MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Brain Research' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 20:42:59 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5627838&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264491%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McMullan S, Pilowsky PM Abstract The tonic activity of bulbospinal neurones in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is thought to underlie basal sympathetic nerve activity. A key research objective is to delineate the mechanisms that contribute to the firing of these neurones. In the current study we investigate the hypothesis that inputs arising in the contralateral RVLM converge on barosensitive bulbospinal neurones and contribute to their discharge pattern. Extracellular recordings were made from 24 barosensitive bulbospinal neurones in urethane anaesthetised, vagotomised and artificially ventilated rats during activation (glutamate or D,L-homocysteic acid microinjection, 50nl, 50mM, or monopolar electrical stimulation) or inhibition (microinjection of GABA receptor... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5627838 Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5627838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5608399&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22244297%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Doshi R, Christoff K PMID: 22244297 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5608399 Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5608399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5582934&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22227454%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was designed to devise methods to enhance immune tolerance in cell therapy. We established an hES cell line that could stably express human leukocyte antigen-G1 (HLA-G1). The established HLA-G1-H1 hES cells still retained all the characteristics of normal human embryonic stem cells. By using the SDIA method, we induced dopaminergic (DA) neurons by coculturing HLA-G1-H1 hES cells with the mouse stromal cell line PA6. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+neurons were detected on the 10th day of differentiation, and 70% of the HLA-G1-H1 hES cells were TH+mature DA neurons because the differentiation time was only 3weeks. Cells that had been differentiating for different periods of time still expressed HLA-G1, and these differentiated DA neurons released dopamine and other catecholamines in re... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5582934 Fri, 23 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5582934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5582935&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22226507%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawakami S, Izumi H, Masaki E, Kuchiiwa S, Mizuta K Abstract In the orofacial area, noxious stimulation of the orofacial structure in the trigeminal region evokes parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation, which occurs via the trigeminal spinal nucleus (Vsp) and the inferior/superior salivatory nucleus (ISN/SSN). However, the neurotransmitter involved in the inhibitory synaptic inputs within these nuclei has never been described. This parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation is suppressed by GABAergic action of volatile anesthetics, such as isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane, suggesting that medullary GABAergic mechanism exerts its inhibitory effect on the parasympathetic reflex via an activation of GABA receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of GAB... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5582935 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5582935 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5582933&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22227456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu HT, Zhao JG, Li MH, Li YD Abstract To explore whether human albumin (Alb) administration prior to thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) can eliminate brain damage induced by this treatment given after the effective and safe window of 3h after stroke onset. Rats were subjected to embolic stroke by unilateral embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Three or six hours after the onset of stroke, rats were administered intravenously with saline (control), rt-PA (thrombolysis) or rt-PA+Alb (additional Alb 3h after MCAO, combination). Cerebral blood flow, infarct volume, space-occupying effect and blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) were assessed dynamically by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24h, 7... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5582933 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5582933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5582932&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22230668%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yu DK, Yoo KY, Shin BN, Kim IH, Park JH, Lee CH, Choi JH, Cho YJ, Kang IJ, Kim YM, Won MH Abstract Although there are many studies on ischemic brain damage in the gerbil, which is a good model of transient cerebral ischemia, studies on neuronal damage according to the duration of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) time are limited. We carried out neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus after various durations of I-R (5, 10, 15 and 20min) using Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a maker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence as well as cresyl violet (CV) staining. The changes of CV positive ((+)) neurons were well detected in the hippocampal CA1 region, not in the other regions. F-J B histofluorescence staining showed apparent neuronal damage in all the hippocampal subregions. In the CA... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5582932 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5582932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5519801&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fcmd%3DSearch%26db%3Dpubmed%26term%3D%28%28%28%2522Brain%2520Res%2522%29%2520AND%2520%25222011%252F12%252F02%252012.18%2522%255BMHDA%255D%253A%25222011%252F12%252F19%252023.36%2522%255BMHDA%255D%29%29%2520NOT%2520%28%28%2520%28%28%2522Brain%2520Res%2522%255BTIAB%255D%29%29%2520AND%2520%25220001%2522%255BEDAT%255D%253A%25222011%252F12%252F02%252012.18%2522%255BEDAT%255D%29%29 134 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results: "Brain Res" These pubmed results were generated on 2011/12/19PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 15 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These citations are from MEDLINE and additional life science journals. PubMed includes links to many sites providing full text articles and other related resources. (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5519801 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 04:36:00 +0100 5519801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5465967&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22120847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hirai H Abstract Postmitotic neurons are resistant to gene delivery. However, lentiviral vectors allow the introduction of a foreign gene efficiently into neurons without significant toxicity to the infected cells (Sawada et al., Cerebellum 9(3):291-302, 2010). In addition, these vectors show a high tropism for neurons, and the transgenes they carry have been shown to be continuously expressed for at least a couple of years (Hirai, Cerebellum 7(3):273-8, 2008). We developed a method to express a foreign gene efficiently in cerebellar Purkinje cells in vivo (Takayama et al., Neurosci Lett 443(1):7-11, 2008; Torashima et al., Brain Res 1082(1):11-22, 2006, The Eur J Neurosci 24(2):371-80, 2006). Using our method, various experiments were carried out to study the pathophysiol... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5465967 Sat, 26 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5465967 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364294&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21981801%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we again investigated the effects of perindopril on cognitive function in a vascular dementia model animal, comparing it with other ACE inhibitors. We also determined ACE activity in the brain and extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the perirhinal cortex in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of these ACE inhibitors on cognitive function. Perindopril was suggested to be more centrally active than imidapril and enalapril, in consideration of the relative distribution of their active metabolites in the brain. This property was at least partially attributed to the lipophilicity of the compound. While the 3day treatment with perindopril, imidapril or enalapril lowered blood pressure to the same level in spontaneous hypertensive rats, on... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364294 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:19:35 +0100 5364294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364293&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21981803%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zurawska Vel Grajewska B, Sim EJ, Hoenig K, Herrnberger B, Kiefer M Abstract Cognitive control can be adapted flexibly according to the conflict level in a given situation. In the Eriksen flanker task, interference evoked by flankers is larger in conditions with a higher, rather than a lower proportion of compatible trials. Such compatibility ratio effects also occur for stimuli presented at two spatial locations suggesting that different cognitive control settings can be simultaneously maintained. However, the conditions and the neural correlates of this flexible adaptation of cognitive control are only poorly understood. In the present study, we further elucidated the mechanisms underlying the simultaneous maintenance of two cognitive control settings. In behavioral expe... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364293 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:19:21 +0100 5364293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364292&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21981804%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the role of O(2)(-) and NO in the induction of TNFα in microglia. The LPS-inducible TNFα was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with the O(2)(-) scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), but not by the NO scavenger 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl imidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide, suggesting the close association of O(2)(-) with TNFα induction. NAC strongly depressed phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), which is necessary for inducing TNFα in microglia. On the other hand, an O(2)(-) donor, 3-(4-Morpholinyl)sydnonimine (SIN-1), induced TNFα in microglia, and the effects of SIN-1 were completely abolished in the presence of superoxide dismutase. There is little likelihood that the NO produced in SIN-1 degradation induces TNFÎ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364292 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:19:06 +0100 5364292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364291&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21981805%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morin LP, Hefton S, Studholme KM Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has several structural characteristics and cell phenotypes shared across species. Here, we describe a novel feature of SCN anatomy that is seen in both hamster and mouse. Frozen sections through the SCN were obtained from fixed brains and stained for the presence of immunoreactivity to neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN-IR) using a mouse monoclonal antibody which is known to exclusively identify neurons. NeuN-IR did not identify all SCN neurons as medial NeuN-IR neurons were generally not present. In the hamster, NeuN-IR cells are present rostrally, scattered in the dorsal half of the nucleus. More caudally, the NeuN-IR cells are largely, but not exclusively, scattered inside the lateral and dorsolater... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364291 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:18:51 +0100 5364291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364290&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983205%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yáñez M, Galán L, Matías-Guiu J, Vela A, Guerrero A, García AG Abstract The neurotoxic effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients suffering amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), have been reported by various authors. However, variable results have been communicated and the mechanism of such neurotoxicity has been attributed to excess glutamate concentrations in ALS/CSF. We have studied here the properties of 14 CSFs from control patients and 29 CSFs from patients of ALS. We found that while ALS/CSF impairs the viability of rat brain cortical motoneurons maintained in primary cultures, this effect seemed to be exerted through a glutamate-independent mechanism. Resveratrol protected against such neurotoxic effects and antagonized the [Ca(+2)](c) elevation produce... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364290 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:18:36 +0100 5364290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364289&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983206%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we determined the onset of visual deficits in a mouse model of progressive retinal degeneration (Pde6b(-) mice; Pde6b(+) mice have normal vision) by observing murine responses to a visual task throughout development, from postnatal day (PND) 21 to adult (N=174 reliable observations). Using Q-PCR, we evaluated whether expression of the genes encoding two Type III IF proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin was altered in the visual cortex before, during, and after the onset of visual deficits. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated the impact of vision loss on the density and morphology of astrocytes that expressed GFAP and vimentin in the visual cortex. We found that Pde6b(-) mice displayed 1) evidence of blindness at PND 49, with visual d... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364289 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:18:20 +0100 5364289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364288&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983207%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Exogenous β-EP mediated by adenovirus could attenuate withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. PMID: 21983207 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364288 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:18:04 +0100 5364288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364287&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21983208%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we examined the phosphorylation status of ser727-STAT3, which is necessary for activation of STAT3, and its roles in a rat global ischemia model with or without PC. PC was induced by 3min of nonlethal ischemia 48h before 5min of lethal ischemia. Western blot analysis showed that phospho-ser727-STAT3 significantly increased from 8 to 48h after nonlethal ischemia, while it increased only for 1h after lethal ischemia and returned to the baseline within 24h. In the preconditioned brains, phospho-ser727-STAT3 was induced at 1 to 4h after lethal ischemia, and decrease of its levels delayed compared to the nonconditioned brains. Immunohistochemistry revealed that phospho-ser727-STAT3 was expressed mainly in CA1 neurons after nonlethal ischemia. Additionally, STAT3 inhibitor peptide... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364287 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:17:48 +0100 5364287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364286&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21985957%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McLean JR, Robertson J Abstract The type III intermediate filament peripherin is found associated with pathological inclusions present within motor neurons of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Peripherin intra-isoform associations contribute to filament network formation at defined stoichiometric ratios. Distinct biochemical signatures characterize peripherin isoform expression in traumatic neuronal injury and motor neuron disease, while disruptions to peripherin alternative splicing or translation are associated with inclusion formation. In our efforts to identify pathological relationships between peripherin isoform expression and inclusion formation, we provide evidence of peripherin isoform-specific expression and ratio changes with concomitant, dose-d... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364286 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:17:32 +0100 5364286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364285&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21985958%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jääskeläinen IP, Ahveninen J, Andermann ML, Belliveau JW, Raij T, Sams M Abstract Based on behavioral studies, several relatively distinct perceptual and cognitive functions have been defined in cognitive psychology such as sensory memory, short-term memory, and selective attention. Here, we review evidence suggesting that some of these functions may be supported by shared underlying neuronal mechanisms. Specifically, we present, based on an integrative review of the literature, a hypothetical model wherein short-term plasticity, in the form of transient center-excitatory and surround-inhibitory modulations, constitutes a generic processing principle that supports sensory memory, short-term memory, involuntary attention, selective attention, and perceptual learning. In ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364285 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:17:19 +0100 5364285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364284&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21985959%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saleh A, Smith DR, Balakrishnan S, Dunn L, Martens C, Tweed CW, Fernyhough P Abstract The presence of a proinflammatory environment in the sensory neuron axis in diabetes was tested by measuring levels of proinflammatory cytokines in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and peripheral nerve from age matched control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and other cytokines were diminished in lumbar DRG from diabetic animals. