MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Brain Structure and Function' source. Sun, 21 Mar 2010 17:31:11 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3381585&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20237799%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stylianou-Korsnes M, Reiner M, Magnussen SJ, Feldman MW Previous literature suggest that processing of visually presented shapes and textures starts in the early visual areas, but subsequently follow different pathways. The purpose of this experiment was to further investigate differential activation for shapes and textures in order elucidate the pathways involved in visual shape and texture matching. In the present study, brain areas involved in discrimination of shapes and textures are mapped, using the same set of stimuli for shape and texture decisions. Texture matching activates more prefrontal regions than shape matching, particularly regions in the left middle frontal gyrus and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus. Shape specific activation includes an occipital/temporal re... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3381585 Wed, 17 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3381585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362823&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20221886%26dopt%3DAbstract This study describes cytoarchitectonic criteria to define the prefrontal cortical areas in the mouse brain (C57BL/6 strain). Currently, well-illustrated mouse brain stereotaxic atlases are available, which, however, do not provide a description of the distinctive cytoarchitectonic characteristics of individual prefrontal areas. Such a description is of importance for stereological, neuronal tracing, and physiological, molecular and neuroimaging studies in which a precise parcellation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is required. The present study describes and illustrates: the medial prefrontal areas, i.e., the infralimbic, prelimbic, dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate and Fr2 area; areas of the lateral PFC, i.e., the dorsal agranular insular cortical areas and areas of the ventral PFC, i... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362823 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3355085&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20213269%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dickstein DL, Brautigam H, Stockton SD, Schmeidler J, Hof PR Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are composed of insoluble, hyperphosphorylated aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau and are present in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate how tau affects neuronal function during NFT formation and subsequent neurodegeneration, we examined the morphology, spine density, spine type, and spine volume of layer III pyramidal neurons from the prefrontal cortex of mice expressing wild-type human tau (htau) over time. There were no significant alterations in apical dendritic arbor length in 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old htau mice; however, 12-month-old mice exhibited more complex arborization patterns. In addition, we observed a shi... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3355085 Sun, 07 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3355085 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3355084&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20213270%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Takahashi H, Brasnjevic I, Rutten BP, Van Der Kolk N, Perl DP, Bouras C, Steinbusch HW, Schmitz C, Hof PR, Dickstein DL Hippocampal atrophy and neuron loss are commonly found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the fate in the AD hippocampus of subpopulations of interneurons that express the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR) has not yet been properly assessed. Using quantitative stereologic methods, we analyzed the regional pattern of age-related loss of PV- and CR-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the hippocampus of mice that carry M233T/L235P knocked-in mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) and overexpress a mutated human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), namely, the APP(SL)/PS1 KI mice, as well as in APP(SL) m... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3355084 Sun, 07 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3355084 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312266&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20177698%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luebke JI, Weaver CM, Rocher AB, Rodriguez A, Crimins JL, Dickstein DL, Wearne SL, Hof PR In neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines undergo significant pathological changes. Because of the determinant role of these highly dynamic structures in signaling by individual neurons and ultimately in the functionality of neuronal networks that mediate cognitive functions, a detailed understanding of these changes is of paramount importance. Mutant murine models, such as the Tg2576 APP mutant mouse and the rTg4510 tau mutant mouse have been developed to provide insight into pathogenesis involving the abnormal production and aggregation of amyloid and tau proteins, because of the key role that these proteins play in neurodegener... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312266 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291504&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20169361%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hof PR, Elder GA PMID: 20169361 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291504 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3291504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3285770&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20162303%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sager JJ, Bai Q, Burton EA Since the introduction of the zebrafish as a model for the study of vertebrate developmental biology, an extensive array of techniques for its experimental manipulation and analysis has been developed. Recently it has become apparent that these powerful methodologies might be deployed in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases and to identify candidate therapeutic approaches. In this article, we consider evidence that the zebrafish central nervous system provides an appropriate setting in which to model human neurological disease and we review techniques and resources available for generating transgenic models. We then examine recent publications showing that appropriate phenotypes can be provoked in the zebrafish thro... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3285770 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3285770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3270039&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20148261%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Triarhou LC This paper revisits a concept combining the evolution, ontogeny and histophysiology of the cerebral cortex, presented, in a quest to explain cognition and behavior, by the neurobiologist Christfried Jakob (1866-1956) at the Second Annual Meeting of the International Society for Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, organized by Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) in Munich in 1911. Jakob suggested a dual onto-phylogenetic origin and a ubiquitous cortical function, claiming that most receptive pathways end up in an 'outer fundamental layer', which derives from the rhinencephalic apparatus, whereas the 'inner fundamental layer' contains effector elements and derives from the striatum. With advancing evolution, the two fundamental layers become intermingled. By attributing a funct... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3270039 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3270039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3238827&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20127356%26dopt%3DAbstract This study describes the organisation of the entorhinal cortex of the Megachiroptera, straw-coloured fruit bat and Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat. Using Nissl and Timm stains, parvalbumin and SMI-32 immunohistochemistry, we identified five fields within the medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) entorhinal areas. MEA fields E (CL) and E (C) are characterised by a poor differentiation between layers II and III, a distinct layer IV and broad, stratified layers V and VI. LEA fields E (I), E (R) and E (L) are distinguished by cell clusters in layer II, a clear differentiation between layers II and III, a wide columnar layer III and a broad sublayer Va. Clustering in LEA layer II was more typical of the straw-coloured fruit bat. Timm-staining was most intense in layers Ib and II across all fields and ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3238827 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3238827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3238826&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20127357%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hasan KM, Kamali A, Abid H, Kramer LA, Fletcher JM, Ewing-Cobbs L Using diffusion tensor tractography, we quantified the microstructural changes in the association, projection, and commissural compact white matter pathways of the human brain over the lifespan in a cohort of healthy right-handed children and adults aged 6-68 years. In both males and females, the diffusion tensor radial diffusivity of the bilateral arcuate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, corticospinal, somatosensory tracts, and the corpus callosum followed a U-curve with advancing age; fractional anisotropy in the same pathways followed an inverted U-curve. Our study provides useful baseline data for the interpretation of data collected fro... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3238826 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3238826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3067736&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19967412%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iijima-Ando K, Iijima K Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia. Aggregation of the amyloid-beta42 peptide (Abeta42) and tau proteins are pathological hallmarks in AD brains. Accumulating evidence suggests that Abeta42 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD, and tau acts downstream of Abeta42 as a modulator of the disease progression. Tau pathology is also observed in frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) and other related diseases, so called tauopathies. Although most cases are sporadic, genes associated with familial AD and FTDP-17 have been identified, which led to the development of transgenic animal models. Drosophila has been a powerful genetic model system used in many fields of biology, and recen... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3067736 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3067736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3034126&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19937345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Elder GA Transgenic animals are extensively used to study in vivo gene function as well as to model human diseases. The technology for producing transgenic animals exists for a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The mouse is the most utilized organism for research in neurodegenerative diseases. The most commonly used techniques for producing transgenic mice involves either the pronuclear injection of transgenes into fertilized oocytes or embryonic stem cell-mediated gene targeting. Embryonic stem cell technology has been most often used to produce null mutants (gene knockouts) but may also be used to introduce subtle genetic modifications down to the level of making single nucleotide changes in endogenous mouse genes. Methods are also a... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3034126 Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3034126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3034128&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19936783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Palkovits M, Helfferich F, Dobolyi A, Usdin TB Strong acoustic stimulation (105 dB SPL white noise) elicited c-fos expression in neurons in several acoustic system nuclei and in stress-sensitive hypothalamic nuclei and limbic areas in rats. In the present study, using this type of loud noise for 30 min, Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) was investigated in neurons that synthesize tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) in the rat brain: in the subparafascicular area of the thalamus, the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus and the medial paralemniscal nucleus in the lateral part of the pons. By double labeling, Fos-ir was shown in nearly 80% of TIP39-positive cells in the medial paralemniscal nucleus, 43% in the posterior intralaminar complex and 18.5% in ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3034128 Sat, 21 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3034128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3034127&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19936784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ribak CE, Shapiro LA, Perez ZD, Spigelman I Microglial cells are constantly monitoring the central nervous system for sick or dying cells and pathogens. Previous studies showed that the microglial cells in the dentate gyrus have a heterogeneous morphology with multipolar cells in the hilus and fusiform cells apposed to the granule cell layer both at the hilar and at the molecular layer borders. Although previous studies showed that the microglia in the dentate gyrus were not activated, the data in the present study show dying granule cells apposed by Iba1-immunolabeled microglial cell bodies and their processes both at hilar and at molecular layer borders of the granule cell layer. Initially, these Iba1-labeled microglial cells surround individual, intact granule cell bodies. ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3034127 Sat, 21 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3034127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3009315&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19921519%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elder GA, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Dickstein DL, Hof PR Mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) cause familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Presenilins influence multiple molecular pathways and are best known for their role in the gamma-secretase cleavage of type I transmembrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein (APP). PS1 and PS2 FAD mutant transgenic mice have been generated using a variety of promoters. PS1-associated FAD mutations have also been knocked into the endogenous mouse gene. PS FAD mutant mice consistently show elevations of Abeta42 with little if any effect on Abeta40. When crossed with plaque forming APP FAD mutant lines, the PS1 FAD mutants cause earlier and more extensive plaque deposition. Although single transgenic PS1 or PS2 ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3009315 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3009315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003486&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19916020%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Serfőző Z, Elekes K Glycoproteins are complex molecules of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM) playing a fundamental role in the migration, guidance and synapse formation of neurons. In the present study, the glycosylated protein composition and localization were investigated in the adult and developing CNS of an aquatic (Lymnaea stagnalis) and a terrestrial (Helix pomatia) snail species, applying lectin histochemistry and blotting. Lectin probes that are specific for N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers frequently appeared in anatomically different regions of the adult ganglia of both species, such as, the periganglionic sheath, the interperikaryonal space and the neuropil. Different GlcNAc residues were found to intensively glycosylate five, hi... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003486 Sun, 15 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003487&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19915864%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Knabe W, Obermayer B, Kuhn HJ, Brunnett G, Washausen S The neurogenic trigeminal placode develops from the crescent-shaped panplacodal primordium which delineates the neural plate anteriorly. We show that, in Tupaia belangeri, the trigeminal placode is represented by a field of focal ectodermal thickenings which over time changes positions from as far rostral as the level of the forebrain to as far caudal as opposite rhombomere 3. Delamination proceeds rostrocaudally from the ectoderm adjacent to the rostral midbrain, and contributes neurons to the trigeminal ganglion as well as to the ciliary ganglion/oculomotor complex. Proliferative events are centered on the field prior to the peak of delamination. They are preceded, paralleled and, finally, outnumbered by apoptotic events... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003487 Sat, 14 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968546&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19888600%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen K, Northington FJ, Martin LJ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons (MNs). The molecular pathogenesis of ALS is not understood, thus effective therapies for this disease are lacking. Some forms of ALS are inherited by mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene. Transgenic mice expressing human Gly93 --> Ala (G93A) mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) develop severe MN disease, oxidative and nitrative damage, and mitochondrial pathology that appears to involve nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. We used G93A-mSOD1 mice to test the hypothesis that the degeneration of MNs is associated with an aberrant up-regulation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS2) activity within MNs. Western blotting and immunoprecipi... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968546 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2968546 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2955114&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19882169%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Staiger JF, Zuschratter W, Luhmann HJ, Schubert D Interactions between inhibitory interneurons and excitatory spiny neurons and also other inhibitory cells represent fundamental network properties which cause the so-called thalamo-cortical response transformation and account for the well-known receptive field differences of cortical layer IV versus thalamic neurons. We investigated the currently largely unknown morphological basis of these interactions utilizing acute slice preparations of barrel cortex in P19-21 rats. Layer IV spiny (spiny stellate, star pyramidal and pyramidal) neurons or inhibitory (basket and bitufted) interneurons were electrophysiologically characterized and intracellularly biocytin-labeled. In the same slice, we stained parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-ir... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2955114 Sat, 31 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2955114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2948582&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19876646%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Toro R, Chupin M, Garnero L, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike B, Pitiot A, Richer L, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T PMID: 19876646 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2948582 Fri, 30 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2948582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2920626&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19844742%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nieuwenhuys R In his famous book, 'On Growth and Form', D'Arcy Thompson demonstrated that the shapes of related animals, or parts thereof, can be transformed into each other by a simple graphical procedure, called the method of coordinates. In this procedure, an object is inscribed in a net of Cartesian coordinates. It appeared that the shape of related objects could be characterized by means of simple, harmonious deformations of the initial orthogonal system of coordinates. Here, I demonstrate that: (1) the central nervous system contains a built-in, natural coordinate system; (2) differences in shape and proportion of cross sections through the brain stem of various mammals can be easily analyzed with the aid of this coordinate system, and (3) sets of structures in the mamma... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2920626 Tue, 20 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2920626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2836118&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19779738%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johansen-Berg H PMID: 19779738 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2836118 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 18:32:06 +0100 2836118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2836119&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19779737%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Garringer HJ, Murrell J, D'Adamio L, Ghetti B, Vidal R Familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD) are two autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in the BRI ( 2 ) gene. FBD and FDD are characterized by widespread cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), parenchymal amyloid deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles. Transgenic mice expressing wild-type and mutant forms of the BRI(2) protein, Bri ( 2 ) knock-in mutant mice, and Bri ( 2 ) gene knock-out mice have been developed. Transgenic mice expressing a human FDD-mutated form of the BRI ( 2 ) gene have partially reproduced the neuropathological lesions observed in FDD. These mice develop extensive CAA, parenchymal amyloid deposition, and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2836119 Thu, 24 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2836119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2805132&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19760243%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sommer T, Peters J, Gläscher J, Büchel C The influence of counterfactual thinking and regret on choice behavior has been widely acknowledged in economic science (Bell in Oper Res 30:961-981, 1982; Kahneman and Tversky in Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 201-210, 1982; Loomes and Sugden in Econ J 92:805-824, 1982). Neuroimaging studies have only recently begun to explore the neural correlates of this psychological factor and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activity was observed in several of them depending of the exact characteristics of the employed paradigm. This selective OFC involvement and, moreover, a consistently found dissociation of medial and lateral OFC activity clusters allow inferences to the function... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2805132 Tue, 15 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2805132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767937&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19727810%26dopt%3DAbstract We report a behavior-based connectivity analysis method, in which whole-brain data are used to identify behaviorally relevant, intrinsic FC networks. Nineteen younger adults (20-28 years) and 19 healthy, older adults (63-78 years) were assessed with fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results indicated that FC involving a distributed network of brain regions, particularly the inferior frontal gyri, exhibited age-related change in the correlation with perceptual-motor speed (choice reaction time; RT). No relation between FC and RT was evident for younger adults, whereas older adults exhibited a significant age-related slowing of perceptual-motor speed, which was mediated by decreasing FC. Older adults' FC values were in turn associated positively with white matter integrity (from DTI) ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767937 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2767937 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2742243&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19707785%26dopt%3DAbstract We report fMRI activation data for a female patient with epilepsy, who was tested before and 2 years after resection surgery, to assess changes in fMRI activation. Areas within her right ATL/MTL were removed during surgery, including the right hippocampus. A visuo-spatial task was used in which novel and familiar pictures of objects, animals, scenes and buildings were randomly presented. Half of the pictures were novel to the patient, while half of the pictures were familiar pictures from the same stimulus categories. Despite unchanged visuo-spatial IQ-scores and equal performance on the fMRI task pre- and post-surgery, there was evidence of changes in functional organization of the brain as seen in the pre- versus post-surgery fMRI data. It is suggested that maintenance of memory performa... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2742243 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2742243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2736777&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19705154%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this study was to provide the anatomical foundation for such a model, describing in detail the SNc in normal Göttingen minipigs and estimating the volume and total number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons. The brain stems of 6 Göttingen minipigs were paraffin embedded and serially cut before Nissl staining and immunohistochemical visualization of TH. The volume of the SNc and the total number of TH-positive neurons were estimated by design-based stereology. The substantia nigra was located at the dorsal rim of the crus cerebri extending throughout the mesencephalon. A dorsal pars compacta and a ventral pars reticulata were demonstrated. The SNc merged with the ventral tegmental area medially and the retro-rubral field dorsocaudolaterally. The total nu... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2736777 Mon, 24 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2736777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2700082&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19672624%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Colechio EM, Alloway KD Whisker and forelimb movements in rats have distinct behavioral functions that suggest differences in the neural connections of the brain regions that control their movements. To test this hypothesis, retrograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of the cortical neurons that project to the whisker and forelimb regions in primary motor (MI) cortex. Tracer injections in each MI region revealed labeled neurons in more than a dozen cortical areas, but most labeling was concentrated in the sensorimotor areas. Cortical projections to the MI forepaw region originated primarily from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In contrast, most projections to the MI whisker region originated from the MI ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2700082 Tue, 11 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2700082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2692240&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19669160%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chris Muly E, Senyuz M, Khan ZU, Guo JD, Hazra R, Rainnie DG Dopamine, acting at the D1 family receptors (D1R) is critical for the functioning of the amygdala, including fear conditioning and cue-induced reinstatement of drug self administration. However, little is known about the different contributions of the two D1R subtypes, D(1) and D(5). We identified D(1)-immunoreactive patches in the primate that appear similar to the intercalated cell masses reported in the rodent; however, both receptors were present across the subdivisions of the primate amygdala including the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Using immunoelectron microscopy, we established that both receptors have widespread distributions in BLA. The D1R subtypes colocalize in dendritic spines and terminals, with D(1) pr... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2692240 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2692240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2654439&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19636589%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leonard CM, Towler S, Welcome S, Chiarello C Many structural brain asymmetries accompany left hemisphere language dominance. For example, the cingulate sulcus is larger in the medial cortex of the right hemisphere, while the more dorsal paracingulate sulcus is larger on the left. The functional significance of these asymmetries is unknown because fMRI studies rarely attempt to localize activation to specific sulci, possibly due to difficulties in consistent sulcal identification. In medial cortex, for example, there are many regions of partial sulcal overlap where MRI images do not provide sufficient information to unambiguously distinguish a paracingulate sulcus from a displaced anterior cingulate segment. As large samples of postmortem material are rarely available for cytoa... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2654439 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2654439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2629956&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19621242%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heim S, Eickhoff SB, Friederici AD, Amunts K This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the role of Broca's region for selecting semantic, syntactic, and phonological information during picture naming. According to psycholinguistic theory, selection is reflected in speech latency differences, e.g. during priming. Here, homogenous (priming) blocks in which German picture names had the same semantic category, syntactic gender, or initial phoneme alternated with heterogeneous (non-priming) blocks. Speech latencies revealed a negative priming effect. Speech latencies were used as regressors for the fMRI data in order to tap selection processes. In Broca's region (BA 44), among others, fMRI data showed repetition priming, which was positive for semantic an... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2629956 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2629956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2629955&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19621243%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we examined the efficacy of these new AF-CTB conjugates when injected into the brain, and compared the results to our previous experiences using fluorescent 3k dextran amines. To test this, we injected AF 488 and AF 594 CTB into the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial agranular cortex in the rat, and examined the retrograde transport to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. We found that CTB was very viscous but yet very sensitive: small injection sites revealed very intense and detailed retrograde labeling. Anterograde transport was seen only when tissue at the injection site was damaged. These findings suggest that AF-CTB is a very reliable and sensitive retrograde tracer, and should be the first choice retrograde tracer for experiments examining multiple pat... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2629955 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2629955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2622246&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19618210%26dopt%3DAbstract We report studies that have used two different techniques: voxel-based morphometry of whole brain grey or white matter images and diffusion tensor imaging. At present, there are relatively few structural imaging studies of language. We group them into those that investigated (1) the perception of novel speech sounds, (2) the links between speech sounds and their meaning, (3) speech production, and (4) reading. We highlight the validity of the findings by comparing the results to those from functional imaging studies. Finally, we conclude by summarising the novel contribution of these studies to date and potential directions for future research. PMID: 19618210 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2622246 Fri, 17 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2622246 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2603159&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19597840%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee BY, Sohn JH, Choi MH, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Yang JW, Choi JS, Kim HS, Yi JH, Tack GR, Chung SC The purpose of this study was to measure the average corpus callosum volume of normal Koreans (aged in their 20s or 40s) and to analyze the effects of gender, age, and body parameters, such as height and weight on corpus callosum size. Magnetic resonance brain images were recorded for 68 people in their 20s (29 men, 39 women) and 91 in their 40s (36 men, 55 women). Intracranial volume was calculated using cerebral size and corpus callosum volume was normalized by covariance method. To investigate the effect of gender and age on corpus callosum volume, two-way analysis of variance, which used gender (two levels) and age (two levels) as independent variables, was employed. Multiple regre... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2603159 Mon, 13 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2603159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2562982&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19565262%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Damoiseaux JS, Greicius MD It is commonly assumed that functional brain connectivity reflects structural brain connectivity. The exact relationship between structure and function, however, might not be straightforward. In this review we aim to examine how our understanding of the relationship between structure and function in the 'resting' brain has advanced over the last several years. We discuss eight articles that directly compare resting-state functional connectivity with structural connectivity and three clinical case studies of patients with limited white matter connections between the cerebral hemispheres. All studies examined show largely convergent results: the strength of resting-state functional connectivity is positively correlated with structural connectivity stre... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2562982 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2562982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300754&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19308445%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saper CB, Maunsell JH PMID: 19308445 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300754 Tue, 24 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2300754 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2285266&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19296129%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zaborszky L, Zilles K PMID: 19296129 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2285266 Thu, 19 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2285266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2235262&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19252925%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Repérant J, Ward R, Médina M, Kenigfest NB, Rio JP, Miceli D, Jay B The ultrastructure of the retinorecipient layers of the lamprey optic tectum was analysed using tract tracing techniques combined with GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry. Two types of neurons were identified; a population of large GABA-immunonegative cells, and a population of smaller, highly GABA-immunoreactive interneurons, some of whose dendrites contain synaptic vesicles (DCSV). Five types of axon terminals were identified and divided into two major categories. The first of these are GABA-immunonegative, highly glutamate-immunoreactive, contain round synaptic vesicles, make asymmetrical synaptic contacts, and can in turn be divided into AT1 and AT2 terminals. The AT1 terminals are those of th... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2235262 Sat, 28 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2235262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2188645&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19214566%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sawada K, Sun XZ, Fukunishi K, Kashima M, Sakata-Haga H, Tokado H, Aoki I, Fukui Y The aim of this study was to spatio-temporally clarify gross structural changes in the forebrain of cynomolgus monkey fetuses using 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T(1)-weighted coronal, horizontal, and sagittal MR slices of fixed left cerebral hemispheres were obtained from one male fetus at embryonic days (EDs) 70-150. The timetable for fetal sulcation by MRI was in good agreement with that by gross observations, with a lag time of 10-30 days. A difference in detectability of some sulci seemed to be associated with the length, depth, width, and location of the sulci. Furthermore, MRI clarified the embryonic days of the emergence of the callosal (ED 70) and circular (ED 90) sulci, whi... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2188645 Thu, 12 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2188645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2184702&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19205731%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Toro R, Chupin M, Garnero L, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike B, Pitiot A, Richer L, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T A common Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) gene coding the Val66Met substitution in the pro-BDNF protein has been associated with a number of behavioural and neuroanatomical phenotypes; the latter include, for example, regional differences in volumes of the hippocampus and prefrontal grey matter. Here, we show that the observed regional differences may not stem from a localised effect of this gene. Our analysis of regional brain volume in a cohort of 331 adolescents indicates that the Val66Met substitution has a global effect on brain volume, and that the observed local differences are to be expected if brain allometry-the co... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2184702 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2184702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2174925&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19198876%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hilgetag CC, Barbas H PMID: 19198876 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2174925 Sat, 07 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2174925 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2153558&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19184100%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hilbig H, Beil B, Hilbig H, Call J, Bidmon HJ In the mammalian auditory system, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and the lateral superior olive (MNTB-LSO system) contribute to binaural intensity processing and lateralization. Localization precision varies with the sound frequencies. As recency of common ancestry with human beings increases, primates have improved low-frequency sensitivity and reduced sensitivity to higher frequencies. The medial part of the MNTB is devoted to higher frequency processing. Thus, its high-frequency-dependent function is nearly lost in humans and its role in binaural processing as part of the contralateral pathway to the LSO remains questionable. Here, Nissl-stained sections of the superior olivary complex of man (Homo sapiens), bonobo (Pa... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2153558 Sat, 31 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2153558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2093591&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19132385%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, while the RE and MD nuclei seem not to be critical for the learning and memory of a standard watermaze task, they may contribute to non-mnemonic strategy shifting when animals are challenged in ways that do not occur during training. PMID: 19132385 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2093591 Fri, 09 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2093591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2062920&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19104833%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Makris N, Pandya DN Experimental and imaging studies in monkeys have outlined various long association fiber pathways within the fronto-temporo-parietal region. In the present study, the trajectory of the extreme capsule (EmC) fibers has been delineated in five human subjects using DT-MRI tractography. The EmC seems to be a long association fiber pathway, which courses between the inferior frontal region and the superior temporal gyrus extending into the inferior parietal lobule. Comparison of EmC fibers with the adjacent association fiber pathway, the middle longitudinal fascicle (MdLF), in the same subjects reveals that EmC is located in a medial and rostral position relative to MdLF flanking in part the medial wall of the insula. The EmC can also be differentiated from othe... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2062920 Tue, 23 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2062920 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1976979&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19011898%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution and morphology of neocortical neurons stained for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, and neuropeptide Y in three xenarthran species-the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), and the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus)-and two afrotherian species-the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and the black and rufous giant elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi). We also studied the distribution and morphology of astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker. In all of these species, nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein-immunoreactive neurons predominated in layer V. These neurons exhibited diverse morphologies with regional ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1976979 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1976979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1863642&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18841392%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, these data suggest that endogenous catecholamines stimulate the GnRH neuron migration in ontogenesis. PMID: 18841392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1863642 Wed, 08 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1863642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1860541&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18839210%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Muller JF, Mascagni F, McDonald AJ Dopaminergic (DA) inputs to the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLC) are critical for several important functions, including reward-related learning, drug-stimulus learning, and fear conditioning. Despite the importance of the DA projection to the BLC, very little is known about which neuronal subpopulations are innervated. The present study utilized dual-labeling immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level to examine DA inputs to pyramidal cells in the anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) in the rat. DA axon terminals and BLa pyramidal cells were labeled using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK), respectively. Serial section reconstructions of TH-po... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1860541 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1860541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1710776&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18704495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML The neural networks that putatively modulate aspects of normal emotional behavior have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by converging evidence from neuroimaging, neuropathological and lesion analysis studies. These networks involve the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and closely related areas in the medial and caudolateral orbital cortex (medial prefrontal network), amygdala, hippocampus, and ventromedial parts of the basal ganglia, where alterations in grey matter volume and neurophysiological activity are found in cases with recurrent depressive episodes. Such findings hold major implications for models of the neurocircuits that underlie depression. In particular evidence from lesion analysis studies suggests that the MP... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1710776 Wed, 13 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1710776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1702498&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18696110%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cullinan WE, Ziegler DR, Herman JP Neuronatomical and pharmacological studies have established GABA-mediated inhibition of the HPA axis at the level of the PVN. The origin of this innervation is a series of local hypothalamic and adjacent forebrain regions that project to stress-integrative hypophysiotropic CRH neurons. While a role in tonic inhibition of the stress axis is likely, this system of inhibitory loci is also capable of producing a dynamic braking capacity in the context of the neuroendocrine stress response. The latter function is mediated in large part by glutamatergic forebrain afferents that increase GABA release at the level of the PVN. In addition, this local GABA system can be inhibited by upstream GABAergic projection neurons, producing activation of the HPA... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1702498 Tue, 12 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1702498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1693028&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18688643%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haber SN, McGinty JF, Mugnaini E, Zaborszky L PMID: 18688643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1693028 Fri, 08 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1693028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1666083&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18663473%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Turner MS, Gray TS, Mickiewicz AL, Napier TC The circuit-related consequences of activating the ventral pallidum (VP) are not well known, and lacking in particular is how these effects are altered in various neuropathological states. To help to address these paucities, this study investigated the brain regions affected by VP activation by quantifying neurons that stain for Fos-like immunoreactivity (ir). Fos-ir was assessed after intra-pallidal injections of the excitatory amino acid agonist, NMDA, or the GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline in normal rats and in those rendered Parkinsonian-like by lesioning dopaminergic neurons with the neurotoxin, 6-OHDA. We hypothesized that activation of the VP will alter the activity state of brain regions associated with both the basal gangli... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1666083 Tue, 29 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1666083 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1653627&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18651173%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Geyer S, Scheperjans F, Mohlberg H, Zilles K, Amunts K Recently, a new cytoarchitectonic map of the human inferior parietal lobule (IPL) has been proposed, with the IPL consisting of seven cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (Caspers et al. in Neuroimage 33(2):430-448, 2006). The aim of the present study was to investigate the different aspects of variability of these IPL areas. As one aspect of variability, we analysed the topographical relationship between the localisation of the borders of the areas and macroanatomical landmarks. Although five areas occupy the surface supramarginal gyrus and two the angular gyrus, their borders cannot be reliably detected by means of macroanatomy. To account for variability in size and extent of the areas in stereot... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1653627 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1653627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1653626&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18651174%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zilles K, Zaborszky L PMID: 18651174 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1653626 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1653626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1653625&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18651175%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith RJ, Aston-Jones G Studies reviewed here implicate the extended amygdala in the negative affective states and increased drug-seeking that occur during protracted abstinence from chronic drug exposure. Norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the extended amygdala, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, shell of the nucleus accumbens, and central nucleus of the amygdala, are generally involved in behavioral responses to environmental and internal stressors. Hyperactivity of stress response systems during addiction drives many negative components of drug abstinence. In particular, NE signaling from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to the extended amygdala, along with increased CRF transmission within the extended amygdala, ar... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1653625 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1653625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598565&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18568364%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Olmos S, Bueno A, Bender C, Lorenzo A, de Olmos J MK801, PCP, and ketamine are non-competitive NMDA receptor-antagonists drugs that in humans produce psychomimetic effects and neurocognitive disturbances reminiscent to those of schizophrenia. The administration of these drugs in animals has been used as a pharmacological model to study the NMDA receptor hypofunction-hypothesis of schizophrenia. In animals, the biological effect of MK801 is dose-dependent. Low doses induce behavioral disturbances and higher doses, in addition, promote neurotoxicity in many brain regions, particularly the granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG). The neurotoxic effect of MK801 is sexually dimorphic, being females markedly more sensitive than males; however, the involvement of gonadal hormones is e... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598565 Sat, 21 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598565 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598566&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18560887%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stopczynski RE, Poloskey SL, Haber SN Cortico-ventral basal ganglia circuitry is associated with a variety of mental health disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction, disorders that emerge during childhood through young adulthood, a period in which the cortex and striatum continue to development. Moreover, cell proliferation, which is associated with development and plasticity, also continues in the cortex and striatum through adulthood. Given the implication of cortico-basal ganglia circuitry in diseases emerging during postnatal development, we studied cell proliferation at different ages in striatal regions associated with specific frontal cortical areas. The results show cell proliferation throughout the striatum at all postnatal ages. The majori... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598566 Tue, 17 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598567&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18551313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Benoit-Marand M, O'Donnell P Interactions between dopamine (DA) and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens (NA) are important for a variety of cognitive and limbic functions. Although, there is strong evidence that DA controls glutamate responses, the converse (glutamate affecting DA release) is controversial. To determine whether endogenous glutamate released from corticostriatal terminals can evoke DA release by local interactions in the NA, we measured DA release with amperometry simultaneously with whole cell recordings from NA medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in a slice preparation preserving DA terminals (but not cell bodies) and cortico-accumbens fibers. MSNs responded to cortical stimulation with a postsynaptic potential that was blocked by the AMPA antagonist CNQX, but no DA o... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598567 Fri, 13 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598567 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598568&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18535839%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shen H, Sesack SR, Toda S, Kalivas PW Dendritic spines are postsynaptic specializations thought to regulate the strength of synaptic transmission and play a critical role in neuronal plasticity. While changes in dendritic spine density can be pharmacologically- or environmentally-induced, the widespread utility of this important measure of synaptic plasticity in vivo has been hampered by the labor-intensive nature, and potential for bias and inconsistency inherent in manual spine counting. Here we report a method for obtaining high-resolution, three-dimensional confocal images of accumbens spiny neurons labeled with a diolistically delivered lipophilic fluorescence dye (DiI) that permits automated analysis of spine density and spine head diameter. The automated quantification ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598568 Fri, 06 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598569&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18528706%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Walker DL, Davis M The concept of the "extended amygdala", developed and explored by Lennart Heimer, Jose de Olmos, George Alheid, and their collaborators, has had an enormous impact on the field of neuroscience and on our own work. Measuring fear-potentiated startle test using conditioned stimuli that vary in length we suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST(L)) are involved in short-term versus long-term fear responses we call phasic versus sustained fear, respectively. Outputs from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) activate the medial division of the CeA (CeA(M)) to very rapidly elicit phasic fear responses via CeA(M) projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. The BLA also projects to ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598569 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598570&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18488248%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hearing MC, See RE, McGinty JF One of the most insidious features of cocaine addiction is a high rate of relapse even after extended periods of abstinence. A wide variety of drug-associated stimuli, including the context in which a drug is taken, can gain incentive motivational properties that trigger drug desire and relapse to drug-seeking. Both animal and clinical studies suggest that extensive cocaine exposure may induce a transition from cortical to striatal control over decision-making as compulsive drug-seeking emerges. Using an animal model of relapse to cocaine-seeking, the present study investigated the expression patterns of three different activity-related genes (c-fos, zif/268, and arc) in cortical and striatal brain regions implicated in compulsive drug-seeking in... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598570 Sat, 17 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598571&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18470533%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Colantuoni C, Hyde TM, Mitkus S, Joseph A, Sartorius L, Aguirre C, Creswell J, Johnson E, Deep-Soboslay A, Herman MM, Lipska BK, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE The molecular basis of complex neuropsychiatric disorders most likely involves many genes. In recent years, specific genetic variations influencing risk for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders have been reported. We have used custom DNA microarrays and qPCR to investigate the expression of putative schizophrenia susceptibility genes and related genes of interest in the normal human brain. Expression of 31 genes was measured in Brodmann's area 10 (BA10) in the prefrontal cortex of 72 postmortem brain samples spanning half a century of human aging (18-67 years), each without history of neuropsychiatric illness,... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598571 Sat, 10 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598572&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18340460%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pinto A, Sesack SR Projections from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the amygdala (AMG) regulate affective behaviors in a manner that is modulated by dopamine (DA). Although PFC and DA inputs overlap within the basolateral nucleus (BLA) and intercalated cell masses (ICMs), the spatial relationship between these afferents has not been investigated, nor is it known how DA D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) receptors are localized in relationship to PFC terminals. We therefore combined tract-tracing from the rat PFC to the AMG with immunocytochemical labeling of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify presumed DA axons or D1R and D2R. In both the ICMs and BLA, PFC terminals formed asymmetric synapses onto spines that typically did not receive secondary synaptic inputs. TH-immunoreactive (-ir) fib... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598572 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1598572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598573&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18327608%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vadakkumpadan F, Spellucci P, Sun Y Optimal parameterizations of surface meshes are useful in the mapping and visualization of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the human brain. We propose two new methods to compute approximations of the optimal parameterizations, and apply these methods to human cortical surface meshes extracted from magnetic resonance images. Our methods approximate the parameterizations in a low-dimensional subspace spanned by the coordinate vectors of an initial parameterization and the low-frequency eigenvectors of a mesh Laplacian. This low-dimensional approximation reduces the computational complexity while minimizing the error. PMID: 18327608 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598573 Sat, 08 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598574&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18317800%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vogt BA, Hof PR, Friedman DP, Sikes RW, Vogt LJ The midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN), locus coeruleus (LC) and cingulate cortex contain nociceptive neurons. The MITN that project to cingulate cortex have a prominent innervation by norepinephrinergic axons primarily originating from the LC. The hypothesis explored in this study is that MITN neurons that project to cingulate cortex receive a disproportionately high LC input that may modulate nociceptive afferent flow into the forebrain. Ten cynomolgus monkeys were evaluated for dopamine-beta hydroxylase (DBH) immunohistochemistry, and nuclei with moderate or high DBH activity were analyzed for intermediate neurofilament proteins, calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR). Sections of all but DBH were thionin counterstai... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598574 Tue, 04 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598575&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18288486%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taepavarapruk P, Howland JG, Ahn S, Phillips AG Dopamine (DA) transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) is crucial for various cognitive processes. However, our understanding of the regulation of DA efflux by glutamatergic afferents to these areas is incomplete. Using microdialysis in freely moving rats, we provide evidence in the present study that brief stimulation (20 Hz, 10 s) of the ventral hippocampus potently increases DA efflux in the mPFC, NAc, and ventral tegmental area for 30-40 min. Subsequent experiments show that the stimulation-evoked increase in DA efflux in the mPFC depends on local activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate, but not N-methyl-D: -aspartate, receptors in the mPFC. ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598575 Thu, 21 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598576&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18283492%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith HR, Porrino LJ The monoamines in the amygdala modulate multiple aspects of emotional processing in the mammalian brain, and organic or pharmacological dysregulation of these systems can result in affective pathologies. Knowledge of the normal distribution of these neurotransmitters, therefore, is central to our understanding of both the normal processes regulated by the amygdala and the pathological conditions associated with monoaminergic dysregulation. The monoaminergic transporters have proven to be accurate and reliable markers of the distributions of their substrates. The purpose of this review was twofold: First, to briefly recount the functional relevance of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transmission in the amygdala, and second, to describe and compare t... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598576 Tue, 19 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598577&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18266007%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alderson HL, Latimer MP, Winn P Excitotoxic lesions of posterior, but not anterior pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) change nicotine self-administration, consistent with the belief that the anterior PPTg (aPPTg) projects to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and posterior PPTg (pPPTg) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA is a likely site both of nicotine's reinforcing effect as well as its actions on locomotion. We hypothesized that pPPTg, but not aPPTg lesions, would alter locomotion in response to repeated nicotine administration by virtue of the fact that pPPTg appears to be more closely related to the VTA than is the aPPTg. Following excitotoxic lesions of aPPTg or pPPTg, rats were habituated to experimental procedures. Repeated (seven of each) nicotine (... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598577 Tue, 12 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598578&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18256852%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meredith GE, Baldo BA, Andrezjewski ME, Kelley AE The striatum can be divided into dorsal (caudate-putamen) and ventral parts. In the ventral division, the nucleus accumbens, which subserves adaptive and goal-directed behaviors, is further subdivided into shell and core. Accumbal neurons show different types of experience-dependent plasticity: those in the core seem to discriminate the motivational value of conditioned stimuli, features that rely on the integration of information and enhanced synaptic plasticity at the many spines on these cells, whereas shell neurons seem to be involved with the release of predetermined behavior patterns in relation to unconditioned stimuli, and the behavioral consequences of repeated administration of addictive drugs. In the core, the princi... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598578 Thu, 07 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598579&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18247051%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Markia B, Kovács ZI, Palkovits M Although it has been reported by several laboratories that vestibular stress activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA), the existence of neuronal connections between vestibular and hypothalamic paraventricular neurons has not yet been demonstrated. By the use of a virus-based retrograde trans-synaptic tracing technique in the rat, here we demonstrate vestibular projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Pseudorabies virus (Bartha strain, type BDR62) was injected into the PVN, and the progression of the infection along synaptically connected neurons was followed in the pons and the medulla, 3 and 4 days post-inoculation. Virus-infected neurons were revealed mainly in the medial vestibular nucleus. Labeled cells we... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598579 Tue, 05 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598587&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18183420%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, cytoarchitectonic characteristics are described and illustrated for the rat ventral or orbital frontal cortical areas, i.e., the lateral-, ventrolateral-, ventral- and medial-orbital areas; and for the lateral frontal cortical areas, i.e., the agranular insular and the dorsolateral orbital cortical area. Each cytoarchitectonic-defined boundary is corroborated by one or more of the immunocytochemical stainings for dopaminergic fibers, SMI-32 positive neurons, calbindin and parvalbumin positive neurons. Each immunocytochemical staining, however, shows a characteristic subset of the cytoarchitectonical borders. The dorsal agranular insular area (AId) and the dorsolateral orbital area (DLO) have been subdivided into a dorsal and a ventral part based upon differences between thes... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598587 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598587 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598585&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18193280%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hu J, Lee JM, Gao J, White KD, Crosson B One of the major challenges of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis is to develop simple and reliable methods to correlate brain regions with functionality. In this paper, we employ a detrending-based fractal method, called detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), to identify brain activity from fMRI data. We perform three tasks: (a) Estimating noise level from experimental fMRI data; (b) Assessing a signal model recently introduced by Birn et al.; and (c) Evaluating the effectiveness of DFA for discriminating brain activations from artifacts. By computing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we find that the ROC curve for experimental data is similar to the curve for simulated data with similar signal-... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598585 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598584&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18193453%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laufer I, Negishi M, Rajeevan N, Lacadie CM, Constable RT The aim of this study was to dissociate the contributions of memory-based (cognitive) and adaptation-based (sensory) mechanisms underlying deviance detection in the context of natural speech. Twenty healthy right-handed native speakers of English participated in an event-related design scan in which natural speech stimuli, /de:/ ("deh") and /deI/ ("day"); (/te:/ ("teh") and /teI/ ("tay") served as standards and deviants within functional magnetic resonance imaging event-related "oddball" paradigm designed to elicit the mismatch negativity component. Thus, "oddball" blocks could involve either a word deviant ("day") resulting in a "word advantage" effect, or a non-word deviant ("deh" or "tay"). We utilized an experimenta... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598584 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598584 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598583&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18197417%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cox DE, Harrison DW The current review examined the research and current models of anger from three distinct literatures: psychophysiology, neuropsychology and the cognitive-behavioral perspective. Two primary conceptual difficulties are addressed in this review. First, the debate over how and when to differentiate between anger and hostility is discussed. Second, the issue regarding cognitive or emotional dominance or primacy in the experience of anger is considered. Once the conceptual ambiguity is addressed, data from the cognitive-behavioral, psychophysiological and neuropsychological literatures are reviewed with a focus on issues of laterality. Particular attention is given to research of appraisal theory from the cognitive literature, cortical arousal and related cerebr... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598583 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598582&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18200448%26dopt%3DAbstract This study is the first to assess the result of maternal separation combining behaviour and stereology. PMID: 18200448 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598582 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598580&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18239939%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, using single-cell juxtacellular labeling with neurobiotin as well as anterograde neuroanatomical tracing with biotinylated dextran amine, we investigated the three-dimensional (3D) organization of dendrites and axons of MSN of the rat Acb in relation to subregional (shell-core) and compartmental (patch-matrix) boundaries. Our results show that dendritic arbors of MSN in both the Acb shell and core subregions are preferentially oriented, i.e., they are flattened in at least one of the 3D-planes. The preferred orientations are influenced by shell-core and patch-matrix boundaries, suggesting parallel and independent processing of information. Dendritic orientations of MSN of the Acb core are more heterogeneous than those of the shell and the dorsal striatum, suggesting a more c... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598580 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598581&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18236075%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed to clarify chronological sequences of the appearances of sulci and gyri on the medial cerebral surface and its relation to the regional development of the cerebrum in cynomolgus monkeys. The lengths of cingulate and calcarine sulci were measured, and the ratios of these lengths to fronto-occipital length were estimated as indices of the size of the "frontoparietal" and "occipital" regions, respectively. The relative length of cingulate sulcus showed a biphasic increase: a slow phase from EDs 100 to 110, and a rapid phase from EDs 110 to 130. The gyri in the "frontoparietal region" were convoluted in the limbic cortex during the initial slow phase and in the neocortical region during the rapid phase. The relative length of calcarine sulcus lineally increased between EDs 90 ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598581 Thu, 31 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598586&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18193279%26dopt%3DAbstract This study should provide an important basis for accurate stereotactic neurosurgical targeting of the subthalamic region in motor disorders such as PD and ET. PMID: 18193279 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598586 Thu, 10 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598588&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18183419%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sarter M The neuroanatomical research by Heimer and colleagues has focused on the structure of, and connectivity between, basal forebrain regions as well as on the translational significance of this research. By outlining several pressing research themes and questions concerning the neuroanatomy of the basal forebrain, as seen from a biopsychologist's perspective, the importance of continuing and expanding neuroanatomical research on the basal forebrain is illustrated. PMID: 18183419 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function) Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598588 Wed, 09 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1598588 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598612&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717686%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ashwell KW, Paxinos G We have examined the organization of the pretectal area in two monotremes (the short beaked echidna-Tachyglossus aculeatus, and the platypus-Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and compared it to that in the Wistar strain rat, using Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme histochemistry (acetylcholinesterase and NADPH diaphorase) and immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin and non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody). We were able to identify distinct anterior, medial, posterior (now called tectal gray) and olivary pretectal nuclei as well as a nucleus of the optic tract, all with largely similar topographical and chemoarchitectonic features to the homologous regions in therian mammals. The positions of these pretectal nuclei... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598612 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598596&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17828418%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eickhoff SB, Rottschy C, Zilles K The laminar distributions of 16 neurotransmitter receptor binding sites were analysed in visual cortical areas V1-V3 by quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. For each receptor (glutamatergic: AMPA, kainate, NMDA; cholinergic: M1, M2, M3, nicotinic; GABAergic: GABAA, GABAB, benzodiazepine binding-sites; adrenergic: alpha1, alpha2; serotoninergic: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2; dopaminergic: D1; Adenosine: A1), density profiles extracted perpendicular to the cortical surface were compared to cyto- and myeloarchitectonic profiles sampled at corresponding cortical sites. When testing for differences in laminar distribution patterns, all receptor-density profiles differed significantly from the cyto- and myeloarchitectonic ones. These results indicate th... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598596 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598595&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17899183%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Martí J, Santa-Cruz MC, Bayer SA, Ghetti B, Hervás JP Generation and settling of Purkinje cells (PCs) are investigated in the weaver mouse cerebellum in order to determine possible relationships with the fissuration pattern. Tritiated thymidine was supplied to pregnant females at the time that these neurons were being produced. Autoradiography was then applied on brain sections obtained from control and weaver offspring at postnatal (P) day 90. This makes it possible to assess the differential survival of neurons born at distinct embryonic times on the basis of the proportion of labeled cells located at the two foliar compartments: fissures and foliar crowns. Our data show that throughout the surface contour of the vermal lobes, generative programs of PCs were close ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598595 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598594&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17899184%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gerbella M, Belmalih A, Borra E, Rozzi S, Luppino G The caudal part of the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPF) is part of several functionally distinct domains. In the present study we combined a cyto- and a myeloarchitectonic approach with a chemoarchitectonic approach based on the distribution of SMI-32 and Calbindin immunoreactivity, to determine the number and extent of architectonically distinct areas occupying this region. Several architectonically distinct areas, completely or partially located in the caudal VLPF, were identified. Two areas are almost completely limited to the anterior bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus, a dorsal one-8/FEF-which extends also more dorsally and should represent the architectonic counterpart of the frontal eye field, and a vent... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598594 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598593&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17912549%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Halasi G, Wolf E, Bácskai T, Székely G, Módis L, Szigeti ZM, Mészár Z, Felszeghy S, Matesz C Following postganglionic lesion of the eighth cranial nerve, the changes in the expression of hyaluronan (HA), one of the extracellular matrix macromolecules, were examined in the medial (MVN) and lateral (LVN) vestibular nuclei and in the entry or transitional zone (TZ) of the nerve in the frog. HA was detected in different survival times by using a specific biotinylated hyaluronan-binding probe. HA expression was defined by the area-integrated optical density (AIOD), calculated from pixel intensities of digitally captured images. During the first postoperative days the perineuronal net (PN), a HA-rich area around the neurons, was not distinguishable from the ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598593 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598593 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598592&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17929054%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: John JP, Yashavantha BS, Gado M, Veena R, Jain S, Ravishankar S, Csernansky JG The frontal pole (FP), which largely overlaps with Brodmann's area (BA) 10, is the rostral-most part of the hominid cerebral cortex, and plays a critical role in complex aspects of human cognition. The existing conventions suggested for MRI-based parcellation of this important frontal subdivision have limited cytoarchitectonic meaning with regard to the demarcation of the FP from adjacent prefrontal subdivisions. In this paper, we propose the coronal section containing the anterior termination of the olfactory sulcus (ATOS) as an easy-to-identify landmark for FP parcellation that largely overlaps with the cytoarchitectonic distinction between BA 10 and the more posterior cytoarchitectonic subdivisio... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598592 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598591&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17962979%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Afif A, Bouvier R, Buenerd A, Trouillas J, Mertens P To describe the morphological stages of insular sulci and gyri development we carried out a macroscopical study on 21 human fetal brains, showing no anomalies, from 13 to 28 gestational weeks (GWs). Particular focus was given to morphological appearance during the development of insular and periinsular structures, especially the gyration and sulcation of the insula, central cerebral region and opercula, as well as the vascularization of these regions. The periinsular sulci and the central (insular and cerebral) sulci were the first macroscopical structures identified on the lateral surface of the human fetal cerebral hemisphere with earlier development on the right hemisphere. Here we describe five stages of insular gyral an... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598591 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598590&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17965879%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wouterlood FG, Canto CB, Aliane V, Boekel AJ, Grosche J, Härtig W, Beliën JA, Witter MP We studied the distribution and coexpression of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluT1, VGluT2), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and calretinin (CR, calcium-binding protein) in rat entorhinal cortex, using immunofluorescence staining and multichannel confocal laser scanning microscopy. Images were computer processed and subjected to automated 3D object recognition, colocalization analysis and 3D reconstruction. Since the VGluTs (in contrast to CR and GAD) occurred in fibers and axon terminals only, we focused our attention on these neuronal processes. An intense, punctate VGluT1-staining occurred everywhere in the entorhinal cortex. Our computer program resolved these punctae ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598590 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598589&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17968590%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hanson SJ, Hanson C, Halchenko Y, Matsuka T, Zaimi A How can the components of visual comprehension be characterized as brain activity? Making sense of a dynamic visual world involves perceiving streams of activity as discrete units such as eating breakfast or walking the dog. In order to parse activity into distinct events, the brain relies on both the perceptual (bottom-up) data available in the stimulus as well as on expectations about the course of the activity based on previous experience with, or knowledge about, similar types of activity (top-down data). Using fMRI, we examined the contribution of bottom-up and top-down processing to the comprehension of action streams by contrasting familiar action sequences with those having exactly the same perceptual detection and m... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598589 Sat, 01 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1598589 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598611&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717687%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kayser C, Logothetis NK Our different senses provide complementary evidence about the environment and their interaction often aids behavioral performance or alters the quality of the sensory percept. A traditional view defers the merging of sensory information to higher association cortices, and posits that a large part of the brain can be reduced into a collection of unisensory systems that can be studied in isolation. Recent studies, however, challenge this view and suggest that cross-modal interactions can already occur in areas hitherto regarded as unisensory. We review results from functional imaging and electrophysiology exemplifying cross-modal interactions that occur early during the evoked response, and at the earliest stages of sensory cortical processing. Although a... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598611 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598610&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717688%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fiala JC, Feinberg M, Peters A, Barbas H Recent data show that amyloid precursor protein accumulates inside axons after disruption of fast axonal transport, but how this leads to mature plaques with extracellular amyloid remains unclear. To investigate this issue, primitive plaques in prefrontal cortex of aged rhesus monkeys were reconstructed using serial section electron microscopy. The swollen profiles of dystrophic neurites were found to be diverticula from the main axis of otherwise normal neurites. Microtubules extended from the main neurite axis into the diverticulum to form circular loops or coils, providing a transport pathway for trapping organelles. The quantity and morphology of organelles contained within diverticula suggested a progression of degeneration. Primit... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598610 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598609&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717689%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salmi J, Rinne T, Degerman A, Salonen O, Alho K We studied orienting and maintenance of spatial attention in audition and vision. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in nine healthy subjects revealed activations in the same superior and inferior parietal, and posterior prefrontal areas in the auditory and visual orienting tasks when these tasks were compared with the corresponding maintenance tasks. Attention-related activations in the thalamus and cerebellum were observed during the auditory orienting and maintenance tasks and during the visual orienting task. In addition to the supratemporal auditory cortices, auditory orienting, and maintenance produced stronger activity than the respective visual tasks in the inferior parietal and prefrontal cortices, whereas only... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598609 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598608&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717690%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hoover WB, Vertes RP The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been associated with diverse functions including attentional processes, visceromotor activity, decision making, goal directed behavior, and working memory. Using retrograde tracing techniques, we examined, compared, and contrasted afferent projections to the four divisions of the mPFC in the rat: the medial (frontal) agranular (AGm), anterior cingulate (AC), prelimbic (PL), and infralimbic (IL) cortices. Each division of the mPFC receives a unique set of afferent projections. There is a shift dorsoventrally along the mPFC from predominantly sensorimotor input to the dorsal mPFC (AGm and dorsal AC) to primarily 'limbic' input to the ventral mPFC (PL and IL). The AGm and dorsal AC receive afferent projections from wide... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598608 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598607&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717691%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schubert D, Kötter R, Staiger JF Synaptic circuits bind together functional modules of the neocortex. We aim to clarify in a rodent model how intra- and transcolumnar microcircuits in the barrel cortex are laid out to segregate and also integrate sensory information. The primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex of rodents is the ideal model system to study these issues because there, the tactile information derived from the large facial whiskers on the snout is mapped onto so called barrel-related columns which altogether form an isomorphic map of the sensory periphery. This allows to functionally interpret the synaptic microcircuits we have been analyzing in barrel-related columns by means of whole-cell recordings, biocytin filling and mapping of intracortical functional co... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598607 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598606&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717692%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu B, Gao XL, Yin HX, Luo SQ, Lu J Several partial models of cochlear subparts are available. However, a complete 3D model of an intact cochlea based on actual histological sections has not been reported. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a novel 3D model of the guinea pig cochlea and conduct post-processes on this reconstructed model. We used a combination of histochemical processing and the method of acquiring section data from the visible human project (VHP) to obtain a set of ideal raw images of cochlear sections. After semi-automatic registration and accurate manual segmentation with professional image processing software, one set of aligned data and six sets of segmented data were generated. Finally, the segmented structures were reconstructed by 3D Slicer (a ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598606 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598605&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717693%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ashwell KW, Paxinos G, Watson CR The monotremes are a unique group of living mammals, which diverged from the line leading to placental mammals at least 125 million years ago. We have examined the organization of pontine, inferior olivary, lateral reticular and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) to determine if the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of these nuclei are similar to that in placental mammals and marsupials. We have used Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme-histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase and NADPH diaphorase as well as immunohistochemistry for non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody) and calcium binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin). Homologies could b... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598605 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598597&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17764016%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shapiro LA, Ng KL, Kinyamu R, Whitaker-Azmitia P, Geisert EE, Blurton-Jones M, Zhou QY, Ribak CE Newly generated neurons are continuously added to the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulbs of adult mammals. Studies also report newly generated neurons in the piriform cortex, the primary cortical projection site of the olfactory bulbs. The current study used BrdU-injection paradigms, and in vivo and in vitro DiI tracing methods to address three fundamental issues of these cells: their origin, migratory route and fate. The results show that 1 day after a BrdU-injection, BrdU/DCX double-labeled cells appear deep to the ventricular subependyma, within the white matter. Such cells appear further ventral and caudal in the ensuing days, first appearing in the rostral piriform corte... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598597 Sat, 01 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598604&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717695%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lübke J, Feldmeyer D A basic feature of the neocortex is its organization in functional, vertically oriented columns, recurring modules of signal processing and a system of transcolumnar long-range horizontal connections. These columns, together with their network of neurons, present in all sensory cortices, are the cellular substrate for sensory perception in the brain. Cortical columns contain thousands of neurons and span all cortical layers. They receive input from other cortical areas and subcortical brain regions and in turn their neurons provide output to various areas of the brain. The modular concept presumes that the neuronal network in a cortical column performs basic signal transformations, which are then integrated with the activity in other networks and more... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598604 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598603&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717696%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kronenberg G, Wang LP, Geraerts M, Babu H, Synowitz M, Vicens P, Lutsch G, Glass R, Yamaguchi M, Baekelandt V, Debyser Z, Kettenmann H, Kempermann G Since reports that precursor cells in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) contribute to regenerative neuro- and gliogenesis in CA1, we wondered whether a similar route of migration might also exist under physiological conditions. Permanent labeling of SVZ precursor cells with a lentiviral vector for green fluorescent protein did not reveal any migration from the SVZ into CA1 in the intact murine brain. However, in a nestin-GFP reporter mouse we found proliferating cells within the corpus callosum/alveus region expressing nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein similar to precursor cells in the neighboring neurogenic region of t... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598603 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598602&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717697%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we performed a comprehensive cell density analysis of such 'extra-ventricular proliferating cells' (EVPCs) during corticogenesis in rat and human using a mitotic marker anti-phospho-histone H3. Subsequently, we performed double-labelling studies with other mitotic and cell type specific markers to undertake phenotypic characterisation of EVPCs. Our findings show: (1) the densities of extra-ventricular H3-positive (H3+) cells were surprisingly similar in preplate stage rat and human; (2) extra-ventricular proliferation continues during mid-and late corticogenesis in rat and in early fetal human cortex; and (3) extra-ventricular cells appear to be mitotic precursors as they are not immunoreactive for a panel of early post-mitotic and cell type-specific markers, although (4) a ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598602 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598601&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717698%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duque A, Tepper JM, Detari L, Ascoli GA, Zaborszky L The basal forebrain (BF) contains cholinergic as well as different types of non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons and interneurons, including neuropeptide Y (NPY) containing cells. BF corticopetal neurons constitute an extrathalamic route to the cortex and their activity is associated with an increase in cortical release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, concomitant with low voltage fast cortical EEG activity. It has been shown in previous studies (Duque et al. in J Neurophysiol 84:1627-1635, 2000) that in anesthetized rats BF cholinergic neurons fire mostly during low voltage fast cortical EEG epochs, while increased NPY neuronal firing is accompanied by cortical slow waves. In this paper, electrophysiologically and neu... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598601 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598600&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717699%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wittner L, Henze DA, Záborszky L, Buzsáki G The three-dimensional intrahippocampal distribution of axon collaterals of an in vivo filled CA3c pyramidal cell was investigated. The neuron was filled with biocytin in an anesthetized rat and the collaterals were reconstructed with the aid of a NeuroLucida program from 48 coronal sections. The total length of the axon collaterals exceeded 0.5 m, with almost 40,000 synaptic boutons. The majority of the collaterals were present in the CA1 region (70.0%), whereas 27.6% constituted CA3 recurrent collaterals with the remaining minority of axons returning to the dentate gyrus. The axon arbor covered more than two thirds of the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, and the terminals were randomly distributed both locally and dis... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598600 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598599&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717700%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bolstad I, Leergaard TB, Bjaalie JG The cerebral cortex conveys major input to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemispheres by way of the pontine nuclei. Cerebrocortical projections terminate in multiple, widely distributed clusters in the pontine nuclei. This clustered organization is thought to provide the transition between the different organizational principles of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and indicates that parallel processing occurs at multiple sites in the pontine nuclei. At a cellular level, however, it is unknown whether individual cerebropontine neurons target pontocerebellar cells located in different clusters or not. We have employed anterograde axonal tracing and 3D computerized reconstruction techniques to characterize the branching pattern and morpho... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598599 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1598598&cid=s_37628_168_f&fid=37628&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17717701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heim S, Eickhoff SB, Ischebeck AK, Supp G, Amunts K During a lexical decision task, lexical decision making can be distinguished from lexical retrieval. Lexical decision making is independent of stimulus modality and not reflected in the decision times, whereas the opposite holds for lexical retrieval. In neuroimaging studies investigating lexical decision tasks with either visual or auditory stimuli these two processes have so far been confused. Therefore, it is not clear whether the activation of Broca's region, consisting of the left Brodmann's area (BA) 44 and BA 45, reported in such studies really reflects lexical decision making. The present event-related fMRI study investigated the role of Broca's region in lexical decision by analyzing brain activation that is independ... Brain Structure and Function journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1598598 Sun, 01 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1598598