MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Bulletin of the History of Medicine' source. Mon, 16 Jan 2012 09:17:27 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420292&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22080795%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sussman GD Abstract Summary:Firsthand accounts of the Black Death in Europe and the Middle East and many subsequent historians have assumed that the pandemic originated in Asia and ravaged China and India before reaching the West. One reason for this conviction among modern historians is that the plague in the nineteenth century originated and did its worst damage in these countries. But a close examination of the sources on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan Dynasty provides no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague among the many troubles that afflicted fourteenth-century China. PMID: 22080795 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420292 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 20:00:06 +0100 5420292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420291&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22080796%26dopt%3DAbstract "Because of their praiseworthy modesty, they consult too late": regime of hope and cancer of the womb, 1800-1910. Bull Hist Med. 2011;85(3):356-83 Authors: Löwy I Abstract Summary:The birth of the "do not delay" principle in cancer treatment has often been linked with developments in late nineteenth century: the rise of histology and cellular theory of malignancy that favored the definition of cancer as a local pathology, then the development of radical surgical techniques that transformed malignant tumors into a potentially curable condition. This text seeks to nuance this view. It points out important continuities in the understanding of the natural history of uterine cancers. At its center, the wish, already present in early nineteenth century, is to det... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420291 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 20:00:06 +0100 5420291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420290&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22080797%26dopt%3DAbstract This article provides a critical discussion of recent work on local government health care and health services in interwar England. A literature review examines case study approaches and comparative quantitative surveys, highlighting conventional and revisionist interpretations. Noting the differing selection criteria evident in some works, it argues that studies based upon a limited number of personal health services provide an insufficient basis for assessing local health activity and policy. There follows a regional study demonstrating various discrepancies between health financing data in local sources and those in nationally collated returns. These in turn give rise to various problems of assessment and interpretation in works relying on the latter, particularly ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420290 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 20:00:06 +0100 5420290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420289&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22080798%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the institution's aims, financing, and combined operation of Western and Chinese medical staffs in an environment of racial discrimination and political power struggles, as well as deep social and cultural divisions during the early twentieth-century plague epidemic. PMID: 22080798 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420289 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 20:00:06 +0100 5420289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420288&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22080799%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crenner C PMID: 22080799 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420288 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 20:00:06 +0100 5420288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103257&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21804182%26dopt%3DAbstract This article analyzes fourteen entries in the Registre de causes from the archdeaconry of Brie, 1499-1504, within the context of midwives' relationship with the church. It suggests that midwives were important appendages of the ecclesiastical bureaucracy. Midwife regulation was one aspect of the French church's attempts to maintain its autonomy against secular powers. Regulation by the ecclesiastical bureaucracy provided midwives with professional advantages and disadvantages. The ecclesiastical bureaucracy played a vital role in creating and sustaining midwifery as a profession, but also circumscribed midwives' practices. Overall, however, bureaucratic control was unsystematically applied, and midwives were often left to negotiate their own professional and social positions. PMID: 218... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103257 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 09:15:02 +0100 5103257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103256&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21804183%26dopt%3DAbstract This article focuses on the professional and social network that developed around Malpighi's medical activity. The network played a major role in promoting Malpighi's professional career and in disseminating his scientific ideas. Malpighi's medical practice was indeed fully integrated within his views of the structure and functioning of the human body in health and disease. A fresh look into Malpighi's medical practice allows us to get new insights into early modern relations among medicine, the new science, and the identity of physicians. PMID: 21804183 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103256 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 09:15:02 +0100 5103256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103255&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21804184%26dopt%3DAbstract This article uses evidence from Welsh apothecary shops as a means to access the mechanisms of the "medical marketplace" in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Wales. As a country physically remote from large urban medical centers, and with few large towns, Wales has often been overlooked in terms of medical commerce. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that Welsh apothecaries participated in broad and sophisticated networks of trade with London suppliers. Moreover, their shops contained a wide range of medicines from herbal simples to exotic ingredients and chemical preparations, highlighting the availability of such goods far from large urban centers. PMID: 21804184 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103255 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 09:15:02 +0100 5103255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103254&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21804185%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berkowitz C Summary:The early-nineteenth-century artist, anatomist, and teacher Sir Charles Bell saw anatomy and art as closely related subjects. He taught anatomy to artists and surgeons, illustrated his own anatomical texts, and wrote a treatise on the use of anatomy in art. The author explores the connections among visual displays representing human anatomy, aesthetics, and pedagogical practices for Bell and a particular group of British surgeon-anatomists. Creating anatomical models and drawings was thought to discipline the surgeon's hand, while the study of anatomy and comparative anatomy would discipline the artist's eye. And for Bell, beauty made drawings into better pedagogical tools. PMID: 21804185 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicin... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103254 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 09:15:02 +0100 5103254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103253&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21804186%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weisz G PMID: 21804186 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103253 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 09:15:02 +0100 5103253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4810820&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21551915%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective is to pinpoint as precisely as possible when and to what extent the roentgenologists knew of the life-threatening risks of X-ray exposure. Second, I articulate a partial explanation for their behavior that is rooted in the social power of remotely anatomizing the living body in fin de siècle American scientific and medical culture. PMID: 21551915 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4810820 Thu, 12 May 2011 02:45:03 +0100 4810820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4810819&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21551916%26dopt%3DAbstract "In the Last Stages of Irremediable Disease": American Hospitals and Dying Patients before World War II. Bull Hist Med. 2011;85(1):29-56 Authors: Abel EK Summary:After a brief discussion of early- and mid-nineteenth-century hospitals, this article focuses on the years between 1880 and 1939, when those facilities underwent a major transformation and the proportion of hospital deaths steadily increased. During both periods, private hospitals refused admission to many seriously ill people and discharged others when death approached. City hospitals dumped poor patients with advanced disease on chronic care facilities and especially on almshouses. With each transfer, the quality of care sharply declined. And trips from one institution to another often inflicted additional suffering;... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4810819 Thu, 12 May 2011 02:45:03 +0100 4810819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4810818&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21551917%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gavrus D Summary:In the 1930s and 1940s, neurosurgeons and clinical neurologists engaged in a fierce exchange on the scope of their specialties. Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield's rhetoric of therapeutic superiority had a strong impact both on the Rockefeller Foundation's support for his institute and on the self-fashioning of neurologists. Neurologists articulated their identity in spirited performances at the meetings of specialist societies, their response shifting from a combative approach to a focus on internal organization. In light of the neurosurgeons' discourse, by the 1950s a new generation of neurologists created a revisionist narrative that inaccurately portrayed the clinical neurologists of the past as having been uninterested in therapeutics. PMID: 21551917 [PubM... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4810818 Thu, 12 May 2011 02:45:03 +0100 4810818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4810817&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21551918%26dopt%3DAbstract This article provides a situated perspective on the history of bioequivalence, which emphasizes the shaping role of the state upon scientific processes, networks of regulators and scientists, and the centrality of transnational dynamics in the formation of drug regulatory standards. PMID: 21551918 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4810817 Thu, 12 May 2011 02:45:03 +0100 4810817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139835&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037395%26dopt%3DAbstract Presidential address: the origins and evolution of the mayo clinic from 1864 to 1939: a Minnesota family practice becomes an international "medical mecca". Bull Hist Med. 2010;84(3):323-57 Authors: Fye WB Summary:This paper describes the origins and international impact of the Mayo Clinic through 1939. Multispecialty group practice was invented at the clinic a century ago. A visiting Canadian physician wrote in 1906, "Specialization and cooperation, with the best that can be had in each department, is here the motto. Cannot these principles be tried elsewhere?" Mayo Clinic's major (and underappreciated) role in the development of rigorous postgraduate (specialty) training is addressed. Unlike traditional academic medical centers that emphasize research, Mayo's main mission has ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139835 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139834&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037396%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Williams EA Summary:In premodern medicine eating and digestion were often linked to psychic disturbance, yet modern "mental medicine" is generally thought to have abandoned this ancient assumption. The work of Philippe Pinel, founder of French psychiatry and advocate of the "moral treatment," has been regarded as indicative of this process, but in fact eating and digestion remained important to Pinel's understanding of the néuroses, the variety of disease within which he classified both mild and severe forms of mental illness. Pinel's theoretical and clinical innovations in regard to maladies that blended mental and gastric distress left an important legacy both to asylum-based psychiatry and to medical generalists working in private settings in the nineteenth century. Today ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139834 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139833&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037397%26dopt%3DAbstract This article studies this unique phase of vaccine research between 1910 and 1935 to show that in the debates and laboratory experiments around the potency and safety of vaccines, categories like "living" and "dead" were often used as ideological and moral denominations. These abstract and ideological debates were crucial in defining the final configuration of the Semple vaccine, the most popular antirabies vaccine used globally, and also in shaping international vaccination policies. PMID: 21037397 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139833 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139832&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037398%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the introduction of a particular technique, x-radiography, and its use by radiologists and others in debates on the causes and consequences of silica inhalation by the laboring population in Britain during the early decades of the twentieth century. In contrast to some recent interpretations, and also to the narrative of progress that practitioner historians have developed since the 1940s, this article suggests that the use of this technology was contested for much of this period and the interpretation of X-rays remained disputed and uncertain into the 1950s. The article also questions recent accounts of lay epidemiology as an adequate model for understanding the progress of such innovations in medical history. PMID: 21037398 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulleti... