MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Biotechnology Annual Review' source. Sat, 10 Oct 2009 19:28:41 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602824&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606357%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Raafat El-Gewely M PMID: 18606357 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602824 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602823&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606358%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Charbonnier S, Gallego O, Gavin AC Proteins very rarely act in isolation. Biomolecular interactions are central to all biological functions. In human, for example, interference with biomolecular networks often lead to disease. Protein-protein and protein-metabolite interactions have traditionally been studied one by one. Recently, significant progresses have been made in adapting suitable tools for the global analysis of biomolecular interactions. Here we review this suite of powerful technologies that enable an exponentially growing number of large-scale interaction datasets. These new technologies have already contributed to a more comprehensive cartography of several pathways relevant to human pathologies, offering a broader choice for therapeutic targets. Genome-wide scale... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602823 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602822&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606359%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Roberts PC The increasing use of gene expression microarrays, and depositing of the resulting data into public repositories, means that more investigators are interested in using the technology either directly or through meta analysis of the publicly available data. The tools available for data analysis have generally been developed for use by experts in the field, making them difficult to use by the general research community. For those interested in entering the field, especially those without a background in statistics, it is difficult to understand why experimental results can be so variable. The purpose of this review is to go through the workflow of a typical microarray experiment, to show that decisions made at each step, from choice of platform through statistical anal... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602822 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602821&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606360%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mangan ME, Williams JM, Lathe SM, Karolchik D, Lathe WC The volume and complexity of genomic sequence data, and the additional experimental data required for annotation of the genomic context, pose a major challenge for display and access for biomedical researchers. Genome browsers organize this data and make it available in various ways to extract useful information to advance research projects. The UCSC Genome Browser is one of these resources. The official sequence data for a given species forms the framework to display many other types of data such as expression, variation, cross-species comparisons, and more. Visual representations of the data are available for exploration. Data can be queried with sequences. Complex database queries are also easily achieved with the Tabl... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602821 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602820&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606361%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Otaki JM, Gotoh T, Yamamoto H Three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule is primarily determined by its amino acid sequence, and thus the elucidation of general rules embedded in amino acid sequences is of great importance in protein science and engineering. To extract valuable information from sequences, we propose an analytical method in which a protein sequence is considered to be constructed by serial superimpositions of short amino acid sequences of n amino acid sets, especially triplets (3-aa sets). Using the comprehensive nonredundant protein database, we first examined "availability" of all possible combinatorial sets of 8,000 triplet species. Availability score was mathematically defined as an indicator for the relative "preference" or "avoidance" for a given s... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602820 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602819&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606362%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Winkler DA Network motifs and modelling paradigms are attracting increasing attention as modelling tools in drug design and development, and in regenerative medicine. There is a gradual but inexorable convergence between these hitherto disparate disciplines. This review summarizes some very recent work in these areas, leading to an understanding of the complementary roles networks play and factors driving this convergence: PMID: 18606362 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602819 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602818&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606363%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe the isolation of a novel gene, the Or gene, from a high-beta-carotene orange cauliflower mutant. The Or gene encodes a plastid-targeted protein containing a cysteine-rich zinc finger domain and appears to be plant-specific. The insertion of a copia-like LTR retrotransponson in the Or gene confers high levels of carotenoid accumulation in the normally low-pigmented tissues. Rather than directly regulating carotenoid biosynthesis, the Or gene controls carotenoid accumulation by inducing the formation of chromoplasts, which provide a metabolic sink to sequester and deposit carotenoids. Examination of the Or transgenic potato tubers confirms that the Or-induced carotenoid accumulation is associated with the formation of a metabolic sink. Thus, the Or gene offers a new molecular too... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602818 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602817&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606364%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schellekens H Therapeutic proteins in general induce an immune response, especially when administered as multiple doses over prolonged periods. Non-human therapeutic proteins such as asparaginase and streptokinase induce antibodies by the classical immune reaction and their primary immunogenic factor is the degree of non-self. Human therapeutic proteins such as the interferons and GM-CSF breakdown immune tolerance and protein aggregation is their main factor inducing antibodies. Many other factors influence the level of immunogenicity of proteins, such as storage conditions,contaminants or impurities in the preparation, downstream processing, dose and length of treatment, as well as route of administration, appropriate formulation and disease status and concomitant treatment o... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602817 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602816&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606365%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aletta JM, Hu JC Protein arginine methylation is a rapidly growing field of biomedical research that holds great promise for extending our understanding of developmental and pathological processes. Less than ten years ago, fewer than two dozen proteins were verified to contain methylarginine. Currently, however, hundreds of methylarginine proteins have been detected and many have been confirmed by mass spectrometry and other proteomic and molecular techniques. Several of these proteins are products of disease genes or are implicated in disease processes by recent experimental or clinical observations. The purpose of this chapter is twofold; (1) to re-examine the role of protein arginine methylation placed within the context of cell growth and differentiation, as well as within... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602816 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602815&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606366%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Okumura S, Saitoh H, Ishikawa T, Mizuki E, Inouye K In 1901, a unique bacterium was isolated as a pathogen of the sotto disease of the silkmoth larvae, and later in 1915, the organism was described as Bacillus thuringiensis. Since the discovery, this bacterium has widely attracted attention of not only insect pathologists but many other scientists who are interested in strong and specific insecticidal activity associated with inclusion bodies of B. thuringiensis. This has led to the recent worldwide development of B. thuringiensis-based microbial insecticides and insect-resistant transgenic plants, as well as the epoch-making discovery of parasporin, a cancer cell-specific cytotoxin. In the review, we introduce a detection study of interaction between inclusion proteins of B. ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602815 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602814&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606367%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Verkaar F, van Rosmalen JW, Blomenröhr M, van Koppen CJ, Blankesteijn WM, Smits JF, Zaman GJ Conventional cell-based assays for seven-transmembrane receptors, also known as G protein-coupled receptors, rely on the coupling of the ligand-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. New assay methods have become available that are not based on G protein activation, but that apply the molecular mechanism underlying the attenuation of G protein signaling mediated by beta-arrestin. beta-arrestin is a cytoplasmic protein that targets receptors to clathrin-coated endocytotic vesicles for degradation or recycling. This process has been visualized and quantified in high-content imaging assays using receptor- or beta-arrestin-chimeras with green fluorescent protein. Other assay met... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602814 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602813&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606368%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Navran S The practice of cell culture has been virtually unchanged for 100 years. Until recently, life scientists have had to content themselves with two-dimensional cell culture technology. Clearly, living creatures are not constructed in two dimensions and thus it has become widely recognized that in vitro culture systems must become three dimensional to correctly model in vivo biology. Attempts to modify conventional 2-D culture technology to accommodate 3-D cell growth such as embedding cells in extracellular matrix have demonstrated the superiority of concept. Nevertheless, there are serious drawbacks to this approach including limited mass transport and lack of scalability. Recently, a new cell culture technology developed at NASA to study the effects of microgravity on ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602813 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602812&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606369%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chattopadhyay D, Khan MT Herpesviruses are important human pathogens that can cause mild to severe lifelong infections with high morbidity in susceptible adults. Moreover, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2, for example, has been reported to be responsible for increased transmission and disease progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great efforts. Herbal medicinal products have been used as source of putative candidate drugs in many diseases. However, in case of viral diseases the development of antivirals from natural source is less explored probably because within the virus there are few specific targets where the small molecules can interact to inhibit or kill the virus. The currently available antiherpes ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602812 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602811&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606370%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pirker KF, Severino JF, Reichenauer TG, Goodman BA This chapter reviews the current status of research on investigations of the free radical chemistry of green tea and its constituent polyphenols (GTP). It is based on the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and also includes a section on practical aspects of the technique, which should be of value to readers who are unfamiliar with the detailed operation of EPR. The free radical chemistry of GTP is important, because many of their antioxidant functions involve reactions with O(2)-derived free radicals, and the products of such reactions are themselves generally free radicals. The stability of these products and their abilities to participate in subsequent reactions may have considerable bearing on their ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602811 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602810&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606371%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M Critical review of published literature may be necessary during several stages of biotechnology product development. The reviewer should develop a standardized method for reviewing and comparing published papers on a given topic and should be aware of common errors found in published papers. PMID: 18606371 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602810 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602809&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606372%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Richmond TD Recent genetic discoveries and related developments in genomic techniques have led to the commercialization of novel diagnostic platforms for studying disease or gauging therapeutic outcomes in individual patients. This newly emerging field is called "personalized medicine," and uses the patient's genetic composition to tailor strategies for patient-specific disease detection, treatment, or prevention. Personalized diagnostic tests are used to detect patient-to-patient variations in gene or protein expression levels, which act as indicators for drug treatments or disease prognosis. In turn, medical professionals can better answer questions such as: "Who should be treated with which drug?" and "How should the treatment be administered?" The regulations governing per... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602809 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1602808&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18606373%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tecson Mendoza EM, C Laurena A, Botella JR Papaya with resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the first genetically modified tree and fruit crop and also the first transgenic crop developed by a public institution that has been commercialized. This chapter reviews the different transformation systems used for papaya and recent advances in the use of transgenic technology to introduce important quality and horticultural traits in papaya. These include the development of the following traits in papaya: resistance to PRSV, mites and Phytophthora, delayed ripening trait or long shelf life by inhibiting ethylene production or reducing loss of firmness, and tolerance or resistance to herbicide and aluminum toxicity. The use of papaya to produce vaccine against tuberculosis an... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1602808 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0100 1602808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883591&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875469%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 17875469 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883591 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883590&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875470%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mjøs OD PMID: 17875470 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883590 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883589&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875471%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ziebolz B, Droege M Sequencing is a powerful tool that helps scientists in gaining new insights in many areas of medicine and biology. The electrophoresis-based Sanger method is currently the most popular sequencing technology and was the foundation stone of the human genome project. With the Sanger technique it became possible to sequence not only complete genomes, but also fragments of genomes. Nowadays, this standard method is very close to reach its limits. PMID: 17875471 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883589 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883589 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883588&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875472%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hatfield GW, Roth DA Translation Engineeringtrade mark combined with synthetic biology (gene synthesis) techniques makes it possible to deliberately alter the presumed translation kinetics of genes without altering the amino acid sequence. Here, we describe proprietary technologies that design and assemble synthetic genes for high expression and enhanced protein production, and offers new insights and methodologies for affecting protein structure and function. We have patented Translation Engineeringtrade mark technologies to manage the complexity of gene design to account for codon pair usage, translational pausing signals, RNA secondary structure and user-defined sequences such as restriction sites. Failure to optimize for codon pair-encoded translation pauses often results ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883588 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883588 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883587&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875473%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Inouye K, Kusano M, Hashida Y, Minoda M, Yasukawa K Thermolysin [EC 3.4.24.27] is a thermostable neutral zinc metalloproteinase originally identified in the culture broth of Bacillus thermoproteolyticus Rokko. Since the discovery in 1962, the enzyme has been extensively studied regarding its structure and catalytic mechanism. Today, thermolysin is a representative of zinc metalloproteinase and an attractive target in protein engineering to understand the catalytic mechanism, thermostability, and halophilicity. Thermolysin is used in industry, especially for the enzymatic synthesis of N-carbobenzoxy l-Asp-l-Phe methyl ester (ZDFM), a precursor of an artificial sweetener, aspartame. Generation of genetically engineered thermolysin with higher activity in the synthesis of ZDFM ha... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883587 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883587 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883586&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875474%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Soler E, Houdebine LM Vaccination is one of the most efficient ways to eradicate some infectious diseases in humans and animals. The material traditionally used as vaccines is attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This approach is sometimes limited by the fact that the material for vaccination is not efficient, not available, or generating deleterious side effects. A possible theoretical alternative is the use of recombinant proteins from the pathogens. This implies that the proteins having the capacity to vaccinate have been identified and that they can be produced in sufficient quantity at a low cost. Genetically modified organisms harboring pathogen genes can fulfil these conditions. Microorganisms, animal cells as well as transgenic plants and animals can be the source of r... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883586 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883585&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875475%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morrow KJ In this review, we describe recent advances in antibody processing technology including: (1) development of proprietary cell lines; (2) improved expression systems optimized by selective technologies to boost underperformers; (3) improved protein-free and serum-free culture media; and (4) attention to glycosylation and other post-translational modifications. Advances in computer technology and sophisticated redesign of bioreactors have been major contributors to the dramatic improvements in antibody yields that have been documented in the last decade. Disposable bioreactor components are now widespread, resulting in improved yields, better quality product and lower costs for producers. Downstream innovations include (1) disposable devices for clarification and purifi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883585 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883584&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875476%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liénard D, Sourrouille C, Gomord V, Faye L Plant represented the essence of pharmacopoeia until the beginning of the 19th century when plant-derived pharmaceuticals were partly supplanted by drugs produced by the industrial methods of chemical synthesis. In the last decades, genetic engineering has offered an alternative to chemical synthesis, using bacteria, yeasts and animal cells as factories for the production of therapeutic proteins. More recently, molecular farming has rapidly pushed towards plants among the major players in recombinant protein production systems. Indeed, therapeutic protein production is safe and extremely cost-effective in plants. Unlike microbial fermentation, plants are capable of carrying out post-translational modifications and, unlike product... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883584 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883584 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883583&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875477%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ressine A, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T One attractive method for monitoring biomolecular interactions in a highly parallel fashion is the use of microarrays. Protein microarray technology is an emerging and promising tool for protein analysis, which ultimately may have a large impact in clinical diagnostics, drug discovery studies and basic protein research. This chapter is based upon several original papers presenting our effort in the development of new protein microarray chip technology. The work describes a novel 3D surface/platform for protein characterization based on porous silicon. The simple adjustment of pore morphology and geometry offers a convenient way to control wetting behavior of the microarray substrates. In this chapter, an interesting insight into the surface ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883583 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883582&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875478%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Voß C The concept of curing diseases at the genetic level was already introduced in the 1970s, but only the evolution of molecular biology and tools for genetic manipulation brought the idea into labs and clinics during the last 16 years. Viral and non-viral vectors and delivery systems were developed to transfer therapeutic genes into the target cells. In the case of non-viral approaches plasmid DNA has become a very promising gene delivery vector because it can easily be genetically manipulated and produced by cultivation of plasmid harbouring Escherichia coli and subsequent downstream processing, thus making production easy in comparison to other gene delivery vectors. Another advantage in using plasmid DNA is the low risk of immunogenic reactions and oncogen activatio... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883582 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883581&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875479%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hassan Khan MT, Ather A Identification of phenolic compounds and their derivatives interfering the several steps of the viral life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is focused for the development of novel molecules for the treatment of AIDS. Several phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from natural sources have been studied in detail and found to exhibit inhibitory effects against different steps of the HIV-1 life cycle, including virus-cell fusion and virus absorption, reverse transcription, integration (IN) and proteolytic cleavage. In the review, we are summarizing some strong evidences demonstrating several phenolic molecules and their derivatives from natural sources display promising anti-HIV-1 activities. The anti-HIV compounds have been ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883581 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883580&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875480%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, Zhi-Bin L Ganoderma lucidum is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological effects. Since the mushroom is very rare in nature, artificial cultivation of fruiting bodies has been known on wood logs and on sawdust in plastic bags or bottles. Biotechnological cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has also been established, both on solid substrates and in liquid media by submerged cultivation of fungal biomass. The most important pharmacologically active constituents of G. lucidum are triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Triterpenoids have been reported to posses hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, hypocholesterolemic and anti-histaminic effects, anti-tumor and anti-engiogenic activity, effects on platelet aggregation and compl... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883580 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883579&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875481%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berovic M, Legisa M Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly in the food and beverage industry, primarily as an acidulant. Although it is one of the oldiest industrial fermentations, its World production is still in rapid increasing. Global production of citric acid in 2007 was over 1.6 million tones. Biochemistry of citric acid fermentation, various microbial strains, as well as various substrates, technological processes and product recovery are presented. World production and economics aspects of this strategically product of bulk biotechnology are discussed. PMID: 17875481 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883579 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=883578&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17875482%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M Nanotechnology refers to the use of very small pieces of matter, typically 200nm in diameter. Nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel, a soluble form of the cytotoxin paclitaxel that has demonstrated utility in the setting of cancer chemotherapy, is produced by nab technology using the protein albumin. nab-Paclitaxel targets tumors, enhances tumor penetration by the novel mechanism of albumin receptor-mediated (gp60) endothelial transcytosis, and avoids the use of surfactants and solvents such as Cremophor and Tween. nab-Paclitaxel minimizes the toxicities associated with Cremophor and eliminates the need for premedication for hypersensitivity reactions caused by Cremophor. The albumin coating that surrounds the active drug assists in the transport of the nanoparti... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=883578 Wed, 19 Sep 2007 13:56:39 +0100 883578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436361&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045189%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 17045189 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436361 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436361 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436360&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045190%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mondal K, Jain S, Teotia S, Gupta MN PMID: 17045190 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436360 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436360 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436359&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045191%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prescott M, Battad JM, Wilmann PG, Rossjohn J, Devenish RJ The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is the foundation of a powerful technology that has revolutionized the way in which the life scientist carries out experiments in the living cell. The technology is continually evolving and improving through the development of existing proteins and discovery of new members of the all-protein chromophore (APC) family. This review gives an overview of the more recent advances in the technology with a particular focus on APCs having optical properties that are significantly red-shifted relative to those variants derived from Aequorea victoria GFP. PMID: 17045191 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436359 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436359 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436358&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045192%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mutch DM, Fauconnot L, Grigorov M, Fay LB The recognition that altered lipid metabolism underlies many metabolic disorders challenging Western society highlights the importance of this metabolomic subset, herein referred to as the lipidome. Although comprehensive lipid analyses are not a recent concept, the novelty of a lipidomic approach lies with the application of robust statistical algorithms to highlight subtle, yet significant, changes in a population of lipid molecules. First-generation lipidomic studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of interpreting quantitative datasets with computational software; however, the innate power of comprehensive lipid profiling is often not exploited, as robust statistical models are not routinely utilized. Therefore, the current review... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436358 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436357&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045193%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee TH, Aguilar MI PMID: 17045193 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436357 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436356&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045194%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chang Liu Z, Chang TM Bioencapsulation of cells is one of the many areas of artificial cells being extensively investigated by centers around the world. This includes the bioencapsulation of hepatocytes. A number of methods have been developed to maintain the specific function and phenotype of the bioencapsulated hepatocytes for in vitro and in vivo applications. These include supplementation of factors in the culture medium; use of appropriate substrates and the co-cultivation of hepatocytes with other type of cells, the so called "feeder cells". These feeder cells can be of liver origin or non-liver origin. We have recently studied the role of bone marrow cells in the maintenance of hepatocytes viability and phenotype by using the coculture of hepatocytes with bone marrow ce... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436356 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436355&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045195%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mikalsen T, Gerits N, Moens U Cancer development requires that tumour cells attain several capabilities, including increased replicative potentials, anchorage and growth-factor independency, evasion of apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Many of these processes involve the actions of protein kinases, which have emerged as key regulators of all aspects of neoplasia. Perturbed protein kinase activity is repeatedly found to be associated with human malignancies, making these proteins attractive targets for anti-cancer therapy. The last decade has witnessed an exponential increase in the development of specific small protein kinase inhibitors. Many of them are in clinical trials in patients with different types of cancer and some are successfully used in clinic. This review de... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436355 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436354&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045196%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A The application of the molecular imprinting technology in the design of new drug delivery systems (DDS) and devices useful in closely related fields, such as diagnostic sensors or biological traps, is receiving increasing attention. Molecular imprinting technology can provide polymeric materials with the ability to recognize specific bioactive molecules and with a sorption/release behaviour that can be made sensitive to the properties of the surrounding medium. In this review, an introduction to the imprinting technology presenting the different approaches in preparing selective polymers of different formats is given, and the key factors involved in obtaining of imprinted binding sites in materials useful for pharmaceutical applications are analy... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436354 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436353&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045197%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cole TJ Glucocorticoids are important endocrine regulators of a wide range of physiological systems ranging from respiratory development, immune function to responses to stress. Glucocorticoids in cells activate the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that dimerizes, translocates to the nucleus and functions as a ligand-dependent transcriptional regulator. Synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone have for decades been the cornerstone for the clinical treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, and in some lymphoid cancers, yet its prolonged use has undesirable side effects such as obesity, diabetes, immune suppression and osteoporosis. Detailed knowledge on the mechanism of GR action has led to the development of no... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436353 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436352&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045198%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gunatillake P, Mayadunne R, Adhikari R This chapter reviews recent developments in biodegradable synthetic polymers focusing on tailoring polymer structures to meet material specification for emerging applications such as tissue engineered products and therapies. Major classes and new families of synthetic polymers are discussed with regard to synthesis, properties and biodegradability, and known degradation modes and products are summarized based on studies reported during the past 10-15 years. Polyesters and their copolymers, polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyanhydrides, polycarbonates, polyesteramides and recently developed injectable polymer systems based on polypropylenefumarates, polyurethanes and acrylate/urethane systems are reviewed. Polyesters such as polyglycolid... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436352 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436351&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045199%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents an overview of the developments in the application of lignin-oxidizing enzymes in bleaching of chemical pulps. The present knowledge of the mechanisms on the action of enzymes as well as the practical results and advantages obtained on the laboratory and industrial scale are discussed. PMID: 17045199 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436351 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436350&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045200%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M Clinical trial registries and posting of clinical trial results have recently become standard procedures for drug development. Several groups, including journal editors and professional trade organizations have called for legislation or have mandated terms or both for the public disclosure of current trials and the results of the clinical trials within a short timeframe after the trial has ended. PMID: 17045200 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436350 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436349&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17045201%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M, Soskin K Medical writers have important roles in preparing the documentation for approval for marketing of new products, writing manuscripts for publication, and other nonclinical, clinical, and promotional materials. Medical writing departments can be organized in different ways to accommodate the needs of the company. When organizing a new department or when determining metric for an existing department, it is important to understand what medical writers in the biopharma industry do, how they are recruited and trained, and how metrics are developed. PMID: 17045201 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436349 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 436349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436374&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216773%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fischer HP Developing a new drug is a tedious and expensive undertaking. The recently developed high-throughput experimental technologies, summarised by the terms genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics provide for the first time ever the means to comprehensively monitor the molecular level of disease processes. The "-omics" technologies facilitate the systematic characterisation of a drug target's physiology, thereby helping to reduce the typically high attrition rates in discovery projects, and improving the overall efficiency of pharmaceutical research processes. Currently, the bottleneck for taking full advantage of the new experimental technologies are the rapidly growing volumes of automatically produced biological data. A lack of scalable database systems... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436374 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436373&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stomp AM Inherent characteristics of duckweed, including fast, clonal growth, small size and simple growth habit, argue for their use as a biomanufacturing platform for proteins, polymers and small molecules. This review addresses five areas relevant to commercialization of the duckweed platform: (1) the characteristics of wild-type duckweed and general cultural requirements; (2) the genetics and biochemistry of the plants and recent scientific developments that provide the technology necessary to genetically modify duckweed; (3) the advantages provided by inherent duckweed characteristics and genetic engineering technology relative to bioproduction; (4) recent progress towards commercialization of duckweed-based products and (5) the major research needs for further R&D. ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436373 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436372&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boudjelal M, Mason SJ, Katso RM, Fleming JM, Parham JH, Condreay JP, Merrihew RV, Cairns WJ The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily represents a major class of drug targets for the pharmaceutical industry. Strategies for the development of novel, more selective and safer compounds aimed at these receptors are now emerging. Reporter assays have been used routinely for the identification and characterisation of NR ligands. As the NR drug development process evolves, the increase in screening demand in terms of both capacity and complexity has necessitated the development of novel assay formats with increased throughput and flexibility. BacMam technology, a modified baculovirus system for over-expressing genes of interest in mammalian cells has helped answer this requirement. BacMa... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436372 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436371&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216776%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berridge MV, Herst PM, Tan AS Tetrazolium salts have become some of the most widely used tools in cell biology for measuring the metabolic activity of cells ranging from mammalian to microbial origin. With mammalian cells, fractionation studies indicate that the reduced pyridine nucleotide cofactor, NADH, is responsible for most MTT reduction and this is supported by studies with whole cells. MTT reduction is associated not only with mitochondria, but also with the cytoplasm and with non-mitochondrial membranes including the endosome/lysosome compartment and the plasma membrane. The net positive charge on tetrazolium salts like MTT and NBT appears to be the predominant factor involved in their cellular uptake via the plasma membrane potential. However, second generation tetraz... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436371 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436370&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Garufi G, Minenkova O, Lo Passo C, Pernice I, Felici F Phage display is an established technology that has been successfully applied, in the last fifteen years, to projects aimed at deciphering biological processes and/or at the isolation of molecules of practical value in several diverse applications. Bacteriophage lambda, representing a molecular cloning and expression tool widely utilized since decades, has also been exploited to develop vectors for the display of libraries on its capsid. In the last few years, lambda display approach has been consistently offering new enthralling perspectives of technological application, such as domain mapping, antigen discovery, and protein interaction studies or, more generally, in functional genomics. PMID: 16216777 [PubMed - index... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436370 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436370 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436369&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216778%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eikje NS, Aizawa K, Ozaki Y Understanding the molecular, cellular and tissue changes that occur during skin carcinogenesis is central to cancer research in dermatology. The translational aspects of this field--the development of clinical applications in dermatology from the laboratory findings--aim at improving clinical diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of skin cancer. Vibrational spectroscopy, both infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, would be helpful in achieving those goals, since it has been shown to have potential in characterising and discriminating tumour and dysplastic tissue from normal tissue. Clinically differential diagnosis of skin tumours is often difficult and a histopathologic analysis of skin biopsies remains the standard for diagnostic confirmation. We rev... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436369 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436368&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216779%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Monici M Cells contain molecules, which become fluorescent when excited by UV/Vis radiation of suitable wavelength. This fluorescence emission, arising from endogenous fluorophores, is an intrinsic property of cells and is called auto-fluorescence to be distinguished from fluorescent signals obtained by adding exogenous markers. The majority of cell auto-fluorescence originates from mitochondria and lysosomes. Together with aromatic amino acids and lipo-pigments, the most important endogenous fluorophores are pyridinic (NADPH) and flavin coenzymes. In tissues, the extracellular matrix often contributes to the auto-fluorescence emission more than the cellular component, because collagen and elastin have, among the endogenous fluorophores, a relatively high quantum yield. Change... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436368 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436367&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216780%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berovic M Sterilisation of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases and maintenance of aseptic conditions during bioprocessing represents one of the most relevant parts of comprehensive upstream processing. The present chapter reviews various sterilisation techniques and methods for sterilisation of inlet gases, liquids, including sterilisation of small and large industrial equipment and validation of sterilisation procedures. Various methods for sterilisation using different kinds of filters, filter cartridges and membrane filters are also presented. Liquid sterilisation methods by filtration as well as heat sterilisation are discussed. Sterilisation of small and industrial scale equipment by chemical agents and physical methods as ionising radiation and dry heat sterilisat... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436367 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436366&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216781%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Podgornik A, Strancar A Modern downstream processing requires fast and highly effective methods to obtain large quantities of highly pure substances. Commonly applied method for this purpose is chromatography. However, its main drawback is its throughput since purification, especially of large molecules, requires long process time. To overcome this problem several new stationary phases were introduced, among which short layer monoliths show superior properties for many applications. The purpose of this review is to give an overview about short methacrylate monolithic columns commercialised under the trademark Convective Interaction Media (CIM). Their unique properties are described from different perspectives, explaining reasons for their application on various areas. Approach... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436366 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436365&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216782%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vassioukovitch O, Orsini M, Paparini A, Gianfranceschi G, Cattarini O, Di Michele P, Montuori E, Vanini GC, Romano Spica V Species identification represents a critical issue in food chain safety and quality control. Several procedures are available to detect animal proteins in cattle feed or to trace transgenic foods. The most effective approach is based on the use of DNA as a marker. Amplification of DNA provides rapid, sensitive and specific protocols. Several target genes can be used, but new insights come from the mitochondrial genome, which is naturally amplified in each cell and shows a remarkable resistance to degradation. These are key points when analysing complex matrices such as foods, animal feedstuff or environmental samples. Traceability is important to prevent B... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436365 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436365 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436364&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Borella P, Guerrieri E, Marchesi I, Bondi M, Messi P Ecological studies on Legionella spp. are essential to better understand their sources in the natural environments, the mechanism of their entry into man-made water systems and the factors enabling their survival and growth in aquatic habitats. Legionella spp. exhibits peculiar and multiple strategies to adapt to stressful environment conditions which normally impair other germ survival. These strategies include the ability to enter in a viable but non-cultivable (VBNC) state, to multiply intracellularly within a variety of protozoa, such as amoebae, to survive as free organisms within biofilms and to be enhanced/inhibited by the presence of other aquatic bacteria. The host-parasite interaction has been shown to be central i... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436364 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436364 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436363&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sawka CA, Shepherd FA, Franssen E, Brandwein J, Dotten DA, Routy JP, Walker IR, St-Louis J, Taylor M, Arts K, Crump M, Foote M Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) remains an important complication of associated HIV infection despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the optimum chemotherapy regimen for this disease remains to be defined. A dose-escalation trial was performed to determine the maximum tolerated doses of etoposide and doxorubicin as part of the 12-week VACOP-B regimen, supported by filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF). Patients with aggressive histology HIV-related NHL who were previously untreated with chemotherapy, and who had no active opportunistic infection were eligible for the study. Chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide 350 mg/m2, vincristine 2 mg, bleomyc... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436363 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436362&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16216785%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eccles SA, Box C, Court W Invasive capacity is the single most important trait that distinguishes benign from malignant lesions. Tumour cells, during intravasation and extravasation of blood and lymphatic channels and when establishing colonies at secondary sites, must move through tissue boundaries that normal adult cells (other than, for example activated leukocytes) do not cross. Similar mechanisms are also utilised by activated endothelial cells during the generation of new blood vessels that enable the sustained growth and dissemination of tumours. It is now increasingly recognised that these processes--cell motility and invasion--might provide a rich source of novel targets for cancer therapy and that appropriate inhibitors may restrain both metastasis and neoangiogenesi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436362 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:00:00 +0100 436362 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436386&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hoffmann M, Nemetz C, Madin K, Buchberger B Proteome research has recently been stimulated by important technological advances in the field of recombinant protein expression. One major breakthrough was the development of a new generation of cell-free transcription/translation systems. The open and flexible character of these systems allows direct control over expression conditions via the addition of supplements to the expression reaction. The possibility of working with linear expression templates instead of cloned plasmids and the ease of downstream processing, circumventing the need for cell-lysis, makes them ideally suited for high-throughput screening applications. Among these novel cell-free systems, the Rapid Translation System (RTS) developed by Roche is the first one ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436386 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436385&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504702%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cabrita LD, Bottomley SP The release of sequence data, particularly from a number of medically and biotechnologically important genomes, is increasing in an exponential fashion. In light of this, elucidating the structure and function of proteins, particularly in a "high throughput" manner, is an important quest. The production of recombinant proteins however is not always straightforward, with a number of proteins falling prey to low expression problems, a high susceptibility to proteolysis and the often despised production of inclusion bodies. Whilst expression as inclusion bodies can often be advantageous, their solubilization and renaturation is often a time consuming and empirical process. In this review, we aim to outline some of the more common approaches that have been... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436385 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436384&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504703%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Desiere F Sequencing of the human genome has opened the door to the most exciting new era for the holistic system description of human health. It is now possible to study the underlying mechanisms of human health in relation to diet and other environmental factors such as drugs and toxic pollutants. Technological advances make it feasible to envisage that in the future personalized drug treatment and dietary advice and possibly tailored food products can be used for promoting optimal health on an individual basis, in relation to genotype and lifestyle. Life-Science research has in the past very much focused on diseases and how to reestablish human health after illness. Today, the role of food and nutrition in human health and especially prevention of illness is gaining recogni... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436384 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436383&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504704%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective is to summarize state of the art research, provide fundamental technical information, point out problems and perspectives, and make available essential tools for further research. Are GMO based industries and GMO-derived foods safe to human health? Can we consider both social, ethical and public health issues by means of a constant and effective monitoring of the food chain and by a clear, informative labeling of the products? Which are the so far characterized or alleged hazards of GMOs? And, most importantly, are these hazards actual, potential or merely contrived? Several questions remain open; answers and solutions belong to science, to politics and to the personal opinion of each social subject. PMID: 15504704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Ann... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436383 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436382&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504705%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hasegawa Y, Yamagishi S, Fujitani M, Yamashita T The neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) has long been known as a receptor for neurotrophins that promote survival and differentiation. Consistent with the role of neurotrophins, p75(NTR) is expressed during the developmental stages of the nervous system. However, p75(NTR) is re-expressed in various pathological conditions in the adult. We now know that p75(NTR) has the ability to elicit bi-directional signals, that result in the inhibition as well as the promotion of the neurite outgrowth. p75(NTR) is a key receptor for myelin-derived inhibitory cues that contribute to the lack of regeneration of the central nervous system. PMID: 15504705 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436382 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436381&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504706%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rowley MJ, O'Connor K, Wijeyewickrema L Antibodies that react with many different molecular species of protein and non-protein nature are widely studied in biology and have particular utilities, but the precise epitopes recognized are seldom well defined. The definition of epitopes by X-ray crystallography of the antigen-antibody complex, the gold standard procedure, has shown that most antibody epitopes are conformational and specified by interactions with topographic determinants on the surface of the antigenic molecule. Techniques available for the definition of such epitopes are limited. Phage display using either gene-specific libraries, or random peptide libraries, provides a powerful technique for an approach to epitope identification. The technique can identify amino a... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436381 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436381 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436380&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504707%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smooker PM, Rainczuk A, Kennedy N, Spithill TW DNA or nucleic acid vaccines are being evaluated for efficacy against a range of parasitic diseases. Data from studies in rodent model systems have provided proof of principle that DNA vaccines are effective at inducing both humoral and T cell responses to a variety of candidate vaccine antigens. In particular, the induction of potent cellular responses often gives DNA vaccination an immunological advantage over subunit protein vaccination. Protection against parasite challenge has been demonstrated in a number of systems. However, application of parasite DNA vaccines in large animals including ruminants, primates and humans has been compromised by the relative lack of immune responsiveness to the vaccines, but the reasons for thi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436380 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436379&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504708%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smalling R, Foote M, Molineux G, Swanson SJ, Elliott S Anti-erythropoietin (EPO)-induced pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is an uncommon, potentially life-threatening condition in which the bone marrow stops manufacturing red blood cells. In the past few years, reports of drug-induced, anti-EPO antibody-mediated PRCA have increased substantially, with most cases attributed to the use of one erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, Eprex. A literature review was undertaken to document the reports of drug-induced PRCA, with all drugs and drug regimens. The sudden increase in reports of antibody-mediated PRCA is discussed. PMID: 15504708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436379 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436378&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504709%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M With the introduction of the common technical document (CTD), many writers in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries are now required to submit dossiers in this format. The format of the CTD is not extremely difficult from the familiar documents of the Biologic License Application (BLA) or New Drug Application (NDA). The CTD can be mapped to existing areas of the BLA or NDA. The components of the CTD are discussed and references to the current guidance worldwide are provided to assist the writer. PMID: 15504709 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436378 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436377&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504710%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M Papers reporting the results of clinical trials written by medical writers employed by the biotech and pharmaceutical industries have been criticized for possible bias in presentation and failure to adhere to authorship guidelines. Several groups have attempted to address the concerns of journal editors, academics, regulators, and the general public by issuing guidelines and policies for the preparation of such material. PMID: 15504710 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436377 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436376&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504711%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Theuer CP, Leigh BR, Multani PS, Allen RS, Liang BC Zevalin (ibritumomab tiuxetan; IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on February 19, 2002, following 9 years of clinical development. Six clinical studies supported the Zevalin Biologics License Application. The Zevalin regimen is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and for those with follicular NHL refractory to Rituxan (rituximab, MabThera; IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, CA and Genentech, South San Francisco, CA). In the year following FDA approval, approximately 1300 patients were treated in clinical trials or with the commerc... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436376 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436375&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15504712%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ho RL, Bartsell LT Biosimulation software is being used in pharmaceutical drug development to mimic diseases. Virtual clinical trials of new developing pharmaceutical drugs can be conducted on computers running disease simulations. Using virtual patients instead of clinical research patients can save both time and money for pharmaceutical companies in their search to discover new drugs and bring them to market. In the future, this type of research will be commonplace. PMID: 15504712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436375 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 07:00:00 +0100 436375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436397&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ng JH, Ilag LL Technological advances in miniaturization have found a niche in biology and signal the beginning of a new revolution. Most of the attention and advances have been made with DNA chips yet a lot of progress is being made in the use of other biomolecules and cells. A variety of reviews have covered only different aspects and technologies but leading to the shared terminology of "biochips." This review provides a basic introduction and an in-depth survey of the different technologies and applications involving the use of non-DNA molecules such as proteins and cells. The review focuses on microarrays and microfluidics, but also describes some cellular systems (studies involving patterning and sensor chips) and nanotechnology. The principles of each technology includi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436397 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436396&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Velkov T, Lawen A Many microbial peptide secondary metabolites possess important medicinal properties, of which the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A is an example. The enormous structural and functional diversity of these low-molecular weight peptides is attributable to their mode of biosynthesis. Peptide secondary metabolites are assembled non-ribosomally by multi-functional enzymes, termed non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. These systems consist of a multi-modular arrangement of the functional domains responsible for the catalysis of the partial reactions of peptide assembly. The extensive homology shared among NRPS systems allows for the generalisation of the knowledge garnered from studies of systems of diverse origins. In this review we shall focus the contemporary knowled... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436396 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436395&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650928%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Azevedo AM, Martins VC, Prazeres DM, Vojinović V, Cabral JM, Fonseca LP Peroxidases have conquered a prominent position in biotechnology and associated research areas (enzymology, biochemistry, medicine, genetics, physiology, histo- and cytochemistry). They are one of the most extensively studied groups of enzymes and the literature is rich in research papers dating back from the 19th century. Nevertheless, peroxidases continue to be widely studied, with more than 2000 articles already published in 2002 (according to the Institute for Scientific Information). The importance of peroxidases is emphasised by their wide distribution among living organisms and by their multiple physiological roles. They have been divided into three superfamilies according to their source and mode ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436395 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436394&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650929%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Derion T The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires reproducibility studies for premarket approval of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Results of reproducibility studies provide an estimate of the variability of the IVD test among study sites, reagent lots, site operators, within a single test run, and over multiple test days. In planning the study, discuss the product registration strategy, including the intended use of the product and desired label claims, and define the study team. Design the sample panel according to the limit of detection or quantitation of the test, dynamic range of the test, FDA guidelines, sample matrix, and genotype. Consider legal and ethical issues for obtaining the panel parent specimen, such as minimizing the privacy risk and keeping promi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436394 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436393&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650930%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paik S Although postoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer appears to have reached the limit of cytoreduction, this may be due to chemotherapeutic agents that are administered nonselectively rather than attainment of the true limit of cytoreduction. Molecular profiles of tumor cells may determine tumor response to chemotherapy, and therefore the selective use of chemotherapy based on prediction will ultimately provide a cure for breast cancer. In this paper, design strategies for clinical trials aimed at disclosing predictive markers are discussed. PMID: 14650930 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436393 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436392&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650931%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hecker SJ, Preston C, Foote M Many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies use clinical research organizations (CROs) to assist in the writing and preparation of clinical documents intended for submission to health authorities. Start-up companies often require the expertise of a CRO to prepare their first regulatory documents. Larger or more experienced companies often require CRO staff to assist at times of multiple simultaneous submissions. The timely production of high-quality new drug marketing applications requires close collaborations between the drug company and the CRO. The views of both CRO and industry in ensuring best practices are discussed. PMID: 14650931 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436392 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436391&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Giffin M, McLeish S As the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry enters the 21st century, the pressure on companies to maintain the level of productivity required for consistent year-on-year growth is increasing. Benchmarking has become a tool for obtaining the information needed to support continuous improvement and gain a competitive advantage. During the process of benchmarking, best practices can be identified while giving management the ability to improve on existing performance in an objective, well-informed manner. When used appropriately, benchmarking provides a new perspective on traditional methods while enabling companies to monitor their performance. PMID: 14650932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436391 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436390&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650933%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Molowa DT, Mazanet R The manufacturing of protein-based biopharmaceuticals is done in bacterial or mammalian cell cultures. While bacterial cultures are inexpensive, dependable, and approved by regulatory authorities, many complex proteins cannot be manufactured this way. Complex proteins must be manufactured in mammalian cell cultures to produce active products. Mammalian cell culture capacity is limited and has slowed the delivery of necessary biopharmaceutical products to patients. The nature of the production capacity problem and future outlook are critically examined. PMID: 14650933 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436390 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436389&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650934%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Foote M Publication of clinical trial data is the final step in the scientific method and an important method by which pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, i.e., drug sponsors, disseminate information about their products. Because of the nature of large, multicenter trials, multiple investigators from many institutions may be considered as authors of these papers. Controversy concerning the rights of academic institutions and the rights of drug sponsors has been widely debated. This chapter summarizes the controversy and the current policies. PMID: 14650934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436389 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436388&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650935%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Neves-Petersen MT, Petersen SB The molecular understanding of the initial interaction between a protein and, e.g., its substrate, a surface or an inhibitor is essentially an understanding of the role of electrostatics in intermolecular interactions. When studying biomolecules it is becoming increasingly evident that electrostatic interactions play a role in folding, conformational stability, enzyme activity and binding energies as well as in protein-protein interactions. In this chapter we present the key basic equations of electrostatics necessary to derive the equations used to model electrostatic interactions in biomolecules. We will also address how to solve such equations. This chapter is divided into two major sections. In the first part we will review the basic Maxwell ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436388 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436387&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14650936%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Neumann TK, Foote M As the population ages, a dramatic increase in the number of cases of cancer is expected and the need for supportive-care agents, those used to ameliorate some of the side effects of cancer or its treatment, becomes more urgent. At present, supportive-care products are available and new agents are being developed with novel mechanisms of action or modifications of existing agents that improve performance. Because of the urgent need for such products, efficient development is required to deliver useful products to patients as rapidly as possible. This chapter uses actual examples to illustrate the stages of drug development, phase I through phase 3. PMID: 14650936 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436387 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 07:00:00 +0100 436387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436405&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436914%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Attwood TK, Miller CJ In silico biology has gathered momentum as, worldwide, scientists have united in a common quest to sequence, store and analyse complete genomes. This year, a pivotal achievement of this cooperative endeavour was realised in the release of a public draft of the human genome, and with it the promises to improve our understanding of diverse aspects of biology and to yield a healthier future with safe personalized medicines. Key to these goals will be the need to elucidate and characterise the genes and gene products encoded not just in the human genome, but in many genomes. These tasks are underpinned by the concepts and processes of genome and gene/protein evolution, regulation of gene expression, mechanisms of protein folding, the manifestation of protein ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436405 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436405 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436404&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436915%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Patro SY, Freund E, Chang BS One of the challenges for the successful commercialization of therapeutic proteins is to maintain the safety and efficacy of the protein during the manufacturing process, storage, and administration. To achieve this, the purified form of the protein drug is usually "formulated" with carefully selected excipients. The operations that occur subsequent to protein purification, such as freezing of the purified protein bulk, thawing of the bulk, formulation (excipient addition), sterile filtration, filling, freeze-drying, and inspection are commonly referred as "formulation and fill-finish operations". This review is focused on the protein formulation and fill-finish operations, critical process parameters at each operation, and the process consideratio... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436404 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436404 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436403&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436916%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zammatteo N, Hamels S, De Longueville F, Alexandre I, Gala JL, Brasseur F, Remacle J The DNA chips are arrays of DNA probes immobilized on solid support for simultaneous identification of many target DNA sequences. DNA chips applied to diagnosis aims to detect genomic DNA or RNA after PCR amplification. This review provides an overview of DNA chip technology, focusing on diagnostic applications. A comparison between high density and low density microarrays is given showing that low density chips are more suitable for routine applications due to their simplicity, good reproducibility, easy data management and low cost. PMID: 12436916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436403 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436403 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436402&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436917%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gosselin MA, Lee RJ The folate receptor is a cell surface protein that has recently been identified as a tumor marker, due to its differential overexpression in several malignancies. Current research indicates that folate can be covalently attached to the surface of liposomes to mediate their selective internalization by tumor cells through the folate receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. Optimized liposome formulations, characterized by improvements in drug loading, extended residence times in the circulation and improved drug release, have been developed to improve the biodistribution of therapeutic molecules. Theoretically, folate receptor-targeting can be combined with liposome encapsulation to synergistically affect disease outcome by enhancing the delivery of chemotherape... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436402 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436401&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436918%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schraa AJ, Everts M, Kok RJ, Asgeirsdóttir SA, Meijer DK, de Leij LF, Molema G Endothelial cells play a pathological role in cancer and chronic inflammation and are therefore attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on endothelial cell specific drug targeting strategies for the treatment of these diseases. The cellular and molecular processes involved in the activation of endothelial cells in angiogenesis and inflammation will be reviewed. Various target epitopes expressed by activated endothelium suitable for targeting purposes, design and development of drug-carrier complexes, drugs of interest which might interfere with endothelial cell activation, as well as in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches to study (intra) cellular drug delivery wi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436401 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436401 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436400&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436919%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang L, Muttucumaru S The separation of biosynthetic polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was undertaken with supercritical fluid. The polyunsaturated fatty acid was synthesised by WL-1021, which is a strain of marine bacterium isolated from marine fish. The polyunsaturated fatty acid can be very efficiently extracted from WL-1021 that has the characteristics of rapid growth in the artificial medium. The PUFA in WL-1021 has been successfully separated by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The SFE process parameters including pressure, temperature and culture temperature variations have been measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), GC/FT-IR and GC/MS. PMID: 12436919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436400 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436399&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436920%26dopt%3DAbstract This article provides an overview of the knowledge of solid-state bioprocessing that has been gained over this time. It shows that, although significant advances have been achieved in understanding of what controls process performance, much research is still required. PMID: 12436920 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436399 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436398&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12436921%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bĕhal V The chapter informs about different types of antibiotics, their structure, biosynthesis and their regulation. Industrial cultivation and isolation of antibiotics is described in the chapter. Search for microorganisms producing antibiotics and preparation of high-producing strains is described. Resistance against antibiotics in producing microorganisms and pathogens is discussed. PMID: 12436921 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436398 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 07:00:00 +0100 436398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436415&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686041%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prazeres DM, Monteiro GA, Ferreira GN, Diogo MM, Ribeiro SC, Cabral JM This chapter covers the different aspects of the production and purification of plasmids for gene therapy and DNA vaccination. Process issues are extensively covered and complemented with information related to plasmid DNA structure, vector construction, product specifications and quality assurance and control. PMID: 11686041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436415 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436414&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686042%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu H, el-Gewely MR P53 protein regulates cell responses to DNA damage to keep genomic stability by transactivation and trans-repression of its downstream target genes. P53 protein also has activators, inactivators, or co-factors via interaction with other proteins. Both the p53-regulated genes and interacted proteins form a huge network. As tumors usually escape from proliferating controls by means of accumulation of genetic alterations, p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes that can be targeted for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention. Reviewing the p53-network is of great importance. In this review, we are focusing on cancer-related p53 downstream-regulated genes. Various methods dealing with the discovery of p53-regulated genes by the detecti... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436414 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436413&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686043%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dahl SG, Edvardsen Ø, Kristiansen K, Sylte I One important aspect in biotechnology is gene discovery and target validation for drug discovery. Information from the human genome (HUGO) project may be used to deduce the amino acid sequence of all proteins produced in the human body. However, knowing the amino acid sequence of a protein is not the same as knowing its function. Identification of novel molecular targets for discovery of new, safer and more efficient therapeutic drugs from the human genome sequences requires multidisciplinary research efforts, including proteomics, structural biology and bioinformatics. In addition to possible effects on gene expression, most of the currently used therapeutic drugs either have enzymes or membrane proteins as their molecular targets... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436413 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436412&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686044%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Inouye K, Sakaki T The key enzymes of vitamin D3 metabolism, renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24) were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their enzymatic properties were revealed. As expected, mouse CYP27B1 and human CYP27B1 showed the 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with the Michaelis constant, Km, value of 2.7 microM. Unexpectedly, both mouse CYP27B1 and human CYP27B1 showed greater Vmax/Km values toward 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, suggesting that 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a better substrate than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for both CYP27B1. Enzymatic studies on substrate specificity of CYP27B1 revealed that 25-hydroxyl group of vitamin D3 was essential for the 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity, an... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436412 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436411&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686045%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aljanabi S Much of our most basic understanding of genetics has its roots in plant genetics and crop breeding. The study of plants has led to important insights into highly conserved biological process and a wealth of knowledge about development. Agriculture is now well positioned to take its share benefit from genomics. The primary sequences of most plant genes will be determined over the next few years. Informatics and functional genomics will help identify those genes that can be best utilized to crop production and quality through genetic engineering and plant breeding. Recent developments in plant genomics are reviewed. PMID: 11686045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436411 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436410&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686046%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li Y, Wu YH, McAvoy R, Duan H With rapid world population growth and declining availability of fresh water and arable land, a new technology is urgently needed to enhance agricultural productivity. Recent discoveries in the field of crop transgenics clearly demonstrate the great potential of this technology for increasing food production and improving food quality while preserving the environment for future generations. In this review, we briefly discuss some of the recent achievements in crop improvement that have been made using gene transfer technology. PMID: 11686046 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436410 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436410 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436409&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686047%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dookun A After a slow start many developing countries are now investing in agricultural biotechnology. Although these countries face several constraints, efforts are being made to promote biotechnology that requires high investment with long term returns. A number of donor agencies are providing incentives to stimulate biotechnology in the developing countries. There is however a major debate towards the development of biotechnology, especially genetically modified organisms, in the developing countries and there is a need for them to address biosafety issues and proper monitoring systems. The concern of intellectual property rights is a major issue in the developing countries in order to have access to the technologies that are often owned by multinational corporations in the... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436409 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436409 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436408&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686048%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fjose A, Ellingsen S, Wargelius A, Seo HC RNA interference (RNAi) is a phenomenon induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in which gene expression is inhibited through specific degradation of mRNA. The mechanism involves conversion of dsRNA into short RNAs that direct ribonucleases to homologous mRNA targets. This process is related to normal defence against viruses and mobilisation of transposons. Treatment with dsRNA has become an important method for analysing gene functions in invertebrate organisms. RNAi has also been demonstrated in several vertebrate species but with lower efficiency. Development of procedures for in vivo production of dsRNA may provide efficient tools for tissue- and stage-specific gene targeting. PMID: 11686048 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Sourc... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436408 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436408 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436407&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686049%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brandl M Liposome researchers have created a hugh variety of liposomal drug carriers in the past thirty years mainly by small-scale laboratory techniques using more or less well defined raw materials. Only a few of these liposomal preparations have made their way to approved drugs for clinical use in humans so far. The review gives a critical literature survey over key technologies, which are used to evaluate an appropriate lipid formula and to prepare, size, load and sterilise liposomes. It also deals with quality and shelf stability aspects of liposomal drug carriers. PMID: 11686049 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436407 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436406&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11686050%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Melo EP, Aires-Barros MR, Cabral JM Reverse micelles are nanometer-sized (1-10 nm) water droplets dispersed in organic media obtained by the action of surfactants. Surfactant molecules organize with the polar part to the inner side able to solubilize water and the apolar part in contact with the organic solvent. Proteins can be solubilized in the water pool of reverse micelles. Studies on the structure-function relationships of proteins in reverse micelles are very important since the microenvironment in which the protein is solubilized has physico-chemical properties distinct from a bulk aqueous solution. Some of the unique characteristics of reverse micelles make them very useful for biotechnological applications. Charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of the pro... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436406 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 07:00:00 +0100 436406 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436432&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10874995%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Honda H, Kobayashi T Process control of bioprocess has been carried out by the judgment of the experts, who are the skilled operators and have lots of experiences for the control of the process. In almost all cases, those experiences are described linguistic IF-THEN rules. Fussy inference is one of the powerful tools to incorporate the linguistic rules to the computer for process control. Fuzzy control are divided into two types; one is the direct fuzzy control of process variables such as sugar feed rate in fed-batch culture and fermentation temperature in batch operation. The other is the indirect control of bioprocess, in which at first the phase recognition is carried out by fuzzy inference and the control strategies constructed in each phase are used for the control of pr... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436432 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436431&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10874996%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gill RW, Sanseau P Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are short single-pass DNA sequences obtained from either end of cDNA clones. These ESTs are derived from a vast number of cDNA libraries obtained from different species. Human ESTs are the bulk of the data and have been widely used to identify new members of gene families, as markers on the human chromosomes, to discover polymorphism sites and to compare expression patterns in different tissues or pathologies states. Information strategies have been devised to query EST databases. Since most of the analysis is performed with a computer, the term "in silico" strategy has been coined. In this chapter we will review the current status of EST databases, the pros and cons of EST-type data and describe possible strategies to retrieve... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436431 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436431 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436430&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10874997%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rudert F, Ge L, Ilag LL Knowing the sequence of a gene does not mean knowing its function. Although, information stored at the DNA level can be used to predict biological processes, proteins are the final executors of the various response programs of a cell. Transient information, like posttranslational modifications or interactions among proteins, cannot be deduced from DNA sequences. The rapid accumulation of large amounts of DNA sequence data in genomics projects has led to an increasing demand for powerful tools to analyze proteins and their behaviour at a large scale. This review aims to compare different technologies used for identification of interacting proteins and discusses recent developments in the field of high-throughput protein-protein interaction mapping. P... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436430 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436429&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10874998%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lantz PG, Abu al-Soud W, Knutsson R, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Rådström P Since its introduction in the mid-80s, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has been recognised as a rapid, sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tool for the analysis of micro-organisms in clinical, environmental and food samples. Although this technique can be extremely effective with pure solutions of nucleic acids, it's sensitivity may be reduced dramatically when applied directly to biological samples. This review describes PCR technology as a microbial detection method, PCR inhibitors in biological samples and various sample preparation techniques that can be used to facilitate PCR detection, by either separating the micro-organisms from PCR inhibitors and/or by concentrating the micro-organi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436429 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436429 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436428&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10874999%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Komano T, Takabe S, Sakai H Production of a large amount of insecticidal crystal proteins encoded on large plasmids is largely dependent upon the mother cell, Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis, also Bt), specific transcription systems attributable to sporulation. In the middle stages of sporulation, cry4A is most actively transcribed from the promoter cry4A-P1. The proximal transcriptional start point of cry4A, which is under the control of the promoter P1, is used in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) in the middle stage of sporulation. The nucleotide sequence that determines the cry4A-P1 promoter is homologous to the consensus sequence for the promoter of sigma E-specific genes in B. subtilis, and to those promoters of the insecticidal protein genes that are efficiently ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436428 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436427&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10875000%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ma DD, Rede T, Naqvi NA, Cook PD Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) are short nucleic acid chains that can act in a sequence specific manner to control gene expression. Significant progress has been made in the development of synthetic ODN therapeutics since the first demonstration of gene inhibition by antisense ODNs in a cell culture system two decades ago. This new class of therapeutic agents can potentially target any abnormally expressed genes in a broad range of diseases from viral infections to psychoneurological disorders. A number of "first" generation synthetic ODNs have entered into human clinical trials in the last few years. The eminent approval of the first ODN for the treatment of cytomaglovirus retinitis by the FDA in USA will provide much excitement that this n... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436427 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436426&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10875001%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Katsel PL, Greenstein RJ Liposome mediated gene transfer has a great potential in gene therapy. In this review we discuss the physical and chemical properties of cationic liposomes that affect their abilities to mediate gene transfer into eukaryotic cells. The specific focus is on functional domains of cationic lipids. We address polar head variations, counterions, linker bonds, acyl chain variations, as well as composition of liposomes. We additionally discuss different functional groups of lipids affecting lipid bilayer packing, lipid association with DNA, fusion with the cellular membranes and the release of transferred DNA from endosomes into the cytoplasm. PMID: 10875001 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436426 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436425&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10875002%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dempster AM The primary objectives of nonclinical safety evaluation for pharmaceutical products are to identify potential target organ toxicity, provide a safe starting dose for clinical trials, and establish dose-response relationships. These objectives do not differ in concept for either small molecular weight compounds or biotechnologically derived pharmaceuticals; they are important for both. The complex structural and biological characteristics of biotechnologically derived pharmaceuticals, however, dictate that different approaches to their safety evaluation are needed. Although their novel mode of production initially raised concerns about their safety, improvements in analytical and manufacturing procedures have largely minimized the perceived risks. It is primarily th... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436425 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436425 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436424&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10875003%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vincent-Gattis M, Webb C, Foote M Clinical drug development involves many steps and is extremely costly to the sponsoring company. There is intense pressure on sponsors to be faster, more efficient, and less costly. Sponsors also need to be globally oriented in their drug-development processes. There are several ways in which clinical drug development may be done more quickly and at less cost. These strategies include the use of large contract research organizations (CRO) and site management organizations (SMO). Although there is an estimated 2000 CRO worldwide, the use of SMO is quite limited but growing rapidly. Changes in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), especially harmonization between its two divisions Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) and Cent... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436424 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436423&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10875004%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yang X, Tian XC, Dai Y, Wang B During the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in the area of transgenic farm animals. While there are many important transgenic farm animal applications in agriculture, funding has been very limited and progress has been rather slow in this area. Encouragingly, the potential applications of transgenic farm animals as bioreactors for producing human therapeutic proteins and as organ donors for transplantations in humans have attracted vast funding from the private sectors. Several transgenic animal products are already in various phases of clinical trials. Estimates are, that in the near future, the worlds demands on human pharmaceutical proteins may largely be met by transgenic farm animals. While there are still major challenges ahea... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436423 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436422&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193291%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smalås AO, Leiros HK, Os V, Willassen NP The number of reports on enzymes from cold adapted organisms has increased significantly over the past years, and reveals that adaptive strategies for functioning at low temperature varies among enzymes. However, the high catalytic efficiency at low temperature seems, for the majority of cold active enzymes, to be accompanied by a reduced thermal stability. Increased molecular flexibility to compensate for the low working temperature, is therefore still the most dominating theory for cold adaptation, although there also seem to be other adaptive strategies. The number of experimentally determined 3D structures of enzymes possessing cold adaptation features is still limited, and restricts a structural rationalization for cold activity. ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436422 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436421&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193292%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Krupp G, Bonatz G, Parwaresch R Replication of eukaryotic linear chromosomes is incomplete and leaves terminal gaps. The evolutionary widely distributed solution to this "end replication" is twofold: chromosome ends are capped with telomeres, bearing multiple copies of redundant telomeric sequences, and the telomerase enzyme can add (lost) telomeric repeats. Telomerase in humans, as in all mammals, is ubiquitous in all embryonic tissues. In adults, telomerase remains active in germs cells, and, although down-regulated in most somatic tissues, telomerase is active in regenerative tissues and notably, in tumor cells. Telomerase activity is linked to cellular proliferation, and its activation seems to be a mandatory step in carcinogenesis. In contrast to mammals, indeterminately ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436421 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436420&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193293%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sakallah SA In this review, the basic technologies and procedures currently used in clinical laboratories performing molecular diagnostics are described. Special emphasis on specimen processing has been made since it is one of the most challenging steps involved in molecular testing. Representative examples are given for each type of technology, especially tests that are currently available in the market. The types of hybridization-based and amplification-based procedures are detailed. Finally, current problems and future developments are discussed. PMID: 11193293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436420 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436419&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193294%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jeworski M, Heinzle E Biological processes are usually most efficient for degrading pollutants occurring in wastewater. Refractory and toxic compounds contained limit their applicability. In such cases combinations with chemical oxidation processes may improve the overall efficiency and efficacy. Most suitable oxidation processes for combination with biological treatment are wet air oxidation, ozonation, hydrogen peroxide treatment and other advanced oxidation processes. Most effective are OH-radicals produced in all these oxidation processes. Chemical oxidation produces intermediates with usually improved biodegradability. Process combinations may be serial or with recycling between chemical oxidation and biological treatment. Design criteria, control of combined processes an... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436419 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436419 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436418&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193295%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Peres CM, Agathos SN Nitroaromatic compounds are important contaminants of the environment, mainly of anthropogenic origin. They are produced as intermediates and products in the industrial manufacturing of dyes, explosives, pesticides, etc. Their toxicity has been extensively demonstrated in a whole range of living organisms, and nitroaromatic contamination dating from World War II is the proof of the recalcitrance of such compounds to microbial recycling. In spite of this, bacteria have evolved diverse pathways that allow them to mineralize specific nitroaromatic compounds. Degradation sequences initiated by an oxidation, an attack by a hydride ion, or a partial reduction have been documented. Some of these reactions have been exploited in bioreactors. Although pathways and ... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436418 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436417&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193296%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Armstrong E, Boyd KG, Burgess JG All surfaces that are submerged in the sea rapidly become covered by a biofilm. This process, called biofouling, has substantial economic consequences. Paints containing tri-butyl-tin (TBT) and copper compounds are used to protect marine structures by reducing biofouling. However, these compounds have damaging effects on the marine environment, as they are not biodegradable. It has been noted that many seaweeds and invertebrates found in the sea are not covered by a mature biofilm. This is due to the release of compounds into the surrounding seawater that deter the settlement of fouling organisms. In addition, seaweeds and invertebrates have bacteria on their surfaces that produce compounds to deter settling organisms. The production of compoun... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436417 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436416&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11193297%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Breton G, Danyluk J, Ouellet F, Sarhan F Plants use a wide array of proteins to protect themselves against low temperature and freezing conditions. The identification of these freezing tolerance associated proteins and the elucidation of their cryoprotective functions will have important applications in several fields. Genes encoding structural proteins, osmolyte producing enzymes, oxidative stress scavenging enzymes, lipid desaturases and gene regulators have been used to produce transgenic plants. These studies have revealed the potential capacity of different genes to protect against temperature related stresses. In some cases, transgenic plants with significant cold tolerance have been produced. Furthermore, the biochemical characterization of the cold induced antifreeze p... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436416 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 07:00:00 +0100 436416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436439&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890137%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lubon H The regulatory elements of genes used to target the tissue-specific expression of heterologous human proteins have been studied in vitro and in transgenic mice. Hybrid genes exhibiting the desired performance have been introduced into large animals. Complex proteins like protein C, factor IX, factor VIII, fibrinogen and hemoglobin, in addition to simpler proteins like alpha 1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, albumin and tissue plasminogen activator have been produced in transgenic livestock. The amount of functional protein secreted when the transgene is expressed at high levels may be limited by the required posttranslational modifications in host tissues. This can be overcome by engineering the transgenic bioreactor to express the appropriate modifying enzymes. Genetic... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436439 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436438&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890138%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jänne J, Alhonen L, Hyttinen JM, Peura T, Tolvanen M, Korhonen VP Since the generation of the first transgenic mice in 1980, transgene technology has also been successfully applied to large farm animals. Although this technology can be employed to improve certain production traits of livestock, this approach has not been very successful so far owing to unwanted effects encountered in the production animals. However, by using tissue-specific targeting of the transgene expression, it is possible to produce heterologous proteins in the extracellular space of large transgenic farm animals. Even though some recombinant proteins, such as human hemoglobin, have been produced in the blood of transgenic pigs, in the majority of the cases mammary gland targeted expression of the transg... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436438 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436437&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890139%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chang TM Biotechnological techniques of cross-linking and microencapsulation of hemoglobin result in blood substitutes that can replace red blood cells. Unlike red blood cells they can be sterilized by pasteurization, ultrafiltration and chemical means. This removes microorganisms responsible for AIDS, hepatitis, etc. Since they are free of red blood cell blood group antigens, there is no need for cross-matching or typing. This saves time and facilities and allows on-the-spot transfusion such as the infusion of salt solution. Furthermore, they can be stored for a long time. Hemoglobin for modification can be extracted from human red blood cells. Other sources of hemoglobin include bovine hemoglobin and recombinant human hemoglobin. Clinical trials are ongoing testing the possi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436437 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436437 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436436&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890140%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mühlbach HP Plant cell cultures are being widely used in scientific studies on the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of primary and secondary metabolism, developmental regulation and cellular responses to pathogens and stress. In this chapter the significance of plant cell cultures in biotechnology is discussed with special emphasis on commercial production of secondary metabolites and pharmaceuticals, the potential of genetically transformed cell cultures, photosynthetically active cell cultures, production of somatic embryos, and novel assay systems based on the use of plant cells. Future aspects of biotechnical applications with respect to the potentials and limitations of these approaches are assessed, particularly in comparison with the productivity of lower... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436436 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436436 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436435&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890141%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morea V, Leplae R, Tramontano A Proteins have a unique native conformation, which can be proven in many instances to be determined by the amino acid sequence alone. The folding problem, that is the understanding of how the amino acid sequence directs folding, is still unsolved, despite more than 30 years of effort. However, many new methods have appeared in the past few years. This chapter describes the different principles underlying them and tries to give an overview of their successes and pitfalls. PMID: 9890141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436435 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436435 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436434&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890142%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carriere KC One of the major issues in all applications of biotechnology is how to regulate the process through which new technological information is produced. The end products of biotechnological applications are diverse (e.g., better drugs, better interventions, better fertilizers). Such applications should be properly regulated to obtain valid scientific findings in the most efficient way possible. Some statistically optimal designs are more popularly employed than others as regulatory tools in medical, pharmaceutical and clinical trials. The statistical and practical properties (strengths and weaknesses) are presented to better appreciate their optimality. Recent developments on some related issues are also reviewed. PMID: 9890142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Sourc... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436434 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436434 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436433&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9890143%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fujiwara S, Takagi M, Imanaka T Archaea is the third domain which is phylogenetically differentiated from the other two domains, bacteria and eucarya. Hyperthermophile within the archaea domain has evolved most slowly retaining many ancestral features of higher eukaryotes. Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1, which grows at 95 degrees C optimally, is a newly isolated hyperthermophilc archaeon. The KOD1 strain possesses a circular genome, whose size is estimated to be approximately 2,036 kb. KOD1 enzymes involved in the genetic information processing system, such as DNA polymerase, Rec protein, aspartyl tRNA synthetase and molecular chaperonin, share features of eukaryotic enzymes. Rapid and accurate PCR method by KOD1 DNA polymerase and enzyme stabilization system by KOD1 chaperonin... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436433 Thu, 01 Jan 1998 07:00:00 +0100 436433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436448&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704098%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hirano S This review article describes the current status of the production and consumption of chitin and chitosan, and their current practical applications in biotechnology with some attempted uses. The applications include: 1) cationic agents for polluted waste-water treatment, 2) agricultural materials, 3) food and feed additives, 4) hypocholesterolemic agents, 5) biomedical and pharmaceutical materials, 6) wound-healing materials, 7) blood anticoagulant, antithrombogenic and hemostatic materials, 8) cosmetic ingredients, 9) textile, paper, film and sponge sheet materials, 10) chromatographic and immobilizing media, and 11) analytical reagents. PMID: 9704098 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436448 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436447&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704099%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Preiss J The enzymatic reactions of bacterial glycogen and plant starch synthesis are similar and some of the properties of the biosynthetic enzymes are compared. Regulation occurs at the synthesis of ADPglucose and in almost all cases, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, is allosterically activated about 10- to over 40-fold by glycolytic intermediates and inhibited by AMP, ADP or Pi. The activator specificity of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase varies with respect to the source of enzyme and can be correlated to the major assimilation pathway occurring in the organism. For example, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylases from plants and other oxygenic photosynthetic organisms are activated by 3-phosphoglycerate. Organisms using glycolysis for carbon assimilation have ADPglucose pyrophosphory... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436447 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436446&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704100%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hollingsworth RI The chemistry of starch degradation is reviewed from the standpoint of the general utility of the reactions and the proposed mechanisms. The limitations and potential of the various chemical transformations are discussed. The reactions discussed include hydrolysis, oxidations, base-catalyzed degradations, halogenations and radiolysis. The potential scope for starch-derived materials in industry is examined. The potential use in the manufacture of fine chemicals is explored. PMID: 9704100 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436446 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436445&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704101%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paiva CL, Panek AD Trehalose is a disaccharide present in a variety of anhydrobiotic organisms which have the ability to promptly resume their metabolism after addition of water. It has been successfully used as a nontoxic cryoprotectant of enzymes, membranes, vaccines, animal and plant cells and organs for surgical transplants. It has been predicted that trehalose can also be used as an ingredient for dried and processed food. Therefore, the recent biotechnological applications of trehalose have imposed the standardization of methods for its production, as well as for its specific quantification. PMID: 9704101 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annual Review) Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436445 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436444&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704102%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Serizawa N The intensive search for inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis by screening culture broths has spanned more than 20 years here at Sankyo. Resulting from our efforts, ML-236B was discovered in Japan as the first potent and specific inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. This compound contributed-to the Nobel Prize-winning work of Goldstein and Brown in which they elucidated the mechanisms of the LDL receptor pathway. After the discovery of ML-236B, many attempts were performed to find other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and some potent inhibitors including pravastatin have already been launched. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are in worldwide clinical use and play a pivotal role in the therapy of hyperlipidemic patients. Pravastatin is produced by a two-step fermentation, fi... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436444 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436443&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704103%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rappuoli R, Pizza M Bacterial toxins are commonly detoxified by chemical treatment in order to use them in human vaccines. We have used site-directed mutagenesis of toxin genes to obtain bacteria that produce naturally nontoxic mutants of bacterial toxins, such as pertussis toxin (PT), cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). Genetically detoxified PT showed a superior safety and immunogenicity in animal models, phase I and phase II clinical trials, and a superior protective efficacy in the early and late stage of a phase III efficacy trial, proving in a definitive and extensive way that genetic detoxification of bacterial toxins can, and should, replace chemical treatment. The results obtained with genetically inactivated LT and CT indicate that g... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436443 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436442&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704104%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh SM, Rodenhiser DI, Ott RN, Jung JH, Ainsworth PJ The development of technologies towards the detection of mutations represents one of the most important areas of molecular biology. It has played a pivotal role in the tremendous success of the elucidation of complex biological problems, including genetic diseases. Today, these proven and emerging technologies have become the basis of successful biological investigations. More importantly, they are expected to play a central role in medicine, particularly the diagnosis and prognosis of genetic diseases including genetic predispositions, the assessment of treatments including transplants and decisions on reproductive choices. In addition, these technologies hold the key to future breakthroughs. This review provides an up-to... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436442 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436441&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9704105%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stranzinger G, Went DF In this review, the importance of molecular genetics for diagnostic applications in animal production and breeding is underlined. Recently, several new techniques and methods based on gene technology have been developed, such as the polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the use of microsatellite polymorphism. The examples include detection of favourable alleles of genes coding for milk proteins, recognition of negative recessive alleles in hereditary syndromes, the use of microsatellite variants for breeding purposes and parentage control, and application of specific DNA-probes for identification of Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa and the sex of embryos. It is to be understood that this list is not complete and more applicat... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436441 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=436440&cid=s_34566_70_f&fid=34566&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D9729110%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen TT, Vrolijk NH, Lu JK, Lin CM, Reimschuessel R, Dunham RA Since 1985, transgenic fish have been successfully produced by microinjecting or electroporating desired foreign DNA into unfertilized or newly fertilized eggs using many different fish species. More recently, transgenic fish have also been produced by infecting newly fertilized eggs with pantropic, defective retroviral vectors carrying desired foreign DNA. These transgenic fish can serve as excellent experimental models for basic scientific investigations as well as in biotechnological applications. In this paper, we will review the current status of the transgenic fish research and its potential application in basic and applied research. PMID: 9729110 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biotechnology Annu... Biotechnology Annual Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=436440 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 07:00:00 +0100 436440