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that TNFα modulated axonal plasticity in adult sensory neurons and posited that impairments in this signal transduction pathway may underlie degeneration in diabetic sensory neuropathy. Cultured adult rat sensory neurons were grown under defined conditions and T... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364284 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:17:07 +0100 5364284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364283&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000079%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated whether variations in stimulus-dimensions or response-mapping might influence task switching in terms of its preparatory processes, as reflected in cue-locked event-related potentials (ERPs), and its implementation processes, as reflected in stimulus-locked ERPs. Participants judged pairs of digits as same or different in one of two conditions. In one condition, the task-relevant stimulus-dimension was either repeated or switched across trials while the response-mapping rule was kept constant. In the other condition, the task-relevant stimulus-dimension was kept constant while the response-mapping rule was repeated or switched across trials. The length of the preparatory interval was manipulated. Data revealed switch-related preparatory ERP components (includ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364283 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:16:54 +0100 5364283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364282&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000080%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ross RS, Sherrill KR, Stern CE Abstract Many of our everyday actions are only appropriate in certain situations and selecting the appropriate behavior requires that we use current context and previous experience to guide our decisions. The current study examined hippocampal functional connectivity with prefrontal and striatal regions during a task that required participants to make decisions based on the contextual retrieval of overlapping sequential representations. Participants learned four sequences comprised of six faces each. An overlapping condition was created by having two sequences with two identical faces as the middle images. A non-overlapping condition contained two sequences that did not share any faces between them. Hippocampal functional connectivity was ass... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364282 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:16:41 +0100 5364282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364281&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000081%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beeler JA Abstract Dopamine denervation gives rise to abnormal corticostriatal plasticity; however, its role in the symptoms and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been articulated or incorporated into current clinical models. The 'integrative selective gain' framework proposed here integrates dopaminergic mechanisms known to modulate basal ganglia throughput into a single conceptual framework: (1) synaptic weights, the neural instantiation of accumulated experience and skill modulated by dopamine-dependent plasticity and (2) system gain, the operating parameters of the basal ganglia, modulated by dopamine's on-line effects on cell excitability, glutamatergic transmission and the balance between facilitatory and inhibitory pathways. Within this framework and b... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364281 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:16:30 +0100 5364281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364280&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000082%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Klein I, Sanchez-Alavez M, Tabarean I, Schaefer J, Holmberg KH, Klaus J, Xia F, Marcondes MC, Dubins JS, Morrison B, Zhukov V, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Mitsukawa K, Hadcock JR, Bartfai T, Conti B Abstract Adiponectin can act in the brain to increase energy expenditure and reduce body weight by mechanisms not entirely understood. We found that adiponectin type 1 and type 2 receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) are expressed in warm sensitive neurons of the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) which play a critical role in the regulation of core body temperature (CBT) and energy balance. Thus, we tested the ability of adiponectin to influence CBT in wild-type mice and in mice deficient for AdipoR1 or AdipoR2. Local injection of adiponectin into the POA induced prolonged elevation of core b... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364280 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:16:19 +0100 5364280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364279&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000083%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mickley GA, Wilson GN, Remus JL, Ramos L, Ketchesin KD, Biesan OR, Luchsinger JR, Prodan S Abstract A conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is acquired when an animal consumes a novel taste (CS) and then experiences the symptoms of poisoning (US). Following CTA training, animals will avoid the taste that was previously associated with malaise. This defensive reaction to a learned fear can be extinguished by repeated exposure to the CS alone (CS-only; CSO-EXT). However, following a latency period in which the CS is not presented, the CTA will spontaneously recover (SR). Through the use of an explicitly unpaired extinction procedure (EU-EXT) we have shown that we can speed up extinction and attenuate SR of the CTA. Here we compared and contrasted the ability of CSO and EU extinct... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364279 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:16:08 +0100 5364279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364278&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000084%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined both the responses of single neurons and their spatial distributions in area 36 of the IT cortex. We found that a significant majority of visually responsive neurons showed stimulus selectivity for only one of the two visual attributes. Moreover, neuronal activity encoding the learned pair-associations was observed only in neurons that exhibited stimulus selectivity for one of the two visual attributes. A spatial distribution analysis demonstrated that the neurons coding for each stimulus set were not randomly distributed, but were localized in two separate clusters, each corresponding to a different visual attribute. Together, these results suggest that pair-association memory for different visual attributes is distinctly stored in the IT cortex both in terms of neuronal respo... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364278 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:15:57 +0100 5364278 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364277&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000589%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kitaoka K, Shimizu M, Shimizu N, Chikahisa S, Nakagomi M, Shudo K, Yoshizaki K, Séi H Abstract Vitamin A is a common lipophilic vitamin, and its function is mainly mediated by the binding of its metabolite retinoic acid to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors. Recently, it was reported that the expression of the RARb (an RAR subtype) gene determines the contribution of the delta oscillation in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns in mice. We also reported that 4-week dietary deficiency of vitamin A (VAD) causes the attenuation of delta power in sleep and spontaneous activity in mice. However, our previous study could not clarify whether the attenuation of delta power by VAD is attributed to the suppression of RARs. To address this problem, we i... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364277 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:15:46 +0100 5364277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364276&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22000591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chadchankar H, Yavich L Abstract Mice lacking the pre-synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) demonstrate enhanced facilitation of dopamine (DA) overflow in dorsal striatum following repeated, high-frequency burst stimulation of the dopaminergic pathways. Dorsal striatum is most vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. The role of α-syn in facilitation of DA overflow in the ventral striatum, which is less vulnerable to neurodegeneration, is unknown. We investigated the link between the absence of α-syn and the plasticity of DA overflow in the dorsal and ventral striatum by in vivo voltammetry and the possible mechanisms of modulation of the plasticity of DA overflow. We show that the facilitation of DA overflow following paired-burst stimulation is signi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364276 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 02:15:36 +0100 5364276 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364274&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22038721%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stöttinger E, Pfusterschmied J, Wagner H, Danckert J, Anderson B, Perner J Abstract Studies using visual illusions to demonstrate a dissociation within the visual system can provide relevant and decisive data only if certain methodological points are taken into account. Although, our previous work (Stöttinger et al. in Exp Brain Res 202:88-97, 2010) followed these points, the task made use of only 2-D stimuli which may raise doubts concerning the nature of grasping in that experiment. We therefore replicated the study using a 3-D version of the empty space illusion. Consistent with the earlier study, that used 2-D stimuli, we found that grip aperture followed actual target size independent of illusory effects, while perceived length, as indicated by finger-thumb span, cl... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364274 Sat, 29 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5364274 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5364275&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22038717%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ammirante P, Thompson WF Abstract Common Coding theory predicts that perceived action should resonate in produced action to which it bears some resemblance. Here we show that the qualities of motion commonly attributed to melodies are instantiated in motor plans that control timed movements. Participants attempted to tap a steady beat. Each tap triggered a sounded tone, and successive tones were systematically varied in pitch to form short melodies. Tapping behavior was monitored with motion capture. Although instructed to ignore them, triggered tones systematically affected timing and finger movement. When slower melodic motion was implied by a contour change or a smaller pitch displacement, the interval-tap interval (ITI) was longer. When faster melodic motion was implie... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5364275 Tue, 25 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5364275 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285646&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911209%26dopt%3DAbstract This study used quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine glutamate transporter mRNA expression in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Effects on mRNA expression of glial (GLT-1, GLAST) and neuronal (EAAC1) glutamate transporters in these brain areas were assessed by comparing MCAO brains with sham-operated control brains. Changes in transporter proteins were also assessed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies to GLT-1 and GLAST. Following focal ischemia, GLT-1 mRNA expression was decreased significantly in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cortex compared to the sham-operated brains (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in GLAST or E... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285646 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:37:34 +0100 5285646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285645&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911210%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we demonstrate the close correlations between histofluorescently reactive zinc and ZnT3. We examined the overlapping distribution of the zinc-specific fluorescent dye, N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ)-, and ZnT3-immunoreactive fluorescence throughout the normal brain. TSQ and ZnT3-antibody intensely stained the hippocampus, cortex and amygdala, highlighting the characteristic laminar organization of these regions by variably staining the different layers. TSQ fluorescence and ZnT3 immunoreactivity were roughly co-localized with synaptophysin along the neuropil, but were absent in the neuronal soma. However, albeit relatively faint, TSQ fluorescence was also found throughout the brains of ZnT3-knockout mice. Although these results may indicate the presence ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285645 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:37:23 +0100 5285645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285644&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21917240%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maehara S, Hikichi H, Ohta H Abstract N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC), a major circulating metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic drug, clozapine, and has M(1) muscarinic receptor partial agonistic property. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether in vivo behavioral effects of NDMC were elicited through the activation of muscarinic receptors. Both a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine (0.01-0.1mg/kg), and an M(1) and M(4) muscarinic receptor agonist, xanomeline (0.3-3mg/kg), decreased exploratory locomotor activity in mice. This effect was significantly antagonized by a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, at a dose of 0.3mg/kg without affecting exploratory locomotor activity by itself. NDMC (3-30mg/kg) also decreased... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285644 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:37:11 +0100 5285644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285643&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21920504%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined the effects of a 5-HT(2B/2C) agonist (m-chlorophenylpiperazine, mCPP) to test the generality of serotonergic effects on DBA mice. In DBA/2 mice mCPP pre-treatment [5 or 10 (but not 2) mg/kg, i.p.] significantly reduced RA incidence without blocking seizure susceptibility. However, in DBA/1 mice mCPP in doses up to 40mg/kg was ineffective in blocking seizure-induced RA, and 60mg/kg was toxic. The cause of this strain difference was perplexing. Previous studies showed that brainstem 5-HT receptor protein expression was abnormal in DBA/2 mice. Therefore, expression of 5-HT receptor proteins in the medial-caudal brainstem of DBA/1 mice was evaluated using Western blots. In DBA1/mice 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(3B) receptor expression levels were significantly reduced, as seen previou... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285643 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:36:58 +0100 5285643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285642&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21920506%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kania KD, Wijesuriya HC, Hladky SB, Barrand MA Abstract ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier, P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), multidrug resistance associated protein 4 (ABCC4) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), are important for protecting the brain from circulating xenobiotics. Their expression is regulated by signals from surrounding brain tissue that may alter in CNS pathologies. Differences have been reported in transporter expression on brain vasculature of Alzheimer's subjects where raised levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) occur. The present study examines in vitro the effects of Aβ using immortalised brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Significantly lower expression of ABCB1 but not ABCC4 or ABCG2 was found following exposure to Aβ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285642 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:36:45 +0100 5285642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285641&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21924706%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rokszin A, GombkötÅ‘ P, Berényi A, Márkus Z, Braunitzer G, Benedek G, Nagy A Abstract Recent morphological and physiological studies have suggested a strong relationship between the suprageniculate nucleus (Sg) of the posterior thalamus and the input structure of the basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus (CN) of the feline brain. Accordingly, to clarify if there is a real functional relationship between Sg and CN during visual information processing, we investigated the temporal relations of simultaneously recorded neuronal spike trains of these two structures, looking for any significant cross-correlation between the spiking of the simultaneously recorded neurons. For the purposes of statistical analysis, we used the shuffle and jittering resampling methods. Of the record... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285641 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:36:32 +0100 5285641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285640&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925646%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang Y, Liu C, Guo QL, Yan JQ, Zhu XY, Huang CS, Zou WY Abstract The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain remains largely unknown. Epigenetic mechanisms may play a major role in regulating expression of pro- or antinociceptive genes. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mechanism in vertebrates, and methyl- CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is directly involved in methylation-mediated gene silencing. To determine how changes in global DNA methylation and MeCP2 expression occur following chronic constriction injury (CCI) and how repression of DNA methylation affects these changes and attenuates neuropathic pain, we used intrathecal 5-azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, in CCI rats. Rats received 0.9% saline or 5-azacytidine (10μmol·d(-1)) via spinal injection once da... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285640 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:36:20 +0100 5285640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285639&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925647%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Davenport T, Coulson S Abstract Linguists have suggested that one mechanism for the creative extension of meaning in language involves mapping, or constructing correspondences between conceptual domains. For example, the sentence, "The clever boys used a cardboard box as a boat," sets up a novel mapping between the concepts cardboard box and boat, while "His main method of transportation is a boat," relies on a more conventional mapping between method of transportation and boat. To examine the electrophysiological signature of this mapping process, electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from the scalp as healthy adults read three sorts of sentences: low-cloze (unpredictable) conventional ("His main method of transportation is a boat,"), low-cloze novel mapp'ing ("The clev... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285639 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:36:07 +0100 5285639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285638&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925649%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the effects of Dex and HC on chicken cerebellar granule neuron proliferation are GR mediated and reflect their pharmacological potency. In addition, the effects on differentiation may be related to a cell cycle block per se, since cytosine arabinoside mimicked the effect of the GCs. PMID: 21925649 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285638 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:35:54 +0100 5285638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5285637&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21937028%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, transplants of NRP/GRP combined with NBQX promote recovery of micturition function following spinal cord injury, likely through increased neuroprotection. PMID: 21937028 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5285637 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 03:35:14 +0100 5285637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269716&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21890117%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Our preliminary findings support evidence implicating disturbances in the thalamo-frontal connections in autism. These findings highlight the role of hypoconnectivity between the frontal cortex and thalamus in ASD. PMID: 21890117 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269716 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:43:43 +0100 5269716 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269715&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21890120%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gabriele A, See RE Abstract Recent evidence suggests that cocaine addiction may involve progressive drug-induced neuroplasticity of the dorsal striatum. Here, we examined the effects of a) dorsolateral caudate putamen (dlCPu) lesions on cocaine self-administration, extinction of responding, and subsequent reinstatement to cocaine-seeking, and b) reversible inactivation of the dlCPu with GABA receptor agonists (baclofen and muscimol) immediately prior to reinstatement testing. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered cocaine (0.2mg/50μl infusion, i.v.) along an FR1 schedule in daily 2h sessions for 10days, whereby lever presses resulted in cocaine infusions and presentation of a paired light-tone stimulus complex. After 14days of abstinence, animals were returned to the... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269715 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:43:33 +0100 5269715 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269714&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21907327%26dopt%3DAbstract This study provides a novel cellular model for studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of febrile seizures in vitro. PMID: 21907327 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269714 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:43:13 +0100 5269714 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269713&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21907328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Löken LS, Evert M, Wessberg J Abstract The tactile sense comprises pathways for both discriminative and affective touch. Low threshold unmyelinated mechanoafferents (C tactile, CT) in the human hairy skin have recently been linked to pleasant touch sensation. Here, we investigated how perception of the hedonic aspect of tactile stimulation differs between the hairy skin of the arm, and the glabrous skin of the palm, which is not innervated by CT afferents. Three groups of naïve, healthy subjects (total n=28) rated pleasantness on a visual analogue scale (VAS) when we stroked with a soft brush with speeds from 0.1 to 30cm/s on the palm or forearm. We used two different experimental approaches: in experiments 1 and 2, stimuli were delivered successively on the palm and arm... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269713 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:43:03 +0100 5269713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269712&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21907329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Takemori K, Inoue T, Ito H Abstract We investigated the mechanisms responsible for cerebral edema in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), including leukocyte activation and nitric oxide (NO) generation, both in vivo and in vitro. We also investigated the effects of angiotensin II (AngII) on leukocyte function in relation to NO production. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in brain microvessels was investigated by electron tomography using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy. Electron tomography clearly showed that leukocytes had well-developed intracellular organelles and abundant microvilli that were tangled with the endothelial cells in brain microvessels. Under confocal microscopic examination, diaminofluorescein-2 (a NO indicator)-positive cells w... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269712 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:42:52 +0100 5269712 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269711&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21907330%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tsujimura T, Shinoda M, Honda K, Hitomi S, Kiyomoto M, Matsuura S, Katagiri A, Tsuji K, Inoue M, Shiga Y, Iwata K Abstract Many phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-immunoreactive (IR) cells are expressed in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2), nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) after capsaicin injection into the whisker pad (WP), masseter muscle (MM), digastric muscle (DM) or sternohyoideus muscle (SM). The pERK-IR cells also showed NeuN immunoreactivity, indicating that ERK phosphorylation occurs in neurons. The pERK-IR cells were significantly reduced after intrathecal injection of MEK 1/2 inhibitor PD98059. The pERK-IR cells expressed bilaterally in the Vc and C1-C2 afte... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269711 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:42:42 +0100 5269711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269710&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21907331%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zeitlin R, Patel S, Burgess S, Arendash GW, Echeverria V Abstract Caffeine intake has been associated with a lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans. In AD mouse models, caffeine significantly decreases senile plaques and amyloid beta (Aβ) levels while also protecting against or reversing cognitive impairment. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying the protective effects of caffeine against AD pathology, we investigated the effects of a two-week treatment with caffeine (3mg/day) in transgenic (APPswe) mice and non-transgenic (NT) mice on signaling factors involved in neuronal plasticity and survival. We evaluated cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), phospho-cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (phospho-CREB), and the pro-apoptotic protein kinases... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269710 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:42:32 +0100 5269710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269709&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911207%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Valdés-Fuentes M, Prieto-Sagredo J, Fanjul-Moles ML Abstract The results from various studies have indicated possible functional relationships between crayfish electroretinogram (ERG) rhythmic amplitude changes and the serotonergic pathways projecting from the central brain through the optic neuropils to the eye, but to date, this functional interaction has not been proven. Here, in a set of experiments using an isolated eyestalk-brain preparation, we investigated whether there is a circadian input from the brain to retina that regulates this rhythm. We sought to determine whether the protocerebral bridge (PB) stimulation affects the ERG amplitude in accordance with the zeitgeber time (ZT) and whether 5-HT modulates the associate input. Our results showed that photic stim... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269709 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:42:22 +0100 5269709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269708&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911211%26dopt%3DAbstract This study utilises the rabbit optic nerve, a myelinated, mammalian neuronal tract to compare the effects of sustained pressure elevation and fluctuating pressure change on axonal transport processes. In 5 rabbits, neural pressure was sustained at 10mm Hg and 40mm Hg in the right and left optic nerves, respectively, for 6 hours. In another 5 rabbits, neural pressure was modulated between 7.5mm Hg and 57.5mm Hg at 30minute intervals in the right optic nerve, and sustained at 40mm Hg in the left optic nerve for 6hours. Rhodamine-β-isothiocyanate, an axonal transport tracer, was used to quantify axonal transport differences between normal-, high- and fluctuating-pressure nerves. Axonal transport rates in high-pressure nerves were significantly lower than normal-pressure nerves. The effects o... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269708 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:42:11 +0100 5269708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269707&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911212%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kannurpatti SS, Biswal BB Abstract The rodent whisker barrel cortex is ideal for studies related to sensory processing and neural plasticity in the brain. However, its small spatial dimensions challenge optical and other imaging technologies mapping cortical hemodynamics as functional resolution (the ability to spatially and selectively discriminate signals from microvascular compartments) limit measurement accuracy. To precisely map hemodynamic activity within the rat posteriomedial barrel subfield (PMBSF), we used functional Laser Doppler Imaging (fLDI) at high spatial resolution with optimized detection and analysis. In this configuration, we demonstrate prominent whisker deflection-induced fLDI hemodynamic responses from microvascular regions indicating the technique's... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269707 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:42:01 +0100 5269707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269706&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911213%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bland AR, Schaefer A Abstract When making decisions we are often faced with uncertainty about the potential outcomes of a choice. We therefore must rely upon a stimulus-response-outcome (S-R-O) rule learned from previous experiences of gains and losses. Here we report a study that used event-related potentials (ERP) to examine the neural and cognitive mechanisms involved in decision making when S-R-O rules are changing in a volatile manner. Thirty-one participants engaged in a reward-based decision-making task in which two contextual determinants of decision uncertainty were independently manipulated: Volatility (i.e. the frequency of changes in the S-R-O rules) and Feedback validity (i.e. the extent to which an S-R-O rule accurately predicts outcomes). Results of stimulus... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269706 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:41:50 +0100 5269706 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269705&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21911214%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chiang CC, Ju MS, Lin CC Abstract The main purposes of this study were (1) to describe the whole course of status epilepticus induced by a low dose lithium-pilocarpine model in rats, including depth-EEG from the hippocampus, ECoG from cortex and gross behaviors, and (2) to investigate the possible changes of the intrinsic neural network in the hippocampus during the status epilepticus by model simulation. The course of the induced status epilepticus was divided into baseline, pre-ictal, episodic, onset, continuous, and convalescence stages. At the pre-ictal stage, the main component of the spectrum of the depth-EEG shifted before seizure activity first appeared in the hippocampus at the episodic stage and propagated to the cortex at the onset stage. Model simulation indica... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269705 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:41:40 +0100 5269705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269704&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21914552%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eeka P, Chaitanya GV, Babu PP Abstract Fatal murine cerebral malaria is known to induce cellular degeneration by altering cellular morphology and integrity of cell. The morphology and integrity of the cell mainly depends on the cytoskeletal network of the cell. Increased proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins accompanied by aggravated suicidal proteases activation leads to cellular degeneration. In the present study, we investigated the roles of apoptotic and necrotic cell death proteases, caspase-3, calpain-1 and cathepsin-b in the proteolysis of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins in mouse model of fatal cerebral malaria. We found increased levels of calpain-1, cathepsin-b and caspase-3, with extensive cross talks between these suicidal proteases. Increased levels of these prot... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269704 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:41:31 +0100 5269704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269703&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21914553%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rahimian R, Dehpour AR, Fakhfouri G, Khorramizadeh MR, Ghia JE, Seyedabadi M, Caldarelli A, Mousavizadeh K, Forouzandeh M, Mehr SE Abstract Tropisetron, a selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, is widely used to counteract chemotherapy-induced emesis. Some investigations describe disparate effects including immunomodulatory properties for tropisetron which may be mediated through immunophilin-calcineurin pathway. Calcineurin, a phosphatase involved in immune system signaling, modulates expression of several genes, such as Cannabinoid type one (CB(1)) receptors. On the quest for its underlying mechanisms of action, this study aimed to investigate the effect of tropisetron on calcineurin activity and CB(1) receptor expression and function in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269703 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:41:22 +0100 5269703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269702&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21914554%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed on neuronal loss following experimental focal cerebral ischemia, considering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as established treatment in stroke and hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) as potential neuroprotective co-treatment. Wistar rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion and underwent either treatment with tPA only, combined tPA+HBO, or no treatment. Neuronal impairment was assessed by Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) staining in 4 ischemia-related areas and at 4 different time points after stroke induction (24hours, 7, 14 and 28 days). Additionally, spatial relationships between neuronal loss and gliosis were revealed by triple fluorescence staining of neurons, astrocytes and microglia, comparing the ipsi- and contra-lesional hemisphere. Analyzing the ischemic... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269702 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:41:12 +0100 5269702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269701&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21917241%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yi Z, Zhang C, Wu Z, Hong W, Li Z, Fang Y, Yu S Abstract Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with high heritability. Schizophrenic patients with early-age onset tend to have a greater genetic component and may be an attractive subpopulation for genetic studies. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered a candidate gene for schizophrenia. A single nucleotide polymorphism (BDNF Val66Met) was reported to be associated with schizophrenia, although discrepancy remains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and schizophrenia using an early onset sample in the Chinese Han population. Our sample consisted of 353 schizophrenic patients with onset before age 18 and 394 healthy controls. All subjects were of ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269701 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:41:02 +0100 5269701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269696&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21952789%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Snapp-Childs W, Wilson AD, Bingham GP Abstract Following many studies showing that the coupling in bimanual coordination can be perceptual, Bingham (Ecol Psychol in 16:45-53, 2001; 2004a, b) proposed a dynamical model of such movements. The model contains three key hypotheses: (1) Being able to produce stable coordinative movements is a function of the ability to perceive relative phase, (2) the information to perceive relative phase is relative direction of motion, and (3) the ability to resolve this information is conditioned by relative speed. The first two hypotheses have been well supported (Wilson and Bingham in Percept Psychophys 70:465-476, 2008; Wilson et al. in J Exp Psychol Hum 36:1508-1514, 2010a), but the third was not supported when tested by de Rugy et al. (... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269696 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269699&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21945083%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we assessed the role of HB-EGF in learning and memory by testing HB-EGF conditional knock-out mice (KO) in two different learning tasks, and evaluated the long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus slices from these mice. The HB-EGF KO mice were impaired in spatial memory in the Morris water maze and in fear learning in a passive avoidance test. HB-EGF KO mice also showed an impaired LTP, and reduction in activity of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and phosphorylated GluR1. We also found that the levels of neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), were altered in several brain regions in the HB-EGF KO mice. These resul... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269699 Fri, 09 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269698&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21945084%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we examined effects of clozapine and NDMC on synaptic transmission by measuring inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. We found that clozapine and NDMC have qualitatively similar actions. They depressed the inhibitory transmission at 1-30μM, and the excitatory transmission at 30μM, the former being much more sensitive. The depression of IPSCs by 30μM of these drugs was associated with an increase in the paired-pulse ratio. The GABA-induced currents were suppressed by these drugs, but less sensitive than IPSCs. The AMPA-induced currents were slightly potentiated by these drugs at 30μM. At 30μM, clozapine and NDMC slightly suppressed Ca(2+) and Na(+) channels. These results strongly suggest that clozapine and NMDC depress the ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269698 Wed, 07 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269700&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21943508%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Acosta-Rua AJ, Cannon RL, Yezierski RP, Vierck CJ Abstract Effects of excitotoxic injury to the thoracic gray matter on sensitivity to below-level nociceptive stimulation were evaluated for female and male Long-Evans rats. Operant escape and lick/guard (L/G) reflex responses to thermal stimulation were evaluated before and for 13-15weeks after: 1) injections of quisqualic acid (QUIS) into the thoracic gray matter (T8-9), 2) laminectomy and spinal exposure and penetration without injection (sham) or 3) no surgical procedure (control). L/G responding to heat stimulation (44°C) was unaffected for females and males following thoracic QUIS injections. Similarly, male escape performance was not significantly altered for 44°C or 10°C stimulation after QUIS injections or sham s... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269700 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269697&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21945346%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maillet D, Rajah MN Abstract Age-related declines in memory for context have been linked to volume loss in the hippocampal head (HH) with age. However, it remains unclear how this volumetric decline correlates with age-related changes in whole-brain activity during context encoding, and subsequent context retrieval. In the current study we examine this. We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data in young and older adults during the encoding of item, spatial context and temporal context. HH volume and subsequent retrieval performance was measured in all participants. In young adults only there was a positive three-way correlation between larger HH volumes, better memory retrieval, and increased activity in right hippocampus, right ventrolateral prefrontal corte... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269697 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269721&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21930263%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baetens K, der Cruyssen LV, Achtziger A, Vandekerckhove M, Van Overwalle F Abstract Past research on spontaneous trait inferences using event related potentials (ERPs) has consistently reported increased late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes following social expectancy violations, but no N400 modulation. In the present study, participants read scenarios describing behaviors of unknown actors. They entailed descriptions of several positive trait implying behaviors, followed by a single final sentence describing behavior that was either consistent or inconsistent with the previously implied trait. As in previous studies, we found significantly increased LPP amplitudes following inconsistent behaviors at multiple frontal sites. Unlike in previous research, we also found in... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269721 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269719&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21937026%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Butkevich IP, Mikhailenko VA, Vershinina EA, Otellin VA, Aloisi AM Abstract Prenatal stress strengthens tonic pain and provokes depression. The serotoninergic system is involved in these processes. We recently showed that maternal buspirone, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, protects against the adverse effects of in utero stress on depression and pain in adult rat offspring. Using a similar maternal treatment with buspirone, we focus here on the infant stage, which is important for the correction of prenatal abnormalities. Maternal buspirone before restraint stress during the last week of pregnancy decreased the time of immobility in the forced swim test in the infant offspring. Prenatal stress increased formalin-induced pain in the second part of the time-course of the response... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269719 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269719 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269717&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21937029%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this study was to identify the structures underlying improved accuracy on a semantic decision task. We also investigated whether extra-scanner performance on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and Semantic Fluency Test (SFT), neuropsychological measures of semantic retrieval, is correlated with specific areas of activation during the semantic decision/tone decision (SDTD) fMRI task. Fifty-two healthy, right-handed individuals performed a block-design SDTD task. Regression analyses revealed that increased performance on this task was associated with activation in the right inferior parietal lobule. Higher SFT performance resulted in greater recruitment of right frontal regions; improved performance on BNT was associated with more widespread activation in prefrontal, temporal, and... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269717 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269717 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269718&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21937027%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we treated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with palmitate and observed its effect on cell apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation. Dose- and time-dependent effects of palmitate on apoptosis were observed. Palmitate treatment induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, determined by the expression of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) mRNA and immunoglobin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP). We also observed increases in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and tau hyperphosphorylation in response to palmitate. Although palmitate did not impair insulin signaling as shown by the immunoblotting analysis of AKT phosphorylation, it did inactivate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of AMPK by N(1)-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), si... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269718 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269718 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5269720&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21937025%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wei L, Duan X, Yang Y, Liao W, Gao Q, Ding JR, Zhang Z, Zeng W, Li Y, Lu G, Chen H Abstract There is an increasing body of evidence pointing to a relationship between personality and brain markers. The purpose of this study was to identify the associations between personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism and the local synchronization of spontaneous blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity assessed by regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach. Our results revealed the significant negative correlation between neuroticism and ReHo in the left middle frontal gyrus, providing evidence for the left frontal activation involved in pleasant emotion. ReHo was correlated negatively with extraversion in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), an important portion of the defa... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5269720 Tue, 30 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5269720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5236009&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925644%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: González-Menéndez I, Contreras F, García-Fernández JM, Cernuda-Cernuda R Abstract The melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells are specialized in measuring irradiance for several functions, including daily photoentrainment and regulation of pupil size. In the present study, these cells were analyzed in mice during their perinatal period, from embryonic day (E) 15 to postnatal day (P) 1. Melanopsin expression was detected at E15 in cells that did not co-express the transcription factor Brn3a. Under light/dark (LD) cycles, the number of melanopsin-expressing cells did not change between E16 and E19, while a very significant increase was observed during the short interval around birth, between E19 (the day before birth) and P0 (the day of birth). As these samples were... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5236009 Tue, 30 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5236009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5236008&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925650%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mizutari K, Nakagawa S, Mutai H, Fujii M, Ogawa K, Matsunaga T Abstract We previously reported a model of acute cochlear energy failure using a mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), to study mechanisms of inner ear disorders such as inner ear ischemia. In this model, the main cause of hearing loss is apoptosis of fibrocytes in the cochlear lateral wall. Here, we analyzed the time course of structural and hearing level changes in the cochlea from the acute phase to the chronic phase up to 2months after surgery. Hearing levels as determined by auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds exceeded the maximum acoustic output (>87 dBSPL) of the system at all frequencies 1day after 3-NP treatment. Histology showed nearly complete loss of fibrocytes 2weeks after ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5236008 Tue, 30 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5236008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5164537&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21864736%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stuart DG, Clarac F, Barbara JG, Brownstone RM, Duchateau J, Enoka RM PMID: 21864736 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5164537 Sat, 27 Aug 2011 18:36:07 +0100 5164537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5071790&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21752352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kumar D, Deb I, Chakraborty J, Mukhopadhyay S, Das S Unequivocal evidences have implicated c-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in drug addiction. Recent reports indicate that the CREB binding protein (CREBBP), a transcription co-activator, may also be involved in the sensitivity to drugs of abuse. We undertook studies on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at selective areas of CREBBP gene in heroin as well as in alcohol addicts and compared them with that in normal population. One hundred fifty healthy controls, one hundred thirty heroin addict and one hundred ten alcohol addicts, all males, Bengali-Hindu, and residing in Kolkata, a city in eastern India, participated in the study. DNA prepared from blood drawn from the subjects was PCR amplified for the regio... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5071790 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 11:45:33 +0100 5071790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5071789&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21757188%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gao Z, Xu X, Chen Z, Yin J, Shen M, Shui R Previous studies suggested that ERP component contralateral delay activity (CDA) tracks the number of objects containing identity information stored in visual short term memory (VSTM). Later MEG and fMRI studies implied that its neural source lays in superior IPS. However, since the memorized stimuli in previous studies were displayed in distinct spatial locations, hence possibly CDA tracks the object-location information instead. Moreover, a recent study implied the activation in superior IPS reflected the location load. The current research thus explored whether CDA tracks the object-location load or the object-identity load, and its neural sources. Participants were asked to remember one color, four identical colors or four distinc... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5071789 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 11:45:28 +0100 5071789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5071788&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21762881%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakamura Y, Goto TK, Tokumori K, Yoshiura T, Kobayashi K, Nakamura Y, Honda H, Ninomiya Y, Yoshiura K There are no credible data to support the notion that individual taste qualities have dedicated pathways leading from the tongue to the end of the pathway in the brain. Moreover, the insular cortex is activated not only by taste but also by non-taste information from oral stimuli. These responses are invariably excitatory, and it is difficult to determine whether they are sensory, motor, or proprioceptive in origin. Furthermore, umami is a more unfamiliar and complex taste than other basic tastes. Considering these issues, it may be effective to minimize somatosensory stimuli, oral movement, and psychological effects in a neuroimaging study to elicit cerebral activity by pure ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5071788 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 11:45:23 +0100 5071788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5071787&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21762883%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hoot MR, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE, Scoggins KL, Dewey WL Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that is often difficult to treat using conventional pharmacological interventions and the exact mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of this type of chronic pain have yet to be fully elucidated. The present studies examined the effect of chronic nerve injury on μ-opioid receptors and receptor-mediated G-protein activity within the supraspinal brain regions involved in pain processing of mice. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) reduced paw withdrawal latency, which was maximal at 10days post-injury. [d-Ala2,(N-Me)Phe4,Gly5-OH] enkephalin (DAMGO)-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding was then conducted at this time point in membranes prepared from the rostral ACC ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5071787 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 11:45:19 +0100 5071787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5071786&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21763642%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wittmann M, Simmons AN, Flagan T, Lane SD, Wackermann J, Paulus MP Several studies provide empirical evidence for the association between impulsivity and time perception. However, little is known about the neural substrates underlying this function. This investigation examined the influence of impulsivity on neural activation patterns during the encoding and reproduction of intervals with durations of 3, 9 and 18s using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-seven subjects participated in this study, including 15 high impulsive subjects that were classified based on their self-rating. FMRI activation during the duration reproduction task was correlated with measures of two self-report questionnaires related to the concept of impulsivity (Barratt Imp... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5071786 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 11:45:14 +0100 5071786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5071785&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21796540%26dopt%3DAbstract This study and the previous one (Sun et al. in Exp Brain Res 209:571-585, 2011) document several previously unknown features of prehensile tasks. The results show that characteristics of digit action and interaction in such tasks depend not only on the magnitudes of external constraints but also on a variety of other factors including time changes in the constraints and their history. PMID: 21796540 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5071785 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5071785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026697&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718971%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hunsberger JG, Machado-Vieira R, Austin DR, Zarate C, Chuang DM, Chen G, Reed JC, Manji HK The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical site for intracellular calcium storage as well as protein synthesis, folding, and trafficking. Disruption of these processes is gaining support for contributing to heritable vulnerability of certain diseases. Here, we investigated Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1), an anti-apoptotic protein that primarily resides in the ER and associates with B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-XL, as an affective resiliency factor through its modulation of calcium homeostasis. We found that transgenic (TG) mice with BI-1 reinforced expression, via the neuronal specific enolase promoter, showed protection against the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm, an animal model to t... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026697 Thu, 14 Jul 2011 21:30:56 +0100 5026697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026685&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21742310%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakama-Kitamura M, Kitamura Y Chronic pain tends to be intractable, regardless of whether the etiology has improved or is persistent. This intractability may be due, in part, to conditioning factors, but studies of the underlying mechanism are limited. We predicted that the body might learn pain sensation during sustained pain. In the present study, we sought to examine the prediction that nociceptive pain could be a conditioned response. After pre-exposing mice to the context box, we assessed hind-paw licking responses(s), an unconditioned nociceptive response (UCR), in the training phase for 30min following each of two injections (24h apart) of formalin into the hind paws. Forty-eight hours later, in the test phase, we tested for a conditioned nociceptive response (CR) from ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026685 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026684&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21742311%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: D'Amico LA, Boujard D, Coumailleau P In contrast to mammals, the brain of adult non-mammalian vertebrates exhibits a higher proliferative and/or neurogenic activity. To provide new models on this issue, we have examined origin, distribution and fate of proliferating cells in the entire brain of juvenile and adult Xenopus laevis. Using immunohistochemistry for the Proliferation Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), and/or the thymidine analog, 5-Bromo-2' deoxyUridine (BrdU), the labeled cells are located in ventricular zones of the olfactory bulbs, cerebral hemispheres, preoptic region, ventral hypothalamus and cerebellum. Qualitatively, the highest level of proliferative cells was found in the telencephalic ventricles. By using in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry double-labeling ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026684 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026689&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21741621%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim CF, Moalem-Taylor G Partial sciatic nerve injury is a common model of neuropathic pain in rodents, and produces both mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity. Several types of immune cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain due to nerve injury; however, the timing of their appearance has not been fully elucidated. Here, using immunohistochemistry, we characterized the time course and magnitude of inflammatory cell infiltration and resident immune cell activation in the sciatic nerves, L3-5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal segments following partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PSNL) in C57BL/6J mice. PSNL markedly decreased paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli in the injured side. ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026689 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026687&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21741622%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zubrzycka M, Janecka A Our previous studies demonstrated that tooth pulp stimulation increases the pain threshold, whereas stimulation of the periaqueductal central gray (PAG) has the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect exerted by electrical stimulation of the nociceptive afferent terminals in the tooth pulp and analgesic electrical stimulation of the PAG on the release of immunoreactive β-endorphin (β-EP-IR) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) perfusing the cerebral ventricles in rat, and to establish whether during such stimulation the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) was activated. The tongue jerk reflex was induced by dental pulp stimulation in rats under chloralose anesthesia. CSF was collected from the c... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026687 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026686&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21741625%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oreland S, Raudkivi K, Oreland L, Harro J, Arborelius L, Nylander I Some individuals control their ethanol consumption throughout life, but others escalate their intake to levels that increase the risk for addiction. The early environment influences the individual response to ethanol and affects the underlying physiological processes that lead to a transition from a voluntary to a compulsive use of ethanol. However, the neurobiological substrates for these processes are not understood. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that early environmental experiences affect the neurobiological effects that are induced by voluntary ethanol consumption. Rat pups were subjected to three different rearing environments: conventional animal facility rearing or separation from dam a... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026686 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026690&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21741033%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Persuy MA, Baly C, Monnerie R, Souquere S, Bevilacqua C, Dubacq C, Pierron G, Caillol M, Remy JJ All olfactory epithelium cells, including rapidly self-renewing olfactory sensory neurons (OSN), are continuously subjected to external airborne aggressions. We hypothesized that the apical part of rat olfactory epithelia (AOE) could be the site of a local translation to be able to respond rapidly to external stimuli. We purified significant amounts of mRNAs from AOE. Sequencing of the cDNA library identified 348 mRNA species. Of these, the 220 AOE transcripts encoding proteins with known biological functions were classified in functional groups. The main functional class (40%) coded for defense, detoxification, anti-oxidant stress and innate immunity. Other classes comprised mRNAs... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026690 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026691&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21733494%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mancuso R, Oliván S, Osta R, Navarro X Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of upper and lower motoneurons. Clinically, it is manifested by weakness, muscle atrophy and progressive paralysis and ends up with patients' death 2-5years after diagnosis. Although these symptoms lead in many cases to gait deficits in patients, an exhaustive locomotor profile of animal models mimicking the disease has not been assessed yet. In this work we evaluated the locomotor performance of the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS using computerized treadmill gait analysis. SOD1(G93A) mice presented early (8weeks of age) gait abnormalities, evidenced by an increase in the time of the propulsion phase of hindlimb stance. The alterations progressed... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026691 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4977036&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fcmd%3DSearch%26db%3Dpubmed%26term%3D%28%28%28%2522Brain%2520Res%2522%29%2520AND%2520%25222011%252F06%252F15%252002.45%2522%255BMHDA%255D%253A%25222011%252F06%252F29%252009.30%2522%255BMHDA%255D%29%29%2520NOT%2520%28%28%2520%28%28%2522Brain%2520Res%2522%255BTIAB%255D%29%29%2520AND%2520%25220001%2522%255BEDAT%255D%253A%25222011%252F06%252F15%252002.45%2522%255BEDAT%255D%29%29 106 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results: "Brain Res" These pubmed results were generated on 2011/06/29PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 15 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These citations are from MEDLINE and additional life science journals. PubMed includes links to many sites providing full text articles and other related resources. (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4977036 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 13:30:04 +0100 4977036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4927986&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21624566%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ibáñez A, Hurtado E, Lobos A, Escobar J, Trujillo N, Baez S, Huepe D, Manes F, Decety J Current research on empathy for pain emphasizes the overlap in the neural response between the first-hand experience of pain and its perception in others. However, recent studies suggest that the perception of the pain of others may reflect the processing of a threat or negative arousal rather than an automatic pro-social response. It can thus be suggested that pain processing of other-related, but not self-related, information could imply danger rather than empathy, due to the possible threat represented in the expressions of others (especially if associated with pain stimuli). To test this hypothesis, two experiments considering subliminal stimuli were designed. In Experiment 1, neutral... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4927986 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 06:45:30 +0100 4927986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4927985&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21632035%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Garbuzova-Davis S, Rodrigues MC, Hernandez-Ontiveros DG, Louis MK, Willing AE, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with a complicated pathogenesis. Compelling evidence indicates impairment of all neurovascular unit components including the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers (BBB/BSCB) in both patients and animal models, leading to classification of ALS as a neurovascular disease. The present review provides an updated analysis of the normal and impaired BBB/BSCB, focusing on the ALS-altered barrier. Here we describe the roles of cellular components, tight junctions, transport systems, cell interactions, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and free radicals in the BBB/BSCB disruption, along with recent evi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4927985 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 06:45:26 +0100 4927985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4927984&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21636075%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sulykos I, Czigler I In a passive oddball task (performing in a video game), participants were presented with sequences of either standard stimuli or patterns containing deviant orientation, deviant spatial frequency or both deviant orientation and spatial frequency. Orientation deviants presented to the lower half of the visual field elicited a posterior negative component with a peak latency of 130ms. Spatial frequency deviants elicited a similarly negative component that was later followed by another negative component. Activity elicited by the double-deviant stimulus was identical to activity elicited by the orientation deviant alone. The subtraction difference of the peak latency and scalp distribution of the deviant minus the standard difference potentials were unequal t... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4927984 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 06:45:20 +0100 4927984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4927983&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21636076%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lukose R, Schmidt E, Wolski TP, Murawski NJ, Kulesza RJ Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social difficulties, impaired communication skills and repetitive behavioral patterns. Additionally, there is evidence that auditory deficits are a common feature of the autism spectrum disorders. Despite the prevalence of autism, the neurobiology of this disorder is poorly understood. However, abnormalities in neuronal morphology, cell number and connectivity have been described throughout the autistic brain. Indeed, we have demonstrated significant dysmorphology in the superior olivary complex (SOC), a collection of auditory brainstem nuclei, in the autistic brain. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) in humans has been associated with autism and in rodents pr... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4927983 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 06:45:13 +0100 4927983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4927982&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21636077%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Caito SW, Milatovic D, Hill KE, Aschner M, Burk RF, Valentine WM Selenoprotein P (Sepp1) is an important protein involved in selenium (Se) transport and homeostasis. Severe neurologic dysfunction develops in Sepp1 null mice (Sepp1(-/-)) fed a selenium-deficient diet. Sepp1(-/-) mice fed a selenium-deficient diet have extensive degeneration of the brainstem and thalamus, and even when supplemented with selenium exhibit subtle learning deficits and altered basal synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The goal of this study was to delineate the regional progression of neurodegeneration in the brain, determine the extent of neuronal cell death, and evaluate neurite structural changes within the hippocampus of Sepp1(-/-) mice. Whole br... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4927982 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 06:45:07 +0100 4927982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883147&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21575932%26dopt%3DAbstract We report that hippocampal field potential population spike (fPS), as well as paired pulse ratio, is enhanced in NPC1-/- with respect to Wild Type (WT). To evaluate the contribution of glutamate receptor activity in the enhanced fPS observed in mutant mice, we recorded slices treated with glutamate receptor agonists alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and Kainate (KA). We found that a prolonged application of KA and AMPA in NPC1-/- mice do not induce the dramatic decrease of synaptic transmission observed in WT hippocampal slices suggesting a functional impairment of presynaptic KA receptors and an imbalance of AMPA receptor exo/endocytosis. In line with electrophysiological data, we also found notable differences in calcium influx during KA and AMPA bath appli... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883147 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 01:15:28 +0100 4883147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883143&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21621749%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang SX, Huang F, Gates M, Holmberg EG We have successfully removed an existing glial scar in chronically contused rat spinal cord using a rose Bengal-based phototoxic method. The purpose of this study is to examine if scar ablation benefits the anatomical recovery by cell/tissue transplantation, and thus provides a more permissive physical and biochemical environment for axonal growth, which may lead to functional recovery. Immediately after scar ablation, we transplanted lamina propria (LP) of the olfactory mucosa alone or in combination with cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) into the lesion cavity 6weeks after contusion injury (NYU impactor device, 25mm height setting) at spinal cord segment T10 of adult female Long-Evans rats. Sixteen weeks after scar ablation an... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883143 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883146&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21620377%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Contreras R, Ghajar J, Bahar S, Suh M In mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the fiber tracts that connect the frontal cortex with the cerebellum may suffer shear damage, leading to attention deficits and performance variability. This damage also disrupts the enhancement of eye-target synchronization that can be affected by cognitive load when subjects are tested using a concurrent eye-tracking test and word-recall test. We investigated the effect of cognitive load on eye-target synchronization in normal and mTBI patients using the nonlinear dynamical technique of stochastic phase synchronization. Results demonstrate that eye-target synchronization was negatively affected by cognitive load in mTBI subjects. In contrast, eye-target synchronization improved under intermediate co... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883146 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883145&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21621747%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abrahám H, Richter Z, Gyimesi C, Horváth Z, Janszky J, Dóczi T, Seress L A loss of calbindin immunoreactivity in granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus is a characteristic feature of temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Whether decreased calbindin expression is unique to the hippocampal sclerosis associated with cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy, or also occurs in tumor- or malformation-related epilepsy, is unknown. We show that calbindin immunoreactivity in granule cells has been decreased in epilepsy regardless of its etiology. In cases of cortical malformations or hippocampal sclerosis, calbindin immunoreactivity was undetectable in most granule cells. In tumor-related resections, in patients who had a long history of epileptic seizures, calbindin ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883145 Wed, 11 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883144&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21621748%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matveev V, Bertram R, Sherman A The number of Ca(2+) channels contributing to the exocytosis of a single neurotransmitter vesicle in a presynaptic terminal has been a question of significant interest and debate, and is important for a full understanding of localized Ca(2+) signaling in general, and synaptic physiology in particular. This is usually estimated by measuring the sensitivity of the neurotransmitter release rate to changes in the synaptic Ca(2+) current, which is varied using appropriate voltage-clamp protocols or via pharmacological Ca(2+) channel block under the condition of constant single-channel Ca(2+) current. The slope of the resulting log-log plot of transmitter release rate versus presynaptic Ca(2+) current is termed Ca(2+)current cooperativity of exocytosi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883144 Wed, 11 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4829628&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21570676%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wooters TE, Bardo MT Impulsivity is one of the core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a putative animal model of ADHD, has been used to investigate the neurobiology of impulsivity, although this model has been questioned over concerns that use of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) as a comparison strain may exaggerate effects. The present study compared SHR, WKY and standard, outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats on a delay discounting task where the primary measure was mean adjusted delay (MAD), or the indifference point (in sec) between choice of an immediate delivery of 1 grain-based pellet versus 3 pellets delivered after varying delays. The acute dose effects of the ADHD medications amphetamine (0.1-1.0mg/kg) and methyl... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4829628 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4829628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4829632&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21555117%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bi W, Zhu L, Wang C, Liang Y, Liu J, Shi Q, Tao E Microglial activation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and suppression of microglial activation prevents the progression of neurodegeneration. Rifampicin, a bacteriocidal antibiotic, induces immunosuppression. We hypothesized that rifampicin might be neuroprotective by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby suppressing microglial activation. In the present study, we examined the effects of rifampicin on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory mediators and their signaling pathways in BV2 microglia. We also assessed the neuroprotective effects of rifampicin using a co-culture of microglia and neurons. Our results showed that rifamp... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4829632 Fri, 29 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4829632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4829633&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21550592%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, the compensation mechanisms to regulate physical fatigue were examined using a 160-channel whole-head-type magnetoencephalographic (MEG) system. The study group consisted of nine right-handed healthy participants. After enrollment, participants performed a fatigue-inducing physical task session in which they performed repetitive grips of the right hand at maximal voluntary contraction levels every second. Before and after the session, imagery of maximum grips of the right hand was performed for evaluation with MEG. Although beta-band event-related desynchronization (ERD) level of the motor movement-evoked magnetic field in the left sensorimotor area showed a trend toward reduction after the fatigue session, the ERD level of the motor movement-evoked magnetic field in the rig... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4829633 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4829633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4829631&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21561601%26dopt%3DAbstract This study sought to determine if a lack of δ-opioid receptors in a mouse model affects respiratory response to elevated CO(2), and whether the response is modulated by benzodiazepines, which are widely used to treat panic disorder. In a whole-body plethysmograph, respiratory responses to 5% CO(2) were compared between δ-opioid receptor knockout mice and wild-type mice after saline, diazepam (1mg/kg), and alprazolam (0.3mg/kg) injections. The results show that lack of δ-opioid receptors does not affect normal response to elevated CO(2), but does prevent benzodiazepines from modulating that response. Thus, in the presence of benzodiazepine agonists, respiratory responses to elevated CO(2) were enhanced in δ-opioid receptor knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. This suggests an inter... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4829631 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4829631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4829630&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21561602%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Larson AA, Thomas MJ, McElhose A, Kovács KJ Mast cells are located in the central nervous system (CNS) of many mammals and stress induces their degranulation. We postulated that mast cells are associated with wakefulness and stimulatory tone in the CNS, as reflected by spontaneous motor activity. Because stress also precipitates drug-seeking behavior in cocaine addicts, we also postulated that cocaine manifests its effects through this relationship. We investigated the influence of single and repeated injections of cocaine on circulating corticosterone, motor activity and degranulation of mast cells in both the thalamus and meninges of mice. Mice were subjected to 5 consecutive days of cocaine or saline followed by a single injection of cocaine or saline 11days later. Spontan... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4829630 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4829630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4829629&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21565329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang Y, Li A, Lao L, Xin J, Ren K, Berman BM, Zhang RX It has been reported that intracerebroventricular injection of a μ receptor antagonist blocked 2 but not 100Hz electroacupuncture (EA)-produced analgesia in an uninjured animal model. Because persistent pain changes neural response to external stimulation, we hypothesized that the mechanisms of EA anti-hyperalgesia may be different in persistent pain than in health. Hyperalgesia, decreased paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus, was induced by subcutaneously injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paws of rats. Selective antagonists against μ (CTOP: D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-ThrNH2, 6.25nmol) and κ (Nor-BIN: nor-binaltorphimine, 10nmol) opioid receptors were infused into the r... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4829629 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4829629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775789&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21526337%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Levy-Tzedek S, Krebs HI, Arle JE, Shils JL, Poizner H Previous studies examining discrete movements of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have found that in addition to performing movements that were slower than those of control participants, they exhibit specific deficits in movement coordination and in sensorimotor integration required to accurately guide movements. With medication, movement speed was normalized, but the coordinative aspects of movement were not. This led to the hypothesis that dopaminergic medication more readily compensates for intensive aspects of movement (such as speed), than for coordinative aspects (such as coordination of different limb segments) (Schettino et al., Exp Brain Res 168:186-202, 2006). We tested this hypothesis on rhythmic, continuous mov... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775789 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775788&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21526338%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Seizova-Cajic T, Azzi R Muscle vibration excites muscle spindles and creates illusory movement of a body part in a blindfolded individual. It is followed by an aftereffect, an illusion of return movement when vibration stops. The aftereffect reflects adaptation in the proprioceptive system. This adaptation is susceptible to attentional manipulations (Seizova-Cajic and Azzi in Exp Brain Res 203(1):213-219, 2010), but it is not known whether it is open to cross-modal influences unaided by those manipulations. We attempted to answer this question by allowing vision of the vibrated, stationary arm. We asked our participants (n = 20) to retain focus on the feeling of movement. They reported any illusory movement during 60-s biceps vibration (at 90 Hz), as well as following its o... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775788 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775782&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21530944%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mussa BM, Sartor DM, Rantzau C, Verberne AJ We and others have previously shown that the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) is involved in regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Many pancreatic preganglionic neurons within the DMV are inhibited by pancreatic secretagogues suggesting that an inhibitory pathway may participate in the control of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Accordingly, the present study examined whether chemical stimulation of the DMV activates the endocrine pancreas and whether an inhibitory pathway is involved in this response. All experiments were conducted in overnight fasted isoflurane/urethane-anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats. Activation of the DMV by bilateral microinjection of bicuculline methiodide (BIM, GABA(A) receptor antagonist, 100pmol... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775782 Fri, 15 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775782 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775781&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21530945%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li GZ, Zhang Y, Zhao JB, Wu GJ, Su XF, Hang CH A growing body of evidence indicates that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family have been shown to be involved in the damaging inflammatory processes associated with stroke, infection, neoplasia, and other diseases in the central nervous system. Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (Myd88) is a critical adaptor protein that transmits signals for TLRs and IL-1 family. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the expression of Myd88 protein and mRNA in a rat weight-dropping trauma model and to clarify the role of Myd88 after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A total of fifty-four Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group and TBI groups at hours 6, 12 and on day 1, day 2, day 3, an... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775781 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775781 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775792&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514572%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wu G, Wang X, Feng X, Zhang A, Li J, Gu K, Huang J, Pang S, Dong H, Gao H, Yan B Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. To date, genetic genes and variants causing PD remain largely unknown. Autophagy is a conserved cellular process including three subtypes, macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Although reduced CMA and induced autophagy are observed in human PD brain samples, cell and animal PD models, CMA and autophagy have not been systemically studied in sporadic PD patients. In the peripheral leukocytes of sporadic PD patients, we examined gene expression levels of lysosome-associated membrane 2 (LAMP-2), a CMA rece... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775792 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775783&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529788%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we showed that rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) functionally express ASICs with the activity of endogenous proton-gated conductance. PF is the principal active ingredient extracted from the root of Paeoniae alba, a Chinese herb commonly used to treat neurodegenerative disorders, especially PD. It was found that PF significantly up regulated the expression of LC3-II, which is specifically associated with autophagic vacuole membranes. PF also reduced the MPP(+) and acidosis-induced accumulation of α-synuclein, the major component of Lewy bodies. Moreover, PF was highly efficacious in modulating ASICs activity and protein expression. In addition, the data showed that PF was able to protect PC12 cells against MPP(+) and acidosis-induced cytotoxicity. In summary, these fi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775783 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775794&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21513918%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jehna M, Neuper C, Ischebeck A, Loitfelder M, Ropele S, Langkammer C, Ebner F, Fuchs S, Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Enzinger C Recognition and processing of emotional facial expression are crucial for social behavior and employ higher-order cognitive and visual working processes. In neuropsychiatric disorders, impaired emotion recognition most frequently concerned three specific emotions, i.e., anger, fear, and disgust. As incorrect processing of (neutral) facial stimuli per se might also underlie deficits in the recognition of emotional facial expressions, we aimed to assess all these aspects in one experiment. We therefore report here a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm for parallel assessment of the neural correlates of both the recognition of neutral faces an... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775794 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775794 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775793&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514571%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Hooff JC, Ford RM The present study examined the electrophysiological correlates of intentional forgetting using the item-method directed forgetting paradigm. Participants (N=23) studied a series of words each followed by either a "remember" cue (TBR) or a "forget" cue (TBF) and then undertook an old/new recognition memory test for which they were requested to endorse studied items regardless of original remember/forget status. Event-related potentials time locked to the cues were examined as a function of subsequent recognition-memory accuracy. Results showed that TBR and TBF cues elicited Dm or subsequent memory effects that differed in scalp distribution and polarity, suggesting activation of fundamentally different encoding operations for the respective sets of items. ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775793 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775793 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775791&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21524730%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, whole-cell currents induced by glycine (I(Gly)) were recorded from freshly isolated PFC neurons of Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5 to 39 postnatal days (neonatal, P5-12; weanling, P17-21 and peri-adolescent, P30-39). We found that most of the neurons examined were responsive to glycine and the response was concentration dependent. With the increase of age, the sensitivity to glycine was significantly decreased and the sensitivity to picrotoxin was significantly increased. Conversely, the changes in sensitivity to strychnine were not significant. Interestingly, I(Gly) of all age groups was suppressed (to different scope) by low concentrations of picrotoxin (≤30μM), which selectively blocked α homomeric GlyRs. Conversely, about 20-65% of I(Gly) remained in the presence of 300μ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775791 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775787&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karmacharya R, Lynn SK, Demarco S, Ortiz A, Wang X, Lundy MY, Xie Z, Cohen BM, Miller GM, Buttner EA Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication with superior efficacy in treatment refractory schizophrenia. The molecular basis of clozapine's therapeutic profile is not well understood. We studied behavioral effects of clozapine in Caenorhabditis elegans to identify novel pathways that modulate clozapine's biological effects. Clozapine stimulated egg laying in C. elegans in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was clozapine-specific, as it was not observed with exposure to a typical antipsychotic, haloperidol or an atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine. A candidate gene screen of biogenic amine neurotransmitter systems identified signaling pathways that mediate this clozapine-specific... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775787 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775786&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529785%26dopt%3DAbstract This study therefore compared the tight junction proteins in the choroid plexus of ewes exposed to short days or long days. Levels of occludin, zonula occludens proteins (ZO) ZO-1 and ZO-2, afadin and cadherin were significantly higher during short days, but no statistical difference was observed for junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM-1), ZO-3 or claudins 1 and 5. These results are consistent with an increase in the blood-CSF barrier permeability during long days through a regulation of tight junctions and show that the permeability could depend upon physiological conditions such as photoperiodic status. PMID: 21529785 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775786 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775785&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529786%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tsuruoka M, Tamaki J, Maeda M, Hayashi B, Inoue T An air puff elicits a startle response in mammals. Following the startle response, rats react with a defensive-like, immobile posture (DIP) of approximately 2-5s in length. We have previously reported that air-puff stimulation (APS) activates the nucleus locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) so that the DIP is induced. The LC/SC is one of the structures that plays an important role in endogenous pain control. Our particular interest is whether APS induces nociceptive modulation. Rats were tested for behavioral nociception with heating of the tail. Rats whisked their tail following heating and then bit the heat source when the tail could not escape heating by tail flick. The tail flick latency (TFL) and the bite latency (BL) were... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775785 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775784&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529787%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pinazo-Durán MD, Pons-Vázquez S, Gallego-Pinazo R, Galbis Estrada C, Zanón-Moreno V, Vila Bou V, Sanz Solana P Clinical and experimental studies have highlighted the role played by thyroid hormones (TH) in neural and neuro-sensorial development. However, knowledge on TH mechanisms on the developing visual system is still incomplete. To uncover TH actions on the eyes and vision we carried out a microscopical study on the role of TH in the developing retina and optic nerve, in a rat model of controlled TH deficiency (THD). Morphometric and stereological analyses of the retina and optic nerve showed a reduction in the volume of the eye (p<0.001) and optic nerve cross-sectional area (p<0.001), and thinning of the retinal layers (p<0.001). Glial development and myelinat... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775784 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775780&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21530946%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tays WJ, Dywan J, Capuana LJ, Segalowitz SJ Imaging data has identified frontal cortical activation in older adults during simple recognition tasks that relates positively with performance and could, therefore, be considered compensatory. However, in a previous electrophysiological study involving a Sternberg task with proactive interference manipulations, we observed a frontal positive scalp potential between 400 and 500ms that was unique to older adults and predictive of poorer performance. These results led us to ask whether unique frontal activation in older adults serves a compensatory role only during relatively simple tasks when stimulus familiarity provides an unambiguous basis for response selection. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis by having younger an... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775780 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775790&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21524731%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu J, Sun QY, Tang BS, Hu L, Yu RH, Wang L, Shi CH, Yan XX, Pan Q, Xia K, Guo JF Genetic variants of PITX3 gene have been reported to be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in several populations. We conducted a case-control study and genotyped the three SNPs of PITX3 gene: rs2281983, rs4919621 and rs3758549 in 512 mainland Chinese PD patients and 506 healthy controls. Our findings show that the PITX3 gene rs3758549 polymorphism is associated with PD (p=0.02). Moreover, the difference between late onset PD patients and healthy controls is stronger (p=0.007). There is no statistical difference in genotype or allele frequencies of rs2281983 or rs4919621 variant in PITX3 gene between sporadic PD (SPD) group and healthy control group in our study. To assess the possible role... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775790 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775802&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466788%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen JY, Blankstein U, Diamant NE, Davis KD Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have abnormal cortical responses to rectal distension and grey matter thinning in brain areas associated with nociception. These abnormalities may be driven by white matter changes and individual factors. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that WM subserving the pain system is compromised in IBS, and that disease characteristics and personality contribute to these abnormalities. MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) images were obtained from 10 female IBS patients (20-54years old, mean±SD 32.8±10.4), and 16 female healthy controls (20-44years old, mean±SD 29.1±7.9). Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) was extracted from WM regions associated with nociception. The IBS group had higher FA in t... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775802 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775801&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466789%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen G, Tariq A, Ai J, Sabri M, Jeon HJ, Tang EJ, Lakovic K, Wan H, Macdonald RL One of the major complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is angiographic vasospasm in the large arteries at the base of the brain. However, a clinical trial of clazosentan demonstrated a 65% relative risk reduction in angiographic vasospasm but no effect on mortality or clinical outcome, raising questions about the role of angiographic vasospasm played in outcome after SAH. The purpose of this study was to determine if reducing or reversing angiographic vasospasm with clazosentan reduced other secondary complications such as microthromboembolism, loss of long-term potentiation (LTP) and neuronal cell death in a rat model of SAH. SAH in rats was created by injection of 300μl non-heparini... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775801 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775800&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466790%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Turner RJ, Helps SC, Thornton E, Vink R Previous studies have suggested that substance P (SP) plays a critical role in the development of brain oedema and functional deficits following traumatic brain injury and that SP receptor antagonism may improve outcome. No studies have described such a role in ischemic stroke. The present study characterized the effects of the NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist, n-acetyl-l-tryptophan (NAT), on blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, oedema formation, infarct volume and functional outcome following reversible ischemic stroke in rats. Ischemia was induced using a reversible thread model of middle cerebral artery occlusion where occlusion was maintained for 2h before reperfusion. Animals received either NAT or equal volume saline vehicle intr... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775800 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775800 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775799&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466791%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fukuhara T, Tsujimura T, Kajii Y, Yamamura K, Inoue M The present study aimed to examine whether the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) is modulated during swallowing, and if so, to compare the modulation between the low- and high-threshold afferent-evoked reflex responses. Experiments were carried out on 11 anesthetized rabbits. The inferior alveolar nerve was stimulated to evoke the JOR in the digastric muscle. The stimulus intensity was either 1.5 (low threshold) or 4.0 (high threshold) times the threshold for eliciting the JOR. As a conditioning stimulation, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was repetitively stimulated to evoke the swallowing reflex. The stimulus intensity ranged from 0.6 to 8.0 times the threshold to evoke the swallowing reflex during SLN stimulation over 20s. Ele... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775799 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775799 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775798&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466792%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Acevedo SF, Raber J Methamphetamine (MA) use is a large problem across the United States. Effects of MA include hyperactivity and increased anxiety. Using a mouse model system, we examined behavioral performance in the open field and elevated zero maze and shock-startle response of 12-month-old wild-type mice injected with MA once (1mg/kg) 30min prior to behavioral testing. MA treatment resulted in behavioral sensitization in the open field, consistent with studies in younger mice. There was an increased activity in the elevated zero maze and an increased shock-startle response 30 and 60min post-injection. Since histamine mediates some effects of MA in the brain, we assessed whether 12-month-old mice lacking histidine decarboxylase (Hdc(-/-)), the enzyme required to synthesize... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775798 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775798 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775797&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466793%26dopt%3DAbstract This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Special Issue The Cognitive Neuroscience. PMID: 21466793 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775797 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775796&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466794%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Rourke PL, Van Petten C Syntactic relationships among non-adjacent words are a core aspect of sentence structure. Research on complex sentences with displaced elements has concluded that resolving long-distance dependencies can tax working memory. Here we examine a simpler relationship-morphological agreement between the elements of a noun phrase-across a gradient of distance. Participants read sentences with violations of gender agreement among Spanish nouns, determiners and adjectives. For those explicitly assigned the task of detecting errors, accuracy was uniformly high across the four levels of distance between (dis)agreeing words. A second group performed a comprehension task as ERPs were recorded. Gender agreement errors elicited a left anterior negativity (LAN) regar... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775796 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775796 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775795&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466795%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, our results suggest that pressor response to carbachol microinjection into the BST is mediated by SON magnocellular neurons, without significant involvement of those in the PVN. The results also indicate that responses to carbachol microinjection into the BST are mediated by a neural pathway that depends on the activation of both ipsilateral and contralateral SON. PMID: 21466795 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775795 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775795 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775803&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21459082%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li YC, Sun LK, Zhou L, Zhang HN The primary afferent neurons are enriched for F-actin in the peripheries, giving rise to ring-like appearances when stained with fluorescence probes for actin. A variety of data, mainly obtained from in vitro experiments, suggested that the satellite cell (SC) envelopes around sensory neurons may be a candidate for the F-actin positive structures. However, immunohistochemical studies on dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) suggested that F-actin was located exclusively within the cortical regions of the sensory neurons. Given this discrepancy, the present study has reexamined the distribution of F-actin in the DRGs at both the fluorescence light and electron microscopic levels. Double staining of F-actin with S-100beta and neural cell adhesion molecule sh... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775803 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775810&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458425%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tian Y, Chica AB, Xu P, Yao D Previous research has linked attentional effects (such as inhibition of return; IOR) to serial visual search. We investigated different modes of visual search (serial vs. parallel) and demonstrated that the attentional set induced by the type of search greatly influences these attentional effects. IOR was linked to serial search while facilitation followed parallel search. Event related potentials and LORETA source localization data demonstrated that facilitation was associated with a single component, localized in the cuneus and precuneus, while IOR was related to three different components, involving the superior parietal lobe (at around 200ms), the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral medial frontal gyrus (~240ms), and the bilateral superior... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775810 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775809&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458426%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to reveal the alterations in the functional structure of the axon elongation caused by the deficit of 14-3-3 epsilon. The study focused on the orbitofrontal cortex in the prefrontal cortex which is a region of interest in schizophrenia research. The investigation used eight 15-week-old knockout mice and six age-matched wild-type mice. The TH immunopositive fibers were linear and dense in the wild-type mice. These fibers were serpentine, thin and short in the knockout mice. Although it appeared that dendritic spine-like immunopositive varices were strung tightly in the fibers of wild-type mice, these were few and sparse in those of the of the knockout mice. Quantitative analysis showed a significant decr... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775809 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775808&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458427%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ay I, Sorensen AG, Ay H We sought to investigate the effect of cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on cerebral blood flow (CBF), infarct volume, and clinical outcome in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Electrical stimulation of the right and left vagus nerves was initiated 30min after the induction of the right-sided ischemia and lasted for 1h. Infarct size measurement revealed that the volume of ischemic damage was 41-45% smaller in animals receiving stimulation as compared with control animals. Both the right and left VNS caused subtle reduction in CBF during each 30-s stimulation period that quickly returned back to the baseline level at the end of each stimulation cycle. There was no significant effect of VNS on CBF during the entire 1-h stimulation ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775808 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775807&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458428%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jiang S, Yuan H, Duan L, Cao R, Gao B, Xiong YF, Rao ZR We investigated the role of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels in the release of glutamate by astrocytes after hypertonic stimulus. Mechanical, osmotic and oxidative stress, and changes in the extracellular or intracellular Ca(2+) levels induce connexin hemichannels located in the plasma membrane to open and release small ions and molecules with signaling potential such as glutamate, ATP, etc. In our past studies, we primarily found that acute hypertonic stimulus induced the release of glutamate. Since glutamate release was involved with several routes, we studied its release routes by astrocytes incubated in a hypertonic media for various periods. The glutamate release was increased after hypertonic stimulus. Glutamate rele... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775807 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775806&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458429%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, our findings suggest that HFS may enhance neuroplasticity at the molecular level in several remote brain areas such as the CPu-SVZ, motor cortex and hippocampus. PMID: 21458429 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775806 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775805&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458430%26dopt%3DAbstract This study supports the physiological model that activation of hind limb nociceptors evokes a generalized sympathoexcitation, with the exception of the ipsilateral side where there is a withdrawal of sympathetic tone resulting in an increase in HBF. PMID: 21458430 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775805 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775804&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458431%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leßmann V, Stroh-Kaffei S, Steinbrecher V, Edelmann E, Brigadski T, Kilb W, Luhmann HJ BDNF and nitric oxide signaling both contribute to long-term potentiation (LTP) at glutamatergic synapses, but to date, few studies analyzed the interaction of both signaling cascades in the same synaptic pathway. Here we addressed the question whether the residual LTP in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices from heterozygous BDNF knockout mice (BDNF(+/-)) is dependent on nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Extracellular recording of synaptic field potentials elicited by presynaptic Schaffer collateral stimulation was performed in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices of 4- to 6-week-old mice, and LTP was induced by a theta burst stimulation protocol. Application of the nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAM... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775804 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4775804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670640&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21447324%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schulkin J Glucocorticoids and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) underlie the physiology of change and adaptation. Both the steroid and peptide are quite ancient. The genes that underlie the production of these information molecules stretch back millions of years. The regulatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids have both restraining and enhancing capabilities on CRH gene expression. While restraint of CRH by glucocorticoids is a fundamental physiological feature of limiting CRH expression from over-use and exhaustion, CRH is also enhanced by glucocorticoids at both the level of extra-hypothalamic CRH sites and at the level of the placenta and fetal programming in the brain. This latter function of glucocorticoids increasing CRH gene expression underlies the physiology of chan... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670640 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670639&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21447325%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kircher T, Nagels A, Kirner-Veselinovic A, Krach S Rhyming words, as in songs or poems, is a universal feature of human language across all ages. In the present fMRI study a novel overt rhyming task was applied to determine the neural correlates of rhyme production. Fifteen right-handed healthy male volunteers participated in this verbal fluency study. Participants were instructed to overtly articulate as many words as possible either to a given initial letter (LVF) or to a semantic category (SVF). During the rhyming verbal fluency task (RVF), participants had to generate words that rhymed with pseudoword stimuli. On-line overt verbal responses were audiotaped in order to correct the imaging results for the number of generated words. Fewer words were generated in the rhyming c... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670639 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670638&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21447326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kouhsar SS, Karami M, Tafreshi AP, Roghani M, Nadoushan MR Role of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammationary diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) has been proposed previously. We sought to examine if NO plays centrally a key role in MS related phenomena; demyelination or neuroinflammation. Female Wistar rats (weighing 200-250g) were mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus and received injections of L-arginine aimed at corpus callosum (AP: 1.2, L: ±1.8, V: 3.2). The drug (50-200μg/rat) was microinjected intra- copus callosum repeatedly (3-5 times/each per day). Control groups solely received saline (1μg/rat) into the corpus callosum. The animals were tested for the novelty seeking behavior using the conditioning task. Memory impairment was examined using the shuttle box and Y-maze... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670638 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670637&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21447327%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we assessed the effect of tropisetron on brain damage in a rat thromboembolic model of stroke. Stroke was rendered in rats by introduction of an autologous clot into the middle cerebral artery (MCA). tropisetron (1 or 3mg/kg), m-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG) - a selective 5-HT(3) receptor agonist - (15mg/kg), tropisetron (3mg/kg) plus mCPBG (15mg/kg), granisetron (3mg/kg), tacrolimus (1mg/kg) or tacrolimus (1mg/kg) plus tropisetron (3mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 1h prior to embolization. Behavioral scores and infarct volume as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) level were determined in the ipsilateral cortex 4h and 48h following stroke induction. 48h after ebmolization, tropisetron (1, 3mg/kg), tropisetron (3mg/kg) p... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670637 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670644&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443865%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang N, Yu JT, Yang Y, Yang J, Zhang W, Tan L Aberrant phosphorylated tau is the major component of the neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3B) phosphorylates tau protein, and increased GSK-3B expression has been associated with neurofibrillary tangles. To determine whether polymorphisms in the GSK3B gene and microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene underpin susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), we conducted a case-control study in a Chinese cohort of 257 LOAD cases and 326 healthy controls matched for sex and age. The minor allele (T) of the promoter rs334558 within GSK3B was associated with an increased risk of LOAD (odds ratios/OR=1.381, P=0.006), T carriers may be easier to develop AD (P=... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670644 Fri, 25 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670643&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443866%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sung YW, Someya Y, Eriko Y, Choi SH, Cho ZH, Ogawa S Previous studies on laterality in face processing have indicated superiority of the right hemisphere in discriminating and recognizing faces; however, the reasons for this feature are poorly understood. We employed functional MRI (fMRI) to elucidate the origin of this feature and used a paired-stimulus paradigm in which face pairs were presented unilaterally at the left or right visual hemifield of the participants. Each face in a pair was at a different position in the visual field. Refractory suppression in the fMRI response was observed bilaterally at the fusiform face area (FFA) for the same face pairs when pictures were presented in the left visual hemifield. In contrast, suppression was observed bilaterally at the FFA ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670643 Fri, 25 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670642&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443867%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Balu DT, Coyle JT The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) andα-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor (AMPAR) are ionotropic glutamate receptors responsible for excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. These excitatory synapses are found on dendritic spines, with the abundance of receptors concentrated at the postsynaptic density (PSD). We utilized two genetic mouse models, the serine racemase knockout (SR-/-) and the glycine transporter subtype 1 heterozygote mutant (GlyT1+/-), to determine how constitutive NMDAR hypo- and hyperfunction, respectively, affect the glutamate receptor composition of the PSD in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Using cellular fractionation, we found that SR-/- mice had elevated protein levels of NR1 and NR2A NMDA... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670642 Fri, 25 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670641&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443868%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, VAE can significantly inhibit the activity of GSCs in vitro and the expression of exogenous Endo-Angio fusion gene can inhibit HBMEC proliferation. VAE can be used as a novel virus-gene therapy strategy for glioma. PMID: 21443868 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670641 Fri, 25 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670645&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21440532%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vetreno RP, Klintsova A, Savage LM Alcohol-induced Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) culminates in bilateral diencephalic lesion and severe amnesia. Using the pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD) animal paradigm of WKS, our laboratory has demonstrated hippocampal dysfunction in the absence of gross anatomical pathology. Extensive literature has revealed reduced hippocampal neurogenesis following a neuropathological insult, which might contribute to hippocampus-based learning and memory impairments. Thus, the current investigation was conducted to determine whether PTD treatment altered hippocampal neurogenesis in a stage-dependent fashion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of 4 stages of thiamine deficiency based on behavioral symptoms: pre-symptomatic st... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670645 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670648&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439946%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berlanga ML, Price DL, Phung BS, Giuly R, Terada M, Yamada N, Cyr M, Caron MG, Laakso A, Martone ME, Ellisman MH The dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mouse is a model of chronic hyperdopaminergia used to study a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug abuse, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Early studies characterizing this mouse model revealed a subtle, but significant, decrease in the anterior striatal volume of DAT KO mice accompanied by a decrease in neuronal cell body numbers (Cyr et al., 2005). The present studies were conducted to examine medium spiny neuron (MSN) morphology by extending these earlier reports to include multiscale imaging studies using correlated light microscop... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670648 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670647&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439947%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu Y, Xu JY, Wang DK, Boron WF, Chen LM The SLC4A10 gene, which is highly expressed in the mammalian brain, contains two known alternative splicing units, inserts A and B, and is theoretically capable of producing four NBCn2 splice variants: NBCn2-A, -B, -C, and -D. By immunoprecipitation and western blotting, a previous study showed the putative NBCn2-D to be expressed predominantly in the subcortex (SCX) and medulla (MD) of mouse brain. However, no evidence has been provided, in any species, for the existence of a full-length transcript encoding NBCn2-D. In the present study, we report for the first time the cloning of the full-length cDNAs encoding NBCn2-D from mouse SCX and MD. Based on the frequency of bacterial colonies obtained after PCR, we conclude that in SCX, the N... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670647 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670646&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439948%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jupp B, Krivdic B, Krstew E, Lawrence AJ A role for orexin A in mediating the primary and conditioned reinforcing effects of alcohol has been established. It is unclear however whether the contribution of orexins to alcohol reward occur independently of effects on appetite and feeding, and whether orexins regulate the motivation to consume alcohol compared to other rewards. To examine this further here we investigate the effect of the orexin(1) receptor antagonist, SB-334867, on self-administration of alcohol (10% v/v) under both fixed (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement, and whether this differs from the motivation to administer a natural food reward, sucrose (0.2-0.7% w/v) in alcohol preferring (iP) rats. SB-334867 treatment significantly reduced respo... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670646 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670654&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439268%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, at equivalent linguistic abilities and performances, men activate semantic and attentional cortical areas to a larger extent than women during emotional speech processing. PMID: 21439268 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670654 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670653&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439269%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lv L, Sun Y, Han X, Xu CC, Tang YP, Dong Q Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors including valproic acid (VPA) have emerged as a promising therapeutic intervention in neurological disorders. We investigated the levels of acetylated histone and the therapeutic potential of VPA in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). At different time points (12hr, 1 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w) after SCI or sham surgery, the spinal cords were collected to evaluate the levels of acetylated histone H3 (Ac-H3) and H4 (Ac-H4). VPA or vehicle was injected for 1week starting immediately after SCI and histone acetylation, apoptosis, as well as neurobehavior were observed to test the effect of VPA. The levels of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 in the injured spinal cord started to significantly decrease as early as 1 d, ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670653 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670652&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439270%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined new proliferating cells and their survival in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the HF using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, and investigated newborn cell development and differentiation with a combination of phenotype markers. In 5-month-old SAMP8, the number of BrdU(+) cells in the DG was significantly increased relative to controls, in accordance with the rising numbers of doublecortin-positive (DCX(+)) immature neurons. Some of these BrdU(+) cells migrated to cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), possibly related to the compensation of neuronal loss. However, the capacity of neurogenesis to compensate neuronal loss during neurodegeneration was limited. First, only half of the BrdU(+) cells survived 4 w after mitosis, and even fewer developed into neuron-specific nuclear protein positive (Neu... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670652 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670651&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439271%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim Y, Park YK, Cho HY, Kim J, Yoon YW Glutamate is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system that may produce cellular injury when its concentration is abnormally increased in the synaptic cleft. Glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1, which are responsible for clearing synaptic glutamate into glial cells, play an important role in the regulation of the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft. However, there has been no report on long-term changes in the levels of glutamate transporters following spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury (SCI) was induced at T12 by a New York University (NYU) impactor. Segments of the spinal cord at T9-10, L1-2, L4-5 and at the epicenter were removed after SCI, and Western blots for GLAST, GLT-1 and EAAC1 were perf... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670651 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670650&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439272%26dopt%3DAbstract This study evaluated if post-ictal analgesia occurs in GEPRs, following audiogenic seizures (AGS), and whether this analgesia involves endocannabinoid actions in PAG. Analgesia was evaluated, using thermal stimulation to evoke nociception, measuring changes in paw withdrawal latencies (PWLs) induced by AGS. Endocannabinoid involvement in post-ictal analgesia in GEPRs was evaluated, using focal bilateral microinjection of a cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist (AM251) into PAG. AGS induced a significant increase in PWLs, lasting for≥120min. Microinjection of AM251 (100 and 200, but not 50 pmoles/side) into PAG significantly decreased post-ictal analgesia in GEPRs. Endocannabinoids are also known to activate transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors, but PAG microinjection ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670650 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4670649&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21439273%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Hypomethylation of POTEH promoter in gliomas accounted for POTEH protein overexpression and poor outcome in a subset of patients. Detection of these epigenetic changes in tumors may provide information regarding prognosis. PMID: 21439273 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4670649 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4670649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4552196&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21354499%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21354499 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4552196 Sun, 06 Mar 2011 06:31:06 +0100 4552196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4552195&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21356391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Buxbaum JD, Hof PR PMID: 21356391 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4552195 Sun, 06 Mar 2011 06:31:03 +0100 4552195