MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Brain Research' source. Sat, 20 Mar 2010 14:40:44 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375169&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20233583%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Russell JA, Ciucci MR, Connor NP, Schallert T Sensorimotor deficits affecting voice and swallowing ability can have a devastating impact on the quality of life of people with Parkinson disease (PD). Recent scientific findings in animal models of PD pinpoint targeted exercise therapy as a potential treatment to reduce neurochemical loss and decrease parkinsonian symptoms. Although there may be beneficial effects, targeted exercise therapy is not a standard component of therapy for the cranial sensiromotor deficits seen in PD. In this paper we review the scientific evidence for targeted training for voice and swallowing deficits. The literature search revealed 19 publications that included targeted training for voice and only one publication that included targeted training for s... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375169 Sat, 13 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375168&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20233584%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gibbons H, Stahl J The present event-related potentials (ERP) study investigated the mechanisms by which cognitive load reduces the negative priming (NP) effect in a letter flanker task. On each trial, participants (N=20) first encoded a set of one to five digits, then responded to two successive flanker displays (prime, probe), and finally recalled a certain digit from the set. The flanker NP effect (i.e., increased probe RT when the prime distractor repeated as the probe target) was significant under low (1-2 items) but not high cognitive load (4-5 items). NP in the low-load condition was accompanied by left-anterior P2/N2 amplitude modulation which was also observed for prime-probe target repetitions and hence may reflect the processing of prime-probe similarity. Under high... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375168 Sat, 13 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375167&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20233585%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we quantified the number of doublecortin expressing (DCX+) immature neurons and Ki-67 expressing (Ki-67+) proliferating progenitors in mice previously tested in a spatial DMTP task, a non-spatial DMTP, or that received equivalent amounts of handling only. Regardless of DMTP training experience castration reduced immature neuron number in the GCL but had no effect on proliferating progenitors. Compared to handling only, visible DMTP training reduced the immature neuron number but hidden DMTP training had no effect. Castration did not alter these environmental effects. Finally, performance on the spatial DMTP task did not correlate with immature neuron number. In addition, while the number of immature neurons was strongly reduced following cranial irradiation with (137)Cs, this... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375167 Sat, 13 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375173&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20230801%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu FY, Qu XX, Ding X, Cai J, Jiang H, Wan Y, Han JS, Xing GG The descending serotonergic (5-HT) system is shown to be plastically altered under pathological conditions such as inflammation or peripheral nerve lesion. Although much evidence indicates that the potentiation of descending facilitatory 5-HT pathways may contribute to the development of chronic pain, the inhibition of descending inhibitory 5-HT system may be functionally more important to the development of central sensitization and neuropathic pain. In the present study, we observed that the inhibitory effects of 5-HT and its receptor agonists including 1A, 1B, 3, 4, and probably 2C receptor agonists, on the C-fiber responses of dorsal horn wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the spinal cord decreased significantl... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375173 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375172&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20230802%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beltran-Parrazal L, Acuna D, Ngan AM, Kim E, Ngan A, Kawakami K, Edmond J, Lopez IA The expression of Neuroglobin (Ngb) and Cytoglobin (Cygb) two recently discovered globins with a potential neuroprotective activity against hypoxia and oxidative stress was investigated in the cerebellum of young rats (postnatal day 20) after being exposed to chronic mild carbon monoxide (CO) at 25ppm during prenatal (group A), prenatal and postnatal (group B), the postnatal period only (group C), and air (group D). The expression of genes associated with hypoxia signaling pathways was also investigated in the rat cerebella by real-time RT-PCR after CO exposure. Ngb and Cygb mRNAs did not change in any CO exposed group. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed no significant change in Ngb prote... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375172 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375171&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20230803%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hinkerohe D, Smikalla D, Schoebel A, Haghikia A, Zoidl G, Haase CG, Schlegel U, Faustmann PM We analyzed the effect of dexamethasone on gram-negative bacteria derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in astroglial/microglial co-cultures. At the cellular level the microglial phenotype converted to an activated type after LPS incubation. Furthermore, LPS compromised functional astroglial properties like membrane resting potential, intracellular coupling and connexin 43 (Cx43) expression. This change in Cx43 expression was not due to a downregulation of Cx43 mRNA expression. Morphological and functional changes were accompanied by a time dependent release of inflammation related cytokines. Co-incubation of dexamethasone with LPS prevented these LPS induced changes wi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375171 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375170&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20230804%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barber HA, Kousta ST, Otten LJ, Vigliocco G A number of recent studies have provided contradictory evidence on the question of whether grammatical class plays a role in the neural representation of lexical knowledge. Most of the previous studies comparing the processing of nouns and verbs, however, confounded word meaning and grammatical class by comparing verbs referring to actions with nouns referring to objects. Here, we recorded electrical brain activity from native Italian speakers reading single words all referring to events (e.g., corsa [the run]; correre [to run]), thus avoiding confounding nouns and verbs with objects and actions. We manipulated grammatical class (noun vs. verb) as well as semantic attributes (motor vs. sensory events). Activity between 300 and 450ms ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375170 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375174&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20227397%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Phillips KA, Sobieski CA, Gilbert VR, Chiappini-Williamson C, Sherwood CC, Strick PL The basal ganglia are subcortical structures involved in the planning, initiation and regulation of movement as well as a variety of non-motor, cognitive and affective functions. Capuchin monkeys share several important characteristics of development with humans, including a prolonged infancy and juvenile period, a long lifespan, and complex manipulative abilities. This makes capuchins important comparative models for understanding age-related neuroanatomical changes in these structures. Here we report developmental volumetric data on the three subdivisions of the basal ganglia, the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Based on a cross-sectional sample... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375174 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375183&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226766%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was therefore designed to investigate the localisation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors in CeA projection neurones identified by microinjection of a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin B-subunit (CTb) into the caudal dorsomedial medulla, targeting projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract. A large proportion (approximately 60%) of amygdala neurones retrogradely labelled with CTb expressed 5-HT(1B) receptor-like immunoreactivity, whereas fewer (approximately 30%) expressed 5-HT(1A) receptor-like immunoreactivity. The retrogradely labelled neurones positive for 5-HT(1B) receptor were present in both lateral and medial parts of the CeA whereas 5-HT(1A) receptor positive neurones were located mainly in the lateral part of the CeA. Since 5-HT plays an important role in controll... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375183 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375182&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226767%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schumacher EH, Seymour TL, Schwarb H How do memory retrieval processes (i.e., familiarity and recollection processes) interact with motor and control processes to bring about an appropriate response? Our parallel task-set model predicts, and behavioral and electromyographic data support, the hypothesis that under some circumstances familiarity and recollection processes activate competing responses. Combining predictions from the parallel task-set model and the conflict monitoring hypothesis, this competition should lead to response conflict and corresponding activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, ACC activity in response to competing familiarity and recollection retrieval processes is inconsistently reported in the literature. We tested this prediction directly... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375182 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375181&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226768%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, to identify the precise localization of D5R in rat PFC, we used a receptor-specific antibody and observed the immunolabeled structures by light and confocal laser scanning microscopies. D5R immunolabeling was found in nearly all neurons, both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Most of the excitatory neurons showing D5R immunolabeling appear to be pyramidal neurons. In these neurons, D5R immunolabeling was observed throughout somata and dendrites including dendritic spines. In neuropil, almost all of the fiber terminals, represented by synaptophysin immunopositivity, were devoid of D5R. Among inhibitory neuronal subpopulations, we examined parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons (PV neurons), because they form a major subpopulation of fast-spiking neurons. Because parvalbumin immu... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375181 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375180&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226769%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jimura K, Konishi S, Asari T, Miyashita Y Comprehension of other persons' mental states is one of the representative cognitive functions involved in social situations. It has been suggested that this function sometimes recruits emotional processes. The present fMRI study examined the neural mechanisms associated with understanding others' mental states, and the conditions that determine the recruitment of the emotional processes. The false belief paradigm, a traditional behavioral paradigm to investigate comprehension of others, was applied to an event-related fMRI analysis, allowing for the extraction of brain activity time-locked to successful understanding of others' mental states. Prominent brain activity was observed in multiple cortical regions including the medial prefr... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375180 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375179&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226770%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guimarães JS, Freire MA, Lima RR, Picanço-Diniz CW, Pereira A, Gomes-Leal W We investigated the protective effects of minocycline following white matter damage (WMD) in the rat striatum. Excitotoxic lesions were induced by N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) microinjections and caused striatal damage, concomitant with microglial/macrophage activation. The excitotoxic lesion both damaged oligodendrocytes (Tau-1(+) cells) and caused a decrease in tissue reactivity for myelin basic protein (MBP) after post-lesional day 3 (PLD). Treatment with the semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, however, led to oligodendrocyte preservation and decreased myelin impairment. Taken together, these results suggest that white matter (WM) damage is an important component of the phys... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375179 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375178&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226771%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Imbe H, Okamoto K, Donishi T, Senba E, Kimura A In the present study we examined whether the descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is required for the enhancement of formalin-evoked nocifensive behavior following repeated forced swim stress. Rats were subjected to forced or sham swim stress for 3days. Withdrawal latency to noxious thermal stimuli and mechanical withdrawal threshold to von Frey filaments did not change significantly in the both groups at 24 hours after the last stress session. The forced swim stress showed significantly enhanced nocifensive behavior to the subcutaneous administration of formalin at 2days after the last stress session (1330.1+/-62.8sec), compared to the sham swim (1076+/-102.4sec, p<0.05) and naive groups (825.9+... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375178 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375177&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226772%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hwang JH, Kim SH, Park CS, Bang SA, Kim SE Previous studies have shown that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induces neuromodulation in prefrontal and striatal regions. We hypothesized that high-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would influence attentional control, which has been associated with neural activity in the same region. Seventeen healthy young men volunteered to participate in a sham-controlled rTMS study. Participants received both rTMS and sham stimulation on separate days and the Conners' continuous performance test was used to assess response inhibition and attentional vigilance. Results indicated that participants showed fewer commission errors during trials after rTM... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375177 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375176&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226773%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Péran P, Démonet JF, Cherubini A, Carbebat D, Caltagirone C, Sabatini U Recent theories have hypothesized that semantic representations of action verbs and mental representations of action may be supported by partially overlapping, distributed brain networks. An fMRI experiment in healthy participants was designed to identify the common and specific regions in three different tasks from a common set of objects drawings (manipulable man-made objects (MMO) and biological objects (MBO)): the generation of action words (GenA), the mental simulation of action (MSoA) and the mime of an action with the right hand (MimA). A fourth task, object naming (ON), was used as control for input/output effects. A null conjunction identified a common neural network consisting of nine r... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375176 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375175&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Enwright JF, Wald M, Paddock M, Hoffman E, Arey R, Edwards S, Spencer S, Nestler EJ, McClung CA Some of the important biochemical, structural, and behavioral changes induced by chronic exposure to drugs of abuse appear to be mediated by the highly stable transcription factor DeltaFosB. Previous work has shown that DeltaFosB overexpression in mice for 2weeks leads to an increase in the expression of numerous genes in striatum, most of which are later downregulated following 8weeks of FosB expression. Interestingly, a large number of these genes were also upregulated in mice overexpressing the transcription factor CREB. It was unclear from this study, however, whether short-term DeltaFosB regulates these genes via CREB. Here we find that 2weeks of DeltaFosB overexpression increa... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375175 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375184&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226177%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Anthony K, Gallo JM The importance of aberrant RNA processing in neurodegeneration is becoming increasingly clear; a recent example being the identification of the splicing factor TDP-43 as the major component of inclusions characteristic of a number of neurodegenerative conditions including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Due to the enormous diversity generated by alternative splicing and its importance in the nervous system, it is no surprise that defective alternative splicing in disease has been particularly well documented. However, in addition to splicing, other RNA processing events such as RNA editing, polyadenylation and mRNA stability are also disrupted in some neurological disorders. For instance: the editing efficiency of specific ionotropic receptors is reduc... