba, where my father was already in residence. A year la... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2536614 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2536614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1665787&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18662139%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Woollett LA The development of a single-celled fertilized egg, through the blastocyst stage of a ball of cells and the embryonic stage when almost all organ systems begin to develop, and finally to the fetal stage where growth and physiological maturation occurs, is a complex and multifaceted process. A change in metabolism during gestation, especially when organogenesis occurs, can lead to abnormal development and congenital defects. Although many studies have described the roles of specific proteins in development, the roles of specific lipids, such as sterols, have not been studied as intensely. Sterol's functions in development range from being a structural component of membranes to regulating the patterning of the forebrain through sonic hedgehog to regulating expression ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1665787 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 18:04:05 +0100 1665787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583601&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18498235%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Innis SM, Davidson AG Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the mostcommonlethal inherited disorder among Caucasians and results from mutation in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator. In addition to its multisystem clinical effects, the disease is characterized by increased proinflammatory mediators and oxidant stress, and systemic redox imbalance with reduced glutathione (GSH), together with alterations in circulating and tissue (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids, particularly a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid. The metabolism of phospholipids and fatty acids is closely related to GSH through the methionine-homocysteine cycle, in which choline via betaine provides methyl groups to regenerate Sadenosylmethionine, important in generating phosphatidylcholine and amino acid pr... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583601 Thu, 22 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583602&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18494599%26dopt%3DAbstract This article addresses two facets of this interaction. The first facet is how genomics is contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms by which selenium affects cell function through selenoproteins and downstream targets of Se supply in other metabolic pathways. The contribution of transgenic animals in this field is emphasized, and the more recent studies using transcriptomics are discussed. The second facet is the extent to which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding selenoproteins and components of the selenoprotein synthetic machinery affect individual dietary requirements for optimal health. The state of knowledge of known functional SNPs in selenoprotein genes is presented, and a strategy for future studies is discussed. Expected final online publication ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583602 Tue, 20 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583604&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18489257%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Muckenthaler MU, Galy B, Hentze MW The regulation and maintenance of systemic iron homeostasis is critical to human health. Iron overload and deficiency diseases belong to the most common nutrition-related pathologies across the globe. It is now well appreciated that the hormonal hepcidin/ferroportin system plays an important regulatory role for systemic iron metabolism. We review recent data that uncover the importance of the cellular iron-responsive element/iron-regulatory protein (IRE/IRP) regulatory network in systemic iron homeostasis. We also discuss how the IRE/IRP regulatory system communicates with the hepcidin/ferroportin system to connect the control networks for systemic and cellular iron balance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutr... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583604 Mon, 19 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583603&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18489258%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hord NG The ability to link dietary consumption of prebiotic food ingredients and probiotic microorganisms to health benefits rests, in part, on our ability to identify both the extent to which these factors alter human microbiome activity and/or structure and the ability to engage eukaryotic cells necessary to transduce signals originating from the microbiome. The human microbiome consists of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal components that reside in mucosal surfaces of the gut, the airways, and the urogenital tract. Characterization of the symbiotic nature of the relationship between eukaryotic cells and the bacterial and archaeal components of the microbiota has revealed significant contributions in energy balance, bowel function, immunologic function, sensory perception, gl... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583603 Mon, 19 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583605&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18481923%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leibiger IB, Leibiger B, Berggren PO The appropriate function of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells is crucial for the regulation of glucose homeostasis, and its impairment leads to diabetes mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder in man. In addition to glucose, the major nutrient factor, inputs from the nervous system, humoral components, and cell-cell communication within the islet of Langerhans act together to guarantee the release of appropriate amounts of insulin in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Data obtained within the past decade in several laboratories have revitalized controversy over the autocrine feedback action of secreted insulin on beta-cells function. Although insulin historically has been suggested to exert a negative effect on beta-cel... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583605 Thu, 15 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583606&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18466091%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Conigrave AD, Brown EM, Rizzoli R In this article, we review the evidence that dietary protein has a positive influence on bone health, reduces hip fracture risk, and promotes postfracture recovery, and we consider the molecular, cellular, and endocrine bases of the interactions that link protein and calcium metabolism, including IGF-1 and PTH. In addition, we consider the roles of amino acid-sensing mechanisms in coupling dietary protein intake to metabolic change as well as the central role of calcium-sensing receptors (CaRs) in the control of calcium metabolism. Finally, we consider how recently identified broad-spectrum amino acid-sensing receptors from class 3 of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily including, remarkably, the CaR itself may contribute to the impact ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583606 Thu, 08 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583607&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18439132%26dopt%3DAbstract This article gives an overview of the ethical issues in nutrigenomics research and personalized nutrition. The principles of research ethics, i.e., autonomy, beneficence, nonmalfeasance, and justice, are challenged by rapidly growing cross-border research activities utilizing existing and upcoming biobanks for studies of the interaction of genes with diet on risk of common diseases. We highlight the ethical issues, some unresolved, in international collaborative projects of which researchers should be aware. Personalized nutrition (tailoring diet on the basis of genotype) is one possible application of nutrigenomics research. However, until the scientific evidence concerning diet-gene interactions is much more robust, the provision of personalized dietary advice on the basis of specific ge... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583607 Fri, 25 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583609&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18435590%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Storch J, Corsico B Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are abundant intracellular proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids with high affinity. Nine separate mammalian FABPs have been identified, and their tertiary structures are highly conserved. The FABPs have unique tissue-specific distributions that have long suggested functional differences among them. In the last decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the specific functions of the FABPs and, in some cases, their mechanisms of action at the molecular level. The FABPs appear to be involved in the extranuclear compartments of the cell by trafficking their ligands within the cytosol via interactions with organelle membranes and specific proteins. Several members of the FABP family have been shown to fu... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583609 Thu, 24 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583608&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18435591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pomp D, Nehrenberg D, Estrada-Smith D Traits related to energy balance and obesity are exceptionally complex, with varying contributions of genetic susceptibility and interacting environmental factors. The use of mouse models has been a powerful driving force in understanding the genetic architecture of polygenic traits such as obesity. However, the use of mouse models for analysis of complex traits is at an important crossroad. Genome-wide association studies in humans are now leading to direct identification of obesity genes. In this review, we focus on three areas representing the current and future roles of mouse models regarding genetics of complex obesity in mice. First, we summarize increasingly powerful ways to harness the strength of mouse models for discovery of gene... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583608 Thu, 24 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583611&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18429698%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Cota D To maintain normal activity, single cells must assure that their energy needs and utilization are continuously matched. Likewise, multicellular organisms must constantly coordinate energy intake and expenditure to maintain energy homeostasis. The brain, and the hypothalamus in particular, plays a critical role in integrating and coordinating several types of signals, including hormones and nutrients, to guarantee such homeostasis. Like single cells, the hypothalamus also profits from intracellular pathways known to work as fuel sensors to maintain energy balance. One such pathway is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) .mTOR integrates different sensory inputs to regulate protein synthesis rates in individual cells, and it has recently been impl... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583611 Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583610&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18429699%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bogan KL, Brenner C Although baseline requirements for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) synthesis can be met either with dietary tryptophan or with less than 20 mg of daily niacin, which consists of nicotinic acid and/or nicotinamide, there is growing evidence that substantially greater rates of NAD(+) synthesis may be beneficial to protect against neurological degeneration, Candida glabrata infection, and possibly to enhance reverse cholesterol transport. The distinct and tissue-specific biosynthetic and/or ligand activities of tryptophan, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and the newly identified NAD(+) precursor, nicotinamide riboside, reviewed herein, are responsible for vitamin-specific effects and side effects. Because current data suggest that nicotinamide ribosid... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583610 Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583614&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18407743%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tepper BJ Genetic sensitivity to the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is a well-studied human trait. It has been hypothesized that this phenotype is a marker for individual differences in taste perception that influence food preferences and dietary behavior with subsequent links to body weight and chronic disease risk. Steady progress has been made over the past several decades in defining the involvement of this phenotype and its underlying gene, TAS2R38, in this complex behavioral pathway. However, more work needs to be done to fully determine its overall nutritional and health significance. The primary goal of this review is to assess our current understanding of the role of the PROP bitter taste phenotype in food selection and body weight... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583614 Fri, 11 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583613&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18407744%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harper ME, Green K, Brand MD We assess the existence, mechanism, and functions of less-than-maximal coupling efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its potential as a target for future antiobesity interventions. Coupling efficiency is the proportion of oxygen consumption used to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and do useful work. High coupling efficiency may lead to fat deposition; low coupling efficiency to a decrease in fat stores. We review obligatory and facultative energy expenditure and the role of a futile cycle of proton pumping and proton leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane in dissipating energy. Basal proton conductance is catalyzed primarily by the adenine nucleotide translocase but can be mimicked by chemical uncouplers. Inducible prot... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583613 Fri, 11 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583615&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18399774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ferguson LR, Philpott M Diet-related mutagenesis plays an etiologic role in chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Many dietary mutagens are DNA reactive, leading to distinct spectra of base-pair substitution mutations and structural chromosome changes. Examples include aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, ptaquiloside, various pyrrolizidine alkaloids, heterocyclic amines including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene. However, endogenously or exogenously formed reactive species, inhibitors of topoisomerase II enzymes (e.g., flavonoids), of DNArepair (e.g., caffeine), or of the mitotic spindle (possibly acrylamide), also cause mutations, including structural chromosome changes and copy numbe... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583615 Wed, 09 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583617&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18393659%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kellett GL, Brot-Laroche E, Mace OJ, Leturque A Intestinal glucose absorption comprises two components. One is classical active absorption mediated by the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter. The other is a diffusive component, formerly attributed to paracellular flow. Recent evidence, however, indicates that the diffusive component is mediated by the transient insertion of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) into the apical membrane. This apical GLUT2 pathway of intestinal sugar absorption is present in species from insect to human, providing a major route at high sugar concentrations. The pathway is regulated by rapid trafficking of GLUT2 to the apical membrane induced by glucose during assimilation of a meal. Apical GLUT2 is therefore a target for multiple short-term and long-term n... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583617 Mon, 07 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583616&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18393660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kalhan SC, Bier DM Birth and adaptation to extrauterine life involve major shifts in the protein and energy metabolism of the human newborn. These include a shift from a state of continuous supply of nutrients including amino acids from the mother to cyclic periodic oral intake, a change in the redox state of organs, thermogenesis, and a significant change in the mobilization and use of oxidative substrates. The development of safe, stable isotopic tracer methods has allowed the study of protein and amino acid metabolism not only in the healthy newborn but also in those born prematurely and of low birth weight. These studies have identified the unique and quantitative aspects of amino acid/protein metabolism in the neonate, thus contributing to rational nutritional care of the... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583616 Mon, 07 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583599&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18598135%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saggerson D Malonyl-CoA can be formed within the mitochondria, peroxisomes, and cytosol of mammalian cells. Besides being an intermediate in the pathways of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation, malonyl-CoA has an important signaling function through its allosteric inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, the enzyme that normally exerts flux control over mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Malonyl-CoA is rapidly turned over in mammalian cells, and the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase are important determinants of its cytosolic concentration. It is now recognized that malonyl-CoA participates in a diverse range of physiological or pathological responses and systems. These include the ketogenic response of the liver to fast... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583599 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583600&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18598134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Khanal RC, Nemere I Calcium is an essential ion in all organisms and participates in a variety of structural and functional roles. Calcium (re)absorption occurs in epithelia, including the intestine, kidney, mammary glands, placenta, and gills of fish. Its transport is regulated by a complex array of processes that are mediated by hormonal, developmental, and physiological factors involving the gastrointestinal tract, bone, kidney, and the parathyroids. Here we review the calcium transport mechanisms-paracellular, which is energy independent, and transcellular, which is energy dependent-primarily focusing on the intestine. We provide a new perspective on the facilitated diffusion and vesicular transport models to account for the emerging concepts on transcellular calcium trans... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583600 Wed, 12 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1583600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583618&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18331185%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mato JM, Martinez-Chantar ML, Lu SC In the early 1930s Banting and Best, the discoverers of insulin, found that choline could prevent the development of fatty liver disease (steatosis) in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin. Later work indicated that, in rats and mice, diets deficient in labile methyl groups (choline, methionine, betaine, folate) produced fatty liver and that long-term administration of diets deficient in choline and methionine caused also hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These experiments not only linked steatosis and diabetes but also provided evidence, for the first time, of the importance of labile methyl group balance to maintain normal liver function. This conclusion is now amply supported by the observation of mice devoid of key enzymes of methio... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583618 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1583618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583612&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18422452%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Olson CM This review uses the 1990 US Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain recommendations to examine the question, what is a healthy pregnancy weight gain? The relationship of gestational weight gain to infant size at birth; pregnancy, labor, and delivery complications; neonatal, infant and child outcomes; and maternal weight and health outcomes in US and European populations are discussed. Pregnancy weight gains within the IOM recommendations are associated with better outcomes. The possible exception is very obese women who may benefit from weight gains less than the 7 kg recommended. Only about 33 to 40% of US women gain within IOM recommendations. Excessive gestational weight gain is more prevalent than inadequate gain. Womens gestational weight gains tend ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583612 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1583612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583598&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18598136%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenberg I This review strives to make some of the contribution of those prefatory predecessors who have addressed the question of how to strike a balance between the concentration needs of the laboratory bench and bedside research, with participation in the marketplace of ideas and policy. I have been privileged to live most of my career, almost four decades, in an era in which nutrition was coming out of the shadows and demanding recognition in the arena of ideas and policies relating to health. If the first half of the 20th century could be referred to as the era of discovery in nutrition, in which all the vitamins were described and characterized, leading to the seminal contribution of nutritional and enzyme/coenzyme biochemists to the creation of the biochemistry enterpr... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583598 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1583598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583597&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18598137%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fahey GC, Barry KA, Swanson KS As companion animals age and pass through various life stages from in utero to the geriatric state, nutrient requirements change along with the manner in which nutrients are utilized by the various organ systems in the body. From the regulatory perspective, recognized life stages include maintenance, growth, and gestation/lactation. Other important life stages include in utero, the neonate, and the senior/geriatric state. Age impacts digestive physiological properties, too, and factors such as gut microbiota, digestive hormones, gut morphology, gut immunity, and nutrient digestibility are modified as the animal becomes older. Each of the nutrients is impacted in some manner by age, some more than others. Genomic biology offers promise in helping ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583597 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1583597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583596&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18598138%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Delage B, Dashwood RH Post-translational modifications of histones are the subject of intensive investigations with the aim of decoding how they regulate, alone or in combination, chromatin structure, genomic stability, and gene expression. Major epigenetic programming events take place during gametogenesis and fetal development and are thought to have long-lasting consequences on adult health. Epidemiological and experimental studies have pointed towards maternal nutrition as a major player during pre-natal development in influencing disease susceptibility later in life. Although the mechanisms underlying such observations are not yet elucidated, epigenetic alterations of histones by particular maternal diets might be one of them. Moreover, as much as dietary sources can infl... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583596 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1583596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583595&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18598139%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harper ME PMID: 18598139 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583595 Wed, 06 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1583595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583642&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17311494%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mizushima N, Klionsky DJ Autophagy is a process of cellular "self-eating" in which portions of cytoplasm are sequestered within double-membrane cytosolic vesicles termed autophagosomes. The autophagosome cargo is delivered to the lysosome, broken down, and the resulting amino acids recycled after release back into the cytosol. Autophagy occurs in all eukaryotes and can be up-regulated in response to various nutrient limitations. Under these conditions, autophagy may become essential for viability. In addition, autophagy plays a role in certain diseases, acting to prevent some types of neurodegeneration and cancer, and in the elimination of invading pathogens. We review the current information on the mechanism of autophagy, with a focus on its role in protein metabolism and int... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583642 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583641&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17313320%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duncan RE, Ahmadian M, Jaworski K, Sarkadi-Nagy E, Sul HS Lipolysis of white adipose tissue triacylglycerol stores results in the liberation of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids that are released into the vasculature for use by other organs as energy substrates. In response to changes in nutritional state, lipolysis rates are precisely regulated through hormonal and biochemical signals. These signals modulate the activity of lipolytic enzymes and accessory proteins, allowing for maximal responsiveness of adipose tissue to changes in energy requirements and availability. Recently, a number of novel adipocyte triacylglyceride lipases have been identified, including desnutrin/ATGL, greatly expanding our understanding of adipocyte lipolysis. We have also begun to better appre... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583641 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583640&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17328672%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gietzen DW, Hao S, Anthony TG Animals reject diets that lead to indispensable amino acid (IAA) depletion or deficiency. This behavior is adaptive, as continued IAA depletion is incompatible with maintenance of protein synthesis and survival. Following rejection of the diet, animals begin foraging for a better IAA source and develop conditioned aversions to cues associated with the deficient diet. These responses require a sensory system to detect the IAA depletion and alert the appropriate neural circuitry for the behavior. The chemosensor for IAA deprivation is in the highly excitable anterior piriform cortex (APC) of the brain. Recently, the well-conserved general AA control non-derepressing system of yeast was discovered to be activated by IAA deprivation via uncharged tRNA... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583640 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583639&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17341160%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence for a link between maternal obesity and poor lactation performance. In nonhuman species, excess maternal fatness is deleterious for lactation and also for maternal health and survival. These effects occur during pregnancy and as milk production is beginning. They may result in poor growth and survival of the young. In women, there is a negative association between maternal obesity and the initiation as well as the continuation of breastfeeding. This appears to be derived from biological as well as sociocultural factors that are still poorly understood. Excessive gestational weight gain, complications of pregnancy and delivery, and the condition of the infant at birth may also contribute to this association. Given the increasingly hig... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583639 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583638&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17428180%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Spindler SR, Dhahbi JM Caloric restriction (CR), the consumption of fewer calories without malnutrition, and reduced insulin and/or IGFI receptor signaling delay many age-related physiological changes and extend the lifespan of many model organisms. Here, we present and review microarray and biochemical studies indicating that the potent anticancer effects of CR and disrupted insulin/IGFI receptor signaling evolved as a byproduct of the role of many mitotic tissues as reservoirs of metabolic energy. We argue that the longevity effects of CR are derived from repeated cycles of apoptosis and autophagic cell death in mitotically competent tissues and protein turnover and cellular repair in postmitotic tissues. We review studies showing that CR initiated late in life can rapidly i... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583638 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583637&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17428181%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Postic C, Dentin R, Denechaud PD, Girard J Dysregulations in hepatic lipid synthesis are often associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and therefore a perfect understanding of the regulation of this metabolic pathway appears essential to identify potential therapeutic targets. Recently, the transcription factor ChREBP (carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein) has emerged as a major mediator of glucose action on lipogenic gene expression and as a key determinant of lipid synthesis in vivo. Indeed, liver-specific inhibition of ChREBP improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in obese ob/ob mice. Since ChREBP cellular localization is a determinant of its functional activity, a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in regulating its nucleo-cytoplasmic sh... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583637 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583636&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17430084%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Kohsaka A, Bass J The observation that cycles of sleep and wakefulness occur with a periodicity fixed in time to match the rotation of the Earth on its axis provided a key to unlock the first genetic code for a neurobehavioral pathway in flies and ultimately in mice. As a remarkable outcome of this discovery, we have gained an unprecedented view of the conserved genetic program that encodes a sense of time across all kingdoms of life. The tools are now in hand to begin to understand how important processes such as energy homeostasis and fuel utilization are coordinated to anticipate daily changes in environment caused by the rising and setting of the sun. A better understanding of the impact of circadian gene networks on nutrient balance at the molecular... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583636 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583635&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17430085%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bulik CM, Slof-Op't Landt MC, van Furth EF, Sullivan PF Anorexia nervosa is a perplexing illness marked by low body weight and persistent fear of weight gain. Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease. Historically, anorexia nervosa was viewed as a disorder primarily influenced by sociocultural factors; however, over the past decade, this perception has been challenged. Family studies have consistently demonstrated that anorexia nervosa runs in families. Twin studies have underscored the contribution of additive genetic factors to the observed familial aggregation. With these bodies of literature as a starting point, we evaluate critically the current state of research on molecular genetic studies of anorexia nervosa and provide guidance for fu... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583635 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583634&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17430086%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME Creatine and phosphocreatine serve not only as an intracellular buffer for adenosine triphosphate, but also as an energy shuttle for the movement of high-energy phosphates from mitochondrial sites of production to cytoplasmic sites of utilization. The spontaneous loss of creatine and of phosphocreatine to creatinine requires that creatine be continuously replaced; this occurs by a combination of diet and endogenous synthesis. Vegetarians obtain almost no dietary creatine. Creatine synthesis makes major demands on the metabolism of glycine, arginine, and methionine. Large doses of creatine monohydrate are widely taken, particularly by athletes, as an ergogenic supplement; creatine supplements are also taken by patients suffering from gyrate atrophy, muscu... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583634 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583633&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17439362%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leonard WR, Snodgrass JJ, Robertson ML The evolution of large human brain size has had important implications for the nutritional biology of our species. Large brains are energetically expensive, and humans expend a larger proportion of their energy budget on brain metabolism than other primates. The high costs of large human brains are supported, in part, by our energy- and nutrient-rich diets. Among primates, relative brain size is positively correlated with dietary quality, and humans fall at the positive end of this relationship. Consistent with an adaptation to a high-quality diet, humans have relatively small gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, humans are relatively "undermuscled" and "over fat" compared with other primates, features that help to offset the high energy... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583633 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583632&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17439363%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Traber MG Dietary and supplemental vitamin E is absorbed and delivered to the liver, but of the various antioxidants with vitamin E activity, only alpha-tocopherol is preferentially recognized by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) and is transferred to plasma, while the other vitamin E forms (e.g., gamma-tocopherol or tocotrienols) are removed from the circulation. Hepatic alpha-TTP is required to maintain plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. The liver is the master regulator of the body's vitamin E levels in that it not only controls alpha-tocopherol concentrations, but also appears to be the major site of vitamin E metabolism and excretion. Vitamin Es are metabolized similarly to xenobiotics; they are initially omega-oxidized by cytochrome P450s,... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583632 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583631&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17444812%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bachmanov AA, Beauchamp GK In the past several years, tremendous progress has been achieved with the discovery and characterization of vertebrate taste receptors from the T1R and T2R families, which are involved in recognition of bitter, sweet, and umami taste stimuli. Individual differences in taste, at least in some cases, can be attributed to allelic variants of the T1R and T2R genes. Progress with understanding how T1R and T2R receptors interact with taste stimuli and with identifying their patterns of expression in taste cells sheds light on coding of taste information by the nervous system. Candidate mechanisms for detection of salts, acids, fat, complex carbohydrates, and water have also been proposed, but further studies are needed to prove their identity. PMID: 17... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583631 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583630&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17444813%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Melø TM, Nissim I, Sonnewald U, Nissim I In many epileptic patients, anticonvulsant drugs either fail adequately to control seizures or they cause serious side effects. An important adjunct to pharmacologic therapy is the ketogenic diet, which often improves seizure control, even in patients who respond poorly to medications. The mechanisms that explain the therapeutic effect are incompletely understood. Evidence points to an effect on brain handling of amino acids, especially glutamic acid, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. The diet may limit the availability of oxaloacetate to the aspartate aminotransferase reaction, an important route of brain glutamate handling. As a result, more glutamate becomes accessible to ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583630 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583629&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17465853%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wahren J, Ekberg K The liver plays a key role for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis under widely changing physiological conditions. In the overnight fasted state, breakdown of hepatic glycogen and synthesis of glucose from lactate, amino acids, glycerol, and pyruvate contribute about equally to hepatic glucose production. Postprandial glucose uptake by the liver is determined by the size of the glucose load reaching the liver, the rise in insulin concentration, and the route of glucose delivery. Hepatic glycogen stores are depleted within 36 to 48 hours of fasting, but gluconeogenesis continues to provide glucose for tissues with an obligatory glucose requirement. Glucose output from the liver increases during exercise; during short-term intensive exertion, hepatic ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583629 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583628&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17465854%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Forsum E, Löf M This review summarizes information regarding how human energy metabolism is affected by pregnancy, and current estimates of energy requirements during pregnancy are presented. Such estimates can be calculated using either increases in basal metabolic rate (BMR) or increases in total energy expenditure (TEE). The two modes of calculation give similar results for a complete pregnancy but different distributions of energy requirements in the three trimesters. Recent information is presented regarding the effect of pregnancy on BMR, TEE, diet-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity. The validity of energy intake (EI) data recently assessed in well-nourished pregnant women was evaluated using information regarding energy metabolism during pregnancy. The re... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583628 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583627&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17465855%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lei XG, Cheng WH, McClung JP Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) represents the first identified mammalian selenoprotein, and our understanding in the metabolic regulation and function of this abundant selenoenzyme has greatly advanced during the past decade. Selenocysteine insertion sequence-associating factors, adenosine, and Abl and Arg tyrosine kinases are potent, Se-independent regulators of GPX1 gene, protein, and activity. Overwhelming evidences have been generated using the GPX1 knockout and transgenic mice for the in vivo protective role of GPX1 in coping with oxidative injury and death mediated by reactive oxygen species. However, GPX1 exerts an intriguing dual role in reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-related oxidative stress. Strikingly, knockout of GPX1 rendered mice re... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583627 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583626&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17465856%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe permanent effects of transient environmental influences on the developmental establishment of epigenetic gene regulation and evidence linking epigenetic dysregulation with human disease. We propose a definition of "epigenetic epidemiology" and delineate how this emerging field provides a basis from which to explore the role of epigenetic mechanisms in DOHaD. We suggest strategies for future human epidemiologic studies to identify causal associations between early exposures, long-term changes in epigenetic regulation, and disease, which may ultimately enable specific early-life interventions to improve human health. PMID: 17465856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583626 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583625&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17506663%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Votruba SB, Jensen MD Humans have a large variability in body fat distribution, which has tremendous implications for metabolic health. Obese individuals with an upper-body-fat distribution have increased health complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes in comparison with lower-body-obese individuals. Additionally, females have more body fat, a greater proportion of fat in their lower body, and much less visceral fat than do lean males at the same body mass index. The reasons for these differences in body fat distribution have not been clearly identified but could be important. Herein we review what has been learned about regional differences in triglyceride storage capacity and lipolysis as they relate to the causes and conseque... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583625 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583622&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17506666%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lönnerdal B The mammary gland has a remarkable capacity to adapt to maternal deficiency or excess of iron, copper, and zinc and to homeostatically control milk concentrations of these essential nutrients. Similarly, it can regulate changes in concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc change during lactation. For iron, this regulation is achieved by transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, whereas mammary gland copper metabolism is regulated by Ctr1, ATP7A, and ATP7B. Zinc homeostasis is complex, involving both zinc importers (Zip3) and zinc exporters (ZnT-1, ZnT-2, and ZnT-4). Both transcriptional and post-translational regulation can affect protein abundance and cellular localization of these transporters, finely orchestrating uptake, intracellular trafficking, and se... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583622 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583621&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17506667%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Scrimshaw NS By 1950 the vitamins had been identified, but little was known of their functions. Beriberi, pellagra, and ariboflavinosis were disappearing, but kwashiorkor and/or marasmus were common in most developing countries. Requirements for protein were still uncertain, and those for essential amino acids or essential fatty acids were unknown. The author's contributions in the field of vitamins began in the 1950s and have been reported in more than 650 publications and in 20 books or monographs. These contributions include establishing the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the World Hunger Program of the United Nations University, and the International Nutrition ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583621 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583620&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17666009%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sellen DW Evolutionary anthropological and ethnographic studies are used to develop a general conceptual framework for understanding prehistoric, historic, and contemporary variation in human lactation and complementary feeding patterns. Comparison of similarities and differences in human and nonhuman primate lactation biology suggests humans have evolved an unusually flexible strategy for feeding young. Several lines of indirect evidence are consistent with a hypothesis that complementary feeding evolved as a facultative strategy that provided a unique adaptation for resolving tradeoffs between maternal costs of lactation and risk of poor infant outcomes. This evolved flexibility may have been adaptive in the environments in which humans evolved, but it creates potential for ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583620 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583619&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17666010%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tremblay F, Lavigne C, Jacques H, Marette A Dietary proteins and amino acids are important modulators of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Although high intake of dietary proteins has positive effects on energy homeostasis by inducing satiety and possibly increasing energy expenditure, it has detrimental effects on glucose homeostasis by promoting insulin resistance and increasing gluconeogenesis. Varying the quality rather than the quantity of proteins has been shown to modulate insulin resistance induced by Western diets and has revealed that proteins derived from fish might have the most desirable effects on insulin sensitivity. In vitro and in vivo data also support an important role of amino acids in glucose homeostasis through modulation of insulin action on mu... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583619 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1583619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583624&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17506664%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Romero MF, Ceferatti C PMID: 17506664 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583624 Wed, 28 Jun 2006 04:00:00 +0100 1583624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583623&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17506665%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taylor SN, Wagner CL, Hollis BW How human milk as the ideal infant nutrition lacks vitamin D activity leading to the severe bony deformities and muscle weakness of rickets has stymied scientists and clinicians for centuries. Recent understanding of human vitamin D requirements based on functional indicators of vitamin D activity demonstrate that the majority of humans, including lactating mothers, subsist in a vitamin D insufficient state. In this state, human milk provides inadequate vitamin D supply to the nursing infant. In contrast, with achieving maternal vitamin D sufficiency, human milk attains vitamin D activity equivalent to present infant oral supplementation. Current investigation of the role of vitamin D in diseases beyond bone health is revealing the significance ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583623 Wed, 28 Jun 2006 04:00:00 +0100 1583623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583659&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704349%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hoppe C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF The strongest evidence that cow's milk stimulates linear growth comes from observational and intervention studies in developing countries that show considerable effects. Additionally, many observational studies from well-nourished populations also show an association between milk intake and growth. These results suggest that milk has a growth-stimulating effect even in situations where the nutrient intake is adequate. This effect is supported by studies that show milk intake stimulates circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which suggests that at least part of the growth-stimulating effects of milk occur through the stimulation of IGF. Given that the biological purpose of milk is to support the newborn during a period of high gr... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583659 Fri, 21 Apr 2006 04:00:00 +0100 1583659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583655&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704353%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rankinen T, Bouchard C This review summarizes the research advances of the past decade regarding the role of human genetic differences in energy and nutrient intake as well as in eating behavior phenotypes and selected eating disorders. The evidence for familial aggregation and heritability based on twin and nuclear family study designs is summarized. Genome-wide linkage scans and quantitative trait loci identified to date are discussed. DNA sequence variants in candidate genes are reviewed. Single genes associated with classical eating disorders are also incorporated. Epigenetic events will need to be incorporated in future studies designed to investigate the effects of DNA variants on dietary phenotypes. Understanding the relative contribution of global genetic variation and... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583655 Tue, 18 Apr 2006 04:00:00 +0100 1583655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583666&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16602928%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zimmermann MB Despite significant progress, deficiencies of iron and iodine remain major public health problems affecting > or =30% of the global population. These deficiencies often coexist in children. Recent studies have demonstrated that a high prevalence of iron deficiency among children in areas of endemic goiter may reduce the effectiveness of iodized salt programs. These findings argue strongly for improving iron status in areas of overlapping deficiency, not only to combat anemia but also to increase the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis. The dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron may prove to be an effective and sustainable method to accomplish these important goals. PMID: 16602928 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583666 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583665&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16602929%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Shaughnessy KM, Karet FE The kidney plays a central role in our ability to maintain an appropriate sodium balance, which is critical for the determination of blood pressure. The kidney's capacity for salt conservation may not be widely appreciated, and in general we consume vastly more salt than we need. Here we consider the socioeconomics of salt consumption, outline current knowledge of renal salt handling at the molecular level, describe some of the disease entities associated with abnormal sodium handling, give an overview of some of the animal models and their relevance to human disease, and examine the evidence that lowering our salt intake can help combat hypertension and cardiovascular disease. PMID: 16602929 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583665 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583664&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16602930%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee LA, Burks AW A significant proportion of the population is either affected by or concerned about food allergy. Our knowledge about food allergens and how they stimulate the immune system has increased dramatically over the past decade. However, reasons for the increased prevalence of food allergy are not clear. The diagnosis of food allergy requires that the patient and caregivers examine all foods for the presence of potential allergens in order to prevent inadvertent ingestion and further reactions. Fortunately, many children develop tolerance to allergenic foods after a period of dietary elimination. Various immunotherapy approaches are under investigation to alleviate or prevent food-induced reactions in those who have persistent food allergies. PMID: 16602930 [Pub... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583664 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583663&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16602931%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Estall JL, Drucker DJ Multiple peptide hormones produced within the gastrointestinal system aid in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism. Among these is the intestinotrophic peptide glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which is released following food intake and plays a significant role in the adaptive regulation of bowel mass and mucosal integrity. The discovery of GLP-2's potent growth-promoting and cytoprotective effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract stimulated interest in its use as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of GI diseases involving malabsorption, inflammation, and/or mucosal damage. Current research has focused on determining the physiological mechanisms contributing to the effects of GLP-2 and factors regulating its biological mechanisms of act... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583663 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583662&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16602932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baracos VE Cancer metastases (spread to distant organs from the primary tumor site) signify systemic, progressive, and essentially incurable malignant disease. Anorexia and wasting develop continuously throughout the course of incurable cancer. Overall, in Westernized countries nearly exactly half of current cancer diagnoses end in cure and the other half end in death; thus, cancer-associated cachexia has a high prevalence. The pathophysiology of cancer-associated cachexia has two principal components: a failure of food intake and a systemic hypermetabolism/hypercatabolism syndrome. The superimposed metabolic changes result in a rate of depletion of physiological reserves of energy and protein that is greater than would be expected based on the prevailing level of food intake.... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583662 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583661&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704347%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: King JC About one third of all pregnant women in the United States are obese. Maternal obesity at conception alters gestational metabolic adjustments and affects placental, embryonic, and fetal growth and development. Neural tube defects and other developmental anomalies are more common in infants born to obese women; these defects have been linked to poor glycemic control. Preeclampsia, a gestational disorder occurring more frequently in obese women, appears to be due to a subclinical inflammatory state that impairs early placentation and development of its blood supply. Fetal growth and development during the last half of pregnancy depends on maternal metabolic adjustments dictated by placental hormones and the subsequent oxygen and nutrient supply. Maternal obesity affects ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583661 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583660&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704348%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vanderpas J Severe iodine deficiency was the main cause of endemic goiter and cretinism. Most of the previously iodine-deficient areas are now supplemented, mainly with iodized salt. The geographical distribution of severe endemic areas has been progressively reduced, and at present, approximately 200 million people living in remote places are still at risk of severe iodine deficiency. International public health programs should be focused first on reaching these populations, and second on auditing and monitoring the operational work of supplementation programs. This second point is essential to prevent iodine-induced hyperthyroidism or interruptions of iodine supplement distribution, which could be catastrophic for the fetus and the young infant. Echography brings a complemen... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583660 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583658&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brunham LR, Singaraja RR, Hayden MR Cholesterol and its metabolites play a variety of essential roles in living systems. Virtually all animal cells require cholesterol, which they acquire through synthesis or uptake, but only the liver can degrade cholesterol. The ABCA1 gene product regulates the rate-controlling step in the removal of cellular cholesterol: the efflux of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids to an apolipoprotein acceptor. Mutations in ABCA1, as seen in Tangier disease, result in accumulation of cellular cholesterol, reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased risk for coronary artery disease. To date, more than 100 coding variants have been identified in ABCA1, and these variants result in a broad spectrum of biochemical and clinical ph... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583658 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583657&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kudsk KA The benefits of specialty supplemented enteral diets administered to critically ill and critically injured patients and those undergoing major surgical procedures have been documented in a number of randomized prospective studies. It is unclear which nutrient or combination of nutrients causes the beneficial effects, but there are significant reductions in infectious complications depending upon the patient populations studied. It is imperative that the data be interpreted in the context of individual patient risk since specialty formulas appear most beneficial in patients at risk of subsequent complications or in those with significant pre-existing malnutrition. Although controversy exists regarding the use of specialty supplemented enteral diets in critically ill pa... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583657 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583656&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wolfgang MJ, Lane MD The regulation of energy homeostasis is critical for normal physiology and survival. Energy flux must be rigorously monitored and adjusted to ensure that fuel intake and expenditure remain within acceptable limits. The central nervous system (CNS) is, in large part, responsible for conducting this energy-monitoring function and for integrating the numerous inputs. It has become evident that neurons of the CNS monitor and respond to levels of metabolic intermediates that reflect peripheral energy status. Intermediates in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway have been implicated as hypothalamic signaling mediators that sense and respond to changes in circulating fuels. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulation of the enzymes of fatty acid metabolism have led to ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583656 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583654&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16704354%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hansen EN, Torquati A, Abumrad NN Overweight and obesity are rapidly growing to epidemic proportions in the United States and globally. Since sustainable weight loss is only achieved by bariatric surgery, medicine has seen an explosion in the diversity and number of bariatric procedures performed over the past few years. Systematic studies of postoperative outcomes and investigations into the physiology and biology of weight loss provide a more comprehensive understanding of the sequelae of bariatric surgery. Adipose tissue is the predominant site of fat stores. Increasing obesity results in an overload of lipids within the body's natural storage sink (i.e., the adipocyte) followed by the necessary deposition of fat within ectopic sites such as muscle, liver, and pancreas. The... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583654 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583653&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848698%26dopt%3DAbstract This article, which is partly biographical and partly scientific, summarizes a life in academic medicine. It relates my progress from benchside to bedside and then to academic and research administration, and concludes with the teaching of human biology to college undergraduates. My experience as an intern (anno 1953) treating a youngster in diabetic ketoacidosis underscored our ignorance of the controls in human fuel metabolism. Circulating free fatty acids were then unknown, insulin could not be measured in biologic fluids, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, which was difficult to measure, was considered by many a metabolic poison. The central role of insulin and the metabolism of free fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate, combined with indirect calorimetry, needed characteri... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583653 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583652&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848700%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fritsche K Research describing fatty acids as modulators of inflammation and immune responses abounds. Many of these studies have focused on one particular group of fatty acids, omega-3. The data from animal studies have shown that these fatty acids can have powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities in a wide array of diseases (e.g., autoimmunity, arthritis, and infection). However, the evidence from human trials is more equivocal. In this review, a historical framework for understanding how and why fatty acids may affect the immune system is provided. Second, highlights of two recent landmark reports from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality are presented. These reports critically evaluate the evidence from human clinical trials of omega-3 fatty aci... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583652 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583651&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Whelan J, Rust C It is now established that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in health promotion and disease prevention, particularly those traditionally derived from marine sources (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). A number of organizations have made specific recommendations for the general population to increase their intakes of these nutrients. In response to and along with these recommendations, n-3 PUFAs are being incorporated into nontraditional food sources because of advances in the technology to safely enrich/fortify our food supply. Fatty acid compositions of traditional oils (e.g., canola and soybean) are being genetically modified to deliver more highly concentrated sources of n-3 PUFA. The advent of algal sources o... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583651 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583650&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848703%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hoppe C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF The strongest evidence that cow's milk stimulates linear growth comes from observational and intervention studies in developing countries that show considerable effects. Additionally, many observational studies from well-nourished populations also show an association between milk intake and growth. These results suggest that milk has a growth-stimulating effect even in situations where the nutrient intake is adequate. This effect is supported by studies that show milk intake stimulates circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which suggests that at least part of the growth-stimulating effects of milk occur through the stimulation of IGFs. Given that the biological purpose of milk is to support the newborn during a period of high g... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583650 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583649&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848704%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lefebvre DE, Powell KL, Strom A, Scott FW Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the patient's immune system destroys the insulin-secreting beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. A majority of cases is thought to occur as a result of gene-environment interactions. The identity of the environmental factors remains unknown mainly because of the difficulty in linking past exposures with later disease development. Overall, the data suggest a model in which individuals develop diabetes by several different pathways, each influenced by numerous genetic and environmental variables. The most investigated environmental factors are diet and viruses. In this review, we examine the evidence that the source of dietary proteins can modify diabetes outcome, describe ne... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583649 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583648&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848705%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siroen MP, Teerlink T, Nijveldt RJ, Prins HA, Richir MC, van Leeuwen PA In 1992, asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) was first described as an endogenous inhibitor of the arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway. From then, its role in regulating NO production has attracted increasing attention. Nowadays, ADMA is regarded as a novel cardiovascular risk factor. The role of the kidney and the liver in the metabolism of ADMA has been extensively studied and both organs have proven to play a key role in the elimination of ADMA. Although the liver removes ADMA exclusively via degradation by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), the kidney uses both metabolic degradation via DDAH and urinary excretion to eliminate ADMA. Modulating activity and/or expression of DDAH i... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583648 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583647&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848706%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zeisel SH Choline is an essential nutrient needed for the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes; for normal cholinergic neurotransmission; for normal muscle function; for lipid transport from liver; and it is the major source of methyl groups in the diet. Choline is critical during fetal development, when it influences stem cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby altering brain and spinal cord structure and function and influencing risk for neural tube defects and lifelong memory function. Choline is derived not only from the diet, but from de novo synthesis as well. Though many foods contain choline, there is at least a twofold variation in dietary intake in humans. When deprived of dietary choline, most men and postmenopausal women developed signs ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583647 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583646&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848707%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pietrangelo A In recent years, the number of proteins implicated in iron homeostasis has increased dramatically, and genetic causes have apparently been identified for the major disorders associated with tissue iron overload. These dramatic steps forward have transformed the way we look at iron-related disorders, particularly hemochromatosis. This review presents a concept of this disease that is based on this new knowledge and stems from the idea that, beyond their genetic diversities, all known hemochromatoses originate from the same metabolic error, the genetic disruption of human tendency for circulatory iron constancy. Hepcidin, the iron hormone, seems to hold a central pathogenic place in hemochromatosis, similar to insulin in diabetes: Genetically determined lack of hep... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583646 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583645&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848710%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nemeth E, Ganz T Hepcidin, a peptide hormone made in the liver, is the principal regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin controls plasma iron concentration and tissue distribution of iron by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption, iron recycling by macrophages, and iron mobilization from hepatic stores. Hepcidin acts by inhibiting cellular iron efflux through binding to and inducing the degradation of ferroportin, the sole known cellular iron exporter. Synthesis of hepcidin is homeostatically increased by iron loading and decreased by anemia and hypoxia. Hepcidin is also elevated during infections and inflammation, causing a decrease in serum iron levels and contributing to the development of anemia of inflammation, probably as a host defense mechanism to limit the ava... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583645 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583644&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848714%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rankinen T, Bouchard C This review summarizes the research advances of the past decade regarding the role of human genetic differences in energy and nutrient intake as well as in eating behavior phenotypes and selected eating disorders. The evidence for familial aggregation and heritability based on twin and nuclear family study designs is summarized. Genome-wide linkage scans and quantitative trait loci identified to date are discussed. DNA sequence variants in candidate genes are reviewed. Single genes associated with classical eating disorders are also incorporated. Epigenetic events will need to be incorporated in future studies designed to investigate the effects of DNA variants on dietary phenotypes. Understanding the relative contribution of global genetic variation and... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583644 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583643&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16848718%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Debaveye Y, Van den Berghe G Critically ill patients who depend on intensive care for more than a few days reveal profound erosion of lean body mass, which is thought to contribute to high morbidity and mortality. Despite a shortfall of evidence that supplemental feeding actually alters clinical outcome of these life-threatening disease states, this observation evoked an almost universal, albeit often inappropriate, use of nutritional support (NS) in the critically ill, administered via the parenteral or the enteral route. Lack of knowledge and overenthusiasm subsequently resulted in complications associated with both parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN), which led to the standing controversy over which should be preferred. With time, however, it became clear t... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583643 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1583643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583689&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eastwood M, Kritchevsky D Dietary fiber has been a topic of considerable interest among nutritionists and clinicians for the past 50 years. Many studies on fiber have concentrated on fiber isolates, resulting in findings that have ignored fiber as a component of fruits, vegetables, nuts, cereals, and legumes in the general diet. The principle actions of fiber are to alter the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and to modify the absorption of other nutrients and chemicals. Fiber is but one component of plant food, and to neglect the other components--be they proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, or the secondary metabolites--is to seriously limit our understanding. Much of the effort expended in defining fiber and studying the fiber isolate would... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583689 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583688&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011457%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McGuinness OP Infection leads to profound alterations in whole-body metabolism, which is characterized by marked acceleration of glucose, fat and protein, and amino acid flux. One of the complications of infection, especially in the nutritionally supported setting, is hyperglycemia. The hyperglycemia is caused by peripheral insulin resistance and alterations in hepatic glucose metabolism. The defects in hepatic glucose metabolism include overproduction of glucose and a failure of the liver to appropriately adapt when nutritional support is administered. Investigators have suggested that multiple factors contribute to the observed defects. In this review, I focus primarily on alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, examining both the metabolic response to infection and inflamma... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583688 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583687&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011458%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Morrow AL Breastfed infants have lower morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea than those fed artificially. This had been attributed primarily to the secretory antibodies and prebiotic factors in human milk. Oligosaccharides are the third largest component of human milk. They were initially considered to be functionless by-products of glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis during milk production. However, in the past few decades it has become apparent that the human milk oligosaccharides are composed of thousands of components, at least some of which protect against pathogens. Oligosaccharide protection against infectious agents may result in part from their prebiotic characteristics, but is thought to be primarily due to their inhibition of pathog... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583687 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583686&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011459%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kilberg MS, Pan YX, Chen H, Leung-Pineda V The amino acid response (AAR) pathway in mammalian cells is designed to detect and respond to amino acid deficiency. Limiting any essential amino acid initiates this signaling cascade, which leads to increased translation of a "master regulator," activating transcription factor (ATF) 4, and ultimately, to regulation of many steps along the pathway of DNA to RNA to protein. These regulated events include chromatin remodeling, RNA splicing, nuclear RNA export, mRNA stabilization, and translational control. Proteins that are increased in their expression as targets of the AAR pathway include membrane transporters, transcription factors from the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) superfamily, growth factors, and metabolic enzymes. Signifi... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583686 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583685&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011460%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harrison EH Mechanisms involved in the digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A require the participation of several proteins. Dietary retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestine by the pancreatic enzyme, pancreatic triglyceride lipase, and intestinal brush border enzyme, phospholipase B. Unesterified retinol taken up by the enterocyte is complexed with cellular retinol-binding protein type 2 and the complex serves as a substrate for reesterification of the retinol by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). The retinyl esters are then incorporated into chylomicrons, intestinal lipoproteins containing other dietary lipids, such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and free and esterified cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Chylomicrons containing newly absorbed r... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583685 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583684&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilson JX Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA, oxidized vitamin C) are dietary sources of vitamin C in humans. Both nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the intestine and renal tubules by, respectively, enterocytes and renal epithelial cells. Subsequently vitamin C circulates in the blood and enters all of the other cells of the body. Concerning flux across the plasma membrane, simple diffusion of ascorbic acid plays only a small or negligible role. More important are specific mechanisms of transport and metabolism that concentrate vitamin C intracellularly to enhance its function as an enzyme cofactor and antioxidant. The known transport mechanisms are facilitated diffusion of DHAA through glucose-sensitive and -insensitive transporters, facilitated diffusion of ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583684 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583683&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011462%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berkner KL The vitamin K-dependent (VKD) carboxylase uses the oxygenation of vitamin K to convert glutamyl residues (Glus) to carboxylated Glus (Glas) in VKD proteins, rendering them active in a broad range of physiologies that include hemostasis, apoptosis, bone development, arterial calcification, signal transduction, and growth control. The carboxylase has a high-affinity site that selectively binds VKD proteins, usually through their propeptide, and also has a second low-affinity site of VKD protein interaction. Propeptide binding increases carboxylase affinity for the Glu substrate, and the coordinated binding of the VKD propeptide and Glu substrate increases carboxylase affinity for vitamin K and activity, possibly through a mechanism of substrate-assisted catalysis. Tet... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583683 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583682&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Its incidence has also been increasing lately in developing countries. Several lines of evidence support a role for oxidative stress and inflammation in atherogenesis. Oxidation of lipoproteins is a hallmark in atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces inflammation as it induces adhesion and influx of monocytes and influences cytokine release by monocytes. A number of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) modulate monocyte adhesion to endothelium. C-reactive protein (CRP), a prototypic marker of inflammation, is a risk marker for CVD and it could contribute to ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583682 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583681&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011464%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zempleni J Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biot... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583681 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583680&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011465%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tenenhouse HS The type IIa Na/phosphate (Pi) cotransporter (Npt2a) is expressed in the brush border membrane (BBM) of renal proximal tubular cells where the bulk of filtered Pi is reabsorbed. Disruption of the Npt2a gene in mice elicits hypophosphatemia, renal Pi wasting, and an 80% decrease in renal BBM Na/Pi cotransport, and led to the demonstration that Npt2a is the target for hormonal and dietary regulation of renal Pi reabsorption. Regulation is achieved by changes in BBM abundance of Npt2a protein and requires the interaction of Npt2a with various scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Molecular studies in patients with renal Pi wasting resulted in the identification of novel regulators of Pi homeostasis: fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and a phosphate-regulating gene... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583680 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583679&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Burk RF, Hill KE Selenoprotein P is an abundant extracellular glycoprotein that is rich in selenocysteine. It has two domains with respect to selenium content. The N-terminal domain of the rat protein contains one selenocysteine residue in a UxxC redox motif. This domain also has a pH-sensitive heparin-binding site and two histidine-rich amino acid stretches. The smaller C-terminal domain contains nine selenocysteine and ten cysteine residues. Four isoforms of selenoprotein P are present in rat plasma. They share the same N terminus and amino acid sequence. One isoform is full length and the three others terminate at the positions of the second, third, and seventh selenocysteine residues. Selenoprotein P turns over rapidly in rat plasma with the consequence that approximately ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583679 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583678&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mattson MP The size and frequency of meals are fundamental aspects of nutrition that can have profound effects on the health and longevity of laboratory animals. In humans, excessive energy intake is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers and is a major cause of disability and death in industrialized countries. On the other hand, the influence of meal frequency on human health and longevity is unclear. Both caloric (energy) restriction (CR) and reduced meal frequency/intermittent fasting can suppress the development of various diseases and can increase life span in rodents by mechanisms involving reduced oxidative damage and increased stress resistance. Many of the beneficial effects of CR and fasting appear to be mediated ... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583678 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583677&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011468%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McEligot AJ, Yang S, Meyskens FL Cells in multicellular organisms are exposed to both endogenous oxidative stresses generated metabolically and to oxidative stresses that originate from neighboring cells and from other tissues. To protect themselves from oxidative stress, cells are equipped with reducing buffer systems (glutathione/GSH and thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase) and have developed several enzymatic mechanisms against oxidants that include catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Other major extrinsic defenses (from the diet) include ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and other carotenoids, and selenium. Recent evidence indicates that in addition to their antioxidant function, several of these redox species and systems are involved in regulation of biol... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583677 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583676&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011469%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shay NF, Banz WJ Early investigations of gene regulation revealed that nutrients could modulate gene expression, an example being the discovery of metal-regulated gene transcription ( 11, 19, 44). Only more recently have we focused on the ability of non-nutritional botanicals or functional food components to affect gene expression at the transcriptional level. Significant findings include the discovery that hyperforin is an active ingredient of the herbal remedy St. John's wort, and activates gene transcription of cytochrome p450-3A4, causing significant botanical-drug interactions. Recently, the lipid-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been studied as receptors activated by soy isoflavones, perhaps explaining the lipid-lowering effect of soy intake. E... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583676 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583675&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011470%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sampath H, Ntambi JM Apart from being an important macronutrient, dietary fat has recently gained much prominence for its role in regulating gene expression. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect gene expression through various mechanisms including, but not limited to, changes in membrane composition, intracellular calcium levels, and eicosanoid production. Furthermore, PUFAs and their various metabolites can act at the level of the nucleus, in conjunction with nuclear receptors and transcription factors, to affect the transcription of a variety of genes. Several of these transcription mediators have been identified and include the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4alpha, and liver X receptor (LXR) and th... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583675 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583674&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011471%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Corella D, Ordovas JM Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. During the past few decades, much attention has focused on plasma lipoproteins as CVD risk factors. The current evidence supports the concept that gene-environment interactions modulate plasma lipid concentrations and potentially CVD risk. The findings from studies examining gene-diet interactions and lipid metabolism have been highly promising. Several loci (i.e., APOA1, APOA4, APOE, and LIPC) are providing proof-of-concept for the potential application of genetics in the context of personalized nutritional recommendations for CVD prevention. However, the incorporation of these findings to the clinical environment is not ready for prime time... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583674 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583673&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011472%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reaven GM The ability of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal varies at least sixfold in apparently healthy individuals, and approximately one-third of the population that is most resistant to this action of insulin is at greatly increased risk to develop a number of adverse clinical outcomes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin resistant individuals are unable to secrete enough insulin to compensate for the defect in insulin action, and this was the first clinical syndrome identified as being related to insulin resistance. Although the majority of insulin-resistant individuals are able to maintain the level of compensatory hyperinsulinemia needed to prevent the development of a significant degree of hyperglycemia, the combination of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia gr... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583673 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583672&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011473%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Adair L, Dahly D Over the past 20 years a large and varied body of research has attempted to make the case for the developmental origins of elevated adult blood pressure (BP). Experimental animal research has identified plausible biological mechanisms through which fetal nutritional insufficiency may affect adult BP. The majority of human epidemiologic studies demonstrate an inverse association of birth weight (the most commonly used marker of fetal nutrition) with adult BP and higher risk of hypertension among individuals with lower weight at birth. The most adverse BP outcomes occur among individuals who were small at birth but relatively large as adults, a finding that suggests a role for postnatal growth. We critically review the literature on proposed mechanisms and epide... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583672 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583671&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011474%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe recent reports relating to type 2 diabetes in youth (2), prediabetes (69, 166), metabolic syndrome (33, 35), polycystic ovarian syndrome (77), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (58, 146), and the mediating role of insulin resistance in these conditions. In addition, we review the implications of this research for the design of more effective treatment and prevention strategies that focus more on the improvement of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and chronic disease risk reduction than on the conventional energy balance approach that focuses on weight management. PMID: 16011474 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583671 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583670&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011475%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: John D Mammalian hibernation is a temporary suspension of euthermia allowing endotherms to undergo reversible hypothermia and generate a marked savings in energy expenditure. In most fat-storing hibernator species, seasonal changes in food intake, triacylglycerol deposition, metabolism, and reproductive development are controlled by a circannual clock. In ground-dwelling sciurid rodents (ground squirrels and marmots), for example, energy intake increases during a summer body mass gain phase, and toward the end of this phase metabolic rate also begins to decrease, resulting in a profound increase in lipid deposition as fat. Increased activity of lipogenic hormones and enzymes correspond with this increase. The hibernation mass loss phase begins after the body mass peak in the f... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583670 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583669&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011476%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruden DM, De Luca M, Garfinkel MD, Bynum KL, Lu X Nutrigenomics refers to the complex effects of the nutritional environment on the genome, epigenome, and proteome of an organism. The diverse tissue- and organ-specific effects of diet include gene expression patterns, organization of the chromatin, and protein post-translational modifications. Long-term effects of diet range from obesity and associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to increased or decreased longevity. Furthermore, the diet of the mother can potentially have long-term health impacts on the children, possibly through inherited diet-induced chromatin alterations. Drosophila is a unique and ideal model organism for conducting nutrigenomics research for numerous reasons. Drosophila, yeast, an... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583669 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583668&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011477%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Allen MS, Bradford BJ, Harvatine KJ Animal models have been invaluable for studying aspects of food intake regulation that for various reasons cannot be observed in humans. The dairy cow is a unique animal model because of an unrivaled energy requirement; its great drive to eat results in feeding behavior responses to treatments within the physiological range. Cows' docile nature and large size make them ideal for measuring temporal treatment effects because digestion and absorption kinetics and responses in endocrine systems, gene expression, metabolite pools and fluxes, and feeding behavior can be measured simultaneously. Thus, cows are important models to investigate interactions of short-term signals regulating food intake. Furthermore, different physiological states throu... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583668 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583667&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16011478%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heird WC, Lapillonne A The presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in human milk but not in infant formula, coupled with lower plasma and brain lipid contents of DHA in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants and reports of higher IQ in individuals who were breast-fed versus formula-fed as infants, suggest that exogenous DHA (and ARA) may be essential for optimal development. Thus, since 1990, several studies have examined the impact of formulas containing DHA or DHA plus ARA on visual function and neurodevelopmental outcome. Some of these studies have shown benefits but others have not. These results leave largely unanswered the question of whether these fatty acids are beneficial for either the term or preterm infant. However, evidence that preterm i... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583667 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1583667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583694&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15189131%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stipanuk MH Tissue concentrations of both homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteine (Cys) are maintained at low levels by regulated production and efficient removal of these thiols. The regulation of the metabolism of methionine and Cys is discussed from the standpoint of maintaining low levels of Hcy and Cys while, at the same time, ensuring an adequate supply of these thiols for their essential functions. S-Adenosylmethionine coordinately regulates the flux through remethylation and transsulfuration, and glycine N-methyltransferase regulates flux through transmethylation and hence the S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio. Cystathionine beta-synthase activity is also regulated in response to the redox environment, and transcription of the gene is hormonally regulated in re... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583694 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1583694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583693&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15189132%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gladyshev VN, Kryukov GV, Fomenko DE, Hatfield DL Development of bioinformatics tools provided researchers with the ability to identify full sets of trace element-containing proteins in organisms for which complete genomic sequences are available. Recently, independent bioinformatics methods were used to identify all, or almost all, genes encoding selenocysteine-containing proteins in human, mouse, and Drosophila genomes, characterizing entire selenoproteomes in these organisms. It also should be possible to search for entire sets of other trace element-associated proteins, such as metal-containing proteins, although methods for their identification are still in development. PMID: 15189132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583693 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1583693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583692&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15189133%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wijendran V, Hayes KC Epidemiological and clinical studies have established that the n-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), and the n-3 fatty acids, linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) collectively protect against coronary heart disease (CHD). LA is the major dietary fatty acid regulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C metabolism by downregulating LDL-C production and enhancing its clearance. Further, the available mass of LA is a critical factor determining the hyperlipemic effects of other dietary fat components, such as saturated and trans fatty acids, as well as cholesterol. By contrast, n-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are potent antiarryhthmic agents. EPA and DHA also improve vascular endothelial function and help lower... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583692 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1583692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583691&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15189134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tillotson JE The chapter reviews the historical development and interactions of U.S. agricultural, economic, nutrition, and development policies relating to the creation of the commercial environment of social, economic, technological, and political factors that favor the development of American obesity. PMID: 15189134 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Nutrition) Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583691 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1583691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1583690&cid=s_37531_28_f&fid=37531&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15459982%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hatzoglou M, Fernandez J, Yaman I, Closs E The discovery of the function of the receptor for the ecotropic retrovirus as a membrane transporter for the essential amino acids lysine and arginine was a landmark finding in the field of molecular nutrition. This finding indicated that cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) act pathologically as viral receptors. The importance of this transporter was further supported by knockout mice that were not viable after birth. CAT-1 was the first amino acid transporter to be cloned; several other CATs were later characterized biochemically and molecularly. These transporters mediate the bidirectional transport of cationic amino acids, thus supporting important metabolic functions, such as synthesis of proteins, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis,... Annual Review of Nutrition journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1583690 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1583690