MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Behavioral Interventions' source. Sat, 20 Mar 2010 15:10:49 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3309700&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.299 We evaluated the effects of response repetition (RR) as an error-correction procedure for increasing sight-word reading for four individuals using a multiple baseline design. The results for each participant showed that correct responding increased following the introduction of the RR procedure. In addition, responding for three of four participants showed evidence of stimulus generalization, response generalization, or both. Likewise, we found that comparable behavior changes were produced when a participant's paraprofessional implemented RR in a typical classroom. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of procedures that promote behavior acquisition and generalization via negative reinforcement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3309700 Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3309700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3304864&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.298 This study also demonstrated an effective method for systematically decreasing reinforcement magnitude and schedules in an effort to mimic traditional reinforcer delivery such as intermittently providing a dessert at the end of the meal. Finally, this study successfully increased a demand fading ratio of 50-150% without noticeable side effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3304864 Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3304864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3147788&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.296 Because staff management research in group home settings typically involves direct observation of staff performance, reactivity to being observed is a potential limitation in these studies. The current study evaluated the use of a tactile prompt, self-monitoring, and feedback to increase positive interaction in a group home setting. Reactivity was assessed by having a confederate observe staff positive interaction when the supervisor was present and when the supervisor was absent. The effect of supervisor presence was evaluated using an alternating treatment within a multiple baseline across participants' research design. Results showed that two of four participants increased positive interactions only when a supervisor was present and the two other participants increased positive interact... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3147788 Thu, 07 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3147788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3087794&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.297 This study was conducted to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism. Results of functional analysis indicated that vocal stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. We used the Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD; Ahearn, Clark, & McDonald, ) strategy to decrease the vocal behavior. An ABAB design was used. Results indicated that the RIRD intervention successfully reduced the target behavior. Results are discussed and implications for practice are provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3087794 Tue, 15 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3087794 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2953232&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.295 Prior meta-analyses have suggested that eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may be effective in alleviating the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). EMDR is now being recommended as a treatment for military combat veterans who suffer from PTSD. We provide a review of published outcome studies that appeared in print from 1987 - April, 2008 which examined the specific effects of EMDR on PTSD among military combat veterans. Studies were identified through electronic bibliographic databases, web sites, and manual searches of article reference lists. A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three quasi-experimental studies met our inclusionary criteria and are reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of EMDR to treat combat veterans suffering from P... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2953232 Tue, 03 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2953232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2953233&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.293 This study used behavioral skills training (BST) and general-case training (GCT) in which the experimenter simulated child performance to teach three staff to conduct NLP and response chaining to increase three-link vocal chains in three children with autism. Staff increased their correct NLP performance during post-training in comparison to baseline. Two of three children emitted more vocal chains following training. This study demonstrated that BST and GCT were effective in training NLP and response chaining. When assessing social validity, both Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) and teachers did not indicate an increase in staff members' teaching skills. Future research should develop effective technologies to chain vocal behavior and to teach staff and parents to implement respo... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2953233 Mon, 02 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2953233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2885210&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.294 Although the use of paraprofessionals in the education of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a common practice, research on effective training procedures is scarce. The following study used a multiple-baseline design across settings replicated by five paraprofessionals to evaluate their use of behavioral strategies with young children with, or at risk for, autism spectrum disorder. A training package consisting of a workshop and performance feedback by their supervising special education teacher served as the intervention. Results revealed that even though the paraprofessionals demonstrated skills in the use of behavioral strategies at the workshop, there was either no transfer or generalization to the preschool or home environments where they worked, or their use of sk... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2885210 Mon, 12 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2885210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767814&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.288 Schedule thinning following functional communication training (FCT) can increase treatment feasibility. Multiple-schedule arrangements are often used in this process; however, the current literature provides little information on the optimum signal arrangements. In the current study, we examined the effects of three signal arrangements (i.e., signaled FR1, signaled EXT, and signaled FR1/EXT) on rates of problem behavior at dense schedule values and during schedule thinning. At all schedule values, signaled FR1/EXT controlled collateral behavior better than did signaled FR1 or signaled EXT. Additionally, for the single signal arrangements, the signaled FR1 was more efficient than the signaled EXT at dense schedules whereas the inverse was true at leaner schedules. Copyright © 2009 John Wil... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767814 Fri, 04 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2767814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2750423&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.291 Infants with older siblings having Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are at genetically increased risk for showing characteristics of ASD in the first 2 years of life. Parents, who already have at least one child with ASD, may closely monitor their later born children and implement interventions as soon as the children begin to show what the parents believe is aberrant behavior or development that may be early stages of ASD. To date, no study has examined the number and types of services and interventions these parents access for their at-risk infants. Using a Service and Intervention Questionnaire developed for this study, we interviewed 23 parents involved in a larger prospective study of genetically at-risk infants who reported developmental and/or behavior problems in their at-risk infan... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2750423 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2750423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2750422&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.290 This study focuses on two practical questions, that is, whether the distance between the electrodes would influence the evaluation of shock and whether using a variable time interval in the administration would influence the evaluation of shock. Results reveal that both investigated variables control the evaluation of shock. Multiple shocks appear to produce a stronger sensation than single shocks, a phenomenon that was also revealed in previous studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2750422 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2750422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2690345&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.292 A lack of joint attention skills may constitute a core impairment in autism. In the present study, a training protocol was developed, based on the literature on joint attention and on behavioral interventions. The training was organized into a sequence of three main parts respectively aimed at establishing each of the following skills: (1) responding to joint attention bids, (2) engaging in turn-taking activities based on joint attention skills, and (3) initiating joint attention. Two novel components were incorporated in the training: (a) a discrimination training procedure aimed at establishing the adult's nods as conditioned reinforcers and (b) tasks based on turn-taking, where joint attention skills were targeted and reinforced. The study was conducted according to a single-subject exp... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2690345 Tue, 11 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2690345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2618925&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.289 The results of functional analyses of problem behavior can sometimes be undifferentiated. This lack of differentiation might be due to methodological problems or the absence of variables relevant to problem behavior in the assessment. The current case example provides a clarification of undifferentiated functional analysis results through the inclusion of a particular reinforcer that was not a part of the initial functional analysis. In addition, treatment data showed a decrease in problem behavior when the putative reinforcer was provided response-dependently or response-independently. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2618925 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2618925 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2420648&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.287 A differential reinforcement of low (DRL) rates procedure was implemented as a changing criterion design with positive punishment and response marking to reduce attention-maintained behavior of screaming, profanity, and disruptive behaviors of three adolescent males. One participant was diagnosed with static encephalopathy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severe mental retardation, the other two were diagnosed with Down syndrome, one with moderate mental retardation, and the other with severe mental retardation. Through response marking, a verbal warning was delivered immediately following the initial occurrence of a target behavior. A special token (positive punishment) was immediately delivered with a verbal cue and placed on a behavior board following the next occ... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2420648 Tue, 19 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2420648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2344726&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.282 Separate evaluations of bite size (amount of food on the spoon) and food texture were used to prescribe treatment changes in a feeding protocol for a 3-year-old male with autism and severe food selectivity. Each evaluation revealed distinct behavioral topographies, with an increase in disruptive behaviors associated with increased bite sizes and decreased swallowing and higher rates of gagging associated with higher textures. The results of each evaluation were used to successfully guide increases in volume and texture during therapeutic meals. Results highlight the importance of considering both aversion to food as well as oral motor skills when designing treatment for children with food selectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2344726 Mon, 20 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2344726 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2344731&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.286 The extent to which a greater proportion of small behavior changes could be detected with momentary time-sampling (MTS) was evaluated by (a) combining various interval sizes of partial-interval recording (PIR) with 20 s, 30 s, 1 min MTS and (b) using variable interval sizes of MTS that were based on means of 20 s and 1 min. For each targeted percentage, low, moderate, and high inter-response times (IRTs) to event-run ratios were compared with reversal designs to determine whether sensitivity increased with either variation of MTS. The results showed that (a) combinations of 30 s and 1 min MTS/PIR yielded increased sensitivity over MTS alone; however, the increased sensitivity was offset by an increased probability of generating false positives and (b) variable-interval MTS produced compara... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2344731 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2344731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2344730&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.281 The present study used a treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results to evaluate potential treatments to reduce the SIB of a 32-year-old male with profound mental retardation. In addition, effective treatments were determined for increasing compliance with increasingly more complex self-care tasks. The results indicated that a positive reinforcement procedure with extinction was useful toward reducing SIB and increasing compliance during three increasingly more complex tasks. The usefulness of treatment analysis procedures following ambiguous functional analysis results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2344730 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2344730 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2344729&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.285 This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a brief, intensive intervention for the treatment of food selectivity in three boys who had failed to progress in traditional outpatient treatment. The implications of this model of service delivery are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2344729 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2344729 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2344728&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.284 This study extended previous research by evaluating whether the overjustification effect was relevant to the use of non-reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or both. The effects of verbal praise were also evaluated in relation to the overjustification effect. Results indicated that behavior did not decrease below baseline levels following the contingent delivery of non-reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or verbal praise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2344728 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2344728 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2344727&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.283 This study examined the effectiveness of computer aided self-monitoring of academic task completion to reduce self-injurious behavior in a 13-year-old male student with autism. Using an ABAB design, data were collected over 22 sessions in a resource-reading classroom. Visual and statistical analyses indicated that when self-monitoring of activity completion was implemented, rates of completion increased and maladaptive behaviors such as self-injurious behavior and tantruming decreased. Discussion follows for implications for self-monitoring with students with autism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2344727 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2344727 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2291288&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.277 In this study, a package intervention consisting of goal setting, self-monitoring, and feedback was evaluated across five participants in a multiple baseline design with a brief reversal for three of the five participants. The intervention package increased calorie expenditure for all five participants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2291288 Thu, 26 Mar 2009 18:04:38 +0100 2291288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2291291&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.280 The primary purpose of this study was to estimate the risks associated with the use of emergency personal restraints at a residential facility for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. A secondary purpose was to determine if correlates of restraint-related injury could be determined. One in three restraints resulted in an injury, but all of the injuries were minor. In terms of prediction, frequency of aggressive behavior use was the best single predictor of restraint-related injury. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2291291 Wed, 25 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2291291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2291290&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.278 The effects of response blocking and competing stimuli on stereotypy and aggression were examined in an analysis conducted with a young girl diagnosed with autism and intellectual disability. A functional analysis of the stereotypic behavior revealed that blocking stereotypy increased aggression. The treatment analysis revealed that the provision of competing stimuli, without response blocking resulted in decreases in both topographies. Findings suggest that the provision of competing stimuli may be less likely to occasion other behaviors than blocking. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2291290 Wed, 25 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2291290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2291289&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.279 The independent effects of two signals implemented during treatment with noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) were examined. First, functional analyses showed that problem behavior exhibited by two individuals with developmental disabilities was sensitive to social positive reinforcement. A reversal design was then used to compare the effectiveness of a timer (NCR-visual) to a vocal statement (NCR-vocal) indicating when the stimulus would be returned in the context of a NCR procedure. Results showed that NCR reduced problem behavior for both participants. In addition, for one participant, the NCR-visual condition reduced problem behavior to a greater degree than the NCR-vocal condition. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2291289 Wed, 25 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2291289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2198576&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.276 We examined the vocal stereotypy of three boys who were diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Results of functional analyses indicated that each participant's vocal stereotypy was maintained by non-social consequences. For two participants, verbal reprimands were provided contingent on vocal stereotypy in the presence of a red card (RC). For the third participant, after verbal reprimands alone did not decrease vocal stereotypy, toys were withdrawn contingent on vocal stereotypy in the presence of the RC. For all three participants, vocal stereotypy was permitted without programmed consequences the presence of a green card (GC). The results showed that vocal stereotypy decreased in the presence of the RC for all three participants; however, vocal stereotypy came under inhibitory... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2198576 Fri, 20 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2198576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089086&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.275 The above article (DOI: ) was published online in Early View on 3 December 2008. A printing error was subsequently identified in the article.Page 1: Incorrect author affiliation. 'Keio Advanced Research Center (KARC)' should be 'Department of Psychology' (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089086 Thu, 08 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2089086 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2083129&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.270 The reduction of stereotypic behavior is important for individuals with developmental disabilities because it may interfere with learning new skills. A common procedure used to reduce stereotypic behavior is differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). A DRO schedule is a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered given the absence of a target response for a period of time. Although DRO schedules have been shown to be effective in reducing a variety of stereotypic behavior, empirical studies have not yet determined the most effective way to thin the reinforcement schedule. The current study examined the extent to which the relationship between the inter-response time (IRT) and the DRO requirement affects the reduction of stereotypic behavior. Results of the current study showed t... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2083129 Wed, 07 Jan 2009 04:51:53 +0100 2083129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2038464&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.274 This study investigated the immediate and generalized effect of treating bedtime settling problems and later night waking in infants and whether it was parent or child behavior that generalized. Parents recorded sleep problems of seven infants (6-20 months) who exhibited chronic sleep disturbance, then implemented a graduated checking procedure at bedtime-only (Setting 1). A multiple-baseline across-settings and participants design was employed. Immediate (in Setting 1) and any generalized effects (in Setting 2) on wakings and other changes in parent and child behavior were assessed by diary information and all-night infra-red video recordings. Clinically significant reductions in sleep problems were evident for five out of seven infants, but these were not consistently observed until pare... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2038464 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2038464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2038463&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.273 We examined the effects of a differential reinforcement of high rate (DRH) intervention to increase a 9-year-old boy's pace of self-feeding. During treatment, the child received reinforcement contingent on consuming his meal within 30 min. Results showed an increase in the pace of self-feeding and a concomitant decrease in meal duration as compared to baseline. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2038463 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2038463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2009939&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.271 We examined whether a student could copy Japanese Kanji characters after training with a constructed response matching-to-sample (CRMTS) procedure. The procedure was designed to teach identity Kanji construction. The results showed that the student not only acquired the constructed responses through this procedure but also to spelling generalized to copy trained and untrained Kanji characters. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of the CRMTS procedure on the acquisition and transfer of writing characters and the applicability of computer-based home teaching. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2009939 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2009939 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2009940&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.272 There is a general belief that students perform better in an environment in which teachers exude enthusiasm. In elementary, secondary, and college settings, the display of teacher enthusiasm is associated with positive attitudes toward teachers, recall of information, and improved classroom behavior. Although the assumption that students perform better when teachers are enthusiastic is frequently extended to individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is currently no published research on the topic. Research on social avoidance suggests that individuals with ASD may have no reaction or even respond negatively to teacher enthusiasm and thus perform better in conditions of low teacher attention. The current study was conducted to examine the effects of teacher enthusiasm... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2009940 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2009940 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1858691&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.269 In a series of three studies, we evaluated simulated data with reversal designs to determine whether partial-interval recording (PIR) and momentary time sampling (MTS) detected changes that were evident with continuous measures. The results from Study 1 showed that MTS with interval sizes up to 30 s detected most of the moderate and large changes in duration events and MTS with interval sizes up to 1 min detected most large changes in duration events. By comparison, PIR with 10-s intervals detected approximately half of all changes in duration events. The results of Study 2 showed that only 10-s PIR reliably detected most small, moderate, and large changes in frequency events. The results of Study 3 showed that PIR with 10-s intervals generated a relatively high percentage of false positiv... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1858691 Wed, 08 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1858691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1793501&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.268 This study employed behavioral skills and general-case training to train three parents to conduct DTT. A multiple-baseline-across-participants-experimental design assessed the effects of parent training on the generalization of parents' DTT to non-trained programs and on child behavior. Following training, generalization of parent DTT skills occurred, but the effects on child behavior were variable. Implications of programming for generalization and the effects of parent training on child performance are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1793501 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1793501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1641778&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.267 Excess body weight, especially obesity, is a problem of increasing social significance, and weight gain is often correlated with age. Because physical activity can both decrease current body weight and prevent weight gain, it is an especially suitable target for behavioral intervention. A package intervention consisting of self-monitoring, goal setting, and feedback was used to increase the physical activity of healthy adults. A combined multiple-baseline and reversal design was arranged to evaluate the effects of the intervention on the number of steps taken each day by participants, as recorded by a pedometer. The intervention increased the number of steps taken across participants, but there were no changes in participant body weight during the intervention. The results suggest that a r... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1641778 Tue, 22 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1641778 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1641780&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.265 A man with multiple disabilities was taught to perform a head-turning response to activate optic sensors embedded in a small spongy structure at his shoulder and produce preferred stimuli. By touching the spongy structure with chin and mouth (i.e., to activate the sensors), the man would clean these areas thus curbing the effects of his drooling. Data showed that the man increased the frequency of his head-turning responses and reduced drooling effects (chin wetness) through the intervention and a 3-month follow-up. Forty university students, who were involved in a social validation assessment, indicated that the intervention was suitable and enjoyable to the man, had a social/educational function, and represented an approach that they supported. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1641780 Mon, 21 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1641780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1641779&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.266 The current study compared an abbreviated oral interview version of the Pleasant Events Schedule - Alzheimer's Disease (PES-AD) to a multimedia-supplemented version. Both measures identified multiple preferred items and their scores were moderately correlated (r = .481). Direct observations were conducted to determine whether either of the two measures predicted subsequent engagement. For all nine individuals with dementia, items endorsed as preferred by both versions of the PES-AD resulted in high levels of engagement and items endorsed as non-preferred items on both measures resulted in low to moderate levels of engagement. Individuals with MMSE scores of 10 or higher had more stable and differentiated patterns of engagement than individuals with scores below 10. For individuals with hig... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1641779 Mon, 21 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1641779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1471741&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.263 The present study investigated the effects of weekly dog visits on depression scores, mood, and social interaction in elderly individuals living in a nursing home. Five elderly residents participated in baseline assessments for 4-8 weeks and then received weekly dog visits for 6 weeks. Assessments, consisting of weekly observations of social interaction and paper and pencil measures of mood and depression, continued during the dog visits. The effect of dog visits was evaluated in a multiple baseline across participants design. Dog visits did not improve depression scores, mood (with the exception of one resident), or social interaction (with the exception of one resident). Residents did interact with the dog during the visits, however, and reported that they enjoyed the visits. These resul... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1471741 Wed, 28 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1471741 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1422025&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.261 We compared video versus live training as respective components of a program for training support staff in individualized intervention plans for people with severe disabilities and challenging behavior. Procedures constituting behavior plans for three individuals were presented to staff through an initial training session and then follow-up assessment and training on the job. Twenty staff received the initial training in small groups by watching a video of a behavior analyst describing a plan along with informational bullets, and 18 staff received the initial training in live sessions with the behavior analyst. Results of knowledge quizzes and on-the-job observations and questions with staff indicated video and live training were both effective. Video training was more efficient regarding ... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1422025 Tue, 06 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1422025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1343033&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.257 Preference for six olfactory stimuli was assessed via paired preference assessments with three adults with autism. Using a combination multielement and reversal design, a reinforcer assessment was then conducted to determine the extent to which three (high preference, medium preference, and low preference) of the six olfactory stimuli evaluated in the preference assessment functioned as reinforcers for responding in the context of a sorting task. Relative to baseline, all of the participants exhibited increased responding for access to their high preference olfactory stimulus. The utility of olfactory stimuli as components of behavior intervention plans is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1343033 Wed, 02 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1343033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1343035&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.256 As a result of the impact of functional analysis methodologies in identifying maintaining variables of problem behavior, considerable research has been devoted to tailoring the methodologies to be practical for an outpatient setting. The purpose of this study was (a) to use brief functional analysis (BFA) methodologies to empirically demonstrate the function of elopement exhibited by two preschoolers diagnosed with autism and (b) to develop function-based interventions derived from the results of the BFA. In phase one, a BFA consisting of 5-min sessions with multiple repetitions of each condition was conducted with each participant. In phase two, the efficacy of function-based interventions was assessed using a pairwise design. Both participants' rates of elopement were differentially lowe... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1343035 Tue, 01 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1343035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1343034&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.258 This study evaluated a supervisory intervention to increase the frequency of IOA assessments performed by educational staff at a school for children with developmental disabilities. Intervention components included action directives, strategic posting of IOA recording forms, and performance feedback (positive reinforcement and correction). Implemented in a multiple baseline design, intervention increased IOA assessments targeting skill acquisition and behavior support plans. The study illustrates a systems-level approach towards performance enhancement of human services personnel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1343034 Tue, 01 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1343034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1260917&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.255 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-recording and contingent reinforcement on exercise participation by four adults with acquired brain injury. The results indicate that self-recording and contingent reinforcement increased participation in stretching, aerobic, and weight-lifting activities for each participant. The results also indicate that each participant was able to accurately self-record his or her exercise participation. Possible operant conceptualizations for the observed behavior change, as well as limitations to the results, are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1260917 Wed, 27 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1260917 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1154978&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.247 This paper reviewed observational studies that examined feedback for changing staff performance in behavioral treatment programs for clients with cognitive, developmental, or psychiatric disorders. The research findings were integrated into the main stages of staff training and management: pretraining, training, and posttraining. Specific recommendations for using feedback are made including defining process and outcome form and content before training, providing on-the-job supervisory feedback while staff practice self-generated outcome feedback until competency is demonstrated, and after training, maintaining self-generated feedback with emphasis on evaluating staff and client interactions with social validity measures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interv... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1154978 Wed, 16 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1154978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=738090&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.242 This report describes a method, appropriate for young children with ASD, for rapidly identifying social reinforcers and assessing relative preferences among social consequences. The free-operant behavior of three such children was analyzed in three Social Consequence conditions that alternated with an Extinction condition. The results identified some social consequences that functioned as reinforcers and others to which the child was relatively indifferent. The implications of this study may be particularly pertinent for teaching behavior, like joint attention skills, that is maintained by social reinforcers in the natural environment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=738090 Tue, 17 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 738090 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=686200&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.239 In two experiments, events that were recorded using continuous duration recording (CDR) were rescored using 10-s partial interval (PIR), 10-s momentary time sampling (MTS) and 20-s MTS. Results of Experiment 1 showed that data paths generated by each interval method produced conclusions about functional control that were similar to those based on CDR when using reversal designs; however, for multielement designs, 10-s PIR was prone to showing differentiation between data paths that was not evident with CDR. Results of Experiment 2 showed that both 10-s and 20-s MTS yielded data paths on behavior-behavior relations (e.g., covarying responses) that were consistent with CDR whereas 10-s PIR produced some behavior-behavior patterns that were not. In both experiments, 10-s MTS generated data pa... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=686200 Thu, 21 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100 686200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=667561&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.236 The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a structured, manual-based parent training (PT) program designed to reduce noncompliant behavior and enhance adaptive behavior in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) who were taking medication for irritability, tantrums, aggression, and self-injury. Children (N = 17, mean age 7.7 ± 2.6 years) with PDD were enrolled in a 24-week structured PT protocol. Parental attendance to sessions (93%), satisfaction with the program (92%), and adherence to PT assignments (80%) were excellent. The program was adequately implemented with a mean treatment integrity rate of 94%. Parent-reported rates of noncompliance were reduced by 39%; irritability was reduced by 34%; and daily living skills were enhanced by 19%. Paren... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=667561 Sat, 16 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100 667561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=549778&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.237 Parent delivered interventions based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) for children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) have been evaluated using primarily single-subject design methodology or small case series. While the results of these evaluations are encouraging, an important next step is to standardize the interventions to allow for replication across sites, in studies with large samples and measures of long-term, clinically meaningful outcomes such as improvements in children's functioning and their relationships with parents. Accordingly, the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Psychosocial Interventions (RUPP Autism Network) assembled a detailed manual for a structured behavioral parent training (PT) program, developed treatment fidelity and training proce... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=549778 Tue, 17 Apr 2007 04:00:00 +0100 549778 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=397865&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.234 The current study evaluated a behavioral skills training (BST) program in combination with in situ training to teach sexual abuse prevention skills to five women with mild to moderate mental retardation. In situ assessments were conducted following BST and in situ training sessions were conducted for those who were unable to demonstrate the skills in the natural setting. The results showed that generalization of the safety skills to the natural setting occurred for three of the five participants following one to two in situ training sessions. One participant required 12 in situ training sessions and three booster training sessions to reach criterion level. Three of four participants assessed 1 month following training maintained the skills. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=397865 Mon, 05 Feb 2007 07:00:00 +0100 397865 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=297889&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.224 Video modeling combined with least-to-most intrusive prompting was compared using a parallel-treatments design to least-to-most intrusive prompting alone in teaching daily-living skills in the form of response chains. Two boys with the diagnosis of autism (ages 8 and 9) participated in the study. The results showed that the participants acquired skills taught with video modeling plus least-to-most prompting in fewer trials and with fewer prompts than skills taught with least-to-most prompting alone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=297889 Wed, 29 Nov 2006 07:00:00 +0100 297889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=254454&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.226 In this study we examined the evocative and abative effects of an establishing operation on challenging behavior during classroom instruction for a student with severe disabilities including autism. A prior functional analysis indicated that his challenging behavior was maintained by access to preferred snack items. During classroom instructional sessions these snack items were visible but not available to the student. In other words challenging behavior was placed on extinction during instruction. Immediately prior to instructional sessions the student received either access to snack items or did not receive access to snacks. Access versus no access to snacks prior to instruction was systematically controlled using a multi-element design. Results demonstrated higher levels of challenging ... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=254454 Mon, 30 Oct 2006 07:00:00 +0100 254454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=208462&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.219 It has been suggested that drug cue-elicited urges and psychophysiological reactions are the results of Pavlovian conditioning processes and that it should be possible to extinguish these responses with cue exposure with response prevention. It has already been shown that subjective cue-elicited urges can be extinguished, but it is unclear whether this is also true for cue-elicited psychophysiological arousal. This was tested in the present study in a heterogeneous sample of drug and alcohol dependent patients. It was found that cue-elicited urges can indeed be extinguished. However, such a clear pattern of extinguished cue reactivity was not found for the psychophysiological measures. Furthermore, the extinction of drug urges was not specific for cue exposure treatment. It is concluded th... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=208462 Wed, 27 Sep 2006 01:48:01 +0100 208462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=208461&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.222 The effectiveness of a guided compliance procedure to reduce noncompliance among typically developing preschool children was evaluated. After baseline data on compliance to common demands were collected, a parent, instructional assistant, or graduate research assistant implemented the guided compliance procedure, which involved the delivery of progressively more intrusive prompts contingent upon noncompliance. The effects of the procedure were examined using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across participants. The results suggest that the procedure was effective for four of the six children who participated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Behavioral Interventions) Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=208461 Wed, 27 Sep 2006 01:48:01 +0100 208461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=208460&cid=s_33695_36_f&fid=33695&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbin.221 Excessive TV viewing is associated with weight gain across the lifespan; thus developing strategies to decrease household viewing time may be an effective obesity prevention approach. This pilot study (n = 6 families) examined the feasibility and short-term impact of a 2-pronged environmental plus behavioral approach designed to reduce TV time in the entire family. The environmental manipulation involved placing TV Allowances (programmed to turn off power after family members had watched 75% of their baseline hours) on all TVs in the home. A kit with behavioral strategies for reducing TV time was also sent to the home each week and family members self-monitored viewing time. Viewing was objectively assessed with the TV Allowances at baseline and at 8 weeks. A significant decrease in object... Behavioral Interventions journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=208460 Tue, 26 Sep 2006 04:00:00 +0100 208460