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375184 Tue, 09 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3363880&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20223226%26dopt%3DAbstract This study demonstrates that NP2 mRNA is robustly expressed in all hippocampal subregions and the medial habenula (MHb), both regions implicated in cognitive functions. Furthermore, NP2 mRNA expression is upregulated in the hippocampal subregions as well as in the MHb after long-term treatment with different antidepressant drugs regardless of monoaminergic profile, suggesting NP2 as a common mode of action of different antidepressant drugs. This effect occurs at the time frame where clinical response is normally achieved. In contrast, neither environmental enrichment nor deprivation has any influence on long-term NP2 mRNA expression. These findings support an involvement of NP2 in the pathway of antidepressant induced plasticity, but not EE induced plasticity; that NP2 might constitute a c... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3363880 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3363880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3359455&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20214892%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang M, Bradley RM Chorda tympani (CT) and glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerves relay taste information from anterior and posterior tongue to brainstem where they synapse with second order neurons in the rostral nucleus of solitary tract (rNST). rNST neurons monosynaptically connected to afferent gustatory input were identified both by anatomical labeling and synaptic latency measures. Anterograde tracing was used to label the CT and IXth terminal fields, and neurons surrounded by fluorescent neural profiles visualized with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics in horizontal brainstem slices. Anatomically identified neurons were patch-clamped and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by electrically stimulating the solitary tract (ST) under GABA(A) receptor block... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3359455 Sat, 06 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3359455 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350897&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211152%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, leptin labeled with digoxigenin was injected in the lateral cerebral ventricle of 5 young adult rats (4months old) and 5 aged rats (24months old) to assess the effect of aging on the accumulation of exogenous leptin by raphe and hypothalamic neurons. Four aged rats showed an intense leptin accumulation in neuronal cell bodies, mainly at the level of the dorsal raphe nucleus. In contrast, only one young rat showed neuronal accumulation of leptin in dorsal raphe and hypothalamus. Low brain serotonin immunoreactivity was found in all animals with high neuronal leptin accumulation at the raphe nucleus, independently of their age. In contrast, high brain serotonin immunoreactivity was accompanied by a low neuronal accumulation of leptin. To determine whether differences in seroto... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350897 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350896&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211153%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hanaya R, Sasa M, Sugata S, Tokudome M, Serikawa T, Kurisu K, Arita K Spontaneously epileptic rats (SER) are double mutants with both tonic convulsion and absence-like seizures from the age of 8weeks. Hippocampal CA3 neurons in SER display a long-lasting depolarizing shift accompanied by repetitive firing (attributed to abnormalities of the Ca(2+) channels) with a single stimulation of the mossy fibers. In the present investigation, we examined if the seizure discharges of SER were correlated with the hippocampal abnormality of SER using electrophysiological and histological methods. In CA1 neurons of seizure-susceptible mature SER, higher-voltage (<8-11V) stimulations induced a long depolarization shift (in 25% of neurons) with repetitive firing (in 12.5% of neurons). Howe... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350896 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350895&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211154%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tian C, Liu XZ, Han F, Yu H, Longo-Guess C, Yang B, Lu C, Yan D, Zheng QY Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of deaf-blindness in humans. Molecular characterization revealed that the USH gene products form a macromolecular protein network in hair cells of the inner ear and in photoreceptor cells of the retina via binding to PDZ domains in the scaffold protein harmonin encoded by the Ush1c gene in mice and humans. Although several mouse mutants for the Ush1c gene have been described, we generated a targeted null mutation Ush1c mouse model in which the first four exons of the Ush1c gene were replaced with a reporter gene. Here, we assessed the expression pattern of the reporter gene under control of Ush1c regulatory elements and characterized the phenotype of mice defe... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350895 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350894&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211606%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gubbins EJ, Gopalakrishnan M, Li J The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) plays a fundamental role in Ca(2+)-dependent activation of signaling pathways that can modulate intracellular events involved in learning and memory. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) are well documented Ca(2+) signaling events, but these have not been well characterized in response to alpha7 nAChR-selective ligands. The present study examined activation of ERK1/2 and explored pathways leading to CREB phosphorylation utilizing alpha7 nAChR-selective ligands in PC12 cells endogenously expressing alpha7 nAChRs. Robust concentration-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation was triggered by structurally diverse alpha7 nAChR agonists such as nicotine... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350894 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350893&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211607%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Coch D, Mitra P A variant of the Reicher-Wheeler task was used to determine when in the event-related potential (ERP) waveform indices of word and pseudoword superiority effects might be present, and whether ERP measures of superiority effects correlated with standardized behavioral measures of orthographic fluency and single word reading. ERPs were recorded to briefly presented, masked letter strings that included real words (DARK/PARK), pseudowords (DARL/PARL), nonwords (RDKA/RPKA), and letter-in-xs (DXXX, PXXX) stimuli. Participants decided which of two letters occurred at a given position in the string (here, forced-choice alternatives D and P). Behaviorally, both word (more accurate choices for letters in words than in baseline nonwords or letter-in-xs) and pseudoword (mo... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350893 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350892&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211608%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ma D, Zhang M, Larsen CP, Xu F, Hua W, Yamashima T, Mao Y, Zhou L G-protein coupled receptors40 (GPR40), which is expressed ubiquitously in the human brain and pancreas, is a member of the large family of seven-transmembrane receptors and can be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), in particular Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Recent studies have shown that the DHA/GPR40 signaling pathway may be closely related with adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Here, reconstructing pEGFP-N1 vector-expressing GPR40 gene in cultured rat neural stem cells, we demonstrated that DHA-induced neuronal differentiationneurite growth and branching of adult rat stem cells is mediated at least in part through GPR40 and it remains effective even at low concentrations of DHA. Furthermore, w... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350892 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350891&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211609%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion epigenetic chromatin modifications are evident in rats 24 hours after the Cortical Spreading Depression induction. PMID: 20211609 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350891 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350890&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211610%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we investigated recovery following cardiac arrest and resuscitation in the aged rat brain. Male Fischer 344 rats (6, 12 and 24months old) underwent 7 minute cardiac arrest before resuscitation. Overall survival and hippocampal neuronal counts were determined at 4days of recovery. Brainstem function was assessed by hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). Mitochondria of brainstem, cortex and hippocampus were isolated and assessed for respiratory function. Effect of an antioxidant, alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) was used as a treatment strategy against oxidative stress in the 6 and 24-month old rats. The time course of mitochondrial function was established using 3-month old Wistar rats with 12-minute cardiac arrest. In the 24-month old rats, overall survival rate, hippocamp... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350890 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350889&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211611%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Farani AM, Sahebgharani M, Sepehrizadeh Z, Jaberi E, Khansari MG Hyperalgesia is one of the debilitating complications of diabetes. This condition might be caused by defects in central or peripheral processing of pain signals. In the present study we aim to see if diabetic hyperalgesia is related to changes in Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or Cannabinoid CB1 receptors of periaqueductal gray (PAG). Activation of glutamatergic projecting neurons in midbrain ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VL-PAG) induces antinociception. Agonists of TRPV1 in VL-PAG increase firing of these glutamatergic neurons. CB1 receptor agonists also cause antinociception by decreasing Gama Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) release in PAG and disinhibiting these glutamatergic neurons. In the pr... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350889 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350888&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211612%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lopez IA, Acuna D, Shahram Y, Mowlds D, Ngan AM, Rungvivatjarus T, Sharma Y, Edmond J The distribution of neuroglobin (Ngb) was investigated in the normal rat cochlea using immunohistochemistry and non radioactive in-situ hybridization. We also determined whether chronic, very mild CO exposure at 25ppm in air over the gestational and postnatal period alters the expression of Ngb. Pregnant rats were exposed chronically to CO from gestational day 5-20. Four groups were made as follow: prenatal exposure to CO only; prenatal exposure to CO followed by postnatal exposure from postnatal day (5) P5 to P20; rat pups were exposed to CO from P5 to P20; controls (air without CO). In normal adult rats and control group pups, Ngb was found in spiral ganglia neurons, fibrocytes of the spira... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350888 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350887&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211613%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carrillo M, Ricci LA, Schwartzer JJ, Melloni RH The Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has been extensively used as an animal model to investigate neuronal networks underlying various behaviors where 5-HT(3A) receptors have been found to play a critical role. To date, however, there is no comprehensive description of the distribution of 5-HT(3A) receptors in the Syrian hamster brain. The current study examined the localization of 5-HT(3A) receptors across the neuraxis of the Syrian hamster forebrain using immunohistochemistry. Overall, 5-HT(3A) receptors were widely and heterogeneously distributed across the neuraxis of the Syrian hamster brain. Notably, the most intense 5-HT(3A) immunolabeling patterns were observed in the cerebral cortex and amygdala. In addition, high va... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350887 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350900&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206610%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Amrein I, Slomianka L Wild red foxes, proverbially cunning carnivores, are investigated for adult hippocampal neurogenesis and morphological characteristics of the dentate gyrus. Adult red foxes harbor almost 15-times more young, doublecortin-positive neurons in their dentate gyrus than domesticated dogs. The number of doublecortin-positive cells corresponds to 4.4% of the total granule cell number, whereas dividing cells amount to only 0.06%. Compared to laboratory mice, proliferating (Ki67-positive) and dying cells are rare, but the percentage of new neurons is quite similar. The number of proliferating cells, young cells of neuronal lineage and dying cells are correlated. Resident granule cells can be divided into two types with strikingly different morphologies, staining p... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350900 Wed, 03 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350899&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206611%26dopt%3DAbstract We report here that the SFO shows a high density of mRNA for both adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1, AdipoR2), and that ADP influences the excitability of dissociated SFO neurons. Separate subpopulations of SFO neurons were either depolarized (8.9+/-0.9mV, 21 of 97 cells), or hyperpolarized (-8.0+/-0.5mV, 34 of 97 cells), by bath application of 10 nM ADP, effects which were concentration dependent and reversible. Our microarray analysis also suggested that 48 hours of food deprivation resulted in specific increases in AdipoR2 mRNA expression (no effect on AdipoR1 mRNA), observations which we confirm here using real time PCR techniques. The effects of food deprivation also resulted in a change in the responsiveness of SFO neurons to adiponectin with 77% (8/11) of cells tested responding to adi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350899 Wed, 03 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350898&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206612%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated the effect of elevated temperatures on the response of DRG neurons to acute application of acidic solutions. At room temperature (22 degrees C), in response to pH 5.5, there were a variety of kinetic responses consistent with differential expression of TRPV1 and ASIC channels. Increasing the temperature resulted in a significant increase in the peak and total current mediated by TRPV1 in response to an acidic solution. In contrast, the amplitude of a fast activating, rapidly inactivating ASIC1-like current was not affected by increasing the temperature but did result in an increased rate of desensitization that reduced the total current level. This effect on the rate of desensitization was temperature dependent and could be reversed by returning to 22 degrees C. Lik... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350898 Wed, 03 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350913&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206145%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li XY, Sun L, He J, Chen ZL, Zhou F, Liu XY, Liu RS As a non-selective agonist of opioid receptors, morphine can also act on the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) when activating the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and delta-opioid receptor (DOR). Although previous findings indicate that KOR plays an important role in morphine analgesia and antinociceptive tolerance, the reasons for the paradoxical functions of KOR in analgesia and anti-analgesia responses are still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the KOR in morphine analgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. As such, the changes in KOR expression in different regions of the nervous system in morphine tolerant rats were examined. We were able to attained morphine tolerance in rats via subcutaneous injection of morph... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350913 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350913 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350911&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206146%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abe E, Fujiki M, Nagai Y, Shiqi K, Kubo T, Ishii K, Abe T, Kobayashi H Previous studies demonstrated the cytoprotective effect of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), a heat shock protein inducer, against ischemic insult. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) is thought to be an important factor that mediates neuroprotection. However, the signaling pathways in the brain in vivo after oral GGA administration remain unclear. We measured and compared infarction volumes to investigate the effect of GGA on cerebral infarction induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. We evaluated the effects of pretreatment with 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD), a specific mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel inhibitor; diazoxide (DZX), a selective mitoK(ATP) chann... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350911 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350911 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350909&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206147%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pringproa K, Rohn K, Kummerfeld M, Wewetzer K, Baumgärtner W Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelination is an important animal model for multiple sclerosis. The presence of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) within demyelinated lesions together with the limited extent of remyelination has raised the question of how OPCs are affected by TMEV. It is well established that oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia are targets during the chronic phase of the disease. However, whether TMEV infection interferes with the capacity of OPCs to generate oligodendrocytes has remained unclear. In the present study, a bipotential murine OPC cell line termed BO-1 was used to determine the antigenic phenotype susceptible to TMEV and the impact of TMEV infec... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350909 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350907&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206148%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cozzi B, Giacomello M, Zambenedetti P, Bolognin S, Rossipal E, Peruffo A, Zatta P Metallothioneins (MT) belong to a widespread family of proteins characterized by a high metal content (mainly Cu(2+) and Zn(2+)) and by the presence of cysteine residues. The expression of metallothionein I-II (MT I/II), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and vimentin was examined in a series of 16 developing human brains of the second trimester. The brains of a stillborn/newborn individual and two postnatal individuals were studied for comparison. MT I/II-containing cells became consistently and clearly visible only from gestational week 21 onwards. On the other hand, several densely packed GFAP- and vimentin-containing elements were evident in the neuroepithelium at several periventricular l... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350907 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350905&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206149%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sagisaka T, Matsukawa N, Toyoda T, Uematsu N, Kanamori T, Wake H, Borlongan CV, Ojika K Hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), originally purified from young rat hippocampus, has been known to promote the differentiation of septo-hippocampal cholinergic neurons. Recently, the precursor protein of HCNP (HCNP-pp) has also received attention as a multifunctional protein with roles, in addition to serving as the HCNP precursor, such acting as an ATP-binding protein, a Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP). In particular, the function of RKIP has attracted attention over several years for its role in controlling cellular proliferation and metastasis in cancer cells. HCNP-pp is also thought to be important in regul... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350905 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350903&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206150%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang C, Huang JY, Bardy C, Fitzgibbon T, Dreher B 'Feedback' signals from mammalian extrastriate visual cortices are reported to exert primarily an excitatory influence on the classical receptive field (CRF) of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1). However, given the much larger CRFs of neurons in extrastriate visual cortices it is not yet understood how feedback signals influence the spatial integration of visual signals by V1 neurons. To investigate this, we reversibly inactivated one of the 'form-processing' extrastriate visual cortices, the postero-temporal visual (PTV) cortex, and examined changes in responses of V1 neurons to drifting grating patches up to 28 degrees in diameter. We found that during inactivation of PTV cortex the magnitude of the responses to CRF-c... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350903 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350903 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3350901&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20206151%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: These longitudinal DTI findings support continued microstructural change in white matter during late adolescence, and suggest ongoing refinement of projection and association fibers into early adulthood. PMID: 20206151 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3350901 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3350901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3343126&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20202466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kong WJ, Yin ZD, Fan GR, Li D, Huang X We investigated the time sequence of morphological changes of the spiral ganglion cell (SGC) and auditory nerve (AN) following chronic kanamycin-induced deafness. Guinea pigs were treated with kanamycin by subcutaneous injection at 500mg/kg per day for 7days. Histological changes in hair cells, SGCs, Schwann cells and the area of the cross-sectional of the AN with vestibular ganglion (VG) in the internal acoustic meatus were quantified at 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 70days after kanamycin treatment. Outer hair cells decreased at 7 and 14days. Loss of inner hair cells occurred at 14 and 28days. The cross-sectional area of the AN with VG increased at 1day and decreased shortly following loss of SGCs and Schwann cells at 7, 14 and 28days after deaf... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3343126 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3343126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332142&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20197061%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lischper M, Beuck S, Thanabalasundaram G, Pieper C, Galla HJ Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) induce modifications in the tight junction (TJ) protein occludin which is crucial for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. We investigated the role of ROS and MMPs in endothelial autoregulatory response on oxidative stress with respect to occludin and the BBB integrity. The ROS hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was applied to our well established BBB cell culture model based on primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (PBCEC). At low concentrations (2.5mM), H(2)O(2)-induced barrier impairment correlated with an altered occludin phosphorylation. At high, cell toxic H(2)O(2) concentrations (>/=10mM) occludin cleavage occurred and elevat... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332142 Sat, 27 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332141&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20197062%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang M, Song H, Jia J Cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is thought to play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. To explore the correlation between IL-6 receptor gene and sporadic AD (SAD), a case-control study was conducted in a North Chinese Han population. The IL-6R promoter and the exon 9 that contains the proteolytic cleavage site of IL-6R were screened, resulting in three polymorphisms: -530G/T (novel), -208G/A (rs4845617), and +48867A/C (Asp358Ala, rs8192284). There were 328 SAD cases (mean age 75.5+/-9.1years; mean onset age 69.9+/-8.6years) and 305 control subjects having a similar age and sex composition. APOEepsilon4 was expectedly more common among the cases (17.7% vs 5.6%; chi(2)=44.375; P<0.001); IL-6R -530T and +48867C were overrepresented among the ca... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332141 Sat, 27 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332140&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20197063%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang WW, Hu SQ, Li C, Zhou C, Qi SH, Zhang GY Over-activation of NMDA receptor has been widely believed to be the main signal resulting in ischemic cell injury. And we recently reported that the triplicate complex NR2A-PSD-95-Src is a signaling module to facilitate NMDA receptor over-activation. In addition, over-activation of NMDA receptor can activate another signaling molecule nNOS, which is also mediated by PSD-95 after cerebral ischemia. Here, we examined whether overexpression of the PDZ1 domain of PSD-95 could disrupt the functional interaction between NMDA receptor and PSD-95 in rat hippocampal CA1 region, and whether or not could exert a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia. Our results showed that overexpression of PDZ1 domain not only decreased the assem... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332140 Sat, 27 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332139&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20197064%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the MMP-9 gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence. PMID: 20197064 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332139 Sat, 27 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332138&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20197065%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fournier R, Gussenhoven C, Jensen O, Hagoort P An MEG experiment was carried out in order to compare the processing of lexical-tonal and intonational contrasts, based on the tonal dialect of Roermond (the Netherlands). A set of words with identical phoneme sequences but distinct pitch contours, which represented different lexical meanings or discourse meanings (statement vs. question), were presented to native speakers as well as to a control group of speakers of Standard Dutch, a non-tone language. The stimuli were arranged in a mismatch paradigm, under three experimental conditions: in the first condition (lexical), the pitch contour differences between standard and deviant stimuli reflected differences between lexical meanings; in the second condition (intonational), the st... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332138 Sat, 27 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332148&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193665%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the effect of a single dose of the psychostimulant amphetamine on mGluR1/5 protein expression in the rat forebrain in vivo. We found that acute systemic injection of amphetamine at a behaviorally active dose (5mg/kg) was able to reduce mGluR5 protein levels in a confined biochemical fraction of synaptosomal plasma membranes enriched from the striatum. In contrast to the striatum, amphetamine increased mGluR5 protein levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. These changes in mGluR5 expression in both the striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex were transient and reversible. In addition, protein levels of mGluR1 in the enriched synaptosomal fraction from both the striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex remained stable in response to acute amphetamine. Similar... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332148 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332147&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193666%26dopt%3DAbstract This study paves the way for further investigation of signaling mechanisms leading to albumin overexpression, so that it can be exploited as a therapeutic intervention. PMID: 20193666 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332147 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332146&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193667%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ierusalimsky VN, Balaban PM In the present work, we have re-visited the problem of the olfactory neural system organization in the terrestrial snail. By staining the tentacle's nerves and their intrinsic tracts in different points of the cerebral ganglia-tentacles system we have found that the relatively small part of the primary sensory neurons from the sensory pad (7-8%) send their axons directly to the cerebral ganglia. The axons terminated in the metacerebral neuropil what suggests these receptors being not chemosensory but rather mechanosensory neurons. Majority of the primary sensory neurons are synaptically switching in the areas outside the cerebral ganglia, i.e. digits, glomeruli, tentacular ganglion. No primary sensory neurons of the olfactory pad were projecting dir... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332146 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332145&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193668%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kealy J, Commins S The ability of a synapse to be modulated both positively and negatively may be considered as a plausible model for the formation of learning and memory. The CA1 to perirhinal cortex projection is one of multiple hippocampal-neocortical projections considered to be crucially involved in memory consolidation. We and others have previously demonstrated the ability of this projection to undergo long-term potentiation (LTP), however it is currently unknown whether the CA1-perirhinal projection can also be modified negatively (i.e. demonstrate long-term depression (LTD)). Here we investigate whether the CA1 to perirhinal projection in vivo in the anaesthetised animal shows a frequency-dependent pattern of synaptic plasticity that is coupled with Brain-derived Neur... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332145 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332144&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193669%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eucker SA, Hoffman BD, Natesh R, Ralston J, Armstead WM, Margulies SS The purpose of this study was to develop a more efficient fluorescent microsphere method to facilitate the rapid use of the histological technique and to enable its use in large tissue regions. Using fluorescent plate/slide imaging technology and automated detection and analysis software, we were able to rapidly image, detect, and count 3 separate microsphere colors in 200mum-thick tissue sections from piglet brain. In resting newborn piglets (n=6) on isoflurane anesthesia, we measured a median total cerebral blood flow (CBF) of 105ml/min/100g (range 27-206ml/min/100g). Compared with other FM analysis methods, our method reduces the time required to determine blood flow, improves accuracy in lipid-rich tissu... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332144 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332143&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20193670%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Freeman A, Bowers M, Mortimer AV, Timmerman C, Roux S, Ramaswami M, Sanyal S Techniques to induce activity-dependent neuronal plasticity in vivo allow the underlying signaling pathways to be studied in their biological context. Here, we demonstrate activity-induced plasticity at neuromuscular synapses of Drosophila double mutant for comatose (an NSF mutant) and Kum (a SERCA mutant), and present an analysis of the underlying signaling pathways. comt; Kum (CK) double mutants exhibit increased locomotor activity under normal culture conditions, concomitant with a larger neuromuscular junction synapse and stably elevated evoked transmitter release. The observed enhancements of synaptic size and transmitter release in CK mutants are completely abrogated by: a) reduced activity of m... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332143 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332150&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20188710%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sorokin A, Alku P, Kujala T The aim of the present study was to determine differences in cortical processing of consonant-vowel syllables and acoustically matched non-speech sounds, as well as novel human and nonhuman sounds. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to vowel, vowel duration, consonant, syllable intensity, and frequency changes as well as corresponding changes in their non-speech counterparts with the multi-feature mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm. Enhanced responses to linguistically relevant deviants were expected. Indeed, the vowel and frequency deviants elicited significantly larger MMNs in the speech than non-speech condition. Minimum norm source localization algorithm was applied to determine hemispheric asymmetry in the responses. Language relevan... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332150 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332150 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332149&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20188711%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Huang CH, Chiang YW, Liang KC, Thompson RF, Liu IY The brain regions involved with trace fear conditioning (TFC) and delayed fear conditioning (DFC) are well-characterized, but little is known about the cellular representation subsuming these types of classical conditioning. Previous evidence has shown that activation of the amygdala is required for both TFC and DFC, while TFC also involves the hippocampus for forming conditioned response to tone. Lesions of the hippocampus did not affect tone learning in DFC, but it impaired learning in TFC. Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, underlying a cellular representation subsuming learning and memory, is in part modulated by extra-cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. ERK1/2 activation is required for both TFC... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332149 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3332151&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20188078%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaulich T, Föhre W, Kutz DF, Gerwig M, Timmann D, Kolb FP The aim of this study was to characterize differences between unconditioned and classically conditioned lower limb withdrawal reflexes in young subjects during standing. Electromyographic activity in the main muscle groups and biomechanical signals from a strain-gauge-equipped platform on which subjects stood were recorded from 17 healthy subjects during unconditioned stimulus (US)-alone trials and during auditory conditioning stimuli (CS) and US trials. In US-alone trials the leg muscle activation sequence was characteristic: ipsilateral, distal muscles were activated prior to proximal muscles; contralaterally the sequence was reversed. In CSUS trials latencies were shorter. Subjects unloaded the stimulated leg an... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3332151 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3332151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3307350&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20176000%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baertling F, Kokozidou M, Pufe T, Clarner T, Windoffer R, Wruck CJ, Brandenburg LO, Beyer C, Kipp M A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 12 represents a member of a large family of similarly structured multi-domain proteins. In the central nervous system (CNS), ADAM12 has been suggested to play a role in brain development, glioblastoma cell proliferation, and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, ADAM12 was reported to be almost exclusively expressed by oligodendrocytes and could, therefore, be considered as suitable marker for this cell type. In the present study, we investigated ADAM12 expression in the healthy and pathologically altered murine CNS. As pathological paradigm, we used the cuprizone demyelination model in which myelin loss during mult... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3307350 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3307350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3307349&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20176001%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abaskharoun M, Bellemare M, Lau E, Margolis RU We have examined the expression and localization patterns of hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neural stem cells and differentiated neural cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Expression of proteoglycans and hyaluronan was weak in the SSEA1-positive embryonic stem cells but increased noticeably after retinoic acid induction to nestin-positive neural stem cells. After subsequent plating, the hyaluronan-binding chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans aggrecan, neurocan and versican are expressed by cells in both the astrocytic and neuronal lineages. During the time period that hyaluronan was present, it co-localized with each of the hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans studied, and was found to b... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3307349 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3307349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3307348&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20176002%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cao F, Gao F, Xu AJ, Chen ZJ, Chen SS, Yang H, Yu HH, Mei W, Liu XJ, Xiao XP, Yang SB, Tian XB, Wang XR, Tian YK Cancer induced bone pain (CIBP) is a major clinical problem. Although opioids remain the principal axis in drug therapies for CIBP, their sustained application is known to induce cellular and molecular adaptations including enhanced neuroimmune reactivity. This is generally characterized by glial activation and proinflammatory cytokine production which frequently results in pharmacological tolerance. This research was performed to investigate spinal neuroimmune responses after prolonged systemic morphine treatment in a rat model of CIBP. The model was established using a unilateral intra-tibia injection of Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells. Subcutaneous morph... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3307348 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3307348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3307347&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20176003%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bukhatwa S, Zeng BY, Rose S, Jenner P Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) occurs in dopaminergic neurones in the SN in PD and it is associated with Lewy body formation. However, it remains unknown whether this is specific to PD or whether it also occurs in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) where nigral dopaminergic neurones also degenerate. In the present study, we investigated changes in the expression of proteasomal subunits in the SN in PD, MSA and PSP. Immunohistochemistry double staining showed that proteasome 20S-alpha4 and -alpha6, and 20S-beta3 and -beta5i subunits are colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the SN of control, PD, MSA and PSP brain. Semi-quantitative analysis showed a significan... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3307347 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3307347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299006&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20171955%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, hydrogen-rich saline prevented Abeta-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the improvement of memory dysfunction in this rat model. PMID: 20171955 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299006 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299005&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20171956%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Galarce EM, McDannald MA, Holland PC Considerable evidence shows that environmental cues that signal food delivery when rats are food-deprived can substantially potentiate feeding later when rats are food-sated. Similarly, cues associated with meal interruption, food removal or impending food scarcity may also induce increased eating. For example, after learning the association between a discrete "interruption" stimulus and the unexpected termination of food trials, sated rats show enhanced food consumption when exposed to that stimulus. In Experiment 1, unlike sham-lesioned controls, rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) failed to display such cue-potentiated feeding. In Experiment 2, potentiation of feeding by an interruption signal was fo... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299005 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299004&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20171957%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Feng N, Lowry CA, Lukkes JL, Orchinik M, Forster GL, Renner KJ The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) has been implicated in the coordination of stress responses. Restraint stress or systemic corticosterone (CORT) treatment induces a rapid increase in tissue concentrations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in the DMH. Although the mechanism for rapid changes in 5-HT concentrations in the DMH is not clear, earlier results suggest that stress-induced increases in CORT may inhibit 5-HT transport from the extracellular fluid by acting on corticosterone-sensitive organic cation transporters (OCTs). We tested the hypothesis that perfusion of the medial hypothalamus (MH), which includes the DMH, with the OCT blocker decynium 22 (D-22) would potentiate the effects of mild restraint... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299004 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299003&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20171958%26dopt%3DAbstract This study provides insights into the contribution of endogenous NSCs/NPCs to brain self-protection in adult brain after ischemia injury. PMID: 20171958 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299003 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299002&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20171959%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marques-Lopes J, Pinho D, Albino-Teixeira A, Tavares I The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) is a key component of the supraspinal pain modulatory system. Pain modulation from the CVLM is partially relayed by spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons of the pontine A(5) cell group, which leave collateral fibres at the CVLM. The injection of angiotensin II (Ang II) into the CVLM was recently shown to induce hyperalgesia mediated by angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptors, expressed by CVLM neurons that do not project to the spinal cord. The present study evaluates the effects of lesioning the noradrenergic pontine A(5) cell group by the retrograde transport of the selective toxin anti-dopamine beta-hydroxylase-saporin (anti-DBH-SAP) from the CVLM in pain behavioural responses el... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299002 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299007&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20171195%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yu G, Borlongan CV, Ou Y, Stahl CE, Yu S, Bae E, Kaneko Y, Yang T, Yuan C, Fang L Using a lipofection technique, we explored a non-viral delivery of plasmid DNA encoding a rat pGDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) to CD34+ cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells in order to obtain cells stably expressing the GDNF gene. The target gene GDNF was amplified from cortex cells of newborn Sprague Dawley rats by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and inserted into vector pEGFP-N1 to construct the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP/GDNF. The positive clones were identified by sequencing and endonuclease digestion. The expression of pEGFP/GDNF transfected HUCB cells CD34+ was examined by ELISA. Single fragment of 640bp was obtained ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299007 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299011&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20170644%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the evidence presented herein suggests the implication of occludin, and therefore, of blood brain barrier in the pathophysiology of extrahepatic cholestasis. PMID: 20170644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299011 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299010&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20170645%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mendoza KC, McLane VD, Kim S, Griffin JD Thermoregulatory neurons in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus (POA) form synaptic networks, which affect responses that regulate body temperature. In order to characterize these pathways of activation, projections to effector control areas, like the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), require labeling in live tissue slices. Traditional fluorescent dyes label axon terminals near an injection site, but unfortunately, also that of nearby fibers of passage. Here, we describe a novel methodology for retrograde labeling of neurons in vitro, which will allow for further electrophysiological recording. To determine if POA neurons project to the DMH, we have used nanometer-sized, gold nanoprobes, which provide for specific neuronal entr... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299010 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299009&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20170646%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marreilha Dos Santos AP, Milatovic D, Au C, Yin Z, Batoreu MC, Aschner M Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal, however exposure to high Mn levels can result in neurodegenerative changes resembling Parkinson s disease (PD). Information on Mn s effects on endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is lacking. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that BBB endothelial cells are a primary target for Mn-induced neurotoxicity. The studies were conducted in an in vitro BBB model of immortalized rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cells. ROS production was determined by F(2)-Isoprostane (F(2)-IsoPs) measurement. The relationship between Mn toxicity and redox status was investigated upon intracellular glutathione (GSH) depletion with diethylmaleate (DEM) or L-buthionine sulfoxim... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299009 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3299008&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20170647%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen Y, Huang X, Luo Y, Peng C, Liu C In our everyday lives, we need to process auditory and visual temporal information as efficiently as possible. Although automatic auditory time perception has been widely investigated using an index of the mismatch negativity (MMN), the neural basis of automatic visual time perception has been largely ignored. The present study investigated the automatic processing of auditory and visual time perception employing the cross-modal delayed response oddball paradigm. In the experimental condition, the standard stimulus was 200ms and the deviant stimulus was 120ms, which were exchanged in the control condition. Reaction time, accuracy, and event-related potential (ERP) data were measured when participants performed the duration discrimination t... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3299008 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3299008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259509&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20141765%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Valentino R, Aston-Jones G PMID: 20141765 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259509 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 21:34:05 +0100 3259509 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240382&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20126451%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tremblay L, Nguyen T In humans, sensory afferences are combined and integrated by the central nervous system (Ernst MO, Bülthoff HH (2004) Trends Cogn. Sci. 8: 162-169) and appear to provide a holistic representation of the environment. Empirical studies have repeatedly shown that vision dominates the other senses, especially for tasks with spatial demands. In contrast, it has also been observed that sound can strongly alter the perception of visual events. For example, when presented with 2 flashes and 1 beep in a very brief period of time, humans often report seeing 1 flash (i.e. fusion illusion, Andersen TS, Tiippana K, Sams M (2004) Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 21: 301-308). However, it is not known how an unfolding movement modulates the contribution of vision to perc... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240382 Fri, 05 Feb 2010 07:48:04 +0100 3240382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240384&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20123088%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang YC, Zhang S, Du TY, Wang B, Sun XQ Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex process resulting in cellular damage and death. Many studies have reported that an ischemic preconditioning could induce protection against ischemic insult. However, the safety concerns and practical feasibility have limited the application of ischemia preconditioning in practice. Subsequently, a number of substances including endotoxin and cytokines et al have proven effective in inducing ischemic tolerance in the neurocyte. Unfortunately, the application of these substances to the clinical practice of neurosurgery still remains questionable for their toxicity or side effects. Therefore, a novel therapy to protect against cerebral IRI requires further study. Several recent studies ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240384 Sat, 30 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240383&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20123089%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brankačk J, Kukushka VI, Vyssotski AL, Draguhn A There is growing interest in sleep research and increasing demand for screening of circadian rhythms in genetically modified animals. This requires reliable sleep stage scoring programs. Present solutions suffer, however, from the lack of flexible adaptation to experimental conditions and unreliable selection of stage-discriminating variables. EEG was recorded in freely moving C57BL/6 mice and different sets of frequency variables were used for analysis. Parameters included conventional power spectral density functions as well as period-amplitude analysis. Manual staging was compared with the performance of two different supervised classifiers, Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Classification Tree. Gamma activity was ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240383 Sat, 30 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240390&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122901%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Daelli V, van Rijsbergen NJ, Treves A Sensory information from the external world is inherently ambiguous, necessitating prior experience as a constraint on perception. Recent experience with clear, prototypical stimuli may, however, induce complex effects on the subsequent perception of ambiguous ones, ranging from attraction (priming) to repulsion (adaptation aftereffects). In the present study, we ask what determines the direction and magnitude of the effects in the case of images of naturalistic (complex) objects, which are putatively analysed in advanced visual cortices and under the influence of multimodal semantic memories. We find a basic crossover from adaptation aftereffects to priming effects as the delay lengthens between experiencing a prototype and seeing the amb... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240390 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240389&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122902%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schendan HE, Lucia LC Object-sensitive areas have been defined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but the time course of this cortical activation is largely unknown. In a high-density, event-related brain potential (ERP) version of a prior fMRI study of object-sensitive areas, people categorized intact grayscale pictures of known objects and discriminated them from scrambled versions created by randomizing the phases of the spatial frequency spectrum; no object or parts can be discerned in scrambled versions. Both indirect functional and direct anatomical approaches were taken to integrate ERP and fMRI results. The two-state interactive account of visual object cognition predicts object-sensitivity (intact vs. scrambled) both before and after 200ms during earl... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240389 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240388&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122903%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hall KD, Lifshitz J Traumatic brain injury can initiate an array of chronic neurological deficits, effecting executive function, language and sensorimotor integration. Mechanical forces produce the diffuse pathology that disrupts neural circuit activation across vulnerable brain regions. The present manuscript explores the hypothesis that the extent of functional activation of brain-injured circuits is a consequence of initial disruption and consequent reorganization. In the rat, enduring sensory sensitivity to whisker stimulation directs regional analysis to the whisker-barrel circuit. Adult, male rats were subjected to midline fluid percussion brain or sham injury and evaluated between 1d and 42d post-injury. Whisker somatosensory regions of the cortex and thalamus maintaine... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240388 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240387&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122904%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vieira AA, Colombari E, De Luca LA, Colombari DS, De Paula PM, Menani JV Pressor responses to L-glutamate into the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are reduced by lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region, a main site related to central angiotensinergic pressor mechanisms. Therefore, similar to AV3V lesions, in the present study we investigated if the blockade of central angiotensinergic mechanisms with losartan or ZD 7155 might affect pressor responses to L-glutamate into the RVLM. Male Holtzman rats (280-320g, n=4-8/group) with cannulas implanted into the RVLM and lateral ventricle (LV) were used. Injections of L-glutamate (5nmol/100nl) or angiotensin II (200ng/100nl) into the RVLM increased MAP (54+/-5 and 26+/-3mmHg, respectively). Losartan (100mug/1mul)... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240387 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240386&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122905%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, neonatal HI injury caused significant disruption of the brainstem serotonergic system that can persist for up to six weeks after the insult. The different vulnerabilities of serotonergic populations in specific raphe nuclei suggest that certain raphe nuclei may underpin neurological deficits in HI-affected neonates through to adulthood. PMID: 20122905 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240386 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3240385&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122906%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fujita S, Kiguchi M, Kobayashi M, Koshikawa N, Waddington JL The role of NMDA receptors in the ventrolateral striatum to modulate dopamine receptor-mediated jaw movements was investigated in freely moving rats, using a magnetic sensor system combined with intracerebral microinjection of drugs. Apomorphine (1mg/kg i.v.) induced repetitive jaw movements that were reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, by bilateral microinjections of the NMDA receptor agonist NMDA (0.1 and 1mug/0.2mul bilaterally) into the ventrolateral striatum. Apomorphine-induced repetitive jaw movements were also reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, by bilateral microinjections of the NMDA receptor antagonists D-APV (0.01 and 0.1mug) or MK-801 (0.5 and 5mug). The inhibitory effect of NMDA (1mug) was reduced by ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3240385 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3240385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232460&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20117101%26dopt%3DAbstract DISCUSSION: We confirmed the existence of altered very low frequency brain activity in ADHD. ADHD children may have deficits both in maintaining a resting brain when needed and 'protecting' an active brain from the intrusion of resting state brain activity. PMID: 20117101 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232460 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232459&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20117102%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luo R, Guo Y, Cao DY, Pickar JG, Li L, Wang J, Zhao Y The aim of the present study was to investigate whether local application of octreotide, an analogue of somatostatin, suppresses the glutamate-evoked activities of Adelta and C primary afferent fibers innervating dorsal hairy skin of the rat in vivo. The single unit activity of Adelta and C afferent fibers was recorded in isolated filaments from the dorsal cutaneous branches of the T9-T12 spinal nerves. Changes in discharge relative to baseline during injection of glutamate (0.3mM, 10muL) into the receptive field with pretreatment by octreotide (20muM, 10muL) were compared with injection after pretreatment with normal saline. Most of Adelta fibers (21/27, 78%) and C fibers (21/26, 81%) in the dorsal cutaneous branches were ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232459 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232459 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232458&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20117103%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Navarra J, Alsius A, Velasco I, Soto-Faraco S, Spence C To what extent does our prior experience with the correspondence between audiovisual stimuli influence how we subsequently bind them? We addressed this question by testing English and Spanish speakers (having little prior experience of Spanish and English, respectively) on a crossmodal simultaneity judgment (SJ) task on English or Spanish spoken sentences. The results revealed that the visual speech stream had to lead the auditory speech stream by a significantly larger interval in the participants' native language than in the non-native language for simultaneity to be perceived. Critically, the difference in temporal processing between perceiving native vs. non-native language tends to disappear as the amount of experien... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232458 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232464&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20116368%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kong WJ, Yin ZD, Fan GR, Yang Y, Huang X We investigated the time course of the plasticity in fusiform cell (FC) and at auditory nerve (AN) synapse on FC (AN/FC synapse) following chronic kanamycin-induced deafness. Guinea pigs were treated with kanamycin sulfate by subcutaneous injection at dose of 500mg/kg/day for 7days. Ultrastructural changes in FC and AN/FC synapse were observed, and local insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA was quantified using quantitative real time PCR at 1, 7, 14, 28, 70 and 140days after kanamycin treatment. The average threshold was 46.46+/-3.45, 80.63+/-5.95 and 103.95+/-6.59 dB SPL respectively at 1, 7 and 14days, and the threshold was statistically unchanged at 28, 70 and 140days in comparison with 14days group. Mitochondrial swelling in FC... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232464 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232463&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20116369%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gerecke KM, Jiao Y, Pani A, Pagala V, Smeyne RJ Exercise has been shown to be potently neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative models, including 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to determine the critical duration of exercise necessary for DA neuroprotection, mice were allowed to run for either 1, 2 or 3months prior to treatment with saline or MPTP. Quantification of DA neurons in the SNpc show that mice allowed to run unrestricted for 1 or 2months lost significant numbers of neurons following MPTP administration as compared to saline treated mice; however, 3months of exercise provided complete protection against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. To determine the critical intensity of exercise for DA neuroprotecti... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232463 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232462&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20116370%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Castañeda MM, Cubilla MA, López-Vicchi MM, Suburo AM Endothelin (ET) is a small peptide that activates astrocyte proliferation, regulates proliferation and migration of embryonic neural precursor cells and stimulates glioblastoma growth. We found that in mouse brain, ET and its receptor B (ETRB) were highly expressed in the subependymal zone (SEZ), an adult neurogenic niche. Cells with ET immunoreactivity (ET(+) cells) selectively appeared along the lateral and dorsal walls of the lateral ventricle. They also appeared in the cingular region of the corpus callosum. Subependymal ET(+) cells also displayed Prominin (PRO), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ETRB immunoreactivities. ET(+) processes traversed the ependymal epithelium and approached the ventricular ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232462 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232461&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20116371%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aslan A, Yildirim M, Ayyildiz M, Güven A, Agar E The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NO as a mediator of leptin action at the penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rat. Thirty minutes after penicillin injection, leptin, at a dose of 1microg, significantly increased the mean frequency of epileptiform activity without changing the amplitude. The effects of systemic administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, non-selective NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and NO precursor, L-arginine on the effects of leptin were investigated. The occurrence of anticonvulsant activity of 7-NI (40mg/kg, i.p.) was significantly delayed in the presence of leptin (1microg). The administ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232461 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232473&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114032%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ichikawa H, Ishikawa M, Fukunaga M, Ishikawa K, Ishiyama H Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is thought to be one of the major pathophysiological consequences of meningitis and contributes to the development of adverse neurological outcomes. In order to clarify this hypothesis further, we sequentially quantified the permeability of these barriers with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement using gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) in rats with various experimentally-induced meningitis. Meningeal inflammation was elicited by an intracisternal injection of interleukin (IL)-1beta, prostaglandin (PG) E(2), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The barrier permeability was calculated from the... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232473 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232472&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114033%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pešić V, Popić J, Milanović D, Lončarević-Vasiljković N, Rakić L, Kanazir S, Ruždijić S The changes that occur during adolescence have a profound impact on the brain and behavior later in life. In this work we examined changes in motor activity during habituation to a novel environment and after treatment with MK-801 (0.025, 0.05, 0.1mg/kg) in peripubertal, pubertal and adult Wistar rats. The involvement of the motor cortex and striatum in motor activity was assessed by analyzing changes in c-Fos protein levels that served as an indicator of neuronal activity. During the habituation period, locomotor activity in peripubertal rats was higher during the first 10min than in other groups. The same amount of stereotypy-lik... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232472 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232471&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114034%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kuroyanagi Y, Okuyama T, Suehiro Y, Imada H, Shimada A, Naruse K, Takeda H, Kubo T, Takeuchi H Cell proliferation in the adult mammalian brain is maintained at a low rate, but cell proliferation in the adult fish brain is prominent. To compare the distribution of proliferating cells among fish species, mutants, and under different growing environments, we mapped the zones of cell proliferation in the adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) brain and identified 17 proliferation zones in both male and female brains. These zones were distributed in the telencephalon (4 zones), preoptic area (2 zones), pineal body (1 zone), hypophysis (1 zone), habenular nucleus (1 zone), optic tectum (2 zones), third ventricular zone (1 zone), ventromedial nucleus (1 zone), hypothalamus (1 zone), and cere... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232471 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232470&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114035%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heistek TS, Lodder JC, Brussaard AB, Bosman LW, Mansvelder HD Primary sensory cortical areas continuously receive thalamic inputs that arrive at different frequencies depending on the amount sensory activity. The cortical response to repeated sensory stimuli rapidly adapts and different frequencies recruit cortical neuronal networks to different extent. GABAergic inhibition limits the spread of excitation within cortical neuronal networks. However, it is unknown how frequency adaptation of cortical network activity at different frequencies is shaped by GABAergic inhibition. Here, we find that in acute slices of visual cortex area V1 GABAergic inhibition affects frequency adaptation depending on the frequency of activity. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we found that while... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232470 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232469&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114036%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taylor JL, Rajbhandari AK, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW Studies of rodent grooming can provide valuable insight for dopamine contributions to the initiation, organization, and repetition of motor patterns. This information is useful for understanding how brain dysfunctions contribute to movement disorders such as Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder, in which patients are driven to reiterate particular movement patterns. In rodents, dopamine D1 receptor stimulation causes a complex behavioral super-stereotypy in the form of excessive production and rigid execution of whole sequences of movements known as syntactic grooming chains. Sequential super-stereotypy of grooming chains may be particularly advantageous for modeling movement sequences and treatments in Tourett... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232469 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232468&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114037%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the effect of RD on the morphology, distribution, and synaptic connectivity of short-wavelength cones (S-cones) during development of S334ter-3 rat retinas. At P21 RD retinas, the outer-nuclear layer was significantly narrower, while S-cones showed shortening of their segments and axons compared to control retinas. From P90 onward, S-opsin-immunoreactive cells appeared at the outer margin of the inner-nuclear layer of RD retinas. Double-labelling experiments showed these cells contained recoverin and cone arrestin. Furthermore, ultra-structure study showed that synaptic ribbons are conserved in the S-cone at P180 RD retinas. Although cell density of S-cones significantly dropped after P90, survival rates depended on the retinal region. Overall, the S334ter-3 ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232468 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232467&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114038%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jover-Mengual T, Miyawaki T, Latuszek A, Alborch E, Zukin RS, Etgen AM Global ischemia arising during cardiac arrest or cardiac surgery causes highly selective, delayed death of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Exogenous estradiol ameliorates global ischemia-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment in male and female rodents. However, the molecular mechanisms by which a single acute injection of estradiol administered after the ischemic event intervenes in global ischemia-induced apoptotic cell death are unclear. Here we show that acute estradiol acts via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling cascade to protect CA1 neurons in ovariectomized female rats. We demonstrate that global ischemia promotes early activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3bet... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232467 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232466&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114039%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Katagiri N, Chida S, Abe K, Nojima H, Kitabatake M, Saitoh T, Horiguchi Y, Taguchi K 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is well known as an exogenous dopaminergic neurotoxin that induces Parkinson's disease-like symptoms. In addition, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) derivatives have been investigated as endogenous MPTP mimetic compounds that structurally resemble selegiline, a commercially available drug for treating Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we examined the ability of 1,3-dimethyl-TIQ (1,3-diMeTIQ) and 1,3-dimethyl-N-propargyl-TIQ (1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ) to prevent MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in mice and to prevent 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+), an active metabolite of MPTP)-induced cytotoxicity in vitro, includi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232466 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3232465&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20114040%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kimura N, Shimizu H, Eldawoody H, Nakayama T, Saito A, Tominaga T, Takahashi A The major initiation process of intracranial aneurysms is thought to involve endothelial dysfunction due to hemodynamic stress. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers and statins improve vascular endothelium function. The effects of olmesartan and pravastatin were investigated on the development of experimental aneurysms in rats. Eighty-three rats underwent aneurysm induction. Seven groups of 10-14 rats were treated with low or high dose olmesartan, low or high dose pravastatin, low doses of olmesartan and pravastatin, hydralazine, or no drug (control) for 12weeks, when rats were sacrificed for vascular corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy. Aneurysmal changes at the anterior cerebral-... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3232465 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3232465 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3216963&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20102705%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we hypothesized that Epo may confer neuroprotection by enhancing cellular redox defense brought about by cellular glutathione (GSH). This was examined in cultures of differentiated cortical neural stem cells and using the B104 cell line as model systems. Our data shows that Epo causes a time- and dose-dependent increase in expression and activity of system Xc(-), the transporter responsible for uptake of cystine for the production of glutathione. Cystine uptake increases 3-5 fold in differentiated neural stem cells and B104 cells treated with Epo. Exposure of cells to 100muM kainate suppressed cellular GSH and caused excitotoxicity, but GSH levels and cell viability was completely restored by Epo in the continued presence of kainate. This rescue effect of Epo vanished if syst... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3216963 Sat, 23 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3216963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209053&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20097181%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brett-Green BA, Miller LJ, Schoen SA, Nielsen DM Children who are over-responsive to sensation have defensive and "fight or flight" reactions to ordinary levels of sensory stimulation in the environment. Based on clinical observations, sensory over-responsivity is hypothesized to reflect atypical neural integration of sensory input. To examine a possible underlying neural mechanism of the disorder, integration of simultaneous multisensory auditory and somatosensory stimulation was studied in twenty children with sensory over-responsivity (SOR) using event-related potentials (ERPs). Three types of sensory stimuli were presented and ERPs were recorded from thirty-two scalp electrodes while participants watched a silent cartoon: bilateral auditory clicks, right somatosensory medi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209053 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209052&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20097182%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matias CM, Saggau P, Quinta-Ferreira ME Zinc is one of the most abundant transition metals in the brain, being present in a variety of synaptic processes. The mossy fiber terminals in area CA3 of the hippocampus contain large amounts of vesicular zinc and have an extremely high density of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. The activation of these channels by zinc leads to rapid hyperpolarization of these presynaptic terminals and inhibition of transmitter release. It has been previously shown that intense stimulation of the synapses between mossy fibers and CA3 pyramidal cells evokes a posttetanic depression of synaptic activity, accompanied by a decrease in presynaptic calcium and vesicular zinc signals. These results suggest a neuromodulatory role for zinc at these syn... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209052 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209051&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20097183%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carlsson MA, Swedberg MD A large number of commercially available drugs are known to cause visual side-effects in humans. Therefore, it would be advantageous to screen for alterations in visual function at a pre-clinical stage. Available methods, however, lack control for motivational and motoric side-effects. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop a behavioural test to detect and quantify drug-induced visual side effects while simultaneously controlling for other side effects. We here present a novel model based on operant conditioning methodology with a food rewarded two-choice design to assess visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in rats. Rats were trained to discriminate between computer-generated sine-wave gratings and homogenous grey stimuli of equal lum... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209051 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209059&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096668%26dopt%3DAbstract This study tested the hypothesis that withdrawal from intermittent access to a sweet fat mixture would lead to an exaggerated motivation and craving for palatable food. Male Long-Evans rats were divided into three weight-matched groups based on access to sweetened vegetable shortening (SVS). Groups received 1hr SVS access everyday (7D group), 1hr SVS access intermittently, 3days/week (3D group), or no SVS access (Naïve group). By the second week 3D rats began to display a disordered eating pattern. After 28days on this feeding schedule SVS was withdrawn and anxiety was measured in an elevated plus maze. Motivation was assessed through operant performance for 10% sucrose on a progressive ratio schedule and craving was examined with a reinstatement test for lever pressing following exti... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209059 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209059 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209058&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096669%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aims to address if phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun is associated with lesion-induced death of spinal motoneurons, and if this cellular response is modulated by glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). We found that after both distal axotomy and root avulsion, spinal motoneurons in neonatal rats expressed phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) and almost all injured motoneurons in these animals died. Similarly, root avulsion in adult rats also induced p-c-Jun expression that preceded the loss of motoneurons. In contrast, neither motoneuron death nor p-c-Jun induction was found after distal axotomy of spinal nerves in adult rats. Application of GDNF after distal axotomy in the neonatal model prevented motoneuron death but did not alter the expression of p-c-Ju... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209058 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209057&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096670%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we detected the expression of FRAT1 in human gliomas by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR. FRAT1 was found to be specifically expressed in the majority of glioma samples, and their expression levels increased markedly with the increase of WHO grades. In addition, there was a positive correlation between FRAT1 immunoreactivity score (IRS) and beta-catenin IRS. Our results suggest that FRAT1 may be an important factor in the tumorigenesis and progression of gliomas, and could be used as a potiential molecular marker for pathological diagnosis and a target for biological therapy. PMID: 20096670 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209057 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209056&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096671%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sirianni RW, Olausson P, Chiu AS, Taylor JR, Saltzman WM Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is closely linked with neuronal survival and plasticity in psychiatric disorders. In this work, we engineered degradable, injectable alginate microspheres and non-degradable, implantable poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) matrices to continuously deliver BDNF to the dorsal hippocampus of rats for two days or more than a week, respectively. The antidepressant-like behavioral effects of BDNF delivery were examined in the Porsolt forced swim test. Rats were sacrificed 10 days after surgery and tissue samples were analyzed by western blot. A small dose of BDNF delivered in a single infusion, or from a two-day sustained release alginate implant, produced antidepressant-like behavior, whereas... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209056 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209055&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096672%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Roth JD, Trevaskis JL, Turek VF, Parkes DG Active weight loss and the maintenance of a weight-reduced state elicit potent counter-regulatory responses in multiple neurochemical pathways rendering monotherapy-based anti-obesity agents relatively ineffective. Herein, we highlight potential strategies for overcoming counter-regulatory responses to states of negative energy balance using combinatorial approaches. We discuss methodological and practical considerations for preclinical modeling of additive/synergistic weight loss combinations that have emerged in our translational research program aimed at identifying naturally occurring neurohormonal synergies. As an example of synergy, pharmacological and mechanistic findings with the combined administration of the beta-cell hormon... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209055 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209054&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096673%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, two circadian related centers, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) were evaluated in respect to their cytoarchitecture, retinal afferents and chemical content of major cells and axon terminals in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a Brazilian rodent species. The rock cavy SCN is innervated in its ventral portion by terminals from the predominantly contralateral retina. It also contains vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and glutamic acid decarboxilase immunoreactive cell bodies and neuropeptide Y, serotonin and enkephalin immunopositive fibers and terminals and is marked by intense glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. The IGL receives a predominantly contralateral retinal projection, contains neuropeptide Y and nit... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209054 Wed, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209062&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096269%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Martineau J, Andersson F, Barthélémy C, Cottier JP, Destrieux C Disorders in the autism spectrum are characterized by deficits in social and communication skills such as imitation, pragmatic language, theory of mind, and empathy. The discovery of the "mirror neuron system" (MNS) in macaque monkeys may provide a basis from which to explain some of the behavioral dysfunctions seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).We studied seven right-handed high-functioning male autistic and eight normal subjects (TD group) using functional magnetic resonance imaging during observation and execution of hand movements compared to a control condition (rest). The between group comparison of the contrast [observation versus rest] provided evidence of a bilateral greate... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209062 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209062 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209061&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096270%26dopt%3DAbstract This study used primary neuronal culture to investigate toxicological effects of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) and the protection of taurine against UCB-mediated neuron damage. Dose- dependent reduction of cell viability was found. Changes in neurite outgrowth preceded the reduction of cell viability. The bilirubin mediated neurotoxicity is mainly due to increased rate of cell apoptosis and higher levels of intracellular free calcium ion level. Taurine dramatically improved cell viability in cultured neurons exposed to 12.5muM UCB. Taurine pretreatment reduced UCB-mediated apoptotic cell death in primary cultured neurons in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with reversal of the increased intracellular free calcium ion levels caused by UCB. This study suggests the potent... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209061 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209061 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3209060&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20096271%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ishii T, Asai T, Urakami T, Oku N Ischemia-reperfusion injury is induced by recovery of blood flow after ischemia. This phenomenon is a main cause of ischemic brain injury. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is failed after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Further elucidation of this phenomenon promotes to develop treatment strategies for ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we attempted to examine the time-dependent change of ischemia-reperfusion injury in relation to BBB disorders at acute phase in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) model rat as a cerebral infarction and reperfusion model. Brain cell damage after the reperfusion was assessed by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. To clarify a time-dependent cha... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3209060 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3209060 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3198375&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20085754%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Unekawa M, Tomita M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Miyaki K, Suzuki N Employing high-speed camera laser-scanning confocal microscopy with RBC-tracking software, we previously showed that RBC velocities in intraparenchymal capillaries of rat cerebral cortex are distributed over a wide range. In the present work, we measured RBC velocities in mice, whose body weight is less than one-tenth of that of rats. In an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse, a cranial window was opened in the left temporo-parietal region. Intravenously administered FITC-labeled RBCs were automatically recognized and tracked frame-by-frame at 500 fps, and the velocities of all RBCs recognized were calculated with our Matlab-domain software, KEIO-IS2. Among 15 241 RBCs detected in the ROI in 21 mice, 1655 were identified a... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3198375 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3198375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3198374&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20085755%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we have investigated the changes in 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity following chronic spinal transections at the level of the sacrocaudal spinal cord. The results show that in the spinalized rats the immunoreactivity of 5-HT2A receptors below the lesion is dramatically increased in the motoneuron soma and its proximal dendritic territory, most likely also in their distal dendritic territory, to a level 3-5-fold higher than that of sham-operated rats. We also found a small number of intraspinal 5-HT neurons and clusters of 5-HT fibers and their varicosities in the spinal cord caudal to the lesion, which may provide an intrinsic source of 5-HT to act upon the upregulated 5-HT2A receptors. These results indicate that the upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors at least partly underlie... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3198374 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3198374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3198373&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20085756%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: PoC allows repeated benchside INR measurements in individual mice which reflect the level of anticoagulation. Stronger anticoagulation results in larger hematoma volumes. As hematoma enlargement occurs mainly during the first hours, potential hemostatic therapies should be tested early in this OAC-ICH model. PMID: 20085756 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3198373 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3198373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3198372&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20085757%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Spyrka J, Hess G We studied the potential for induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in slices of the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mouse, prepared 24 hours after 1, 3, 7, 14 or 21 successive daily neck restraint sessions lasting 10min. In slices from control animals and mice restrained only once, LTP (155+/-2% of baseline) was evident for at least 2h, but LTP was impaired after 3 sessions of neck restraint. This effect could be blocked by administration of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU38486 before each restraint. One day after 3 restraint sessions the levels of plasma corticosterone, GR and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) proteins remained elevated. After 7 neck restraint sessions the LTP level returned to normal; after 14 and 21 restraint sessions LTP was enha... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3198372 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3198372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190148&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083089%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruscher K, Erickson A, Kuric E, Inácio AR, Wieloch T Elevated brain levels of apolipoprotein D (ApoD) correlate with improved neurological recovery after experimental stroke. Hence, a pharmacological induction of ApoD in the postischemic brain could be beneficial for recovery after stroke. Here we investigated the effect of Clozapine, a compound that increases the expression of ApoD, in two rat models of experimental stroke. Rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) and treated with Clozapine (i.p. 10mg/kg body weight) or saline for 8 or 28days starting on the second day after MCAO. ApoD levels increased by 35% in the peri-infarct area after 10 and 30days after pMCAO, mainly in neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) positive neurons ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190148 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3190148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190147&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083090%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fogel SM, Smith CT, Beninger RJ Sleep spindles may be involved in synaptic plasticity. Learning-dependent increases in spindles have been observed in both humans and rats. In humans, the innate (i.e., baseline) number of spindles correlate with measures of academic potential such as Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests. The present study investigated if spindles predict whether rats are able to learn to make avoidance responses in the two-way shuttle task. Baseline recordings were taken continuously for 24-hours prior to training on the two-way shuttle task for 50 trials/day for two days followed by a 25 trial re-test on the third day. At re-test, rats were categorized into learners (n=16) or non-learners (n=21). Groups did not differ in baseline duration of rapid eye movement sle... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190147 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3190147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190146&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083091%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was performed to determine whether endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide (EMAP) II increases the permeability of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) in the rat model of C6 glioma, and whether EMAP II opens the BTB by affecting tight junction (TJ) associated proteins zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), occludin and caludin-5. The rats were divided into eight groups randomly: control group, EMAPII 0h group, EMAPII 0.5h group, EMAPII 1h group, EMAPII 2h group, EMAPII 3h group, EMAPII 6h group and EMAPII 12h group. The BTB permeability was assessed by Evans blue extravasation. The mRNA and protein expressions of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. The BTB permeability significantly inc... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190146 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3190146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190145&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083092%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marco-Pallarés J, Mohammadi B, Samii A, Münte TF Humans discount the value of future rewards following a hyperbolic function and thus may prefer a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed reward. Marked interindividual differences in the steepness of this discounting function can be observed which can be quantified by the parameter k of the discount function. Here, we asked how differences in delay discounting behaviour are reflected by brain activation patterns. Sixteen healthy participants were studied in a slow event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment at 3 Tesla. In each trial, participants had to decide between a smaller but immediately available monetary reward (ranging between 14 and 84 Euro) and a larger delayed reward (26 to 89 Eur... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190145 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3190145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190144&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083093%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ezzati A, Khadjevand F, Zandevakili A, Abbassian A Previous research has suggested that Parkinson's disease (PD) impairs motion perception. First-order motion consists of moving luminance-defined attributes. Second-order motion, on the other hand, consists of moving patterns whose motion attributes are not luminance-defined. The detection of first and second-order motion is thought to be mediated by different mechanisms. Here, we compare the ability of Parkinson's disease patients (PDPs) to detect first-order/second-order motion with normal subjects. Subjects had to discriminate the drift direction of first-order motion (luminance-modulated noise) and a second-order motion pattern (named as noise base motion) over a range of stimulus speeds and strengths. Results show that the... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190144 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3190144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182653&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079344%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hofmann M, Frazier CJ In the present study we used electrophysiological techniques in an in vitro preparation of the rat dentate gyrus to examine the effect of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation on the intrinsic excitability of hilar neurons. We found that bath application of muscarine caused a direct depolarization in approximately 80% of mossy cells tested, and also produced a clear afterdepolarization (ADP) in nearly 100% of trials. The ADP observed in hilar mossy cells is produced by the opening of a Na(+) permeant and yet largely TTX insensitive ion channel. It has mild voltage sensitivity, requires an increase in postsynaptic calcium for activation, and is blocked by flufenamic acid, an antagonist of a previously identified calcium activated non-selective catio... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182653 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182648&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20080076%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marangolo P, Piras F Traditionally, it has been assumed that language is part of a distributed neural system largely lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere. However, more recent studies have challenged the traditional hypothesis supporting a more interactive view of language processing. Instead of considering the language faculty as modular and independent from other cognitive functions, it is hypothesized that language makes use of other cognitive domains. This issue has also been specifically addressed in derivational morphology processing, a language task traditionally considered purely linguistic. Very recently, in a group of Italian non-aphasic right brain damaged (RBD) subjects, a selective deficit in deriving nouns from verbs (e.g. osservare [to observe] osservazio... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182648 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182647&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20080077%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gazerani P, Dong X, Wang M, Kumar U, Cairns BE The effect of subcutaneous injection of glutamate on the mechanical sensitivity of rat facial cutaneous mechanoreceptors was examined. Individual facial mechanoreceptors were recorded in the trigeminal ganglion of anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats. An electronic von Frey hair was used to measure the mechanical threshold (MT) of the afferent fibers at baseline and following subcutaneous injection of glutamate (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1M; 10mul) or glutamate (0, 0.1M) plus the competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV; 0.01M). Subcutaneous injections were randomized and the investigator was unaware of their content. Changes in MT were assessed with a repeated measure ANOVA with time, sex and t... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182647 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182646&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20080078%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kitaura H, Hishida R, Shibuki K Peripheral afferent denervation induces reorganization of somatotopic maps in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). In the present study, we investigated somatotopic map plasticity after tail cut. Neonatal mice at postnatal day (P) 2-3 and adult mice at eight weeks of age were anesthetized with ether, and approximately two thirds of the tail was cut from the tip. Both groups of mice were anesthetized with urethane (1.7g/kg, i.p.) at 10weeks of age, and transcranial flavoprotein fluorescence imaging was performed in the S1. Neural activities in the S1 were elicited by vibratory stimulation applied to the contralateral hindpaw or the tail in control mice. The cortical areas activated by hindpaw, tail base, and tail tip stimuli were placed in this... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182646 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182650&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079718%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lores-Arnaiz S, Lores Arnaiz MR, Czerniczyniec A, Cuello M, Bustamante J Male rats (21days) were assigned to EE or to standard environment (SE) for 1year. Oxygen consumption and the sensitivity to calcium induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), through mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and swelling, were determined in isolated hippocampal and cerebral cortex mitochondria. Mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production rate, and NOS activity and expression associated to mitochondrial membranes were also assayed. Results showed that state 3 respiratory rate was increased by 80% in cerebral cortex mitochondria from EE rats and no changes were observed in hippocampal mitochondria after EE exposure. Calcium induced-swelling was 40% and 53% lower in hippocampal and cere... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182650 Wed, 13 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182649&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079719%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chavez C, Hollaus M, Scarr E, Pavey G, Gogos A, den Buuse MV The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of estrogen on dopaminergic and serotonergic regulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI) by measuring its effects on the density of dopamine transporters (DAT), dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors, serotonin transporters (SERT), serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) and 5-HT(2A) receptors using radioligand binding autoradiography. Three groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were compared: sham-operated controls, untreated ovariectomized (OVX) rats and OVX rats with a 17beta-estradiol implant (OVX+E). These groups were identical to our previous prepulse inhibition (PPI) studies, allowing comparison of the results. Results showed that in the nucleus accumbens, DAT levels were 44% lowe... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182649 Wed, 13 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182660&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079337%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moeller K, Wood G, Doppelmayr M, Nuerk HC Neuroimaging evidence points towards the left inferior parietal cortex to be crucial for the representation and retrieval of multiplication facts. However, to date studies allowing a functional interpretation of the neuroimaging data are still scarce. In the current study we aimed at evaluating the functional involvement of left inferior parietal cortex areas in the implicit retrieval of multiplication fact knowledge in a number bisection task by examining event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the upper alpha band. Upper alpha ERD is generally agreed to be modulated by processes of memory retrieval. It was observed that upper alpha ERD decreased for multiplicative triplets (e.g. 3_6_9) but not for non-multiplicative (e.g. 2_5_8) tri... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182660 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182659&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079338%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we have used GFAP immunohistochemistry and Golgi-Kopsch staining to examine the morphology of white matter astrocytes in control neonatal pig brains, and in the brains of animals exposed to the same (perinatal) H/I insult. We demonstrate that the areal percentage of section occupied by GFAP-immunoreactive processes and cell bodies is significantly decreased (by 46%, P<0.0001) in subcortical white matter from H/I brains. This loss of GFAP was accompanied by alterations in astrocyte morphology and an overall decrease in the size (field of section occupied by an individual astrocyte) of white matter astrocytes from 649mum(2) to 426mum(2), as revealed by Golgi-Kopsch staining and image analysis. These data suggest that astrocytes may contribute to the pathology of white matte... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182659 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182658&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079339%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hondoh A, Ishida Y, Ugawa S, Ueda T, Shibata Y, Yamada T, Shikano M, Murakami S, Shimada S TRPM8 and TRPA1 are cold-activated transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels. TRPM8 is activated by moderate cooling, while TRPA1 is activated by extreme, noxious cold temperatures. These cold receptors are expressed in different subpopulations of primary afferent neurons. TRPA1 is co-expressed in a subpopulation of somatosensory neurons expressing TRPV1, which is activated by heat. However, the distribution and co-expression of these channels in the nodose-petrosal ganglion complex, which contains the jugular (JG), petrosal (PG), and nodose ganglia (NG) (mainly involved in putative somatic, chemo- and somato-sensation, and somato and visceral sensation, respectively), remain un... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182658 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182657&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079340%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores were used as a measure of dementia severity, whereas, Braak neuropathological staging and neuritic plaque density were used as an index of the neuropathological progression of AD. Correlation analysis showed that ABCA1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated at the earliest recognizable stage of dementia compared to persons with intact cognition. ABCA1 mRNA was also positively correlated with Braak neuropathological stages and neuritic plaque density counts. Additionally, ABCA1 mRNA levels showed robust correlation with dementia severity even after controlling for the confounding contribution of accompanying neuropathological parameters to ABCA1 mRNA expression. Western blot analyses showed that the differential expression observed at ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182657 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182656&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079341%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we examined the cortical activity underlying this latency asymmetry. We used MEG to assess cortical activity related to horizontal and vertical saccade preparation, and eye movement recordings to assess saccade latencies in a modified delay task. The reconstructed cortical activity was examined with respect to the onset of the target stimulus and the onset of the saccade. Upward saccades were faster than downward saccades, in agreement with previous studies. Although to a large extent, horizontal and vertical targets activated similar areas, there were also some differences. The earlier difference was found 100-150ms after target onset over the right supramarginal gyrus when subjects attended to location-cues. Down cues activated this area faster than up cues. Moreover, cue-r... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182656 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182655&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079342%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: The VNS-treated kindled rat is a clinically relevant animal model because it is a chronic epilepsy model that responds to VNS with effects that are comparable to the effects of VNS in epilepsy patients. In addition, this study demonstrates that VNS-treated kindled rats can be used to study the mode of action of VNS using immunohistochemical techniques. PMID: 20079342 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182655 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182654&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079343%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen TL, Watkins PV, Barbour DL Functional imaging can reveal detailed organizational structure in cerebral cortical areas, but neuronal response features and local neural interconnectivity can influence the resulting images, possibly limiting the inferences that can be drawn about neural function. Discerning the fundamental principles of organizational structure in the auditory cortex of multiple species has been somewhat challenging historically both with functional imaging and with electrophysiology. A possible limitation affecting any methodology using pooled neuronal measures may be the relative distribution of response selectivity throughout the population of auditory cortex neurons. One neuronal response type inherited from the cochlea, for example, exhibits a receptive... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182654 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182652&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baliga SS, Jaques-Robinson KM, Hadzimichalis NM, Golfetti R, Merrill GF Acetaminophen, a popular analgesic and antipyretic, has been found to be effective against neuronal cell death in in vivo and in vitro models of neurological disorders. Acute neuronal death has been attributed to loss of mitochondrial permeability transition coupled with mitochondrial dysfunction. The potential impact of acetaminophen on acute injury from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion has not been studied. We investigated the effects of acetaminophen on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury using a transient global forebrain ischemia model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 15mg/kg of acetaminophen intravenously during ischemia induced by hypovolemic hypotension and bilateral common carotid arterial... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182652 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3182651&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20079346%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Majkutewicz I, Cecot T, Jerzemowska G, Myślińska D, Plucińska K, Trojniar W, Wrona D Unilateral lesions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key structure of the mesolimbic system, facilitate behavioral responses induced by electrical stimulation of the VTA in the contralateral hemisphere. In search of the neuronal mechanism behind this phenomenon, Fos expression was used to measure neuronal activation of the target mesolimbic structures in rats subjected to unilateral electrocoagulation and simultaneously to contralateral electrical stimulation of the VTA (L/S group). These were compared to the level of mesolimbic activation after unilateral electrocoagulation of the VTA (L group), unilateral electrical stimulation of the VTA (S group) and bilateral elec... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3182651 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3182651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3176288&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20067777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kjær SL, Wegener G, Rosenberg R, Lund SP, Hougaard KS The origin of adult behavior and the possible pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders remain elusive, but extensive research indicates that interaction of genes and environment play a crucial role for adult phenotype. Differences in susceptibility may arise by earlier experiences and genomic variables, either alone or in combination. The acoustic startle response (ASR) has been shown to be altered in patients with several psychiatric diseases, a change that could result from a persistent sensitization caused by chronic arousal secondary to a traumatic incident. The current work hypothesized that a single aversive procedure would induce long-term hyperactivity in the HPA-axis of rats that had become vulnerable by prenatal... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3176288 Sat, 09 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3176288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167885&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20064488%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bosman CA, Zamorano F, Aboitiz F Neuronal oscillations are an essential part of several brain processes like perception, memory and attention, but little is known about the simultaneous dynamics of different frequency bands in such processes. Here, we studied the low and high frequency dynamics of neuronal oscillations in a task that involves covert searching and visual perception of an illusory contour figure (Kanisza square). Subjects were cued to a particular region of the space, and then a matrix of illusory contour inductors appeared. Illusory contour could appear at the cued position, in a different position or not appear at all. We analyze the condition in which an illusory contour appears and those in which the illusory borders do not appear. During the visual percepti... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167885 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167884&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20064489%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Boxing seems to affect olfactory function, particularly by reducing the olfactory threshold. Furthermore, cushioning of the gloves can be protective and should be increased to safeguard sportsmen from physical damage. Boxing can serve as a model for central regeneration after trauma. PMID: 20064489 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167884 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167883&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20064490%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, our results suggest that EdU staining is a fast, sensitive and reproducible method to study cell proliferation in the central nervous system. PMID: 20064490 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Research) Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167883 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167882&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20064491%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cservenka A, Spangler E, Cote DM, Ryabinin AE Urocortin 1 (Ucn 1) is an endogenous corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-related peptide. Ucn 1 is most highly expressed in the perioculomotor urocortin containing neurons (pIIIu), previously known as the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW). Various studies indicate that these cells are involved in stress adaptation and the regulation of ethanol (EtOH) intake. However, the developmental trajectory of these neurons remained unexamined. Expression of the cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), which co-localizes with Ucn 1 in the perioculomotor area (pIII) has been examined prenatally, but not postnatally. The goal of the current study was to characterize the ontogenetic profile of Ucn 1 and CART during po... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167882 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167881&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20064492%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rochester L, Baker K, Hetherington V, Jones D, Willems AM, Kwakkel G, Van Wegen E, Lim I, Nieuwboer A People with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulty learning new motor skills. Evidence suggests external stimuli (cues) may enhance learning however this may be specific to cued rather than non-cued performance. We aimed to test effects of cued training on motor learning in PD. We defined motor learning as acquisition (single task), automaticity (dual-task) and retention of single and dual task performance (follow-up). 153 subjects with PD received three weeks cued gait training as part of a randomised trial (the RESCUE trial). We measured changes in cued gait performance with three external rhythmical cues (ERC) (auditory, visual and somatosensory) during single and dual ta... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167881 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167886&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20060814%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miller VM, Lawrence DA, Coccaro GA, Mondal TK, Andrews K, Dreiem A, Seegal RF High levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) are associated with an increased risk of dementia in the elderly and can increase neuroinflammation in mice. Dementia is more frequent in females, and IL-6 is regulated by estrogen, suggesting elevated IL-6 levels may contribute to neuroinflammation and dementia particularly in women. Therefore we hypothesized that IL-6 deficient ((-/-)) female mice would have lower aging-related neuroinflammation than wild type (WT). We quantified neuroinflammatory markers which are affected by aging, and regulated by both estrogen and IL-6; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP), interferon gamma (IFNgamma), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and synaptic densi... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167886 Thu, 07 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167895&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059983%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Deo GS, Dandekar MP, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM, Subhedar NK Since allopregnanolone (ALLO) elicits anxiolytic-like action and increases neuropeptide Y Y1 (NPY Y1) receptors gene expression in the amygdala, we were interested in studying the involvement of NPY Y1 receptors in the anxiolytic-like actions of ALLO. The anxiety-like behavior was evaluated in mice using Vogel's conflict test (VCT), in which number of shocks were measured. ALLO and NPYergic agents, alone or in combinations, were administered bilaterally into the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA). The intra-CeA administration of ALLO, NPY or NPY Y1/Y5 receptors agonist [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY resulted in dose dependent increase in the number of shocks in VCT, indicating anxiolytic-like effect. However, opposite effect was o... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167895 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167894&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059984%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hayashida KI, Parker RA, Eisenach JC Descending noradrenergic inhibition is an important endogenous pain-relief mechanism which can be activated by local glutamate signaling. In the present study, we examined the effect of glutamate transporter activation by riluzole in the regulation of activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, which provide the major inhibitory descending noradrenergic projection to the spinal cord. Local injection of riluzole into the LC dose-dependently reduced hypersensitivity in rats after L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL). This anti-hypersensitivity effect of LC-injected riluzole was blocked by intrathecal administration of the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan and intra- LC co-injection of the AMPA antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167894 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167893&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059985%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Levin BE A majority of human obesity is inherited as a polygenic trait. Once obesity develops, over 90% of individuals repeatedly regain lost weight after dieting. Only surgical interventions offer long lasting weigh loss. Thus, clinical data suggest that some individuals have a predisposition to develop and maintain an elevated body weight set-point once they are provided with sufficient calories to gain weight. This set-point is mediated by an integrated neural network that controls energy homeostasis. Unfortunately, currently available tools for identifying obesity-prone individuals and examining the functioning of these neural systems have insufficient resolution to identify specific neural factors that cause humans to develop and maintain the obese state. However, rodent ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167893 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167892&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059986%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Praamstra P, Kourtis D Directing spatial attention or manual response selection by means of arrow cues elicits a characteristic sequence of lateralized ERP components. Van Velzen and Eimer (2003) proposed that one of these components, the EDAN (early directing-attention negativity) is not related to the control of spatial attention but is instead an N2pc in disguise, related to the visual processing of arrow cues. While this proposal seems widely accepted, it has never been evaluated whether the hitherto not well-determined scalp distribution of the EDAN matches the well-established scalp distribution of the N2pc. This paper reviews evidence from earlier published work supporting a parietal distribution of the EDAN. This strongly argues against the proposed identification with... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167892 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167891&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059987%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beauvais G, Jayanthi S, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that can cause long-lasting neurodegenerative effects in humans and animals. These toxic effects appear to occur, in part, via activation of dopamine (DA) D1 receptors. This paper assessed the possibility that the DA D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390, might inhibit METH-induced changes in the expression of several members of immediate early genes (IEGs) which are known to control more delayed expression of other genes. We found that injections of METH (4x10 mg/kg, given at 2 hr intervals) caused significant increases in c-fos and fra-2 expression which lasted from 30 min to 4 hr. Pre-treatment with SCH23390, given 30 min before each METH injection, completely blocked METH-induced... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167891 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167890&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059988%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Deshpande G, Kerssens C, Sebel PS, Hu X Recently we introduced a robust measure, integrated local correlation (ILC), of local connectivity in the brain using fMRI data which reflects the temporal correlation of brain activity in every voxel neighborhood. The current work studies ILC in fMRI data obtained in the absence and presence of sevoflurane anesthesia (0%, 2%, and 1% end-tidal concentration, respectively) administered to healthy volunteers. ILC was determined specifically in regions of the default mode network (DMN) to address local changes in each state. In addition, a potential confound in analyses based on correlations due to signal-to-noise variations was addressed by wavelet denoising. This accommodated decreases in signal power commonly seen during anesthesia witho... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167890 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167889&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059989%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yu NN, Wang XX, Yu JT, Wang ND, Lu RC, Miao D, Tian Y, Tan L Environmental factors play an important role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) development and stress may accelerate the progression of AD. beta-adrenergic receptors are activated by stress and may influence different aspects of cognitive function. So, it was hypothesized that stress may accelerate the pathological progression of AD by the activation of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR). We have investigated the role of acute stress and activation of beta(2)-AR in amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides production in a mouse model of acute restraint stress. Injections of the beta(2)-AR-selective agonist clenbuterol hydrochloride enhanced the production of acute stress-induced Abeta peptides production; the beta(2)-AR-sele... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167889 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167888&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059990%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xue QS, Yang C, Hoffman PM, Streit WJ The neuronal pathology caused by neonatal infection of rats with the PVC-211 murine leukemia virus (PVC-211 MuLV) and its underlying mechanisms are not well defined even though a loss of neurons and spongiform neurodegeneration has been reported to accompany the disease. Here we sought to identify sites of neurodegeneration using microglial reactivity as an indirect marker and to characterize microglial activation during disease progression. Using a panel of microglial antibodies including Iba1, OX-42, ED1, and anti-ferritin, we have studied the response of microglial cells to neonatal CNS infection with PVC-211 at post-infection survival times 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. We found that microglial activation occurred primarily in the spinal cor... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167888 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3167887&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20059991%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kida I, Yamamoto T It is essential to elucidate the relationship between blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals and neuronal activity for the interpretation of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals; this relationship has been quantitatively investigated by animal studies measuring evoked potentials as indices of neuronal activity. Although most human fMRI studies employ the event-related task design, in which the stimulus duration is short, few studies have investigated the relationship between BOLD signals and evoked potentials at short stimulus durations. The present study investigated this relationship in the somatosensory cortex of anesthetized rats by using electrical forepaw stimulation at a short duration of 4 s and comprehensively analyzed ... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3167887 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3167887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3156922&cid=s_34403_25_f&fid=34403&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20053345%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the downstream effects of changes to these lipid regulatory factors by studying cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis genes. In neuroblastoma cells, 24S-hydroxycholesterol decreased mRNA levels of the cholesterol synthesis genes HMG CoA reductase, squalene synthase, and FPP synthase, but did not alter levels of the mRNA of fatty acid synthesis genes acetyl CoA carboxylase or fatty acid synthase. After TBI, as after 24S-hydroxycholesterol treatment in vitro, SREBP-1 mRNA levels were increased while SREBP-2 mRNA levels were decreased. Also similar to the in vitro results with 24S-hydroxycholesterol, HMG CoA reductase and squalene synthase mRNA levels were significantly decreased. Fatty acid synthase mRNA levels were not altered but acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA levels were significa... Brain Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3156922 Sun, 03 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3156922