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139832 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139831&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037399%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: W Crenner C PMID: 21037399 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139831 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139830&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037400%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21037400 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139830 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139829&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21037401%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21037401 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139829 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:10:03 +0100 4139829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795425&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20657053%26dopt%3DAbstract The <i>Zhang</i> on Chinese Southern Frontiers: Disease Constructions, Environmental Changes, and Imperial Colonization. Bull Hist Med. 2010;84(2):163-92 Authors: Yang B Adopting a historicalist-conceptualist approach, this article scrutinizes from a longue durée perspective the Chinese disease concept zhang, which refers to a group of tropical and subtropical diseases on Chinese southern frontiers. It firstly reviews how the Chinese literati created and employed the term to set the southern, non-Han peoples culturally apart, then analyzes the zhang diseases and their treatment in Chinese traditional medicine. The article then turns to the question of how the zhang diseases constituted an ecological barrier that hindered Chinese southern expansions, illustrated b... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795425 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:06:03 +0100 3795425 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795424&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20657054%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Green A Analyzing William Beaumont's relationship with his experimental subject, Alexis St. Martin, this article demonstrates how the "research ethics" of antebellum America were predicated on models of employment, servitude, and labor. The association between Beaumont and St. Martin drew from and was understood in terms of the ideas and practices of contract labor, informal domestic servitude, indentures, and military service. Beaumont and St. Martin lived through an important period of transition in which personal master-servant relations existed alongside the "free" contract labor of market capitalism. Their relationship reflected and helped constitute important developments in nineteenth-century American labor history. PMID: 20657054 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bull... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795424 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:06:03 +0100 3795424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795423&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20657055%26dopt%3DAbstract "Dancing on eggs": charles h. Bynum, racial politics, and the national foundation for infantile paralysis, 1938-1954. Bull Hist Med. 2010;84(2):217-47 Authors: Mawdsley SE In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his law partner Basil O'Connor formed the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) to battle the viral disease poliomyelitis. Although the NFIP program was purported to be available for all Americans irrespective of "race, creed, or color," officials encountered numerous difficulties upholding this pledge in a nation divided by race. In 1944, NFIP officials hired educator Charles H. Bynum to head a new department of "Negro Activities." Between 1944 and 1954, Bynum negotiated the NFIP bureaucracy to educate officials and influence their national health pol... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795423 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:06:03 +0100 3795423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795422&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20657056%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lei SH In their endeavor to solve China's tuberculosis crisis, public health advocates in the 1930s framed tuberculosis as a disease of the Chinese family. Instead of being considered as a social disease, tuberculosis drew people's attention to the graphic details of personal health habits and the allegedly pathogenic structure of the Chinese family. Focusing on so-called unhygienic habits and on the selective acceptance, abandonment, or innovation of household utensils (such as the traditional sleeping platform, the individual cup, and the hygienic table), the author traces the process by which tuberculosis contributed to the making of the modern Chinese body by way of habituating individuality. PMID: 20657056 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medi... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795422 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:06:03 +0100 3795422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795421&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20657057%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20657057 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795421 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:06:03 +0100 3795421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795420&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20657058%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20657058 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795420 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 15:06:03 +0100 3795420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761715&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20632731%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Joosse NP, Pormann PE 'Abd al-LatÄ«f al-BaghdādÄ«'s (d. 1231) work Book of the Two Pieces of Advice (Kitāb al NasÄ«hatayn) challenges the idea that Islamic medicine declined after the twelfth century AD. Moreover, it offers some interesting insights into the social history of medicine. 'Abd al-LatÄ«f advocated using the framework of Greek medical epistemology to criticize the rationalist physicians of his day; he argued that female and itinerant practitioners, relying on experience, were superior to some rationalists. He lambasted contemporaneous medical education because it put too much faith in a restricted number of textbooks such as the Canon by Ibn SÄ«nā (Avicenna, d. 1037) or imperfect abridgments. PMID: 20632731 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bull... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761715 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 10:12:03 +0100 3761715 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761714&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20632732%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explores the origin and development of the weighing of babies. During its clinical and scientific adoption, this simple procedure was refined and applied in a number of increasingly sophisticated and far-reaching ways: as a measure of the dimensions of the fetus and newborn, as an index of the viability of the newborn, as a means of estimating milk intake, as a way of distinguishing normality from abnormality, as a summary measure of infant health, and as an instrument of mass surveillance. In so doing it changed the way in which medical care was delivered to infants. PMID: 20632732 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761714 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 10:12:03 +0100 3761714 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761713&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20632733%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the historical parallels and convergences between ideas of racial difference in the Anglo-American psychiatric community and concrete practices of inmate management in mental institutions in the postemancipation United States and colonial sub-Saharan Africa. It maps the theories and rhetoric of racial hierarchy that characterized psychiatrists' thought regarding the etiology of mental illness among people of African descent and the specific pathologies to which they were subject. Taking a closer look at Saint Elizabeths Hospital, a federal mental institution in Washington, D.C., the article explores the ways in which these theories of racial hierarchy translated into the actual management of black bodies. It ultimately argues that in order to fully comprehend the role... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761713 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 10:12:03 +0100 3761713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761712&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20632734%26dopt%3DAbstract Questioning the medical fringe: the "cultural doxy" of Catholic hydropathy in Belgium, 1890-1914. Bull Hist Med. 2010;84(1):92-119 Authors: Peeters E The relationship between orthodox (mainstream) medicine and heterodox (fringe) medicine during the nineteenth century continues to puzzle historians of medicine. Though many have qualified the sharp antagonism between the two as a (biased) historical construct, it remains difficult to lay bare the common problems that structured mainstream and fringe. In this contribution on the reception of hydrotherapy in the Belgian fin de siècle, I attempt to rethink the oppositional character of nineteenth-century fringe medicine at an empirical level. In many ways, I argue, Belgian hydropaths were prototypical proponents of medical hetero... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761712 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 10:12:03 +0100 3761712 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866110&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801791%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19801791 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866110 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866109&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801792%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Concern about the infection of servicemen and essential war workers with venereal disease led the U.S. Public Health Service, with the cooperation of state and local health officials, to set up a national program of venereal disease quarantine hospitals during World War II. Although some of the hospitals eventually accepted men, the initial purpose of these facilities was to detain and treat venereally affected prostitutes and "promiscuous women" who were considered a threat to the war effort. Using quarantine powers, officials forcibly detained venereally infected women and treated them for their disease. The hospitals were generally known as "rapid treatment centers" because of the methods employed to treat venereal disease. Health officials were especially concerned that p... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866109 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866109 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866108&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801793%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: In early-nineteenth-century America, anatomical narrative was crucial to the acquisition and performance of medical identity. Dissecting the dead, robbing graves, making and exhibiting "anatomical preparations," and joking with bodies and body parts all served to affirm membership in the cult of medical knowledge. So did telling stories about such things. Through an examination of the autobiography of Charles Knowlton (1800-1850), a rural physician who practiced in northwestern Massachusetts, this article argues that the recitation and exchange of anatomical stories enabled medical practitioners to assert professional identity, healing competence, and filiations with theories and cliques. In both content and performance, the anatomical tale rehearsed the storyteller's structu... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866108 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866107&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801794%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explores domestic practices of hydropathy in Britain, suggesting that these formed a major contribution to the popularity of the system in the mid-nineteenth century. Domestic hydropathy was encouraged by hydropathic practitioners in their manuals and in the training they provided at their establishments. We argue that hydropathy can be seen as belonging to two interacting spheres, the hydro and the home, and was associated with a mission to encourage self-healing practices as well as commercial interests. Home treatments were advocated as a follow-up to attendance at hydros and encouraged as a low-cost option for those unable to afford such visits. Domestic hydropathy emphasized the high profile of the patient and was depicted as being especially appropriate for women, though... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866107 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866106&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801795%26dopt%3DAbstract This article investigates the composition and use of such clothing in relation to British ideas of health and hygiene in tropical climates. First, it considers debates that ensued over the best material-wool, cotton, linen, silk, or a combination of these materials-and the role of "black" skin and local practice in the development of tropical clothing. Second, it demonstrates the importance of location in any discussion of tropical medicine and hygiene, and the tension and ambiguity that still surrounded British ideas of health and hygiene in the tropical colonies. Third, it argues that tropical clothing was important in the maintenance of climatic etiologies despite advances in parasitology and sanitary science. Finally, it considers the relationship of tropical clothing to the formation ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866106 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866105&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801796%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19801796 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866105 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866104&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801797%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19801797 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866104 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866103&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19801798%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19801798 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866103 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 22:42:02 +0100 2866103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524812&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502712%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19502712 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524812 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524811&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502713%26dopt%3DAbstract The fielding h. Garrison lecture: "i am their physician": dr. Owen j. Wister of germantown and his too many patients. Bull Hist Med. 2009;83(2):245-70 Authors: Owen J. Wister, M.D. (1825-1896) acquired one of the busiest "outdoor" practices in nineteenth-century Philadelphia, conducted throughout the city's large northwest district. Through letters, he described events in his daily rounds to his wife, the writer Sarah Butler Wister, when she was traveling to restore her own health. Wister's practice was filled with the mundane details of any general doctor's existence but also with confrontations with sudden and overpowering disease, and sometimes the grisly deaths of friends and family. Often he worked from early morning until late evening, seeing as many as thirty or forty p... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524811 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524810&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502714%26dopt%3DAbstract An "epeleptick" bondswoman: fits, slavery, and power in the antebellum South. Bull Hist Med. 2009;83(2):271-301 Authors: Epilepsy, as nineteenth-century observers understood the disease construct, was a feared diagnosis associated with insanity and uncontrollability. Cases of epileptic fits in slaves-whether they were considered genuine or feigned- highlighted deep struggles among white masters, physicians, and slaves themselves over the control of African American bodies. Some slaves who experienced fits were subjected to prolonged experimental treatments at the hands of physicians and white masters. Although Southern medical sources largely ignored the connection between epilepsy and trauma in slaves, abolitionists and ex-slave narratives published in the North used epilepsy... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524810 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524809&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502715%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses why there was also a rise in the number of people who were prepared to submit to all of these operations. Contrary to popular assumptions, many nineteenth- century patients did not lack effective autonomy. Their consent to surgery could not be taken for granted, especially as surgery was expensive compared with many other forms of treatment. Persuading patients that surgery could help them was an active process, and patients and their friends were often provided with pertinent information, especially in cases in which the doctors themselves had doubts about an operation. Faith in the theoretical possibility of safe surgery may have been just as important in contributing to doctors' increased willingness to operate as any improvement in practical results. A key factor... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524809 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524808&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502716%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Recent critiques of the role of pharmaceutical promotion in medical practice invoke a nostalgic version of 1950s and 1960s medicine as representing an uncomplicated relationship between an innovative pharmaceutical industry and an idealistic and sovereign medical profession-a relationship that was later corrupted by regulatory or business practice changes in the 1980s or 1990s. However, the escalation of innovation and promotion in the pharmaceutical industry at mid-century had already provoked a broader crisis of overflow in medical education in which physicians came to use both commercial and professional sources in an attempt to "keep modern" by incorporating emerging therapeutics into their practices. This phenomenon was simultaneously a crisis for the medical profession-... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524808 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524807&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502717%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19502717 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524807 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2524806&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19502718%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19502718 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2524806 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:46:02 +0100 2524806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300402&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329839%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:The last two decades have seen a reawakening of scholarly interest in the history of smallpox prevention. Accounts of vaccination and others efforts at controlling smallpox have moved away from heroic narratives toward more nuanced and contextualized understandings. It is now accepted that several viruses traveled under the vaccine label from the outset, and it has been demonstrated that a variety of techniques were used to perform vaccination operations. The character of nineteenth century sea voyages that took the vaccine to distant territories has also been re-examined; sometimes the spread of the vaccine was caused by private networks and ad hoc decisions, while at other times it was the result of enterprises with close resemblances to contemporary centralized vac... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300402 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300400&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329840%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:The introduction of smallpox vaccination after the publication of Edward Jenner's An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae depended on the spread of cowpox, a relatively rare disease. How Europeans and their colonial allies transported and maintained cowpox in new environments is a social and technological story involving a broad range of individuals from physicians and surgeons to philanthropists, ministers, and colonial administrators. Putting cowpox in new places also meant developing new techniques and organizations. This essay focuses on the actual practices of vaccination and their environmental contexts in order to illuminate the dynamic exchanges of materials, images, and ideas that made the spread of vaccination possible. PMID: 19329840... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300400 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300398&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329841%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:In histories of smallpox and vaccination, little attention has been paid to their progress in the southern latitudes. In this paper, I focus on the appearance of smallpox around Sydney Cove in 1789 and the introduction of cowpox (vaccine) to New South Wales in 1804. I demonstrate the connections, historical and virological, between the two events and examine the role of variolation in the spread of smallpox and in anticipating vaccination. I argue that imported "variolous matter," perhaps obtained in Cape Town, may have been the source of infection in the catastrophic epidemic among the Aborigines in 1789. I likewise examine the means by which vaccine was brought to Australia in relation to comparable initiatives around the Indian Ocean. I assess the significance of t... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300398 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300396&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329842%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:Smallpox produced the death of up to thirty percent of those infected, so Jenner's preventive method spread quickly. The Spanish government designed and supported a ten-year effort to carry smallpox vaccine to its American and Asian territories in a chain of arm-to-arm vaccination of children. An expedition directed by Doctor Francisco Xavier de Balmis sailed from Corunna in November 1803, stopping in the Canary Islands, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Balmis led a subexpedition to Cuba, Mexico, and the Philippines; his assistants returned to Mexico in 1807, while Balmis took vaccine to China and returned to Spain (and again to Mexico, 1810-13). Vice-director José Salvany and his staff took vaccine to present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chilean Patagoni... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300396 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300394&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329843%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:During the first half of the nineteenth century, a unique system of vaccination against smallpox was developed in the island of St. Croix in the Danish West Indies. The primary intention was to protect the population of enslaved workers, which was of fundamental importance to the economy of the colony. However, because the Danish abolition of the slave trade in 1803 had stopped the imports of new enslaved workers from Africa, the population was also decreasing. The vaccination system's success was due to a high degree of governmental control of the enslaved population that was virtually unseen anywhere else in the Caribbean. PMID: 19329843 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300394 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300392&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329844%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:Vaccination played a leading role in transforming the social and political status of medicine in Japanese society in the second half of the nineteenth century. The process began well before the Meiji Restoration of 1868 created a centralized government under the Japanese emperor. At the beginning of the century, medicine was a private business. There was no oversight from an interested government, and there were no medical societies or journals in which to debate and formulate opinion about medical practice. Medical knowledge was transmitted privately through personal lineage structures whose members jealously guarded their medical techniques. For almost a half century before live vaccine could be imported, knowledge of vaccination was limited to a small group of Japa... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300392 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300390&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329845%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Summary:In this article I will address colonial state policies toward smallpox in nineteenth-century Goa. The picture that emerges from the analysis of health services documents suggests a broad variety of coexisting practices. While the actions of some of the Portuguese head physicians epitomized the conflict between state-sponsored vaccination policies and local preferences for smallpox inoculation, others showed sympathy for and developed arguments in favor of inoculation as practiced by indigenous experts. Still others observed the existence among the population of hybrid practices combining elements of vaccination and inoculation. The diversity of Goan combinations along the violence/collaboration continuum should be interpreted within the context of current trends in th... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300390 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300389&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329846%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abstract:Summary: Focusing on colonial Punjab, this article explores how agrarian lower-class families' pursuit of safe and effective protection from smallpox shaped the region's prophylactic practices during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Specifically, the article explains shifts from variolation in conjunction with Sitala (smallpox goddess) worship to vaccination in conjunction with Sitala worship; from vaccination with crusts to vaccination with human and animal lymph; and from vaccination with fresh lymph to vaccination with tubed lymph. The article also illustrates how, regardless of the particular technologies employed at any given point in time, the demand for, and efficacy of, vaccination varied with seasonal fluctuations in labor and disease. More... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300389 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300386&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19329847 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300386 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2300384&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19329848%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19329848 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2300384 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 02:39:08 +0100 2300384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041419&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075383%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19075383 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041419 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041419 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041418&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075384%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the application of the Anatomy Act (1832) at Oxford University, circa 1885-1929. For the first time it retraces the economy of supply in dead bodies, sold by various black-market intermediaries and welfare agencies, transported on the railway to Oxford. Both pauper cadavers and body parts were used to train doctors in human anatomy at a time when student demand always exceeded the economy of supply. An added problem was that the trade in dead bodies was disrupted by a city coroner for Oxford in a bid to improve his professional standing. Disputes about medico-legal authority over the pauper corpse meant that the Anatomy Department failed to convince the local poor in the city center to sell their loved ones' remains for dissection on a regular basis. Adverse publicity... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041418 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041417&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075385%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crenner C Summary:Patient records from the Kansas City Free Dispensary, 1906-1912, provide material for a case study of race in early twentieth-century medicine. The dispensary was a free, racially integrated medical clinic operated for educational purposes by the University of Kansas. Little historical work has been done examining the role of race in routine medical practice. Medical records give insight to the development of durable clinical habits and rules of thumb. Practitioners at the Kansas City Free Dispensary showed clear racial inequities in their care, for example in the treatment of pain, but they did not acknowledge or explain their practices, although the necessary rhetoric and justifications lay close at hand. The author speculates that the disavowal of scientif... