MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Applied Cognitive Psychology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 02:31:34 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612386&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2822 The objective of the study was, first, to evaluate the effect of NICHD protocol implementation on the types of questions and details provided by children and, second, to evaluate the impact of post‐training feedback. Interviewees were alleged sexual abuse victims between the ages of 3 and 14 years. Application of the NICHD protocol allowed interviewers to use more open‐ended questions and to obtain more details. The results show that providing feedback significantly increased the quality of the interviews. It is recommended that the NICHD protocol be used to interview child victims and witnesses and that feedback sessions be held with interviewers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612386 Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5612386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612385&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2817 SummaryThe intention‐superiority effect refers to the finding that intentions are more accessible than other memory contents. Our primary goal was to test for automatic processing in this effect, testing three features of automaticity: unintentionality, effortlessness, and lack of awareness. We used a postponed‐intention paradigm with short action scripts. The intention‐superiority effect was defined as greater accessibility in a lexical decision task (LDT) for words from to‐be‐performed scripts than to‐be‐remembered scripts. Working memory load was experimentally manipulated to assess automatic processing. A general intention‐superiority effect was found, demonstrating the automatic feature of unintentionality, and it was not diminished by a high load, demonstrating the au... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612385 Fri, 20 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5612385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612388&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2818 Summary: Both the behavioural and subjective impacts of single‐word spoken warnings were examined. Behaviourally, the effect of infrequently occurring warnings was studied through their disruptive impact on a visually presented serial recall task. In separate experiments, ratings of the same words were elicited. Experiment 1 showed a localized effect of the warnings (on the item immediately following the warning), with the urgently intoned warning having a greater disruptive effect than its valence (emotional content). Valence and intonation (urgency) did not interact. The performance changes were mirrored in the ratings of the words. Experiment 2 showed no systematic effect on performance of either the action‐relatedness of the word or its lexicality. There was, however, a systematic ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612388 Wed, 18 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5612388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612387&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2830 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612387 Wed, 18 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5612387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586428&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2827 AbstractHistory educators often use popular films in the classroom to teach critical thinking through an exercise that involves identifying historical inaccuracies in the films. We investigated how this exercise affects the acquisition of true and false historical knowledge. In two experiments, subjects studied texts about historical topics and watched clips from corresponding films. Each film contained one piece of information that contradicted the text (i.e. misinformation). Some subjects received instructions to monitor for inaccuracies in the films. After a delay, they were tested on the texts. Monitoring instructions did not reduce subjects' acquisition of misinformation, and even when subjects successfully detected the inaccuracies, they sometimes still reproduced the misinformation.... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586428 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586427&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2829 SummaryEyewitnesses are often asked to describe the appearance of an offender's face, normally as part of a cognitive interview (CI), and then to construct a facial composite of it by selecting hair, eyes, nose, and so on. Recent research indicates that facial composites of this type are rendered much more identifiable when constructors focus on global character (holistic) judgements of the face after having recalled it in detail. Here, we investigated whether components of this so‐called holistic CI (H‐CI) were applicable to newer ‘evolving’ (Darwinian) methods of face construction. We found that the face description component of the interview promoted better‐quality composites than the holistic component, but the most identifiable composites emerged when both components were us... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586427 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586426&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2826 This study tested this by asking participants to serially recall eight‐item lists in either quiet, liked or disliked music conditions. Results showed that performance was significantly poorer in both music conditions compared with quiet. More importantly, performance in the liked music condition was significantly poorer than in the disliked music condition. These findings provide further illustration of the irrelevant sound effect and limitations of the impact of liked music on cognition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586426 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586425&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2824 AbstractComputer‐generated faces (composites) constructed by select2ing individual facial features (e.g. eyes, nose, mouth) are poorly recognized because this process contrasts with the natural holistic processing of real faces. This result suggests that there should be differences in the cognitive processing of these composites compared with photos of real faces, which would make these stimuli problematic for theories seeking to explain real face processing. We conducted five experiments to test potential conditions for moving composite processing closer to how real face photos are processed, first taking the perspective of researchers who construct composites with a random selection of available features and then taking a perspective closer to police by creating each composite to match... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586425 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586425 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586424&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2820 AbstractMemory conformity for images was examined using a mixed factorial design. Participants were presented with 50 images then later completed an old/new recognition test on these plus 50 fillers. Some received post‐event information (PEI) attributed to a co‐witness that was introduced either soon after the original 50 images were presented or 2 days later. The memory test was either soon after the co‐witness PEI was shown or 2 days later. When the memory test was 2 days after receiving PEI, the PEI had no effect. PEI had a large effect when presented just before testing. The memory conformity effect was largest when PEI was presented, and the when memory test was completed 2 days after the initial presentation. Memory conformity effects were larger for new items than for ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586424 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586423&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2825 SummaryDrawing on psychological science, magic provides a unique perspective on applied cognition. Only sparse systematic research, however, documents the thought processes associated with viewing magic tricks. With responses from over 1000 participants, here, we show how individuals construe a classic magic routine wherein a performer appears to vanish a pen. Thirty‐four percent of participants correctly identified the key moment of the disappearance with only 11% thereof knowing what actions the magician actually performed to achieve the effect. Our collective findings support what magicians have known for a long time: knowing when a critical maneuver occurs hardly reveals the associated modus operandi. In line with a modern theory of attention, we discuss our results and highlight the... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586423 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586422&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2823 This study investigated whether perceptions of guilt for both male and female suspects co‐varied with masculine physical appearance. In addition, the study tested whether the relationship between masculine physical appearance and perceptions of guilt was dependent upon whether the crime is stereotypically male perpetrated. Participants read one of three crime scenarios (burglary, child abuse and neglect, fraud and forgery) and evaluated the likelihood that suspects of varying masculine appearance committed the crime in question. Masculine physical appearance significantly affected guilt ratings across all crime types for both male and female suspects. Additionally, guilt ratings for male compared with female suspects were higher for burglary, a crime that was viewed as stereotypically ma... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586422 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612384&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2831 SummaryFor many individuals, watching erotic material constitutes a self‐control conflict in which reflective tendencies compete with impulsive urges for the control of behavior. Boundary conditions such as the ability to control attention determine which influence will prevail over the other. Here, we tested this framework in the context of viewing erotic videos. Reflective tendencies, as indicated by self‐reported attitudes, predicted viewing time of erotic videos for individuals high, but not low, in attention control. By contrast, impulsive tendencies, as indicated by automatic associations toward sex, predicted viewing time for individuals low, but not high, in attention control. This effect was particularly pronounced for single individuals. The adoption of a self‐control frame... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612384 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5612384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5507758&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2816 AbstractOn the basis of their experiences with pregnant patients in their practice, obstetrician/gynecologists estimated the posterior probability of Down syndrome given a positive screening result. They also estimated the base rate of Down syndrome in their practice, along with the hit and false alarm rates for the screening test; for each subject, these numbers were combined to calculate a posterior probability to which the initial estimated posterior probability could be compared. Physicians gave highly consistent estimates when asked to think about their past experiences in terms of event frequencies. However, those told to respond using single event probabilities or to use past experiences to predict prospective frequencies gave inconsistent Bayesian estimates. Thus, when making Bayes... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5507758 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5507758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5507759&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2815 AbstractIn eyewitness situations, questioning can be seen as a form of retrieval practice that may have detrimental effects on eyewitness memory. Memory research has demonstrated that retrieval practice may not only enhance memory for practiced information but also induce forgetting of related information. The present study examined the effect of retrieval practice on forgetting in eyewitness memory. First, we investigated whether asking questions about particular offender characteristics can induce forgetting of other offender characteristics. Second, we examined whether this forgetting effect is limited to information from the practiced offender or may also influence memory for characteristics of others present in the crime scene. Third, we studied whether forgetting of eyewitness inform... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5507759 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5507759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5497159&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1840 This study investigated the consequences of simultaneously reading and listening to the same materials when learning English as a foreign language. During acquisition, native Arabic‐speaking university students were asked to learn some English words and sentences either by reading them or by simultaneously reading and listening to the same spoken material. Following acquisition students were given reading, writing, and listening tests. The findings from the three experiments indicated that participants exposed to reading alone performed better on listening tests than participants exposed to a reading and listening condition. No differences were found on the reading and writing tests. The results, discussed within a cognitive load theory framework, suggest that at least some categories of... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5497159 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5497159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460973&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1842 AbstractAchieving expertise in any area requires extensive practice and engagement with the subject one desires to master. As not all practice yields good progress, methods must be found that lead learners to practice effectively. Many experts employ highly tailored practice involving metacognitive processes, but novices rarely engage in frequent and explicit metacognitive strategies during practice. As a result, novice progress may be impeded through repetition of systematic errors and ineffective techniques. Our study provides evidence of the effectiveness of teaching metacognition to novice music students through weekly lessons. Thirty‐five adolescent students of six instructors were randomly assigned to metacognitive focus or existing practice teaching conditions. Students receiving ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460973 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5460973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586421&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2819 This study assessed the ability of laypeople to understand a document that most have read and signed: a last will and testament. We focused on concepts that are frequently included in wills, examined whether understanding can be enhanced by psycholinguistic revisions, and assessed comprehension as a function of age. Participants ages 32 to 89 years read will‐related concepts in (i) their traditional format, (ii) a version revised to increase readability, or (iii) a version in which, in addition to those changes, we explained archaic and legal terms. Results showed that increasing the readability and explaining terms enhanced participants' abilities to apply will‐related concepts to novel fact patterns and to explain their reasoning. We found no age‐related effects on comprehension,... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586421 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5586421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5507756&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1825 This study investigated whether experimentally created false memories would persist for an extended period (one and a half years). A large number of subjects (N = 342) participated in a standard three‐stage misinformation procedure (saw the event slides, read the narrations with misinformation, and then took the memory tests). The initial tests showed that misinformation led to a significant amount of false memory. One and a half years later, the participants were tested again. About half of the misinformation false memory persisted, which was the same rate as for true memory. These results strongly suggest that brief exposure to misinformation can lead to long‐term false memory and that the strength of memory trace was similar for true and false memories. Copyright © 2011 John Wi... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5507756 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5507756 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5497158&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.2821 Undergraduate participants who conducted a simulated police investigation were presented with either a child (6 years old) or adult (25 years old) alibi witness, who was either the son or neighbor of the participant's suspect. Replicating previous research, participants were more likely to believe the adult neighbor alibi witness than the adult son. In fact, an alibi provided by the adult son actually proved detrimental to that suspect, as participants thought the suspect was more likely to be guilty after viewing an alibi provided by the adult son. However, child‐provided alibis reduced perceptions of suspect guilt, regardless of that child's relationship to the suspect. The child alibi witnesses were also viewed by the participants as more credible than the adult witnesses. Copyrig... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5497158 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5497158 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5470759&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1843 SummaryResearch in classrooms has shown mixed evidence for benefits of collaborative learning compared with learning individually. Moreover, laboratory research has shown that individuals working in dyads or groups often perform worse than individuals working alone — a robust finding called the collaborative inhibition effect. Despite these findings, we hypothesize that some classroom activities may afford benefits for collaborative learning over individual learning. We created a classroom writing activity that incorporated features such as shared prior knowledge and error‐correction processes, which have been hypothesized to eliminate collaborative inhibition and to support constructive collaboration. Students participated in this activity either individually or in dyads. Results show... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5470759 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5470759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5460972&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1844 SummaryStudents learned how to solve binomial probability problems from either a procedurally based lesson or a conceptually based lesson and then worked in distributed pairs by using a computer‐based chat environment. Cognitively homogeneous dyads (i.e. both members received the same lesson) performed more accurately on standard problems, whereas cognitively diverse dyads (i.e. each member received a different lesson) performed more accurately on transfer problems. The cognitively homogeneous dyads perceived a greater sense of common ground with their partner, but spent a greater proportion of their time communicating about low‐level details (e.g. message verification) whereas the cognitively diverse dyads spent a greater proportion of their time on high‐level discussion (e.g. solut... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5460972 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5460972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412342&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1818 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412342 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412341&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1809 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412341 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5368017&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1841 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5368017 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5368017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5307002&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1837 Summary: The current study examined the influence of interruption, background speech and music on reading, using an eye movement paradigm. Participants either read paragraphs while being exposed to background speech or music or read the texts in silence. On half of the trials, participants were interrupted by a 60‐second audio story before resuming reading the paragraph. Interruptions increased overall reading time, but the reading of text following the interruption was quicker compared with baseline. Background speech and music did not modulate the interruption effects, but the background speech slowed down the reading rate compared with reading in the presence of music or reading in silence. The increase in reading time was primarily due to an increase in the time spent rereading previ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5307002 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5307002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264087&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1835 AbstractTwo experiments examined the effectiveness of non‐verbal interview aids as means of increasing the amount of information children report about an event under conditions designed to mimic their use in the field. In the first study, 27 5–7‐year‐old children took part in an event, and 7–10 days later were interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Protocol interview followed by an opportunity to draw the event or complete puzzles and, in turn, a second verbal interview. New information was reported following both drawing and puzzles and accuracy declined in both conditions, but drawing did not differentially influence recall. In the second experiment, dolls or human figure diagrams were introduced to clarify children's (N = 53) repor... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264087 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264087 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5253738&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1831 This study suggests that like police officers in other countries, Estonian investigators require training in structured interviewing methods to increase the number of invitations and reduce reliance upon option‐posing and direct questions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5253738 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5253738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5253737&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1833 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5253737 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5253737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241472&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1834 SummaryA view holds that expertise level depends on practice alone and that certain types of practice are important or unimportant. Supporting evidence largely comes from studies using a correlational retrospective recall paradigm, usually with small samples. Initially, these studies were partially replicated with 533 international chess players. Log number of games played was the strongest predictor of latest performance rating. Then, effects of study hours, having had coaching and the number of games played were examined longitudinally to control for key variables confounded in the retrospective recall paradigm. Groups with a nearly 5–1 median difference in weekly study hours, roughly equated on time in the domain and the number of games played, were observed over 7 years. More study... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241472 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241471&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1826 SummaryInternal and external features dominate familiar and unfamiliar face recognition, respectively. However, this finding is not universal; Egyptians showed a robust internal‐feature advantage for processing unfamiliar faces (Megreya & Bindemann, 2009). This bias was speculatively attributed to their long‐term experiences for individuating female faces with headscarves, which completely cover the external features. Here, we provided an empirical test for this suggestion. Participants from Egypt and UK were presented with a staged crime, which was committed by an own‐race woman with or without a headscarf. All participants were then asked to identify the culprit from a line‐up involving 10 faces with or without headscarves. British participants showed an advantage when the cu... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241471 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241473&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1832 SummaryTwo ways to improve worked examples are investigated: presenting them in a segmented format (i.e., in pieces separated by blank lines) and instructing students to segment them actively (i.e., students must divide the examples in pieces). Segmented examples are expected to support learning because they show which information elements belong together. Learners might also be encouraged to think about which information elements belong together when they are instructed to actively segment, but on the negative side, this is an additional task that might impose extra cognitive load without facilitating learning. Results showed that students in the actively segmenting condition invested more effort in learning than students in the other conditions without performing better. Furthermore, stu... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241473 Wed, 21 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5368016&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1839 This study explored the facilitation of false memories using doctored photographs, by manipulating the presence of salient familiar and unfamiliar details within photographs. Over three interviews, 82 participants viewed four photographs allegedly provided by parents. One was a doctored photograph depicting a hot‐air balloon ride, in which the presence of salient self‐relevant and unfamiliar details was varied. Participants rated the strength of their memory and associated memory characteristics for the events. Including self‐relevant details without unfamiliar details resulted in the highest memory ratings and greater increases in memory characteristic ratings. Memories were weakest when both details were provided. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. Copyrigh... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5368016 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5368016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350874&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1830 This study used a longitudinal design to determine whether linguistic elements of narrative memories of first hearing about the events of 11 September 2001 predict later post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Narratives and self‐report PTSD symptoms were collected within 1 week and again 5 months after 9/11 in 40 undergraduates. People who used more “we” words at Time 1 had fewer acute PTSD symptoms. Use of more cognitive mechanism words, more religion words, more first‐person singular pronouns, and fewer anxiety words at Time 1 were related to more chronic PTSD symptoms. Linguistic characteristics accounted for variance in chronic PTSD symptoms above and beyond acute PTSD symptoms. This study provides evidence that lasting PTSD symptoms can be predicted through language in t... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350874 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350874 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5307001&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1838 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5307001 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5307001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264086&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1828 We examined the amount, accuracy, and consistency of information reported by 58 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children about a staged event that included physical contact/touching. Both 1 and 7 months following the event, children were asked both open and yes/no questions about touch [i] when provided with human body diagrams (HBDs), [ii] following instruction and practice using the HBDs, or [iii] without HBDs. Children interviewed with HBDs reported more information at 7 months, but a high proportion of inaccurate touches. Children seldom repeated touch‐related information across the two interviews and did not incorporate errors made in the 1‐month interview into their open‐ended accounts 6 months later. Asking children to talk about innocuous touch may lead them to report unreliable... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264086 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264086 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5253736&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1827 SummaryExecutive functioning has been shown to play an essential role in a person's ability to accurately and efficiently execute deceptive responses. The present study relates individual differences in executive functions and anxiety to the accuracy and latency of deceptive responses in a reaction time (RT)‐based Concealed Information Test with pictorial stimuli extracted from a mock crime scenario. Results indicated that the pictorial RT‐based Concealed Information Test successfully differentiated between guilty and innocent participants. In terms of executive functions, set‐shifting and inhibition were directly related to deception accuracy and speed, respectively. However, enhanced underlying working memory skills (both verbal and spatial) were associated with longer RTs for item... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5253736 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5253736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241474&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1761 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241474 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241470&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1836 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241470 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5032582&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1813 SummaryIn an experimental study involving German lay judges, law students and controls, effects of legal training and experience as well as information amount on legal judgments was investigated. In a three (legal knowledge: legal training versus legal experience versus controls) x two (information amount: high versus low) between‐subjects design, 137 participants judged the premeditation of a perpetrator in eight real‐world cases decided by the German Federal Court of Justice. Judgment congruency with the Court's ruling increased with legal training, but official lay judges showed lower congruency compared with student controls. Additionally, legal training and experience corresponded with higher confidence. Emotional reactions to the legal cases were stronger when more information wa... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5032582 Thu, 14 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5032582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5032581&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1816 This study examined task‐related factors that may influence the spontaneity of diagram use. Experiment 1 compared two possible explanations: the first, that the length‐relatedness of the story context of the problem (i.e. whether it involves the measurement of length) determines the likelihood of diagram use; and the second, that the cognitive cost of transforming the situation described in the word problem to an abstract diagrammatic representation is the more important factor. Four math word problems, differing in their story context and structure, were administered to eighth‐grade Japanese students (n = 125) to solve. The results provide support for the cognitive transformation cost explanation. The results of experiment 2, in which the problems were administered to students i... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5032581 Thu, 14 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5032581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5032583&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1817 SummaryThe effects of stress on memory were examined through a study of 33 3 to 12‐year‐old maltreated children removed from their biological parents by the Child Protective Services because of an emergency (acute) or normal (planned) care order. Children's stress levels were rated by a researcher present during the removal and children's memory of the removal investigated at a later time. The type of removal significantly predicted children's level of stress. ‘Acute removal’ children remembered more from high‐stress phases of the removal than the ‘planned removal’ children. All children had more accurate memories of the low‐stress phases. Details remembered were rated as central or peripheral; more central information was recalled than peripheral information. The ‘acute ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5032583 Wed, 13 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5032583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5165304&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1814 We report two experiments wherein participants watched a video recorded lecture either alone (Experiment 1) or in a classroom context (Experiment 2). Participants responded to mind wandering probes at various times in the lecture in an effort to track variations in mind wandering over time. In addition, following the lecture, memory for the lecture material was tested. Results demonstrate that in a lecture mind wandering increases with time on task and memory for the lecture material decreases. In addition, there was a significant relation between mind wandering and memory for lecture material. Theoretical and practical applications of the present results are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5165304 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5165304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5090526&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1823 AbstractEyewitnesses instructed to close their eyes during retrieval remember more correct, and fewer incorrect, visual and auditory details. These effects are assumed to arise because eye‐closure reduces distraction from the retrieval environment, and so increased environmental distraction should have the reverse effects. To test this idea, 48 participants witnessed a video clip before verbally answering questions about visual and auditory details in the presence of irrelevant visual distraction varying in amount and predictability. More distraction led to fewer correct and more incorrect visual and auditory details being recalled, but the predictability of the distraction had no effect. These findings suggest that environmental distraction impacts upon memory quality rather than quanti... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5090526 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5090526 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5082397&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1822 SummaryThe confidence–accuracy relationship has primarily been studied through recognition tests and correlation analysis. However, cued recall is more ecological from a forensic perspective. Moreover, there may be more informative ways of analysing the confidence–accuracy relationship than correlations. In the present study, participants viewed a video of a bank robbery and were asked cued recall questions covering general knowledge and the video itself. Confidence ratings were collected, and correlations, calibration and discrimination measures were calculated. All measures indicated a strong confidence–accuracy relationship that was better for general knowledge than eyewitness memory questions. However, there were no differences in confidence ratings for correct answers, suggestin... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5082397 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5082397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5072788&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1821 SummaryTwo experiments assessed the impact of word familiarity on visual search for phrases. Participants' eye movements were recorded while they memorized target phrases and then searched for them within more or less similar phrases. The phrases were written with either familiar or unfamiliar, neuroscience‐specific vocabulary. Most participants did not search for the target by reading lines in a systematic way but scanned the first words of phrases to identify those beginning with the same words as the target. Visual search for unfamiliar target phrases was associated with an increase in the number of non‐target phrases that were scanned. The only search phase during which fixation durations depended on word familiarity was the final recognition of the target phrase. Hence, the data s... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5072788 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5072788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4995044&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1812 SummaryThe location of an item influences a person's preference for that item, but it is unclear whether there is a preference for items located on the right or in the centre. In replication of the centre‐stage effect, it was found that when participants were presented with a line of five pictures, they preferred pictures in the centre rather than at either end. This applies when the line of pictures was arranged horizontally or vertically and when participants selected from five pairs of identical socks arranged vertically. The results support the centre‐stage explanation of location‐based preference rather than the hemispheric difference or body‐specific accounts. Implications of the effects of location on consumer choices and preference decisions are discussed. Copyright © 2011... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4995044 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4995044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4956586&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1794 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4956586 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4956586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4879953&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1807 We examined the effects of different incentives on skill acquisition and transfer during threat detection in airline luggage screening. The incentives were presented within positive (gains) or negative (losses) frames, and points were given or taken away accordingly during training (with familiar targets) and transfer (to novel targets). During training, incentives exerted a more beneficial effect on skill acquisition than training without incentives. During transfer, incentives benefitted performance largely when presented as losses or penalties. Incentives framed as gains primed participants to say ‘yes’ more often leading to a high ratio of false positives; however, incentives framed as losses lead participants to become more selective in their ‘yes’ responses leading to a lower... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4879953 Mon, 30 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4879953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4879952&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1806 SummaryThe aim of presenting chimeric images (formed from opposing halves of a pair of same or different faces) in court settings is to optimise the accuracy of identification decisions based on CCTV evidence. The experiments reported here examined the utility of this technique. Experiment 1 examined the accuracy of face matching with vertically split, aligned chimeric images, misaligned hemi‐faces and full‐face images. Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment but replaced the misaligned images with opposing hemi‐faces separated by a gap. The final experiment used horizontally split faces. All three experiments showed that matching was less accurate with aligned chimeric images than with full‐face images. Furthermore, the pattern of responses obtained with chimeric images diffe... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4879952 Mon, 30 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4879952 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4777257&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1799 SummaryThis field study investigated to what extent memory of criminally relevant details is affected at (close to) zero (MBAC = 0.00%), moderate (MBAC = 0.06%), and high (MBAC = 0.16%) levels of alcohol intoxication. Participants (N = 76) were approached in bars and were invited to watch a mock crime from a perpetrator perspective. We also measured their blood alcohol concentration levels. After 3–5 days, when participants were sober, they underwent a free and cued recall task about the mock crime. Compared with sober controls, both moderately and highly intoxicated individuals were less complete when recollecting crime details, recalling up to 33% fewer correct details. Overall, intoxicated participants were less accurate during the cued recall task (i.e. they produce... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4777257 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4777257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4777256&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1796 SummaryA live showup (known as a street identification in the UK) allows the perpetrator to be identified shortly after a street crime. If the suspect disputes the identification, a video line‐up often ensues. Four experiments examined the reliability of live showups and their influence on a subsequent video line‐up using realistic procedures and conditions. Similar proportions of culprits and innocent suspects were identified from live showups and video line‐ups. Both culprits and innocent suspects previously identified were likely to be identified again in a subsequent line‐up, with delays from a few minutes to a month. Only a weak effect of clothing bias was observed. There was strong evidence of commitment to a previous identification but no reliable evidence of source monitori... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4777256 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4777256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5054605&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1820 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5054605 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5054605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043665&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1815 SummaryConfidence inflation from confirming post‐identification feedback is greater when the eyewitness is inaccurate than when the eyewitness is accurate, which is evidence that witnesses infer their confidence from feedback only to the extent that their internal cues are weak. But the accurate/inaccurate asymmetry has alternative interpretations. A critical test between these interpretations was conducted by including disconfirming feedback conditions. Student participants (n = 404) witnessed a mock crime, had either a strong or weak ecphoric experience when making their line‐up identifications, and subsequently received no feedback, confirming feedback, or disconfirming feedback. Consistent with a cues‐based conceptualization of the feedback effect, disconfirming feedback infl... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043665 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5032580&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1819 We examined the effectiveness of age progressed images in the context of both prospective person memory and retrospective person memory. Memory for outdated and age progressed images did not significantly differ. Moreover, there was some indication that age progressed images were associated with a more conservative response bias. The results failed to demonstrate an advantage for age progressed pictures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5032580 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5032580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4995043&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1811 SummaryUnderstanding the best way to present information has been an issue of interest to many researchers. Regardless of the content of the information, purely physical elements such as spatial organization may also influence performance. Across two studies with 111 undergraduates (78 in Study 1 and 33 in Study 2), we compared spatially distributed (i.e. when information sources are presented side‐by‐side) against stacked displays (i.e. when information sources are sitting on top of one another with only the top source fully visible). A distributed display time advantage was consistently observed. As potential explanations, a memory strategy selection hypothesis was examined along with other procedural alternative explanations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Ap... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4995043 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4995043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4972300&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1798 SummaryAlthough pictures are often added to text in items of educational tests, little is known about their influence on item solving. Therefore, we conducted an experiment in which we examined how pictures affected item solving. A total of N = 158 fourth‐grade students completed a physics knowledge test under one of six experimental conditions. The experimental conditions varied according to whether or not pictures were presented in the stem and in the answer options of the test items. The results showed that pictures in the stem and in the answer options increased the correctness with which students responded to the test items. This was particularly true for test items that required the application of relationships. In addition, response time was reduced when pictures were added to... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4972300 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4972300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4956585&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1810 SummaryStudies show that engaging in self‐control results in deteriorated performance on subsequent tasks. In legal settings, witnesses and/or suspects are probably involved in self‐control (e.g. controlling their emotions). The current study tested whether such involvement in self‐control would lead to increased suggestibility levels. We found direct evidence for this. Forty‐four participants were randomly divided into a high level of depletion condition (regulation of attention) or a low level of depletion condition (no regulation of attention). Also, they were presented with a suggestibility measure (Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale). We showed that depleted participants were significantly more suggestible than non‐depleted participants. Our findings are relevant in situations ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4956585 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4956585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4907196&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1808 SummaryThe identification performance of children (5 to 6 years, n = 180; 9 to 10 years, n = 180) and adults (n = 180) was examined using three types of video lineup procedures: simultaneous, sequential and elimination. Participants viewed a videotaped staged theft and then attempted to identify the culprit from a target‐present or target‐absent video lineup. Correct identifications in simultaneous and elimination video lineups did not differ as a function of age. The sequential video lineup was associated with a reduction in correct identifications for both child groups compared with adults. With respect to the target‐absent lineup condition, the video elimination lineup was associated with an increase in correct rejection rates for adult witnesses. Age was also sign... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4907196 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4907196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4879951&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1805 SummaryRoute directions are often given on request in situ, requiring the inquirer to remember the directions. Previous work has shown that landmarks are more memorable than street names. However, in those studies, the names of landmarks were more vivid and distinctive than the street names. In two experiments, we disentangled vividness/distinctiveness from landmark/street. The major factor in memorability of routes was vividness/distinctiveness, with a slight advantage to streets. Route directions were remembered better when either the landmarks, the street names or both were more vivid and distinctive. Those high in mental imagery read the descriptions faster and remembered them better. Thus, vividness in the stimuli and visual imagery in the mind augment constructing and remembering spa... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4879951 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4879951 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4857356&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1802 SummaryDespite the importance of notes to test performance, very little is known about the cognitive variables related to notetaking, especially text notes. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the contributions of transcription fluency, reading comprehension, verbal working memory, executive attention, and background knowledge to the quality of text notes. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the relationship of all of the other aforementioned variables to three test types to determine if notes are more important to some test types than others: a free recall essay and two types of multiple choice items: memory items and inference items. Results indicated that transcription fluency was the best predictor of notes (reading comprehension was also significant predictor), which ext... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4857356 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4857356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4844649&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1748 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4844649 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4844649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4844648&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1695 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4844648 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4844648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4772846&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1801 SummaryRepetitions that are distributed over time benefit long‐term retention more than when massed. Recent research has suggested that the advantage of spacing may extend to induction learning‐‐learners were better able to identify the artists of previously unseen paintings when, during training, artists' paintings were spaced (paintings by different artists were interleaved) rather than massed (a given artist's paintings were blocked and presented consecutively). Increasing temporal spacing between paintings while maintaining a presentation sequence that was blocked by artist produced test performance no better than massed presentation (both worse than interleaved presentation) (Experiment 1). Displaying paintings by different artists simultaneously produced test performance as goo... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4772846 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4772846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4791851&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1804 SummaryA total of 236 children (7–8‐year‐olds and 13–14‐year‐olds) attempted identification from either target‐present (TP) or target‐absent (TA) video parades, after either two days or two weeks, following exposure to a live target. It was found that with TP line‐ups, the most frequent response was a correct identification, but in the TA condition, the most frequent response was a false identification. Under both TP and TA conditions, the 3‐way interaction of delay, age and response was significant. Further analysis revealed that delay was the major contributor of variance, causing an increase in errors for both age groups in TP delayed line‐ups but only for the younger age group in TA delayed line‐ups. Confidence varied as a function of type of identification resp... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4791851 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4791851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4777255&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1803 SummaryAccess to audio recordings of five interviews (Interviews 2–6), and to the interviewer's contemporaneous notes during an initial unrecorded interview, made it possible to assess consistency across repeated attempts by a 9‐year‐old to describe her older sister's abduction from their shared bedroom. Information provided in each of the interviews was systematically analysed to determine whether each unit of information was new, consistent (repeated) or contradictory in relation to earlier reported information and whether any informative detail provided in the witness' initial interview was subsequently omitted. In addition, the witness' accounts were compared with details provided by the victim upon her rescue. This case analysis is particularly informative in light of widespread... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4777255 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4777255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4772845&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1800 We examined whether college‐age video game players and musicians are better than controls at implicit sequence learning in the Alternating Serial Reaction Time Task. People learn to use subtle sequence regularities to respond more accurately and quickly to predictable versus non‐predictable events. Although previous studies have shown experts' enhanced processing speed and perception, this is the first to demonstrate that people who regularly play video games or a musical instrument showed greater implicit sequence learning, suggesting that experience playing games or music may improve the efficiency with which people learn sequential regularities in the environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4772845 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4772845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4706506&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1795 SummaryWe surveyed 858 licensed psychologists, members of the Norwegian Psychological Association, about their knowledge and beliefs about human memory. The results were compared to the results of parallel surveys of legal professionals and lay persons, and evaluated in the light of the results of current memory science. The results indicate that psychologists are not memory experts qua psychologists; as a group, psychologists do not score above the level of knowledge of lay persons or trial judges on issues of eyewitness memory, and a substantial minority of the sample of respondents harbours scientifically unproven ideas of memory. The implications of these findings for psychological practice, with special reference to the court room, are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4706506 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4706506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4700483&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1797 SummaryThis paper explores the outcome of the visual encoding of brands in meaningful sentences (i.e. in taglines) on brand name recognition and preference. In this paper, it is shown that, above and beyond the role of conceptual priming during encoding at increasing recognition memory, there is a role of creating a temporal delay, or pause, between meaningful cues in the sentence and a key word (Experiment 1) or brand (Experiments 2a and 3) on memory. The pause is also associated with increased preference towards brands (Experiment 2b). These findings demonstrate a new way to enhance recognition of brand names that is not due to a pure generation effect but rather by increasing attention, which increases processing fluency of the target. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Sour... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4700483 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4700483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4647661&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1793 We examined four question structures that varied on numerous dimensions; whether they narrowed the response option to yes or no, whether they included highly specific detail about the witnessed event and whether they presumed the information being suggested to be true. Susceptibility to misinformation was measured by witnesses' responses to the initial interview questions and their responses to subsequent recognition questions. Interview questions that narrowed the response option and contained specific details and questions that encouraged broader responses but presumed certain information were found to be the most harmful. Participants were more likely to agree with the misleading suggestions contained in these question structures—and more likely to falsely report those suggested detai... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4647661 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4647661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4633583&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1792 SummaryResearch showed that the four Cognitive Interview (CI) mnemonics used individually are unequally effective. We propose to test (i) their benefit when used within the same free recall phase and (ii) an original instruction, ‘guided peripheral focus’ (GPF). In two studies, 84 and 42 students were interviewed with Structured Interviews (SI), CIs or CI variations about a film viewed 1 week before. Results indicated that (i) if a CI variation with the GPF instead of the ‘perspective’ elicits more correct information than an SI or a CI, variations replacing the ‘perspective’ or the ‘order’ and ‘perspective’ with control instruction(s) do not; (ii) a partial CI integrating the ‘everything’, ‘context’ and GPF increases correct information compared with an SI, w... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4633583 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4633583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4628717&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1705 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4628717 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4628717 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4628716&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1704 AbstractIn several studies over the past ten years, we have reported that false memories are significantly less likely to be suggestively planted for events that are relatively implausible. Recently, Sharman and Scoboria (2009) reported no effect of event plausibility on rates of planting false childhood memories; that is, imagination inflation resulted for both moderate and low plausibility false childhood events after imagining those events. However, considerable differences in methodology, differences in operational definitions of key terms, and differences in data analysis techniques between these two studies bar these conclusions. Their study is also plagued by an error of circular logic; the researchers did not define the independent variable (plausibility) independently of the depen... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4628716 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4628716 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4408323&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1785 AbstractMany studies show that witnesses can develop false memories for suggested misinformation provided by an interviewer. The forced fabrication effect extends this finding by demonstrating that witnesses can also develop false memories for events they were forced to fabricate themselves. In two experiments we compared the incidence of false memory following forced fabrication and interviewer provided suggestion under various conditions (pre‐test warning/no warning; one‐week/two‐week delay) and type of test (source recognition vs. narrative recall). Whereas interviewer suggestions resulted in more false memories than forced fabrications on source recognition tests when participants overtly resisted fabricating and were warned at test, tests of narrative recall showed the opposite ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4408323 Fri, 28 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4408323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4303347&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1763 AbstractPrint advertisements often employ images of humans whose gaze may be focussed on an object or region within the advertisement. Gaze cues are powerful factors in determining the focus of our attention, but there have been no systematic studies exploring the impact of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements. We tracked participants' eyes whilst they read an on‐screen magazine containing advertisements in which the model either looked at the product being advertised or towards the viewer. When the model's gaze was directed at the product, participants spent longer looking at the product, the brand logo and the rest of the advertisement compared to when the model's gaze was directed towards the viewer. These results demonstrate that the focus of reader's attention can be readi... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4303347 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4303347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4303346&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1766 AbstractHierarchical graphs (e.g. file system browsers, family trees) represent objects (e.g. files, folders) as graph nodes, and relations (subfolder relations) between them as lines. In three experiments, participants viewed such graphs and carried out tasks that either required search for two target nodes (Experiment 1A), reasoning about their relation (Experiment 1B), or both (Experiment 2). We recorded eye movements and used the number of fixations in different phases to identify distinct stages of comprehension. Search in graphs proceeded like search in standard visual search tasks and was mostly unaffected by graph properties. Reasoning occurred typically in a separate stage at the end of comprehension and was affected by intersecting graph lines. The alignment of nodes, together wi... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4303346 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4303346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4303345&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1767 AbstractAlthough acute effects of violent video game (VVG) exposure on affect and behaviour have been studied extensively, less is known about VVG effects on cognition. The present study examined whether chronic exposure to VVGs was associated with alterations in emotional long‐term memory. Participants completed an old‐new recognition task with 300 pictures of scenes ranging in emotion (negative, neutral and positive). We analysed accuracy and reaction time data using diffusion modelling to test a desensitization hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, VVG players would show reduced memory or a less liberal response bias for negative stimuli, compared with nonplayers. Contrary to the desensitization hypothesis, VVG exposure was not associated with differences in memory or response b... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4303345 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4303345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4607919&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1790 AbstractSearching for two targets simultaneously is often less efficient than conducting two separate searches. Eye movements were tracked to understand this dual‐target cost. Findings are discussed in the context of security screening. In both single‐target and dual‐target search, displays contained one target at most. Stimuli were abstract shapes modelled after guns and other threat items. With these targets and distractors, colour information helped more in guiding search than shape information. When the two targets had different colours, distractors with colours different from either target were fixated more often in dual‐target search than in single‐target searches. Thus a dual‐target cost arose from a reduction in colour selectivity, reflecting limitations in the ability ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4607919 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4607919 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4534226&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1789 AbstractMajor investigative interviewing protocols such as the Cognitive Interview recommend that investigators build rapport with cooperative adult witnesses at the beginning of a police interview. Although research substantiates the benefits of rapport‐building on the accuracy of child witness reports, few studies have examined whether similar benefits apply to adult witnesses. The present study investigated whether verbal rapport‐building techniques increase adult witness report accuracy and decrease their susceptibility to post‐event misinformation. One‐hundred eleven college adults viewed a videotaped mock‐crime, received post‐event misinformation (or correct information) about the crime, and were subsequently interviewed by a research assistant who built rapport (or did n... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4534226 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4534226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4523309&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1791 SummaryMemory for related but unpracticed aspects of an event can be impaired by selectively retrieving parts of the same event. This occurs when selective retrieval [within‐individual retrieval‐induced forgetting (WI‐RIF)] is undertaken by individuals and has been extended to social contexts—RIF can be produced in listeners [socially shared retrieval‐induced forgetting (SS‐RIF)] by a speaker's selective recounting. The effects of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on WI‐RIF and SS‐RIF were examined by two experiments. In Experiment 1, combat veterans (with or without PTSD) and non‐veteran dyads participated in a RIF paired‐associates paradigm adapted for combat‐related stimuli. WI‐RIF and SS‐RIF occurred for combat‐related and neutral pairs regardless of g... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4523309 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4523309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4479713&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1787 AbstractThe modality effect occurs when audio/visual instructions are superior to visual only instructions. The effect was explored in two experiments conducted within a cognitive load theory framework. In Experiment 1, two groups of primary school students (N = 24) were presented with either audio/visual or visual only instructions on how to read a temperature graph. The group presented with visual text and a diagram rather than audio text and a diagram was superior, reversing most previous data on the modality effect. It was hypothesized that the reason for the reversal was that the transitory auditory text component was too long to be processed easily in working memory compared to more permanent written information. Experiment 2 (N = 64) replicated the experiment with the variat... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4479713 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4479713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4452616&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1788 AbstractThe present study examines age‐related differences between young and older adults in spatial mental representation derived from learning a realistic city map. A sample of 30 young (20–30‐years) and 30 older (60–72 years) adults learned a simplified map of a city; afterwards participants performed map‐drawing and pointing‐aligned and counter‐aligned tasks. Tasks measuring visuo‐spatial abilities were also administered to explore their relationship with map learning. Results showed an age‐related impairment in older adults in both map tasks, as well as in visuo‐spatial ones. Furthermore, performance on counter‐aligned pointing was poorer than on aligned pointing in young and older adults, and its relationship with visuo‐spatial abilities changed as a function ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4452616 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4452616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4434341&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1786 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4434341 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4434341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4426287&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1769 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4426287 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4426287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4408322&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1765 AbstractAccording to Cognitive Interference Theory, evaluation anxiety leads to increased negative off‐task self‐dialogue which then results in diminished cognitive performance. Given that negative off‐task self‐dialogue is primarily verbal, the phonological loop and central executive components of the working memory system should be most affected by evaluation anxiety. Eighty‐eight participants were randomly assigned to receive evaluation anxiety inducing instructions or supportive instructions prior to administration of three tests (Digit Span, Visual Memory Span, and StroopColour‐Word) that measured the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive components of working memory. Measures of evaluation anxiety and negative off‐task self‐dialogue were obt... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4408322 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4408322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4402462&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1770 This study explored police perceptions of video recording rape complainant interviews for investigative and evidential purposes. Officers (N = 136) rated the accuracy of one of three mock transcripts of a rape complainant video interview: A ‘standard interview’ containing inappropriately closed and leading questions; a ‘structured interview’ with open and appropriately closed questions and a ‘cognitive interview’ (CI) containing the CI mnemonics. Officers' in the standard condition rated the complainant as less accurate and that they were less likely to proceed with charges than in the structured and CI conditions. Officers cited the main advantages of video interviewing as improved forensic quality and interviewing practices, and the ability to use the interview as good ev... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4402462 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4402462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340165&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1654 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340165 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340164&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1764 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340164 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340164 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4328315&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1771 AbstractCognitive insight is the ability to monitor and correct one's own erroneous convictions. The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) assesses two sub‐dimensions of cognitive insight: self‐reflectiveness (SR), which is the attitude of questioning one's own judgments; and self‐certainty (SC), which is the unwillingness to modify and correct one's own convictions. There is little information about cognitive insight in healthy participants (HP). Here we investigated the socio‐demographic and neuropsychological correlates of cognitive insight in 50 HP who were administered the BCIS and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The global BCIS R‐C index correlated positively with age and WCST perseverative errors. SR correlated positively with age. These data support the hypothes... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4328315 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4328315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315621&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1777 AbstractApplied Cognitive Psychology has been at the forefront in publishing papers on the range of questioning and interrogation techniques that can induce either relatively accurate recall or lead to false memories. Wade et al's latest study illustrates the compelling effects of viewing false visual information on witness memory and beliefs. Participants gambled with a confederate who was later alleged to have cheated. Some saw a digitally manipulated record showing the accomplice cheating, while others were merely told the recording existed. Subsequently, they were informed that the authorities wished to take action and were asked whether they would sign an affidavit that they themselves had actually witnessed the accomplice cheating. Those who had seen the recording were three times mo... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315621 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315620&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1774 AbstractAmong the many excellent papers that I accepted for publication, Terlecki, et al. was one of the best. In exploring gender differences in spatial cognition, Terlecki et al. presented a methodologically and analytically rigorous study that provides both theoretical and applied insights. Findings suggest that even if the often observed gender differences in spatial ability—in which men outperform women—are biologically based, experience with spatial tasks leads to notable improvements among both men and women. The results have practical importance: women who report the most impoverished history of spatial experience are those for whom exposure to spatial tasks has the least impact initially, but additional exposure eventually produces the most rapidly improving results. Hence, on... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315620 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315619&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1783 Discussion focused on potential mechanisms that underlie suggestibility effects, the interactions between variables and how findings differ depending upon the component of suggestibility examined. Bruck and Melnyk concluded that apart from intellectual status, a strong case could not be made for any other variable being critical. Methodological and conceptual limitations were discussed in an effort to establish how these might have contributed to non‐significant results and could be addressed in future research. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315619 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315618&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1781 AbstractI chose this paper because it demonstrates an insightful application of theory to the complex problem of witness decision making. It provides an explicit mathematical model of how people make identifications, and applies it to existing published data sets with apparently discrepant findings. The outcomes challenge how we think about the identifi cation process, how we should interpret variations between studies, and what our applied recommendations about line‐ups should be. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315618 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315617&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1784 AbstractThis paper established a new direction for researchers interested in the malleability of memory in a forensic context or eyewitness paradigm. The paper was the first to extend ‘misinformation’ effects established in controlled laboratory settings to witness reports following discussions with fellow witnesses. This was achieved within a relatively naturalistic situation and it persuasively demonstrated what had long been observed in the social psychological literature: that the opinions of others affect our behaviour but can also quite dramatically alter our reports as well as our beliefs and memories. When eyewitnesses comply with the reports of others in a social interaction, the longterm consequences for their recollections are clearly substantial. This paper has stimulated m... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315617 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315616&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1782 This study is noteworthy because it provides real‐world data that addresses compelling questions regarding the reliability of children's abuse memories. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315616 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315615&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1773 AbstractThis paper has been cited on over 100 occasions according to both the Web of Science and Scopus, with over 300 citations in Google Scholar. It is significant because it investigated three major effects in multimedia instructional design simultaneously: split‐attention, modality and the redundancy effect. Split‐attention occurs when text and diagrams are separated from each other and the learner is required to integrate the two sources together. Redundancy occurs when the two sources contain overlapping material. The study not only showed that split‐attention could be avoided by modality effects (aligning pictures and spoken narrative) but also by directing the learner's attention through colour coding techniques. Interactions with redundancy were also identified. These findin... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315615 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315614&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1776 AbstractThe paper introduced to cognitive psychology the phenomenon that autobiographical memories have a habit of springing effortlessly to mind. In a diary study, it was way ahead of its time. In addition to being part of the trend to bring aspects of everyday mental life into cognitive psychology, such involuntary memories have been explored by the author and others to strengthen the links between cognitive and clinical psychology, in this case PTSD. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315614 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315613&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1779 AbstractThis prominent team of Dutch researchers was among the first to show that every second witness can easily be made to claim falsely to have witnessed a whole, complex and highly emotional event. We confidently claim to have seen what we have not ‐ our memory crashes. The method was simple yet highly innovative and has inspired many other researchers to follow. The paper brings out clear and important applied implications, the findings are explained by the use of a cognitive theory, and it is provocative: Psychology at its best. The paper is ACP trademarked. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315613 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315612&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1780 AbstractCognitive psychological research on the fallibility of human memory is reviewed, focusing on evidence of memory distortions and illusions, with the aim of sharing research on memory with clinical psychologists and practitioners who use memory recovery techniques to help clients recover memories of suspected childhood sexual abuse. The authors' review of the memory literature suggested that incautious use of memory recovery techniques may lead some adult clients who were not abused to come to believe that they were. They consider current methods of assessing whether or not clients have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse and techniques to minimise the risk of creating illusory memories or beliefs. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315612 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315611&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1775 AbstractRobinson and Swanson's article provides an excellent metric for judging how far we have come in the field of autobiographical memory and yet how far we still have to go in understanding this fascinating, uniquely‐human capability. Published in 1990, the article lays out the ‘next phase’ for research. We followed many of the suggestions put forth there and in doing so have indeed greatly enriched the field. Today in 2010, however, we can still read this article for the valuable insights and new directions it provides for future research. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315611 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315610&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1778 AbstractThis paper appeared in the very first volume of the very first issue of Applied Cognitive Psychology and exemplifies the place of this journal in the field. The authors present an elegant theoretical framework about the study of time from philosophical and psychological traditions, and discuss how time and memory are interwoven. In a series of experiments, Loftus et al. examined participants' perception of time as a function of arousal level, and showed that arousal increases time estimations, especially for females. Throughout the manuscript, the authors knit together theoretical ideas with forensic implications, reinforcing the mission of Applied Cognitive Psychology to present the best science that also has profound implications for real world issues and applications. (Source: A... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315610 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4315609&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1772 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4315609 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4315609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4303344&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1768 AbstractCross‐examination permits styles of questioning that increase eyewitness error (e.g. leading questions). Previous research has shown that under cross‐examination children change many of their initially accurate answers. An experiment is reported in which the effect of cross‐examination on accuracy of adult eyewitness testimony was investigated. Twenty‐two student witnesses watched a video of a staged theft, either in pairs, or individually. Paired witnesses discussed the video with their co‐witnesses, but did not know they had seen slightly different versions. Participants in the co‐witness condition demonstrated memory conformity and recalled less accurately than witnesses in the control condition. After approximately 4 weeks all participants were cross‐examined by a... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4303344 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4303344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4240034&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1760 AbstractEating while viewing TV may impair memory of food intake and promote over‐consumption on a later meal. In Experiment 1, females ate a similar amount of snack–food either with or without TV. Later, participants who had snacked with TV ate more food on a TV‐free lunch and were less accurate in recalling their earlier snack–food intake. Experiment 2 explored whether the nature of the TV content might alter these effects. Using a similar design, females watched boring, sad or funny TV, or no‐TV at all. Relative to the no‐TV control, all TV while snacking conditions ate a similarly greater amount on the later TV‐free test lunch. Recall accuracy for the snack phase was also similarly poorer in all TV conditions. These findings suggest that eating with TV per se impacts on l... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4240034 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4240034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4222888&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1757 AbstractThe memory narrowing effect posits that stress enhances memory for central information at the expense of memory for peripheral details. This effect is well established in adults, but not in children, although studies have not directly compared children's and adults' memory for central versus peripheral details of an identical distressing experience. In the present study, 9–12 year‐old and adult participants completed a laboratory stressor during which measures of self‐reported stress was collected. Two weeks later, participants returned for a surprise memory test regarding central and peripheral details of the laboratory stressor. Greater stress predicted memory narrowing in both children and adults, as indexed via decreased correct responses and increased don't know response... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4222888 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4222888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4222887&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1759 AbstractWith the present data, we explored the relations between the language of interviewer questions, children's reports, and case and child characteristics in forensic interviews. Results clearly indicated that the type of questions posed by interviewers—either probing generic or episodic features of an event—was related to the specificity of information reported by children. Further, interviewers appeared to adjust their questioning strategies based on the frequency of the alleged abuse. Children alleging single instances of abuse were asked more episodic questions than those alleging multiple abuses. In contrast, children alleging multiple incidents of abuse were asked a greater proportion of generic questions. Given that investigators often seek forensically relevant episodic inf... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4222887 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4222887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4222886&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1762 We present a new display technology allowing for the presentation of two distinct animations by avoiding split foci of visual attention: learners are able to switch between animations by moving their head. We examined how 84 naïve learners integrated information in three presentation modes: the ‘vexing‐image’ mode displaying two animations, participants being able to switch between them without shifting the visual focus, a classical ‘split‐screen’ and an ‘overlaid’ condition. Results showed that reduced complexity led to higher performance. Further, we showed that participants with high mental rotation abilities were best in the ‘split‐screen’ mode, whereas participants with low mental rotation abilities benefited most from the ‘vexing‐image’. Theoretical and i... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4222886 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4222886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4185185&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1698 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4185185 Sat, 20 Nov 2010 12:12:35 +0100 4185185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4137146&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1758 AbstractAlthough watching movies is typically enjoyable, they also can elicit discomfort. The present studies investigated what makes some moviegoing experiences emotionally uncomfortable. Using autobiographical memory (Study 1) and scenarios/vignettes methodology (Study 2), young adults remembered watching a movie that had made them uncomfortable or responded to scenarios about watching a particular type of movie with particular co‐viewers (e.g. violent movie with one's spouse). Movies eliciting discomfort were most often dramas (39%) or comedies (26%). Discomfort most often arose from content, particularly fairly explicit sex or violence, and secondarily from the presence of co‐viewers. Often the two interacted, for example, being uncomfortable watching explicit sex with one's parent... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4137146 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4137146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4092651&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1755 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4092651 Sun, 24 Oct 2010 07:56:52 +0100 4092651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075958&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1756 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075958 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 12:08:52 +0100 4075958 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4054576&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1664 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4054576 Mon, 11 Oct 2010 14:33:17 +0100 4054576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4029416&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1749 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4029416 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4029416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4016152&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1741 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4016152 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 18:21:34 +0100 4016152 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3990698&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1747 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3990698 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 08:25:42 +0100 3990698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3979042&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1745 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3979042 Sat, 18 Sep 2010 07:48:35 +0100 3979042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3975000&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1743 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3975000 Fri, 17 Sep 2010 07:17:32 +0100 3975000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3971306&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1675 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3971306 Thu, 16 Sep 2010 07:21:30 +0100 3971306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3923312&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1742 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3923312 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3923312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3897957&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1736 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3897957 Wed, 25 Aug 2010 07:32:33 +0100 3897957 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3894030&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1667 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3894030 Tue, 24 Aug 2010 07:37:15 +0100 3894030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3819360&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1737 This study examined how different components of working memory are involved in spatial knowledge acquisition for good and poor sense-of-direction (SOD) people. We employed a dual-task method, and asked participants to learn routes from videos with verbal, visual and spatial interference tasks and without any interference. Results showed that participants with a good SOD encoded landmarks and routes verbally and spatially, and integrated knowledge about them into survey knowledge with the support of all three components of working memory. In contrast, participants with a poor SOD encoded landmarks only verbally, and tended to rely on the visual component of working memory in the processing of route knowledge. Based on the results, a possible model for explaining the differences in spatial k... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3819360 Wed, 04 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3819360 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3819363&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1738 Research has shown that the tendency for emotional affect to fade more over time for unpleasant events than for pleasant events, known as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB), increased across 3-month, 9-month and 4.5-year intervals. The current study attempted to determine the temporal locus of the FAB using the data set by Walker et al. as well as two additional data sets. All three data sets showed that the FAB was present after 1 day and persisted for 3 months, even though the affective fading for initially pleasant events slightly increased over time. Moreover, the third data set showed that the FAB was present for events occurring on the test day. Although the results challenge traditional conceptions of the FAB as a healthy coping mechanism that takes place across long periods, they fit wel... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3819363 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3819363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3819362&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1740 We examined people's attitudes toward these drugs. Americans and New Zealanders read about a hypothetical assault inserting themselves into a scenario as a victim attacked while serving on a peace keeping mission (soldier role) or while walking home from a job as a restaurant manager (civilian role). Then they told us whether they should receive a memory dampening drug, and whether they would want to take a memory dampening drug. Subjects were negatively disposed towards a memory dampening drug, but Americans who adopted the soldier role were more in favor of having access to the drug than those who adopted the civilian role. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to an increasing trend in 'cosmetic neurology', medicating with the goal of enhancement, rather than therapy... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3819362 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3819362 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3819361&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1739 This study investigated the ability to generalize acquired skills from training conditions to novel conditions, in a complex perceptual and cognitive task of luggage screening. We examined category and exemplar diversity during training for preparing learners to detect novel items during transfer. Category diversity was manipulated in terms of heterogeneity of training categories: Participants either trained with targets from one category or with targets from several categories. Exemplar diversity was manipulated between participants by presenting either a few or many exemplars for both category diversity conditions. Seventy-two participants were trained to identify threats in pieces of luggage. Thereafter they were transferred to novel stimuli. Results can be summarized in support for the... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3819361 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3819361 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3808255&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1735 We describe a novel application of cognitive psychology to the search for HMAS Sydney II and HSK Kormoran. Both ships sank off the west coast of Australia following an engagement during World War II. Tragically and mysteriously, there were no survivors from Sydney and, despite considerable interest in locating both ships, their positions remained unknown until their discovery in March 2008. The main evidence regarding the location of both ships consisted of reports by the German survivors from Kormoran. Working with the Finding Sydney Foundation, the group that ultimately found the ships, we developed a method to extract relevant information from these reports and to integrate it with other physical information and used this method to correctly identify the location of Kormoran to within 5... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3808255 Sun, 01 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3808255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3801010&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1730 This study investigated the differential effects of learning task complexity on both learning process and outcome efficiency of 83 individual and group learners in the domain of biology. Based upon cognitive load theory, it was expected that for high-complexity tasks, group members would learn in a more efficient way than individual learners, while for low-complexity tasks, individual learning would be more efficient. This interaction hypothesis was confirmed, supporting our premise that the learning efficiency of group members and individuals is determined by a trade-off between the group's advantage of dividing information processing amongst the collective working memories of the group members and its disadvantage in terms of associated costs of information communication and action coord... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3801010 Thu, 29 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3801010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3782721&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1734 This study investigated prevalence, severity and perceived causes of memory problems in a population-based sample (N = 361, age-range 39-99). 30.2 per cent of the participants reported memory complaints (at least moderate memory problems). Higher age was associated with more severe memory problems, but the age-related differences were small. The most frequent perceived causes were age/ageing, stress and multitasking. Age/ageing as a cause was more frequent among older participants, and stress and multitasking were more frequent among middle-aged participants. The results suggest that everyday stress and level of engagement in multiple tasks or commitments, that place demands on cognitive resources, are important variables to consider when studying the relations between subjective everyday ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3782721 Fri, 23 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3782721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3774789&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1728 The Behaviour Analysis Interview (BAI) is an interview protocol developed by John E. Reid and Associates to generate different reactions in guilty and innocent suspects. Even though research has questioned the usefulness of the BAI protocol (Vrij et al., ), many law enforcement officials are trained in the BAI every year. Two studies were conducted to examine whether the BAI recommendations are in line with lay participants' beliefs about the correlates of guilt or innocence. In Study 1, the participants read the transcriptions of two BAIs and had to indicate which one corresponded to the guilty suspect. Virtually all the participants who were familiar with the BAI protocol were successful in this task; however, more naïve participants (69%) than expected by chance were also able to ident... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3774789 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3774789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3774790&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1733 Four experiments were conducted that directly compared activity-based to event-based prospective memory. In general, when a goal is established to perform an activity at the conclusion of a different activity, successful completion suffers as compared with associating the same intention with a concrete environmental event. In this regard, activity-based performance was worse than comparable event-based conditions. However, certain conditions such as making transitional points salient between tasks and providing practice may ameliorate these differences between the two kinds of intentions. Other variables that may discriminate between these two kinds of intentions are considered; but the initial evidence favours the notion that ultimate goal completion covaries with the type of intention th... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3774790 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3774790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770518&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1731 Research suggests that listening to background music prior to task performance increases cognitive processes, such as attention and memory, through the mechanism of increasing arousal and positive mood. However, music preference has not been explored with regard to a more common and realistic scenario of concurrent music and cognition, namely the 'irrelevant sound effect' (ISE). To examine this, serial recall was tested under quiet, liked and disliked music sound conditions as well as steady-state (repetition of '3') and changing-state speech (random digits 1-9). Results revealed performance to be poorer for both music conditions and the changing-state speech compared to quiet and steady-state speech conditions. The lack of difference between both music conditions suggests that preference ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770518 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3752428&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1732 Recent research suggests paranormal believers are especially prone to the 'conjunction fallacy'. The current study extends this work by presenting believers and non-believers with eight paranormal plus eight non-paranormal scenarios. Participants were given either a paranormal or virtually identical non-paranormal version of each scenario. Of these, half incorporated component events which were (virtually) co-occurring with half including components which were temporally disjointed. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA; controlling for gender and maths/stats/psychology qualifications) found believers made more conjunction errors than non-believers. Neither event type (paranormal vs. non-paranormal) nor components' temporal relationship (co-occurring vs. disjointed) had a significant effect on co... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3752428 Wed, 14 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3752428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838924&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1659 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838924 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838924 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838923&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1655 (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838923 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838922&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1657 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838922 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838922 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838921&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1574 Abstract (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838921 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838921 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3705238&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1710 We review contemporary research on perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport and consider implications for those working in the field of applied cognitive psychology. We identify the important perceptual-cognitive skills that facilitate anticipation in sport and illustrate how these skills interact in a dynamic manner during performance. We also highlight our current understanding of how these skills are acquired and consider the extent to which the underlying processes are specific to a particular domain and role within that domain. Next, we briefly review recent attempts to facilitate the acquisition of perceptual-cognitive expertise using simulation training coupled with instruction and feedback on task performance. Finally, we discuss how research on elite athletes can help inform applie... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3705238 Mon, 28 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3705238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3705239&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1727 Previous research has demonstrated that grouping information enhances enumeration, and that this advantage is significantly greater for observers with expertise in dynamic visuospatial tasks (e.g. air traffic controllers). We sought to elucidate whether this advantage is the result of over-learned, automated responding in an enumeration experiment where many of the stimuli were incongruent as to canonical arrangement and numerosity. If so, we predicted that experts' performance would be more severely affected than novices'; if not, and experts continued to perform better than novices, we predicted that their response times should increase, reflective of the additional cognitive load needed. We demonstrated the latter is so. Experts continued to out-perform novices but their response times ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3705239 Sun, 27 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3705239 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3693585&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1726 For self-regulated learning to be effective, students or trainees need to be able to accurately monitor their performance while they are working on a task, use the outcomes as input for self-assessment of that performance after completing the task and select an appropriate new learning task in response to that assessment. From a cognitive load perspective, monitoring can be seen as a secondary task that may become hard to maintain and hamper performance on the primary task under high load conditions. The experiment presented here investigated the effects of concurrent performance monitoring on cognitive load and performance as a function of task complexity. Results showed that monitoring significantly decreased performance and increased cognitive load on complex, but not on simple tasks. T... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3693585 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3693585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3693587&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1725 This study identifies a number of sources of individual differences in SAT performance by examining the simultaneous contributions of factors from two otherwise disparate research areas, namely cognition/learning and social/personality. Preliminary analysis revealed that just the cognitive/learning measures accounted for 37.8, 41.4 and 21.9% of the variance in SAT, V-SAT and Q-SAT performance, respectively while just the social/personality measures accounted for 21.4, 18.2 and 17.3% of the variance. When combined, cognitive/learning and social/personality factors accounted for even larger amounts of variance in performance; specifically 43.4, 44.6 and 28% for the SAT, V-SAT and Q-SAT, respectively. Finally, the results revealed that three measures consistently predicted performance on the ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3693587 Wed, 23 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3693587 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3693586&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1722 Although memory deteriorates over time, people may be able to maintain high accuracy by metacognitively monitoring the quality of their memories and strategically controlling their memory reports. We test two mechanisms of metacognitive control: Exercising a report option (withholding uncertain responses) and adjusting response precision (providing imprecise, but likely accurate, responses). Participants observed a mock crime and were interviewed after 10 minutes or 1 week. Interviews consisted of answerable questions in one of three formats (free narrative, cued recall, yes/no), allowing participants to exert more or less control over their answers. Participants' reports showed tradeoffs between accuracy, quantity and precision of information. Depending on the question format, participant... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3693586 Wed, 23 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3693586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3682207&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1724 Previous research has shown that exposure to social information can influence behaviour through the automatic activation of goals. In the first study to examine such influences in a legal setting, an experiment with 104 experienced criminal investigators tested the idea that exposure to occupational norms can activate distinct information-processing goals. As predicted, exposure to norms associated with efficiency (vs. thoroughness) sped up and reduced the depth of investigators' processing of criminal evidence, thus reducing their openness to sequentially late witness evidence. In addition, the goal activation operated outside investigators' awareness, illustrating the insidious cognitive influence of occupational norms. The results are discussed in terms of practical significance and con... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3682207 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3682207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3682206&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1729 As with any other object, people represent companies along a number of dimensions. But what are the key psychological dimensions that best describe companies, organizations, or brands? We apply research methods initially developed for studying attitudes, including attitudes to other people, to look at how the public represents corporate 'personality'. The major dimensions that psychologically differentiate companies resemble human factors of personality and can be labelled Honesty, Prestige, Innovation, and Power. These dimensions are confirmed after a time gap of 1 year, also capturing specific changes in the rating of individual companies. The proposed methodology not only has substantial commercial value in helping companies understand and track their public perception, but scales of th... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3682206 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3682206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3661371&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1723 Oral story comprehension in 5.5, 7.5 and 9.5 year old children is examined in relation to working memory (WM) contributions. The phonological loop (PL) of the Baddeley and Hitch WM model was assessed with word, non-word and digit recall and a word list matching task. The central executive (CE) was assessed with listening, counting and backward digit recall tasks. A composite score was calculated for each WM component. Receptive vocabulary and oral comprehension were also assessed. Regression analyses demonstrated CE contributions to oral comprehension overall, and also to comprehension sub-skills (above any vocabulary contributions). Effects were stronger in preschoolers and decreased with age. The PL did not play an important role in oral comprehension. Comprehension control was the compr... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3661371 Mon, 14 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3661371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3646810&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1720 People's reports are affected by what others say. The current study compared memory conformity effects of people who interacted with a confederate, and of bystanders to that interaction. A second goal was to observe if memory conformity occurs in a naturalistic setting. A male confederate approached a group of people at the beach and had a brief interaction. About a minute later a research assistant approached the group and administered a target-absent lineup to each person in the group. Memory conformity was observed. Bystanders were twice as likely to conform as those who interacted with the confederate. Forensic investigators should take into consideration the role a person plays in an event when assessing eyewitness evidence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied C... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3646810 Wed, 09 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3646810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3646813&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1719 This study examined whether inconsistent evidence is discredited due to its inconsistency with a prior belief or because it conflicts with the goal to reach closure in a case. Police trainees (N = 107) were presented with a homicide case and judged the reliability of incriminating or exonerating evidence while entertaining a 'guilty' or 'innocent' hypothesis concerning a suspect. Asymmetrical scepticism was observed in the guilty condition, but not in the innocent condition, partially supporting the goal-consistency explanation. Implications for the organization of criminal investigations are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology) Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3646813 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3646813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3646812&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1717 We surveyed 532 U.S. law enforcement officers about eyewitness factors, and how they conduct eyewitness interviews and identification procedures. There were 83 officers from departments that had implemented eyewitness reforms, and 449 officers from departments that had not implemented reforms. Officers from both samples had limited knowledge of eyewitness factors. They also reported conducting interviews and identification procedures in a manner that violated many provisions of the National Institute of Justice's Guide and Training Manual. Although officers in reform departments reported following more correct lineup procedures than officers in non-reform departments, the two groups did not differ in knowledge of eyewitness factors or in their use of proper interviewing procedures. Only 18... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3646812 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3646812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3646811&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1716 There has been supportive evidence of drawing facilitating young children's event recall. The present study investigated whether additional event details are recalled if the interviewer uses interactive questions in response to information children have spontaneously drawn or verbally reported. Eighty 5- to 6-year-olds were shown a video clip of a novel event and were interviewed the following day. The children were randomly allocated to one of four recall conditions: tell-only, draw-and-tell, interactive draw-and-tell and interactive tell-only. The children's verbal reports were transcribed and scored on four different categories of recall: items (objects and people), actions, colours and sayings. The interactive draw-and-tell group recalled more correct information for items compared to ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3646811 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3646811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3623745&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1721 This study examines the relationship between the central/peripheral processing of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and the online/memory-based processing of impression formation by analyzing the order and proportion effect of scene valence in broadcast news. A 2 (position of positive scenes: beginning and ending) × 3 (proportion of positive scenes: high, medium & low) between design (N = 158) experiment with political campaign broadcast news stories found evidence of central memory-based processing, which is inconsistent with the common belief that central and online processing always concur. Four typologies of information processing are proposed based on the study's findings: central online processing, peripheral online processing, central memory-based processing and peripheral mem... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3623745 Wed, 02 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3623745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3588071&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1712 Dynamic subject matter can be portrayed to learners in the form of either static or dynamic depictions. Two plausible bases for choosing a depiction format are alignment with the subject matter's dynamics, or the specific affordances a depiction provides for performing a particular learning output task. Experimental participants viewed an ordered set of eight images depicting key stages of a kangaroo hop presented in a dynamic, successive or simultaneous format. Control participants viewed no presentation. The output task required participants to rearrange a random sequence of the eight kangaroo images into the correct order of a kangaroo hop. Those who viewed the successive presentation were most successful in placing the images in their correct order while those in the dynamic condition ... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3588071 Fri, 21 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3588071 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3588073&cid=s_33694_36_f&fid=33694&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Facp.1718 The present experiment investigated whether motor imagery (MI) performed at a faster speed might influence the actual motor performance duration by comparing real-time vs. fast MI of different finger movement sequences. Forty-eight participants were either asked to do real-time or fast MI practice of simple 8-digit (unimanual), complex 8-digit (bimanual), and long (16-digit) finger movement sequences. The main findings revealed that both fast and real-time MI resulted in actual speed gains in all experimental conditions, hence suggesting that performing fast MI did not systematically provide additional benefits as compared to real-time MI. Interestingly, the results suggested that the speed at which movements were performed following an increase in MI speed was selectively influenced by th... Applied Cognitive Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3588073 Thu, 20 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3588073