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041417 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041416&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075386%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilson DJ Summary:In this paper, I explore the kinds of psychological trauma experienced by polio patients in the mid-twentieth century in the United States. I argue that the trauma was the result of the experience of sudden paralysis, the conditions under which patients were treated, and the expectations for rehabilitation derived from the psychosocial context of the period. Psychiatric and psychological counseling in hospitals was only beginning to be offered in this period, and most polio patients received little or no counseling or assistance in dealing with their psychological problems. Contemporary psychological studies suggest that many polio patients suffered from psychological problems but that they were relatively mild. However, compared with the many studies of the ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041416 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041415&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075387%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tobbell DA Summary:During the 1960s, the drug industry was the subject of two congressional investigations into its business practices and pricing policies, and in 1962, passage of the Drug Amendments mandated greater Food and Drug Administration authority over pharmaceutical development. In this article, I examine the industry's efforts to circumvent these political challenges by drawing on its longstanding relationship with academic physicians and the American Medical Association. Using the medical profession's shared concern about expanding government oversight over therapeutic practice, the industry called on academic physicians to join forces with it and establish an expert advisory body to guide government officials on pharmaceutical policy. Drawing on research in the ar... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041415 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041414&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075388%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19075388 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041414 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041413&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075389%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19075389 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041413 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041412&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075390%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19075390 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041412 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2041411&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19075391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19075391 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2041411 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 15:44:28 +0100 2041411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795222&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791295%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brown M Eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century ideas about the occurrence and spread of epidemic disease were complex and contested. Although many thought that diseases such as plague, typhus, and cholera were contagious and were communicated from person to person or via the medium of goods, others believed that they were the product of atmospheric change. Moreover, as historians have emphasized, the early nineteenth century saw a move from a multifactoral, climatic etiology toward one that prioritized specific local corruption of the atmosphere caused by putrefying animal and vegetable matter. In this paper, I extend this analysis by linking to recent literature on dirt and disgust and exploring the importance of theologies. I examine the work of two key figures in the histo... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795222 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795221&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791296%26dopt%3DAbstract "Not from the college, but through the public and the legislature": charles maclean and the relocation of medical debate in the early nineteenth century. Bull Hist Med. 2008;82(3):545-69 Authors: Kelly C Charles Maclean is generally thought to have played an important role in the contagion debates of the early nineteenth century and to have prompted two parliamentary inquiries into the issue. The author examines the effects of Maclean's efforts to relocate the contagion debates from the medical to the public sphere. The author shows that Maclean's tactics challenged the exclusivity of medical knowledge by ceding power to decide the debate to a non-medically expert Parliament. The author also demonstrates how this conflict laid bare the side-by-side existence of two probative sy... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795221 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795220&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791297%26dopt%3DAbstract This study of the material preconditions for anatomy at one of Europe's most influential medical schools provides a contrast to the dominant Anglo-American histories of death and dissection. PMID: 18791297 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795220 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795219&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791298%26dopt%3DAbstract "The Red Man and the White Plague": Rethinking Race, Tuberculosis, and American Indians, ca. 1890-1950. Bull Hist Med. 2008;82(3):608-45 Authors: McMillen CW From the time it emerged as an epidemic in the last decades of the nineteenth century until it had become their number-one health problem in the 1950s, multiple explanations for the etiology of tuberculosis (TB) among American Indians competed for prominence. None was more debated than racial susceptibility-and none held on with such tenacity. Various race-based explanations -Indians' inherent racial susceptibility, virgin soil theory, and degree of Indian blood-had great explanatory power. These explanations faded from view by the 1950s as a result of epidemiological research begun in the 1930s-research that for the first... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795219 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795218&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791299%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Casper ST The emergence of neurology at Johns Hopkins presents a case study for reconsidering the international and institutional contexts of neurology generally. Using a variety of sources, Hopkins's interwar plans for neurology are presented and contextualized in the international environment of neurology, medical research, and philanthropy. During this period, neurology across the world, especially in Britain, was undergoing vast institutional changes. In order for Hopkins to remain at the forefront of excellence in both medicine and medical education, a program in neurology was deemed essential, and this would seem now to have been an unproblematic advance. Spearheading the project for the establishment of neurology at Hopkins was the dean of the medical school, Lewis H. W... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795218 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795217&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791300%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crenner C PMID: 18791300 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795217 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795216&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791301%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18791301 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795216 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795215&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791302%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18791302 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795215 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795214&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791303%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18791303 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795214 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795213&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791304%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18791304 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795213 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795212&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791305%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18791305 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795212 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795211&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791306%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18791306 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795211 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 15:17:46 +0100 1795211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626261&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622069%26dopt%3DAbstract This article uses an examination of the 1791 plague in Egypt to explore the relationships among disease, famine, flood, drought, and death in late eighteenth-century Egypt. It analyzes how plague functioned as part of a regular biophysical pathology of the environment in which the disease came and went as one iteration in a cycle that included famine, wind, flood, drought, price inflation, and revolt. Using the works of Egyptian chroniclers, archival materials, secondary studies, and traveler accounts, this article integrates plague into the study of the Egyptian environment by showing how it was a regular and expected part of life in Egypt. PMID: 18622069 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626261 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626260&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622070%26dopt%3DAbstract Sacagawea's "Cold": Pregnancy and the Written Record of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Bull Hist Med. 2008;82:276-309 Authors: Kastor PJ, Valenčius CB Summary:In June 1805, Sacagawea fell gravely ill along the Missouri River during the outward journey of the Corps of Discovery. Historical discussion of her illness has failed to take into account the context of travel literature and writing at the time-in particular, the conventions governing references to personal experience, descriptions of Native American life, and the language of women's bodies. When William Clark and Meriwether Lewis wrote in their journals that Sacagawea was dangerously ill because she had "taken a cold," and that they blamed her partner Toussaint Charbonneau for her illness, they likely meant that ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626260 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626259&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622071%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Birn AE Summary:Circa 1900 Uruguayan medical authorities prided themselves on their country's health achievement: the lowest recorded infant mortality rate in Latin America and one of the lowest rates in the world. Over the next three decades, however, these doctors' pride suffered blow after blow as Uruguay's infant mortality stagnated at roughly the same 1900 rate, while other countries experienced sustained mortality declines. Even more frustrating was the apparent inadequacy of the measures that physicians themselves had advocated and implemented. This paper explores Uruguay's infant mortality dynamics during the first half of the twentieth century through the observations, acerbic debates, analyses, policy-making, and administrative perspectives of the country's pediatric... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626259 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626258&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622072%26dopt%3DAbstract "Physicians are not Bootleggers": The Short, Peculiar Life of the Medicinal Alcohol Movement. Bull Hist Med. 2008;82:355-386 Authors: Appel JM Summary:This essay seeks to chronicle the effort of physicians to secure the right to prescribe beer, liquor, and other alcoholic beverages to their patients for medicinal uses during the Prohibition era. A review of the medical literature and popular press from the period 1920-26 reveals that the physicians who lobbied for the right to prescribe alcohol and, ultimately, took their claim to the United States Supreme Court, were not uniformly antiprohibitionists attempting to circumvent the Eighteenth Amendment. Instead, this coalition of physician activists, led by John P. Davin and Samuel W. Lambert, included both supporters and opponen... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626258 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626257&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622073%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reconstructs the relations between the theory and practice of psychosurgery and a dynamic approach to mental illness. The article claims that psychosurgical discourse adopted key concepts from psychoanalytical discourse and that psychodynamically oriented psychiatrists and psychoanalysts incorporated the basic tenets of psychosurgery into their writings. Hence a common, eclectic discourse on psychosurgery was created, used by psychodynamically oriented psychiatrists and psychosurgeons alike and containing elements from both theories. This article addresses the far-reaching effects this discourse had on therapeutic practice and on the widespread mutual acceptance of psychosurgery. The article questions the distinction between somatic and dynamic approaches to mental illness, cl... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626257 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626256&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622074%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wolfe EL, Wolfe D PMID: 18622074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626256 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626255&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622075%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Packard RM, Fissell ME PMID: 18622075 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626255 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626254&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622076%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18622076 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626254 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 14:31:47 +0100 1626254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503603&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344583%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fissell ME Women played substantial roles in health and healing in medieval and early-modern Europe. They have been undercounted in studies that rely upon occupational labels, but when we look at caregiving and bodywork, we can see women providing a broad range of services. Although women often healed in domestic settings, neither female patients nor practitioners should be considered in isolation from larger market forces that shaped men's healing work. PMID: 18344583 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503603 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503602&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344584%26dopt%3DAbstract This article intends to illustrate how women's significant contribution to healthcare can be mapped out by looking at the domestic space that is largely left outside the histories of medieval medicine. First, it explores the language that names women's activities to maintain health and alleviate illness, showing how words identifying women's capacities to heal come from everyday actions and belong to the semantic domain of women and mothers. The caring meanings ascribed to the words women, mothers, midwives, and nurses in the Iberian mother tongues conflate and describe a continuum of practice whose origin is the household, from where it expands to the community. Second, it discusses the importance of women's ordinary domestic care within the theoretical frame of the six non-naturals, part... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503602 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503601&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344585%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harkness DE In Elizabethan London, women occupied a significant position in the city's medical marketplace, both as consumers of medical services and as practitioners. Though male medical authors of the period objected to the presence and practices of these women, a very different view of their medical work emerges if we shift our historical vantage point to the streets, houses, churches, and hospitals of the city. Using relatively underutilized sources such as parish records, probate records, lists of immigrants to London, hospital records, and individual manuscripts it is possible to draw a richer, more detailed portrait of how female health-care workers engaged with the business of health and healing. Women emerge from these records as active, prominent, and acknowledged pa... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503601 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503600&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344586%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explores the obstacles faced by the female medical expert in the early modern courtroom through a close reading of three case studies: Marie Garnier, expert midwife tried for false testimony in 1665, and Angélique Perrotin and Barbe-Françoise D'Igard, accused of false accusation of rape and infant substitution, respectively, in the 1730s. The difficulties of determining the veracity of the corporeal signs of a crime were particularly acute with regard to the reproductive female body, which was perceived to be less reliable than its male counterpart. The ability of the female medical expert to accurately and truthfully interpret such signs was also questionable, and at times she seems to have been as much "on trial" as the bodies of those she examined. PMID: 18344... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503600 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503599&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344587%26dopt%3DAbstract This article uses the case of German noblewoman Elisabeth of Rochlitz as a window on sixteenth-century patient attitudes toward disease and the body. A widowed duchess of Saxony, Elisabeth spent the last twenty years of her life battling an increasingly serious string of illnesses. Despite her ready access to learned physicians and her friendly relationship with several of them, she used a wide variety of practitioners and frequently privileged lower-status healers when she perceived their methods to be more efficacious. She placed the greatest weight on remedies that would relieve the experienced symptoms of her illness, rather than more holistic methods such as doctors' regimens. This perception of disease as a set of symptoms led to a dispute about the meaning of signs in her final illn... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503599 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503598&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344588%26dopt%3DAbstract This article is a study of household medicine production and consumption through an examination of the papers of Elizabeth Freke (1641-1714) and a wider survey of around nine thousand medical recipes in printed and manuscript collections from seventeenth-century England. It investigates the sorts of medicines that may have been produced in early modern households and the production methods, ingredients, and equipment used. Focusing on three inventories of medicines compiled by Freke between 1710 and 1712 as well as her manuscript recipe collection and medical reading notes, I contend that she kept on hand a number of cure-alls and medicines for general weaknesses, while holding onto recipes for more-specific ailments; the recipes, in these cases, would be the "just-in-case" medicine cabine... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503598 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503597&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18344589%26dopt%3DAbstract This article provides a transcription and translation of four notarized declarations describing the events surrounding a postmortem caesarean section performed in 1545 in Vercelli, a small city in the Duchy of Savoy. After her death in the late stages of pregnancy, Isabella della Volpe's body was opened and her fetus excised by a local barber, aided by a surgeon and a midwife. The article argues that the postmortem caesarean section was a well-known and widely accepted procedure and that it might be motivated by financial and legal as well as religious concerns; not only was it important to baptize the child for its salvation, but the fate of the mother's dowry, as in this case, might depend on whether she died with or without living issue. PMID: 18344589 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503597 Mon, 09 Jun 2008 23:16:06 +0100 1503597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503630&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 17369660 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503630 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503629&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369661%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cantor D PMID: 17369661 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503629 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503628&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369662%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cantor D Historians have highlighted a growing medical enthusiasm for public health education movies in the early twentieth century. This essay suggests that there is another historiographic tale to tell, of concerns that films might undermine the public health messages they were designed to promote--concerns that threatened continued interest in movies during the Depression of the 1930s. First, focusing on cancer-education movies aimed at the general public released by the American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC, founded 1913), the paper argues that the organization's initial enthusiasm for movies was tempered from the late 1920s by a combination of high production costs, uncertainty as to the effectiveness of movies as public-education tools, and the hard economic s... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503628 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503627&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369663%26dopt%3DAbstract "For Jimmy and the boys and girls of America": publicizing childhood cancers in twentieth-century America. Bull Hist Med. 2007;81(1):70-93 Authors: Krueger G This paper examines a collection of images of children printed in cancer education and fund-raising materials distributed by voluntary health organizations, released by public relations departments of specialized cancer hospitals, and featured in popular magazines and newspapers beginning in the late 1940s. Children represented only a small fraction of all persons with cancer, yet they became a key component of the media campaign for the disease. What narratives were embedded in the photographs and profiles? Like the March of Dimes' use of young polio patients to promote their programs, "poster children" were strategically... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503627 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503626&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369664%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lederer SE This paper explores the cultural representations of cancer in popular Hollywood films released between 1930 and 1970. These cinematic treatments were not representative of the types of cancer that increasingly afflicted Americans, nor were filmmakers and studios concerned with realistic representations of the disease, its treatment, and its outcomes. As in the "epidemic entertainments" of the early twentieth century that portrayed diseases as cultural commodities, popular filmmakers selectively projected some cancers rather than others, favoring those that were less offensive and more photogenic. Although the characters became weak and died, they did so without gross transformations of their bodies. This paper argues that such representations nonetheless informed Am... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503626 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503625&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369665%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines British medical debates about cancer education in the 1950s, debates that reveal how those responsible for cancer control thought about the public and their relationship to it, and what they thought the new political economy of medicine introduced by the National Health Service would mean for that relationship. Opponents of education campaigns argued that such programs would add to the economic and organizational pressures on the NHS, by setting in motion an ill-informed, uncontrollable demand that would overwhelm the service. But an influential educational "experiment" devised by the Manchester Committee on Cancer challenged these doubts, arguing that the public's fear was based in their experience with family and friends dying of the disease. The challenge for cance... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503625 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503624&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369666%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the women's contribution in the light of feminist and professional struggles over the relative merits of surgery and radiotherapy. It argues that radiotherapy was an issue of special interest to women surgeons, not only because of the long history of feminist opposition to gynecological surgery, but also because it could widen women's access to the medical profession in the face of male exclusion from training posts and honorary appointments at voluntary hospitals. PMID: 17369666 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503624 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503623&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369667%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pickstone JV The treatment of cancer through the twentieth century may be seen as the successive addition of modalities: first surgery; then radiotherapy, especially between the world wars; and then chemotherapy, from the 1960s. This paper explores some of the systematic differences between the modalities, and how these additions were negotiated in different countries, with different long-term consequences for the development of services and specialization. It focuses chiefly on the United Kingdom and the United States, the former exemplifying a centralized health polity, and the latter, liberal markets combined with large and crucial postwar inputs from government. The differences between health polities were especially important for interwar radiotherapy, which in its centra... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503623 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503622&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369668%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Keating P, Cambrosio A Clinical trials are the principal vector for the development of chemotherapy, and they have become such a pervasive element of clinical cancer research that modern oncologists tend to take them for granted. Yet the system of cancer clinical trials amounts to a relatively recent (post-World War II) innovation. Its development has proceeded through ad hoc adjustments, and has produced a self-vindicating, yet open-ended, style of practice. This paper examines the historical development and articulation of the components of this new style of practice (protocols, oncologists, statistics, patients, and diseases), and of the new kind of objectivity they engender, by drawing on selected examples from American and European cancer clinical trial systems. PMID:... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503622 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503621&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369669%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lerner BH In 1984 the noted breast cancer activist Rose Kushner published a controversial article, "Is Aggressive Adjuvant Chemotherapy the Halsted Radical of the '80s?" In it, she argued that chemotherapy was being used as indiscriminately as the radical mastectomy had been, before she and others had successfully discredited the disfiguring operation. As with all of Kushner's writings, this article raised valid points in an informed and provocative style, but her attack on chemotherapy was more one-sided than was typical. This may have been due to the highly personal nature of the topic: when she was diagnosed with recurrent breast cancer, she had declined chemotherapy in favor of a hormonal agent, tamoxifen. She also developed a close working and financial relationship with ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503621 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503620&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369670%26dopt%3DAbstract Breast cancer and the "materiality of risk": the rise of morphological prediction. Bull Hist Med. 2007;81(1):241-66 Authors: Löwy I This paper follows the history of "morphological risk" of breast cancer. In the early twentieth century, surgeons and pathologists arrived at the conclusion that specific anatomical and cytological changes in the breast are related to a heightened risk of developing a malignancy in the future. This conclusion was directly related to a shift from macroscopic to microscopic diagnosis of malignancies, and to the integration of the frozen section into routine surgery for breast cancer. In the interwar era, conditions such as "chronic mastitis" and "cystic disease of the breast" were defined as precancerous, and women diagnosed with these condition... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503620 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503619&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369671%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Necochea R Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) helps us understand how medical genetics has changed over the last forty years. The concept of the "cancer family" emerged from the realization that members of some families developed cancer more frequently than members of others, which led to a series of strategies by clinicians in the 1960s to persuade others of this. By the early 1990s molecular genetics had transformed the disease, from one that a few physicians believed ran in families, to one with precise genetic components that researchers generally accepted, and that could be detected through genetic tests. Nevertheless, a diagnosis of HNPCC still requires that the mutated genes be found within a kin group that is generally accepted as a cancer family. Moreo... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503619 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503618&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369672%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berridge V The 1962 report of the Royal College of Physicians on smoking was a significant event in the history of smoking. Its significance was, however, more than smoking-specific: the RCP committee's appointment, its membership, its work, and the manner of its publication signified the changes within social medicine, and within the medical profession more generally, in postwar Britain. Doctors assumed the right to speak to the public and to government on matters of individual health, and a new risk-based public health was in the process of formation. A public health "policy community" formed, and governments began to assume responsibility for advising the public on health matters. The use of research in the report, and of social research in response to it, was important in ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503618 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503617&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17369673%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Timmermann C In recent years lung cancer specialists have complained that due to stigma resulting from the association of the disease with smoking, theirs is a neglected field. This paper demonstrates that in the 1950s and 1960s, when the British Medical Research Council (MRC) started to organize clinical trials for various forms of cancer, this was not the case. Rather, the organizers of these trials saw lung cancer as a particularly promising object of research, for much was known about the disease. The cancer trials were part of a strategy to use the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) technology to cement the role of the MRC as the dominant body overseeing medical research in Britain. The organization of the trials, however, turned out to be very difficult, due to ethical pr... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503617 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503616&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17844719%26dopt%3DAbstract This article offers a reexamination of the impact of bubonic plague epidemics, using sixteenth-century Seville as a case study. It argues that municipal health officials did not simply shut down the city in times of plague, but successfully negotiated a balance between medical concerns and economic interests. While officials enacted a traditional regimen of public health measures, such as travel bans and quarantines, they also maintained open lines of communication with residents and continually allowed individual exemptions from plague restrictions. Such exemptions empowered residents, allowed trade to continue, and dissipated popular resistance. Redefining public health to more broadly include the overall well-being of the community, this article finds that Seville's health officials suc... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503616 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503615&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17844720%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explores the dynamics that resulted in the Northamptonshire authorities' successfully evading their responsibility to build a county asylum. The loopholes in the supposedly mandatory legislation are examined, with the implications this had for the relationship between the Commissioners in Lunacy and the NGLA governors, as well as the conflict between the local magistrates and the NGLA governors that eventually forced Northamptonshire to conform and build its own specific county asylum in 1876. PMID: 17844720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503615 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503614&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17844721%26dopt%3DAbstract Crafting medical history: revisiting the "definitive" account of Franklin D. Roosevelt's terminal illness. Bull Hist Med. 2007;81(2):386-406 Authors: Lerner BH While revisionist historians have challenged many standard interpretations of events in the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, one account has remained virtually unscathed: an article about Roosevelt's terminal illness and death written by one of his physicians, Howard G. Bruenn. Yet this article, like all historical documents, was not "objective" but rather a reflection of social and political forces--both from the 1940s, when Roosevelt became ill, and from 1970, when Bruenn's piece was published. This essay argues that Bruenn, the Roosevelt family, and the historian James MacGregor Burns worked together to craft a do... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503614 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503613&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17844722%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brimnes N Between 1947 and 1951 the Scandinavian-led International Tuberculosis Campaign tested more than 37 million children and adolescents for tuberculosis, and vaccinated more than 16 million with BCG vaccine. The campaign was an early example of an international health program, and it was generally seen as the largest medical campaign to date. It was born, however, as a Danish effort to create goodwill in war-ravaged Europe, and was extended outside Europe only because UNICEF in 1948 unexpectedly donated US $2 million specifically for BCG vaccination in areas outside Europe. As the campaign transformed from postwar relief to an international health program it was forced to make adaptations to different demographic, social, and cultural contexts. This created a tension bet... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503613 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503612&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17873450%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenberg CE Erwin H. Ackerknecht was an influential member of that small group of largely émigré historians of medicine who professionalized their field in the United States. Ackerknecht was influenced by both contemporary social science and an implicitly political vision of social medicine. It was a vision reinforced by his work in social anthropology in Paris in the 1930s, and it is a tradition that has its own intellectual pedigree, one that can be traced back to the era of Rudolf Virchow. It was no accident that Ackerknecht wrote on the social and ecological dimensions of disease, and that he was a vigorous advocate of a powerfully felt but, in retrospect, inconsistent relativism. His emphases on everyday medical practice and on siting ideas in their social and ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503612 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503611&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17873451%26dopt%3DAbstract "The English disease" or "Asian rickets"? Medical responses to postcolonial immigration. Bull Hist Med. 2007;81(3):533-68 Authors: Bivins R Do the former colonizing powers, like their former colonies, have "postcolonial medicine," and if so, where does it take place, who practices it, and upon whom? How has British medicine in particular responded to the huge cultural shifts represented by the rise of the New Commonwealth and associated postcolonial immigration? I address these questions through a case study of the medical and political responses to vitamin D deficiency among Britain's South Asian communities since the 1960s. My research suggests that in these contexts, diet frequently became a proxy or shorthand for culture (and religion, and race), while disease justified pre... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503611 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503610&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17873452%26dopt%3DAbstract This article argues that historians of medicine have, until very recently, misinterpreted the relationship of "science" and "the clinic" in the early twentieth century. It follows recent historiographic developments in focusing on the relationship in practice as exemplified by the development of a specific variety of collaborative clinical research using laboratory methods, ca. 1919-37, in a major British medical school. It suggests that it is such working hybrids that should be studied in order to understand fully the development of scientific medicines in the United Kingdom in this period. In Glasgow, it was the local medical culture's characteristic local subservience to clinical priorities that facilitated, in a particular kind of academic unit, a certain type of hierarchical teamwork ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503610 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503609&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17873453%26dopt%3DAbstract This article details the history of Slossfield Hospital, an African American hospital and community center founded in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1937. During its New Deal-era existence it provided African American physicians institutional support for their medical practices. Additionally, as a community center, it addressed the socioeconomics of good health. This paper uses Slossfield as a case study to explore how some African Americans included the socioeconomic in their definition of public health during the New Deal, as well as to understand how these ideas were subsumed by more mainstream ideas about public health promulgated by black and white physicians and the local and federal governments. PMID: 17873453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503609 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503608&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18084104%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duffin J A survey of more than six hundred miracle records in the canonization files of the Vatican Secret Archives from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century reveals that more than 95 percent are healings from illness. The history of the canonization process is summarized to explain the sources. The diagnoses amenable to miracle cure change through time to reflect current medical preoccupations and methods. Physician testimony has always been crucial to the investigation of miracles for declaring the hopeless prognosis and the surprise at recovery. From this analysis, medicine and religion emerge as parallel semiotic endeavors, using their canons of wisdom and careful observation to derive meaning in suffering. PMID: 18084104 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Sou... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503608 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503607&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18084105%26dopt%3DAbstract This article considers the quality of midwifery skills and practice principally in eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and early twentieth-century England. It discusses the merits of assessing effectiveness via differentials and changes in late-fetal rather than maternal mortality. Evidence from the lying-in hospitals, both in-patients and out-patients, in terms of stillbirths and the deaths of mothers and children is set against what is known from demographic studies of the background levels of early-age and maternal mortality. The conclusions emphasize the value of taking a "fetal health" perspective, rather than viewing midwifery simply in terms of maternal well-being. They also note the apparent superiority of London's position compared with the provinces and the steady improvement during the ei... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503607 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503606&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18084106%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sturdy S The appointment of James Lorrain Smith as first full-time professor of pathology at the University of Edinburgh in 1912 led to a series of reforms in pathology teaching there. Most significant was the inception of what Lorrain Smith called the "case method of teaching pathology," which used the investigation of clinical cases as the basis for a series of exercises in clinico-pathological correlation. This paper examines the social and cognitive organization of the case method of teaching, and shows how such exercises were expected to inform the students' future medical training and practice. In so doing, it also throws light on the relationship between medical science and clinical practice that obtained in Edinburgh at that time. PMID: 18084106 [PubMed - indexed f... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503606 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503605&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18084107%26dopt%3DAbstract This article looks at medical approaches to women's fertility in Argentina in the 1930s and explores the ways in which eugenics encouraged the reproduction of the fit and attempted to avoid the reproduction of the unfit. The analysis concentrates on three main aspects: biotypology (the scientific classification of bodies), endocrine therapy, and sterilization. The article concludes by suggesting that a eugenically oriented obstetrical and gynecological practice encouraged both endocrine treatments (to achieve the ideal fertile woman) and sterilization, which, in spite of being legally banned, found a subtle application. PMID: 18084107 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503605 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503604&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18084108%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Keller RC Although scholars have exhibited close interest in the life and work of Frantz Fanon, few have emphasized his work as a psychiatrist. This essay surveys recent books and films that have placed Fanon's clinical experience at the center of his life's work. It concludes that historians of colonial medicine have much to gain from these works and their reexaminations of a controversial figure. PMID: 18084108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503604 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1503604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503650&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16549880%26dopt%3DAbstract "Neither of meate nor drinke, but what the Doctor alloweth": medicine amidst war and commerce in eighteenth-century Madras. Bull Hist Med. 2006;80(1):1-38 Authors: Chakrabarti P Madras in the eighteenth century was a site of continuous warfare sparked mostly by trading interests. This paper studies how these influences of hostility and commerce shaped the medical establishment of the English East India Company. It begins by analyzing the struggle of the medical establishment to cope with military and logistical requirements; it then shows how the Coromandel trade provided a peculiar dynamic to the practice of medicine in Madras. By aligning the history of medicine with that of trade, the paper traces the parallel trajectories of intellectual and material wealth. The development... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503650 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503649&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16549881%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hochmuth C Scholars of colonial medicine have not paid sufficient attention to the role of indigenous practitioners educated in scientific medicine. This paper examines the context of education in scientific medicine through a number of medical texts written by indigenous authors; it also analyzes the in-patient and out-patient work of indigenous practitioners in government dispensaries by means of yearly dispensary reports, a resource that has hitherto not been researched systematically. Such an analysis offers valuable insights into the way that scientific medicine was accommodated by the local environment, and was combined with principles of indigenous medicine. PMID: 16549881 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503649 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503648&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16549882%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schlich T This paper analyzes how in Germany in the first half of the twentieth century the development of surgery and modern automobile traffic were intertwined. It describes the mutual influence of traffic policy and trauma surgery under the conditions of National Socialist politics of modernization. This coevolutionary development provides an example of how the rise of much of modern surgery can be better understood by taking into account other, nonmedical developments in society. PMID: 16549882 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503648 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503647&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16549883%26dopt%3DAbstract This article compares the careers of two psychotropic drugs in Western psychiatry, with a focus on the nineteenth century: Cannabis indica and chloral hydrate. They were used by doctors for similar indications, such as mania, delirium tremens, and what we would now call drug dependence. The two show similar career paths consisting of three phases: initial enthusiasm and therapeutic optimism; subsequent negative appraisal; and finally, limited use. These cycles, which we term "Seige cycles," are generally typical of the careers of psychotropic drugs in modern medicine. However, differences in the careers of both drugs are also established. The phases of chloral show relatively higher peaks and lower valleys than those of cannabis. Chloral is the first typically "modern" psychotropic drug; a... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503647 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503646&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16562350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kushner HI Despite more than a century of attempts to control the use of addictive substances, prevalence rates continue to grow for most of them. Exceptions are tobacco and alcohol use, which, nevertheless, remain major public health concerns. Why have these attempts at drug control had little success? This question is addressed in the histories of substance use that are examined in this essay. While these studies show that there are multiple histories, definitions, and frames of addiction that have shifted over time, some broad themes emerge. Foremost is the argument that the classification of a substance as licit or illicit has had more to do with cultural values than with the substance itself. Historians, skeptical of essentialist categories, have questioned whether addict... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503646 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503645&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16809862%26dopt%3DAbstract This article uses archival material from Venice's Inquisition records from 1580 to 1650, as well as mortality data. PMID: 16809862 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503645 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503644&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16809863%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gronim SS People in colonial New York adopted inoculation for smallpox as quickly and as thoroughly as did people anywhere in the British Atlantic world. Such adoption was not dependent upon the authority of formal medicine, but rather upon everyday epistemology. Inoculation became accepted as local knowledge because ordinary New Yorkers integrated it imaginatively into common ideas about the body and disease, reconceptualized its theological meaning, and incorporated it into familiar social relations of healing. PMID: 16809863 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503644 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503643&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16809864%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Humphreys M Medical observers during the American Civil War were happily surprised to find that typhus fever rarely made an appearance, and was not a major killer in the prisoner-of-war camps where the crowded, filthy, and malnourished populations appeared to offer an ideal breeding ground for the disease. Through a review of apparent typhus outbreaks in America north of the Mexican border, this article argues that typhus fever rarely if ever extended to the established populations of the United States, even when imported on immigrant ships into densely populated and unsanitary slums. It suggests that something in the American environment was inhospitable to the extensive spread of the disease, most likely an unrecognized difference in the North American louse population compa... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503643 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503642&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16809865%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lombardo PA, Dorr GM The Public Health Service (PHS) Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Male Negro (1932-72) is the most infamous American example of medical research abuse. Commentary on the study has often focused on the reasons for its initiation and for its long duration. Racism, bureaucratic inertia, and the personal motivations of study personnel have been suggested as possible explanations. We develop another explanation by examining the educational and professional linkages shared by three key physicians who launched and directed the study. PHS surgeon general Hugh Cumming initiated Tuskegee, and assistant surgeons general Taliaferro Clark and Raymond A. Vonderlehr presided over the study during its first decade. All three had graduated from the medical school at the U... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503642 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503641&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16809866%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explores its cultural impact in the context of the women's health movement. Though women had long made do without it, the "private little revolution," as the test was called in an early advertisement, enabled them to take control of their reproductive health care and moved the moment of discovery from the doctor's office (back) to the home. The article introduces the test, explores its acceptance by physicians and by women, looks at the marketing of the test by drug companies, and traces its use in movies, television, and novels. PMID: 16809866 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503641 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503640&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17147130%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the sustained effort by American researchers between the mid-1930s and the mid-1950s to develop an effective influenza vaccine. From almost the beginning of this project, researchers succeeded in protecting laboratory animals from lethal influenza infection, and they believed that success with humans would follow quickly. Yet although they succeeded in producing a vaccine that proved effective in field trials in 1943 and 1945, that same vaccine failed to offer any protection in 1947. This vaccine failure forced researchers to reconsider the growing evidence of antigenic variation and challenged the model of the virus that had been taken for granted. PMID: 17147130 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503640 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503639&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17147131%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fink-Jensen M In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, all intellectual pursuits in Europe were colored by the religious conditions of the age. Accordingly, investigations into nature were unable to avoid issues dealing with the workings of divine power. The reestablishment of the University of Copenhagen after the Reformation of 1536 in the joint kingdom of Denmark and Norway prompted the formulation of an official Lutheran program for the study of medicine and natural philosophy (including anatomy). This program was wholly based on the ideas of the German reformer Philip Melanchthon, the aim being to apply knowledge of, for example, anatomy in support of the newly reformed Lutheran society. Thus, the crown and the church officially sanctioned Melanchthon's thoughts ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503639 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503638&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17147132%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prüll CR This paper deals with an important development of scientific pharmacology, focusing on the reaction of the German pharmacologist Walther Straub to the receptor concept, which was a new approach to explain the binding of drugs to cells in the young discipline of pharmacology after 1900. The article analyzes how Straub as an important representative of his field between 1900 and 1944 was influenced by nineteenth-century thinking, and how he developed a rival physical theory to combat the receptor concept. Straub is seen as a man of transition, who on the one side tackled a core question of drug research with modern experimental methods, but on the other side was hardly able to accept new results in chemistry. PMID: 17147132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Sourc... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503638 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503637&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17147133%26dopt%3DAbstract This article looks at instructions on the taking of a history in medical texts, to delineate what happened to the position of the patient history in clinical assessment with the increased emphasis on physical examination that began around the middle of the nineteenth century. The analysis reveals that the taking of a history remained important, with a consistent approach from 1850 to the end of the twentieth century. The patient history became incorporated into the physician's examination as another set of observations and signs, thus producing two histories: a superficial, chaotic story presented by the patient, and a deep, "true" history revealed by the skill of the physician. Within pediatrics, the primacy of the physical examination appears to have been asserted well before the introdu... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503637 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503636&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17147134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stewart JW Child guidance was central to twentieth-century international programs of "mental hygiene," with the shift from an emphasis on children's physical health to concern with their mental health. In interwar Britain it was supported by American philanthropy and influenced by American practice, especially the latter's emphasis on the dominant role of psychiatry. In Scotland the psychiatric model undoubtedly gained purchase. But in a highly contested field this approach also encountered resistance from psychologists, while the powerful Catholic Church had strong views about the areas of child mental health and development into which psychiatry might be allowed to venture. PMID: 17147134 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503636 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503635&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17242549%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reconstructs the diagnostic act of the French pox in the French-disease hospital of sixteenth-century Augsburg. It focuses on how the participants in the clinical encounter imagined the configuration of the pox and its localization in the human body. Of central importance for answering this question is the early modern conception of physical signs. It has been argued that it was due to a specific understanding of bodily signs and their relationship to a disease and its causes, that disease definition and classification in the early modern period showed a high degree of flexibility and fluidity. This paper looks at how the sixteenth-century theoretical conception of physical signs not only shaped the diagnosis and treatment of the pox but also reflected the overall organization... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503635 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503634&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17242550%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quinlan SM This essay examines the medical debates over hereditary disease and moral hygiene in France between 1748 and 1790. During this time, which was marked by two formal academic exchanges about pathological inheritance, doctors critically studied the existence of hereditary diseases--including syphilis, arthritis, phthisis, scrofula, rickets, gout, stones, epilepsy, and insanity--and the problems that heredity might pose for curing and preventing these diseases. Amid public debate, doctors first treated heredity with formal skepticism and then embraced the idea. Their changing attitudes stemmed less from epistemological or cognitive reasons than from new cultural beliefs about gender, domesticity, and demographic policy. Fearing moral degeneracy and demographic decline, ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503634 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503633&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17242551%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wickham P Like the English, Virginians tended to think that idiocy, a condition analogous to intellectual disability in the twenty-first century, was congenital, untreatable, and incurable, and they adopted legal remedies that corresponded closely to the laws of England. In addition, concepts of idiocy reflected some of the unique aspects of Virginia's social system, which was dominated by a coterie of powerful men. With a need to preserve social order and maintain decorum, the Virginia legislature established in 1769 the Eastern State Hospital to house unruly and objectionable people who were mentally disabled. Although idiots were among the hospital's first patients, they were eventually banished due to their presumed failure to respond to treatment. The social stigma attach... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503633 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503632&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17242552%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hanley JG In Britain in 1830, nuisances legally comprised a heterogeneous collection of irritants, united by their ability to cause hurt, inconvenience, or damage. The only legal remedies for nuisances that applied to the entire country were provided through the common law. Though respected, common-law procedure was time consuming, costly, uncertain, and intended to protect the enjoyment of property, not of health. Dangers to health could be removed if they were a nuisance, yet health hazards were not conceptualized separately from nuisances in general, nor were they dealt with differently in practice. This paper demonstrates that during the 1831-32 cholera epidemic, and again in 1846, the executive and the legislature created a strictly medicalized health hazard as part of th... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503632 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503631&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17242553%26dopt%3DAbstract This article argues that during the mid- to late 1950s a series of staphylococcal hospital and nursery epidemics united phage typers, brought international recognition to the usefulness of their technique, and, in the process, contributed to the establishment of the new field of infection control. Through the use of this new tool, phage typers established themselves as experts in infection control and, in some places, became essential members of newly formed infection-control committees. The nursery epidemics represent a particularly important test for phage typing and infection control, for this staphylococcal strain (80/81) was especially virulent and spread rapidly beyond the hospital to the wider community. The epidemiologic information provided by phage typers was vital for devising p... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503631 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1503631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503669&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15764826%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kisacky JS This paper examines changing strategies of isolation in the New York Hospital between 1771 and 1930 by correlating the facilities available for isolation with changing reactions to internal disease incidence, changing medical rules and regulations, and shifting ward categories. To prevent internal "epidemics" of telltale diseases such as erysipelas, pyemia, and "hospital gangrene," what (or who) was isolated from what, and how that isolation was achieved, altered drastically. Traditional strategies of increasing the air space and flow around each patient gave way to Florence Nightingale's sanitary nursing, Joseph Lister's antisepsis, Joseph Grancher's barrier system of nursing, D. L. Richardson's aseptic nursing, and Charles Chapin's advocacy of individual cubicles.... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503669 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503668&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15764827%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rasmussen N This essay describes collaborations between American pharmaceutical companies and clinical investigators, mainly in academic medical centers and other research institutions, during the interwar period. I argue that efforts on the part of early twentieth-century "scientific medicine" reformers to impose higher standards on the testing and promotion of pharmaceuticals led both to the intended disciplining of the drug industry and also, as a reciprocal but unintended consequence, to a deep involvement with industry among medical scientists. Three basic patterns of collaboration between clinical trialists and sponsoring drugs firms are described. These patterns may help illuminate the mutual accommodation between ethical drug firms and academic clinical researchers (an... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503668 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503667&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15764828%26dopt%3DAbstract "Please include this in your book": readers respond to Our Bodies, Ourselves. Bull Hist Med. 2005;79(1):81-110 Authors: Kline W This paper focuses on those ordinary women who responded to editions of Our Bodies, Ourselves in the 1970s and 1980s, illustrating how readers played a crucial role in the development and articulation of health feminism. By analyzing the exchange between writers and readers of the most popular and influential women's health text of this era, it reveals the process by which feminists translated and interpreted medical information about women's bodies. The personal stories of readers challenge us to consider the role of ordinary women in shaping the development of the women's health movement. PMID: 15764828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bul... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503667 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503666&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15764829%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Asúa M During the years of World War II, the American Association for the History of Medicine fostered a Pan-American policy aimed at establishing relationships with Latin American historians of medicine. Juan R. Beltrán, professor of history of medicine at the University of Buenos Aires, also pursued an energetic program of academic diplomacy. The correspondence between Henry Sigerist and Beltrán makes manifest that by 1941 good channels of communication were established between Baltimore and Buenos Aires, but the friendly links did not last long. The motives for this can be found in the competing aims of the AAHM and Beltrán, and the pattern of international relationships during the war years. PMID: 15764829 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503666 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503665&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15965287%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pormann PE Physicians have always tried to demarcate themselves from the Other, whom they labeled as a "charlatan." During the medieval period, Arabic physicians such as al-Rāzī attacked charlatans in their theoretical and deontological writings, and, like their Greek predecessors, called on the authorities to stamp out malpractice. Their advice was partly heeded, as can be seen from manuals on market inspection (hisba). Physicians accused their colleagues of quackery based on charges of incompetence or deceit, which must be seen partly as an attempt to protect themselves from potential competitors. Certain groups of society, including women and Jews, were an especially convenient target. Moreover, charlatans also appear in nonmedical texts such as al-Gaubarī... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503665 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503664&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15965288%26dopt%3DAbstract "Stop this overwhelming torment of destiny": negotiating financial aid at times of sickness under the English Old Poor Law, 1800-1840. Bull Hist Med. 2005;79(2):228-60 Authors: King S The issue of entitlement under the English Poor Law (1601-1834) is a complex question, and nowhere more so than in the context of the sick poor. Using the example of communities in one of England's most parsimonious Poor Law counties, Lancashire, this article will show that the sick poor faced uncertain and uneven entitlement to relief and medical intervention. Faced with such uncertainty, they adopted three core linguistic and posturing strategies when attempting to establish their eligibility for relief in the eyes of Poor Law officials. Pauper letters and the correspondence of overseers of the ... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503664 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503663&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15965289%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Slater LB Through the examination of avian malarias as models of infectious human disease, this paper reveals the kinds of claims that scientists and physicians made on the basis of animal models-biological systems in the laboratory and the field-and what characteristics made for congruence between these models and human malaria. The focus is on the period between 1895 and 1945, and on the genesis and trajectory of certain animal models of malaria within specific locations, such as the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore and Bayer (I. G. Farben) in Elberfeld. These exemplars illustrate a diversity of approaches to malaria-as-disease, and the difficulties of framing aspects of this disease complex within an animal or laboratory system. The diversity a... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503663 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503662&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15965290%26dopt%3DAbstract Selskar Gunn and China: The Rockefeller Foundation's "other" approach to public health. Bull Hist Med. 2005;79(2):295-318 Authors: Litsios S The Rockefeller Foundation's program for rural development in China was developed by Selskar Gunn during the period 1932-34 and was initiated in 1935. It was multidisciplinary in nature, and its aim was to raise the educational, social, and economic standards of rural China. It was recognized by some at the time as an alternative to the International Health Division's approach to public health. This paper describes the program, what led Gunn to develop it in China, and the internal tensions that it created. Also addressed is the question of why this program had such limited impact on subsequent developments in the field of international he... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503662 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503661&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16184015%26dopt%3DAbstract This article casts the physician's construction of that encounter in a central role in the history of the theory and practice of children's medicine. The focus is on what physicians have written about the conduct of such encounters, and specifically on their attitudes to and instructions for the taking of a history. This analysis reveals that medical writings on the taking of a medical history provide a window into how pediatric writers wanted their discipline to be conducted, what they identified as the normative principles of pediatric practice, and how they portrayed parents. The texts show a striking continuity in the ambivalence expressed by practitioner authors about the parental role in the clinical assessment of sick children. What emerges is both a regret that the physician must b... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503661 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503660&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16184016%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the origins of psychiatric social work in the United States between 1912 and 1930. It argues that the establishment of the field needs to be understood in terms of Mary C. Jarrett and Elmer E. Southard's efforts to apply psychiatric techniques to the mental health problems of industrial employees. It further argues that Jarrett and Southard worked to develop a treatment approach to the mental health problems of industrial workers that they termed "individualization," and that despite their assumptions about the future of psychiatric social work the field was never established as an important part of industrial management. PMID: 16184016 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine) Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503660 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1503659&cid=s_37064_163_f&fid=37064&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16184017%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Keller RC For early twentieth century French psychiatrists, the colonies of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco appeared as crucial sites for innovation. Citing Pinel's liberation of the insane during the French Revolution as a precedent, colonial psychiatrists preached of their capacity to advance France's "civilizing mission" by delivering the insane from their suffering. Yet colonial renovation programs also drew them to scrutinize the failings of their own common practices. Psychiatrists saw their field in a state of crisis, marked by overcrowded asylums and outdated therapeutic concepts. Attempts to modernize colonial terrains thus also aimed at re creating a discipline that had fallen into decline. PMID: 16184017 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Bulletin of the Hist... Bulletin of the History of Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1503659 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1503659