MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Cell Communication and Signaling' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 16:56:39 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5635463&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F10%2F1%2F2 Conclusions: In association with the early and more robust macrophage activation, intracellular CDC1551 cells were exposed to a higher level of stress leading to increased up-regulation of the bacterial stress response genes. In contrast, sub-optimal activation of macrophages and induction of a deregulated host cell lipid metabolism favored a less stressful intracellular environment for HN878. Our findings suggest that the ability of CDC1551 and HN878 to differentially activate macrophages during infection probably determines their ability to either resist host cell immunity and progress to active disease or to succumb to the host protective responses and be driven into a non-replicating latent state in rabbit lungs. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5635463 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5635463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5624811&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F10%2F1%2F1 In our study we aimed to identify rapidly reacting gravity-responsive mechanisms in mammalian cells in order to understand if and how altered gravity is translated into a cellular response. In a combination of experiments using "functional weightlessness" provided by 2D-clinostats and real microgravity provided by several parabolic flight campaigns and compared to in-flight-1g-controls, we identified rapid gravity-responsive reactions inside the cell cycle regulatory machinery of human T lymphocytes. In response to 2D clinorotation, we detected an enhanced expression of p21 Waf1/Cip1 protein within minutes, less cdc25C protein expression and enhanced Ser147-phosphorylation of cyclinB1 after CD3/CD28 stimulation. Additionally, during 2D clinorotation, Tyr-15-phosphorylation occurred later a... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5624811 Tue, 24 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5624811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5549803&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F32 Conclusion: Collectively, our findings led us propose that C. jejuni infection triggers a novel fibronectin>integrin-beta1>FAK/Src>EGFR/PDGFR>PI3-kinase>Vav2 signaling cascade, which plays a crucial role for Cdc42 GTPase activity associated with filopodia formation and enhances bacterial invasion. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5549803 Wed, 28 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5549803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5549802&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F33 In conclusion, we suppose that WIN55212-2-induced signals interferes with cell-cycle-arrest-signaling in differentiating myelocytic cells and thus inhibits macrophageal differentiation. Thus, it is possible that the cannabinoid system is able to influence one of the key steps in the immune effector function, the monocytic-macrophageal differentiation by alteration of cell cycle control proteins cdc2 and p21, and is therefore representing a promising option for therapeutic intervention in exacerbated immune reactions. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5549802 Wed, 28 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5549802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5492646&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F31 Conclusions: Findings presented here indicate that lipid raft coalescence occurs during cellular interactions prior to sensing a foreign antigen. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5492646 Thu, 08 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5492646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375456&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F30 The evolutionary synthesis, the standard 20th century view of how evolutionary change occurs, is based on selection, heritable phenotypic variation and a very simple view of genes. It is therefore unable to incorporate two key aspects of modern molecular knowledge: first is the richness of genomic variation, so much more complicated than simple mutation, and second is the opaque relationship between the genotype and its resulting phenotype. Two new and important books shed some light on how we should view evolutionary change now. "Evolution: a view from the 21st century" by J.A. Shapiro (2011, FT Press Science, New Jersey, USA. pp. 246) examines the richness of genomic variation and its implications. "Transformations of Lamarckism: from Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology" edited by S.B. Gi... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375456 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375462&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F24 N/A (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375462 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375461&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F25 Persistent infection with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and predisposes carriers to a high gastric cancer risk, but has also been linked to protection from allergic, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In the course of tens of thousands of years of co-existence with its human host, H. pylori has evolved elaborate adaptations that allow it to persist in the hostile environment of the stomach in the face of a vigorous innate and adaptive immune response. For this review, we have identified several key immune cell types and signaling pathways that appear to be preferentially targeted by the bacteria to establish and maintain persistent infection. We explore the mechanisms that allow the bacteria to avoid detection by innate immune cells via thei... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375461 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375460&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F26 VacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin A of Helicobacter pylori, induces apoptosis in epithelial cells of the gastic mucosa and in leukocytes. VacA is released by the bacteria as a protein of 88 kDa. At the outer surface of host cells, it binds to the sphingomyelin of lipid rafts. At least partially, binding to the cells is facilitated by different receptor proteins. VacA is internalized by a clathrin-independent mechanism and initially accumulates in GPI-anchored proteins-enriched early endosomal compartments. Together with early endosomes, VacA is distributed inside the cells. Most of the VacA is eventually contained in the membranes of vacuoles. VacA assembles in hexameric oligomers forming an anion channel of low conductivity with a preference for chloride ions. In parallel, a significant fra... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375460 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375459&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F27 Dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is a significant hallmark of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected gastric epithelial cells leading to cell migration and invasive growth. Considering the cellular mechanisms, the type IV secretion system (T4SS) and the effector protein cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) of H. pylori are well-studied initiators of distinct signal transduction pathways in host cells targeting kinases, adaptor proteins, GTPases, actin binding and other proteins involved in the regulation of the actin lattice. In this review, we summarize recent findings of how H. pylori functionally interacts with the complex signaling network that controls the actin cytoskeleton of motile and invasive gastric epithelial cells. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375459 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375459 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375458&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F28 Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful pathogen uniquely adapted to colonize humans. Gastric infections with this bacterium can induce pathology ranging from chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers to gastric cancer. More virulent H. pylori isolates harbour numerous well-known adhesins (BabA/B, SabA, AlpA/B, OipA and HopZ) and the cag (cytotoxin-associated genes) pathogenicity island encoding a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The adhesins establish tight bacterial contact with host target cells and the T4SS represents a needle-like pilus device for the delivery of effector proteins into host target cells such as CagA. BabA and SabA bind to blood group antigen and sialylated proteins respectively, and a series of T4SS components including CagI, CagL, CagY and CagA have been shown to target... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375458 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375457&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F29 Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human gastric epithelium and induces chronic gastritis and can lead to gastric cancer. Through cell-cell contacts the gastric epithelium forms a barrier to protect underlying tissue from pathogenic bacteria; however, H. pylori have evolved numerous strategies to perturb the integrity of the gastric barrier. In this review, we summarize research into the mechanisms through which H. pylori disrupts intercellular junctions and disrupts the gastric epithelial barrier. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375457 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5375463&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F23 This is a much needed up-to-date summary of non-catalytic kinase functions which highlights, for example, kinase contributions to cellular signaling network architectures. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5375463 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5375463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5292955&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F22 The Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) is a member of the tryptophan-aspartate repeat (WD-repeat) family of proteins and shares significant homology to the beta subunit of G-proteins (Gbeta). RACK1 adopts a seven-bladed beta-propeller structure which facilitates protein binding. RACK1 has a significant role to play in shuttling proteins around the cell, anchoring proteins at particular locations and in stabilising protein activity. It interacts with the ribosomal machinery, with several cell surface receptors and with proteins in the nucleus. As a result, RACK1 is a key mediator of various pathways and contributes to numerous aspects of cellular function. Here, we discuss RACK1 gene and structure and its role in specific signaling pathways, and address how posttranslational modifica... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5292955 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5292955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5246358&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F19 Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is fundamental for cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Elevation in intracellular Ca2+ concentration is dependent either on Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space through the plasma membrane, or on Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, such as the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Mitochondria are also major components of calcium signalling, capable of modulating both the amplitude and the spatio-temporal patterns of Ca2+ signals. Recent studies revealed zones of close contact between the ER and mitochondria called MAMs (Mitochondria Associated Membranes) crucial for a correct communication between the two organelles, including the selective transmission of physiological and pathological Ca2+ signals from the ER to ... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5246358 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5246358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5246357&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F20 Phorbol ester (TPA) treatment of human U937 myeloid leukemia cells is associated with increasing adherence and monocyte-like maturation whereby the role of 2 integrin-mediated attachment for subsequent growth properties and the differentiation program remains unclear. Here, stably-transfected U937 cells with a pMTH1 vector containing the 2 integrin gene of CD11b in antisense orientation (asCD11b-U937) demonstrated a significantly reduced proliferative capacity in contrast to control vector transfectants (pMTH1-U937) or wild-type U937 cells. Phorbol ester exposure induced adherence and growth arrest in more than 90% of pMTH1-U937 and wild-type U937 cells after 72h. In contrast, TPA-treated asCD11b-U937 failed to attach and the proliferation continued in more than 30% of the cells. Moreover,... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5246357 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5246357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5246356&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F21 none (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5246356 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5246356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5217697&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F18 Recent advances in tumor biology have revealed that a detailed analysis of the complex interactions of tumor cells with their adjacent microenvironment (tumor stroma) is mandatory in order to understand the various mechanisms involved in tumor growth and the development of metastasis. The mutual interactions between tumor cells and cellular and non-cellular components (extracellular matrix = ECM) of the tumor microenvironment will eventually lead to a loss of tissue homeostasis and promote tumor development and progression. Thus, interactions of genetically altered tumor cells and the ECM on the one hand and reactive non-neoplastic cells on the other hand essentially control most aspects of tumorigenesis such as epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), migration, invasion (i.e. migration t... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5217697 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5217697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5026854&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F17 Conclusions: Taken together, we have generated a stable MCF-10A subline allowing tight dox-controlled and reversible expression of any transgene without the need to modify its product by introducing artificial dimerization or ligand-binding domains. This system will be very valuable to address phenomena such as EMT, oncogene addiction, oncogene-induced senescence and drug resistance. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5026854 Tue, 12 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5026854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891613&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F16 Conclusions: These results provide evidence for a crucial dual role for FLIP in antiviral responses to cytoplasmic dsRNA: it protects from cytoplasmic dsRNA-mediated cell death while down-regulating IRF3- and NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression. Since the pathogenesis of several viral infections involves a heightened and dysregulated cytokine response, a possible therapy could involve modulating FLIP levels. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891613 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4891613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861254&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F15 Conclusions: Induction of cell death by LiCl supports the notion that GSK-3 may represent a promising target for cancer therapy. LiCl-induced cell death is largely independent of p53 and mediated by the release of TNF-alpha and FasL. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861254 Mon, 23 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4861254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4847250&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F14 The p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) participate in cytokine-stimulated inflammatory gene expression in airway smooth muscle cells. The following study was undertaken to determine whether Src tyrosine kinases are signaling intermediaries upstream of cytokine-stimulated MAPK activation and gene expression. Treating human airway myocytes with interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interferon (IFN) gamma caused a rapid 1.8-fold increase in Src family tyrosine kinase activity within 1 minute that remained 2.3 to 2.7 fold above basal conditions for 15 minutes. This activity was blocked by addition of 30 microM PP1, a pyrimidine inhibitor specific for Src family tyrosine kinases, in immune-complex assays to confi... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4847250 Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4847250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4827627&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F13 This is an in-depth review of the history of quinacrine as well as its pharmacokinetic properties and established record of safety as an FDA-approved drug. The potential uses of quinacrine as an anti-cancer agent are discussed with particular attention to its actions on nuclear proteins, the arachidonic acid pathway, and multi-drug resistance, as well as its actions on signaling proteins in the cytoplasm. In particular, quinacrine's role on the NF-kB, p53, and AKT pathways are summarized. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4827627 Sat, 14 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4827627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4801621&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F11 Sirt1 (member of the sirtuin family) is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from various proteins. Sirt1 performs a wide variety of functions in biological systems. The current review focuses on the biological functions of Sirt1 in obesity-associated metabolic diseases, cancer, adipose tissue, aging, cellular senescence, cardiac aging and stress, prion-mediated neurodegeneration, inflammatory signaling in response to environmental stress, development and placental cell survival. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4801621 Sat, 07 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4801621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4774781&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F10 Conclusions: Taken together our data suggest a novel a link between IGF-1 levels, MMP activity, TGF-beta signaling, and EMT in breast cancer cells. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4774781 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4774781 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4827628&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F9 Stimulating the receptors of a single cell generates stochastic intracellular signaling. The fluctuating response has been attributed to the low abundance of signaling molecules and the spatio-temporal effects of diffusion and crowding. At population level, however, cells are able to execute well-defined deterministic biological processes such as growth, division, differentiation and immune response. These data reflect biology as a system possessing microscopic and macroscopic dynamics. This commentary discusses the average population response of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 4 signaling. Without requiring detailed experimental data, linear response equations together with the fundamental law of information conservation have been used to decipher novel network features such as unknown... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4827628 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4827628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4732658&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F9 Stimulating the receptors of a single cell generates stochastic intracellular signaling. The fluctuating response has been attributed to the low abundance of signaling molecules and the spatio-temporal effects of diffusion and crowding. At population level, however, cells are able to execute well-defined deterministic biological processes such as growth, division, differentiation and immune response. These data reflect biology as a system possessing microscopic and macroscopic dynamics. This commentary discusses the average population response of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 4 signaling. Without requiring detailed experimental data, linear response equations together with the fundamental law of information conservation have been used to decipher novel network features such as unknown... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4732658 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4732658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703592&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F8 Embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present a great opportunity to treat and model human disease as a cell replacement therapy. There is a growing pressure to understand better the signal transduction pathways regulating pluripotency and self-renewal of these special cells in order to deliver a safe and reliable cell based therapy in the near future. Many signal transduction pathways converge on two major cell functions associated with self-renewal and pluripotency: control of the cell cycle and apoptosis, although a standard method is lacking across the field. Here we present a detailed protocol to assess the cell cycle and apoptosis of ESC and iPSCs as a single reference point offering an easy to use standard approach across the field. (Source: Cell Comm... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703592 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4692517&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F7 The TNF receptor superfamily member CD95 (Fas, APO-1, TNFRSF6) is known as the prototypic death receptor in and outside the immune system. In fact, many mechanisms involved in apoptotic signaling cascades were solved by addressing consequences and pathways initiated by CD95 ligation in activated T cells or other "CD95-sensitive" cell populations. As an example, the binding of the inducible CD95 ligand (CD95L) to CD95 on activated T lymphocytes results in apoptotic cell death. This activation-induced cell death was implicated in the control of immune cell homeostasis and immune response termination. Over the past years, however, it became evident that CD95 acts as a dual function receptor that also exerts anti-apoptotic effects depending on the cellular context. Early observations of a pote... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4692517 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4692517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4445183&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F5 Conclusion: This alpha2B-AR gene polymorphism (Glu301-303 deletion) might confer better protection against conditions characterized and aggravated by sympathetic/catecholaminergic overstimulation in vivo. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4445183 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4445183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4382012&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F4 Conclusion: We provide the first comprehensive proteome map of T cell-derived secretory lysosomes with only minor contaminations by cytosolic, nuclear or other proteins. This information will be useful to more precisely address the activation-dependent maturation and the specific distribution of effector organelles and proteins in individual T or NK cell populations in future studies. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4382012 Fri, 21 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4382012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4370429&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F3 none (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4370429 Wed, 19 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4370429 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4360280&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F2 Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration govern cytoskeletal rearrangement, mitosis, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation or synaptic transmission, thereby, regulating cellular effector and organ functions. Calcium binding proteins respond to changes in the intracellular calcium concentration with structural changes, triggering enzymatic activation and association with downstream proteins. One type of calcium binding proteins are EF-hand super family proteins. Here, we describe two recently discovered homologous EF-hand containing adaptor proteins, Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2) and Swiprosin-2/EF-hand domain containing 1 (EFhd1), which are related to allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1). For reasons of simplicity and concision we propose to name Swiprosin-1/... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4360280 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4360280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4337084&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F9%2F1%2F1 Post-translational modification of proteins at serine and threonine side chains by beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) mediated by the enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase has been emerging as a fundamental regulatory mechanism encompassing a wide range of proteins involved in cell division, metabolism, transcription and cell signaling. Furthermore, an extensive interplay between O-GlcNAc modification and serine/threonine phosphorylation in a variety of proteins has been reported to exist. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in O-GlcNAc modification and its interplay with serine/threonine phosphorylation in proteins is still elusive. Recent success in the mapping of O-GlcNAc modification sites in proteins as a result of technological advancement in mass ... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4337084 Tue, 11 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4337084 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4284667&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F32 Phosphorylation is the most common and pleiotropic modification in biology, which plays a vital role in regulating and finely tuning a multitude of biological pathways. Transport across the nuclear envelope is also an essential cellular function and is intimately linked to many degeneration processes that lead to disease. It is therefore not surprising that phosphorylation of cargos trafficking between the cytoplasm and nucleus is emerging as an important step to regulate nuclear availability, which directly affects gene expression, cell growth and proliferation. However, the literature on phosphorylation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking cargos is often confusing. Phosphorylation, and its mirror process dephosphorylation, has been shown to have opposite and often contradictory effects on t... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4284667 Thu, 23 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4284667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4360281&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F31 The normal function of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the routine repair of DNA damage by adding poly (ADP ribose) polymers in response to a variety of cellular stresses. Recently, it has become widely appreciated that PARP-1 also participates in diverse physiological and pathological functions from cell survival to several forms of cell death and has been implicated in gene transcription, immune responses, inflammation, learning, memory, synaptic functions, angiogenesis and aging. In the CNS, PARP inhibition attenuates injury in pathologies like cerebral ischemia, trauma and excitotoxicity demonstrating a central role of PARP-1 in these pathologies. PARP-1 is also a preferred substrate for several 'suicidal' proteases and the proteolytic action of suicidal proteases (caspases,... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4360281 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4360281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4280697&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F31 The normal function of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the routine repair of DNA damage by adding poly (ADP ribose) polymers in response to a variety of different cellular stresses. Recently it has become widely appreciated that PARP-1 also participates in diverse physiological and pathological functions from cell survival to several forms of cell death and has been implicated in gene transcription, immune responses, inflammation, learning, memory, synaptic functions, angiogenesis and aging. In the CNS, PARP inhibition attenuates injury in pathologies like cerebral ischemia, trauma and excitotoxicity demonstrating a central role of PARP-1 in these pathologies. PARP-1 is also a preferred substrate for several 'suicidal' proteases and the Proteolytic action of suicidal proteases (... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4280697 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4280697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4104810&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F30 Conclusion: Our results show that Grb14, like its family members Grb7 and Grb10, is able to be tyrosine phosphorylated. Furthermore, our data indicate a role for Grb14 in endothelial signaling downstream of the Tie2 receptor. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4104810 Sun, 24 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4104810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4011562&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F28 Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal diseases associated with the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the abnormal prion protein (PrPSc). Since the molecular mechanisms in pathogenesis are widely unclear, we analyzed the global phospho-proteome and detected a differential pattern of tyrosine- and threonine phosphorylated proteins in PrPSc-replicating and pentosan polysulfate (PPS)-rescued N2a cells in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. To quantify phosphorylated proteins, we performed a SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) analysis and identified 105 proteins, which showed a regulated phosphorylation upon PrPSc infection. Among those proteins, we validated the dephosphorylation of stathmin and Cdc2 and the i... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4011562 Mon, 27 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4011562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3980187&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F26 As one of the disciplines of systems biology, proteomics is central to enabling the elucidation of protein function within the cell; furthermore, the question of how to deduce protein structure and function from the genetic readout has gained new significance. This problem is of particular relevance for proteins engaged in cell signalling. In dealing with this question, I shall critically comment on the reliability and predictability of transmission and translation of the genetic blue print into the phenotype, the protein. Based on this information, I will then evaluate the intentions and goals of today's proteomics and gene-networking and appraise their chances of success. Some of the themes commented on in this publication are explored in greater detail with particular emphasis on the hi... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3980187 Thu, 16 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3980187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117086&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F24 Recent advances in tumor biology led to the realization that, in order to understand the mechanisms involved in proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, an analysis of the complex interactions that tumor cells establish with host cells of tumor microenvironment is required. The bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and components of tumor microenvironment, in particular endothelial cells, cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, play a critical role in most of the events that characterize tumor progression and metastasis. Interactions between these "reactive" normal cells and the genetically altered tumor cells, by either cell-to-cell contacts or soluble mediators, control the most aspects of tumor formation and progression. This review addresses some... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117086 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4117086 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3942254&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F20 In adult tissue the quiescent state of a single cell is maintained by the steady state conditions of its own microenvironment for what concern both cell-cell as well as cell-ECM interaction and soluble factors concentration. Physiological or pathological conditions can alter this quiescent state through an imbalance of both soluble and insoluble factors that can trigger a cellular phenotypic response. The kind of cellular response depends by many factors but one of the most important is the concentration of soluble cytokines sensed by the target cell. In addition, due to the intrinsic plasticity of many cellular types, every single cell is able, in response to the same stimulus, to rapidly switch phenotype supporting minimal changes of microenviromental cytokines concentration. Wound heali... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3942254 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3942254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3942253&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F21 In the genomic era of cancer research, the development of metastases has been attributed to mutations in the tumor that enable the cells to migrate. However, gene analyses revealed that primary tumors and metastases were in some cases genetically identical and the question was raised whether metastasis formation might be an inherent feature of certain tumor cells. In contradiction to this view, the last decade of cancer research has brought to light, that tumor cell migration, similar to leukocyte and fibroblast migration, is a highly regulated process. The nervous system plays an important role in this regulation, at least in two respects: firstly, neurotransmitters are known to regulate the migratory activity of tumor cells, and secondly, nerve fibers are used as routes for perineural in... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3942253 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3942253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3942252&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F22 During malignant neoplastic progression the cells undergo genetic and epigenetic cancer specific alterations that finally lead to a loss of tissue homeostasis and restructuring of the microenvironment. The invasion of cancer cells through connective tissue is a crucial prerequisite for metastasis formation. Although cell invasion is foremost a mechanical process, cancer research has focused largely on gene regulation and signaling that underlie uncontrolled cell growth. More recently, the genes and signals involved in the invasion and transendothelial migration of cancer cells, such as the role of adhesion molecules and matrix degrading enzymes, have become the focus of research. In this review we discuss how the structural and biomechanical properties of extracellular matrix and surroundi... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3942252 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3942252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3942251&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F23 Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. Cells exhibit three distinct modes of migration when invading the 3D environment. Collective motility leads to movement of cohorts of cells which maintain the adherens junctions and move by photolytic degradation of matrix barriers. Single cell mesenchymal-type movement is characterized by an elongated cellular shape and again requires extracellular proteolysis and integrin en... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3942251 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3942251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3942250&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F24 Recent advances on tumor biology led to realize that, in order to understand the mechanisms involved in proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, an analysis of the complex interactions that tumor cells establish with host cells of tumor microenvironment is required. The bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and components of tumor microenvironment, in particular endothelial cells, cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, play a critical role in most of the events that characterize tumor progression and metastasis. Interactions between these "reactive" normal cells and the genetically altered tumor cells, by either cell-to-cell contact or soluble mediators, control the most aspects of tumor formation and progression. This concise review addresses some ... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3942250 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3942250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3942249&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F25 Editorial (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3942249 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3942249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3880283&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F19 Conclusions: We provide the first evidence for a function of IL 27 in HSC and show that its responses resemble Interferon-gamma-like functions in these cells. Our data suggests that IL-27 may play an important role in the context of liver inflammation by acting on the different liver cell types. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3880283 Wed, 18 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3880283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761082&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F18 Following cultivation of distinct mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) populations derived from human umbilical cord under hypoxic conditions (between 1.5% to 5% oxygen (O2)) revealed a 2- to 3-fold reduced oxygen consumption rate as compared to the same cultures at normoxic oxygen levels (21% O2). A simultaneous measurement of dissolved oxygen within the culture media from 4 different MSC donors ranged from 15umol/L at 1.5% O2 to 196umol/L at normoxic 21% O2. The proliferative capacity of the different hypoxic MSC populations was elevated as compared to the normoxic culture. This effect was paralleled by a significantly reduced cell damage or cell death under hypoxic conditions as evaluated by the cellular release of LDH whereby the measurement of caspase3/7 activity revealed little if any differe... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761082 Thu, 15 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3761082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3749669&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F17 Conclusions: PC-3 cells release several signal substances that influence the behavior of the cells in the tumor's microenvironment, whereas no clear pattern towards proinflammatory or immunosuppressive conditions can be seen. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3749669 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3749669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3746352&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F16 This Editorial highlights recent work on the beginnings of multicellular cell signaling. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3746352 Sun, 11 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3746352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3699036&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F15 In lower eukaryotes and animals 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and adenyl cyclases (ACs), enzymes that catalyse the formation of cAMP from ATP, have long been established as key components and second messengers in many signaling pathways. In contrast, in plants, both the presence and biological role of cAMP have been a matter of ongoing debate and some controversy. Here we shall focus firstly on the discovery of cellular cAMP in plants and evidence for a role of this second messenger in plant signal transduction. Secondly, we shall review current evidence of plant ACs, analyse aspects of their domain organisations and the biological roles of candidate molecules. In addition, we shall assess different approaches based on search motifs consisting of functionally assigned amino a... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3699036 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3699036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3694810&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F14 Conclusions: These results suggest that the nature of the FGFR signal produced is determined by a combination of the HS co-receptor and the concentration of FGF ligand. Both the phosphorylation of the adaptor FRS2, the kinetics (sustained or transient) of phosphorylation of p42/44(MAPK) are varied, and so differing cellular responses are produced. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3694810 Wed, 23 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3694810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3670889&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F12 Conclusion: CB1 affected the stages of adult neurogenesis that involve intermediate highly proliferative progenitor cells and the survival and maturation of new neurons. The pro-neurogenic effects of CBD might explain some of the positive therapeutic features of CBD-based compounds. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3670889 Wed, 16 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3670889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3651908&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F10 Conclusions: These data support the importance of interactions between fibroid tumor cells andECM fibroblasts in vivo, and the role of growth factors, and ECM proteins in thepathogenesis of uterine fibroids. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3651908 Wed, 09 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3651908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3607038&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F8 PDZ domains are abundant protein interaction modules that often recognize short amino acid motifs at the C-termini of target proteins. They regulate multiple biological processes such as transport, ion channel signaling, and other signal transduction systems. This review discusses the structural characterization of PDZ domains and the use of recently emerging technologies such as proteomic arrays and peptide libraries to study the binding properties of PDZ-mediated interactions. Regulatory mechanisms responsible for PDZ-mediated interactions, such as phosphorylation in the PDZ ligands or PDZ domains, are also discussed. A better understanding of PDZ protein-protein interaction networks and regulatory mechanisms will improve our knowledge of many cellular and biological processes. (Source: ... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3607038 Thu, 27 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3607038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3591847&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F7 none (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3591847 Sun, 23 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3591847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3551720&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F6 During the past years in vivo transplantation experiments and in vitro colony-forming assays indicated that tumors arise only from rare cells. These cells were shown to bear self-renewal capacities and the ability to recapitulate all cell types within an individual tumor. Due to their phenotypic resemblance to normal stem cells, the term "cancer stem cells" is used. However, some pieces of the puzzle are missing: (a) a stringent definition of cancer stem cells in solid tumors (b) specific markers that only target cells that meet the criteria for a cancer stem cell in a certain type of tumor. These missing parts started an ongoing debate about which is the best method to identify and characterize cancer stem cells, or even if their mere existence is just an artifact caused by the experiment... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3551720 Mon, 10 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3551720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3382235&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F5 Conclusions: Small alphabetaTCR complexes have a abe2gdz2 stoichiometry; whereas those associated with one TRIM dimer are abe2gdz2TRIM2. TRIM is differentially processed compared to CD3 and zeta subunits after T cell activation and not degraded. The gammadeltaTCR also associates with TRIM. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3382235 Thu, 18 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3382235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3349752&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F4 - (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3349752 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3349752 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3279469&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F3 Dystroglycan is a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric adhesion receptor. The extracellular alpha subunit makes connections with a number of laminin G domain ligands including laminins, agrin and perlecan in the extracellular matrix and the transmembrane beta subunit makes connections to the actin filament network via cytoskeletal linkers including dystrophin, utrophin, ezrin and plectin, depending on context. Originally discovered as part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex of skeletal muscle, dystroglycan is an important adhesion molecule and signalling scaffold in a multitude of cell types and tissues and is involved in several diseases. Dystroglycan has emerged as a multifunctional adhesion platform with many interacting partners associating with its short unstructured cytoplasmic d... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3279469 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3279469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3266450&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F2 This report gives an overview of the presentations of the conference. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3266450 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3266450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3230866&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F8%2F1%2F1 The molecular heterogeneity of human cancer cells at the level of signaling protein activities remains poorly understood. Using a panel of 64 colorectal (CRC) cancer cell lines the activity status of the MAP kinases Erk1 and Erk2 was investigated. Erk1/2 activity varied greatly within the CRC cell line panel and was not detectably associated with the speed of cell growth in 10 CRC lines analyzed. As expected, mutations in K-Ras or B-Raf were often, albeit not always, linked to high Erk1/2 activity. The phosphorylation of several known Erk1/2 targets investigated did not generally reflect Erk1/2 activity in the 10 CRC lines analyzed. However, the reduction of Erk1/2 activity with MEK inhibitor generally abolished cell growth but only led to an increase of cellular p27Kip1 levels in CRC cell... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3230866 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3230866 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3114544&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F27 Adipose tissue is no longer considered to be solely an energy storage, but exerts important endocrine functions, which are primarily mediated by a network of various soluble factors derived from fat cells, called adipocytokines. In addition to their responsibility to influence energy homeostasis, new studies have identified important pathways linking metabolism with the immune system, and demonstrating a modulatory role of adipocytokines in immune function. Additionally, epidemiological studies underline that obesity represents a significant risk factor for the development of cancer, although the exact mechanism of this relationship remains to be determined. Whereas a possible influence of adipocytokines on the proliferation of tumor cells is already known, new evidence has come to light e... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3114544 Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3114544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3022492&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F26 ERK signaling regulates focal adhesion disassembly during cell movement, and increased ERK signaling frequently contributes to enhanced motility of human tumor cells. We previously found that the ERK scaffold MEK Partner 1 (MP1) is required for focal adhesion disassembly in fibroblasts. Here we test the hypothesis that MP1-dependent ERK signaling regulates motility of DU145 prostate cancer cells. We find that MP1 is required for motility on fibronectin, but not for motility stimulated by serum or EGF. Surprisingly, MP1 appears not to function through its known binding partners MEK1 or PAK1, suggesting the existence of a novel pathway by which MP1 can regulate motility on fibronectin. MP1 may function by regulating the stability or expression of paxillin, a key regulator of motility. (Sourc... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3022492 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3022492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2934212&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F25 The drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) revolutionized organ transplantation. Both compounds are still widely used in the clinic as well as for basic research, even though they have dramatic side effects and modulate other pathways than calcineurin-NFATc, too. To answer the major open question - whether the adverse side effects are secondary to the actions of the drugs on the calcineurin-NFAT pathway - alternative inhibitors were developed. Ideal inhibitors should discriminate between the inhibition of (i) calcineurin and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases; the matchmaker proteins of CsA and FK506), (ii) calcineurin and the other Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, and (iii) NFATc and other transcription factors. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about no... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2934212 Tue, 27 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2934212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2875219&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F24 Over expression of receptor tyrosine kinases is responsible for the development of a wide variety of malignancies. Termination of growth factor signaling is primarily determined by the down regulation of active growth factor/receptor complexes. In recent years, considerable insight has been gained in the endocytosis and degradation of growth factor receptors. A crucial player in this process is the EGFR Protein tyrosine kinase Substrate #15, or Eps15. This protein functions as a scaffolding adaptor protein and is involved both in secretion and endocytosis. Eps15 has been shown to bind to AP-1 and AP-2 complexes, to bind to inositol lipids and to several other proteins involved in the regulation of intracellular trafficking. In addition, Eps15 has been detected in the nucleus of mammalian c... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2875219 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2875219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2774353&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F22 Since their discovery a little more than a decade ago, the docking proteins of the Gab/DOS family have emerged as important signalling elements in metazoans. Gab/DOS proteins integrate and amplify signals from a wide variety of sources including growth factor, cytokine and antigen receptors as well as cell adhesion molecules. They also contribute to signal diversification by channelling the information from activated receptors into signalling pathways with distinct biological functions. Recent approaches in protein biochemistry and systems biology have revealed that Gab proteins are subject to complex regulation by feed-forward and feedback phosphorylation events as well as protein-protein interactions. Thus, Gab/DOS docking proteins are at the centre of entire signalling subsystems and fu... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2774353 Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2774353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2774352&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F23 Conclusion: These results indicate that active Rac1 destabilises E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in pancreatic carcinoma cells by interacting with IQGAP1 which is associated with a disassembly of E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions. Inhibition of Rac1 activity induced increased E-cadherin-mediated cellular adhesion. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2774352 Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2774352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2768384&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F21 Considerable controversy arose over the concept that cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich rafts in the T cell plasma membrane serve as a platform for TCR signalling reactions. This controversy was founded on the initial definition of rafts as detergent resistant membranes which later turned out to misrepresent many features of cell membrane organisation under physiological conditions. Raft-organisation was subsequently studied using a number of detergent-free experimental approaches. The results led to a refined perception of membrane rafts which resolves the controversies. Here we review new biophysical and biochemical data which provide an updated picture of the highly dynamic nanometer-sized cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains stabilised by protein-networks to form TCR signalling platfo... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2768384 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2768384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2740872&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F20 Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to modulate neuronal differentiation during early development. Both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) regulate a wide variety of physiological responses, including apoptosis, cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying these effects of AChR signaling are not fully understood. It is known that activation of AChRs increase cellular proliferation and neurogenesis and that regulation of intracellular calcium through AChRs may underlie the many functions of ACh. Intriguingly, activation of diverse signaling molecules such as Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, protein kinase C and c-Src is modulated by AChRs. Here we discuss the roles of ACh in... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2740872 Wed, 26 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2740872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2694656&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F19 The aim of palliative chemotherapy is to increase survival whilst maintaining maximum quality of life for the individual concerned. Although we are still continuing to explore the optimum use of traditional chemotherapy agents the introduction of targeted therapies has significantly broadened the therapeutic options. Interestingly, the results from current trials put the underlying biological concept often into a new, less favorable perspective. Recent data suggested that altered pathways underlie cancer rather than altered genes. Thus, any effective therapeutic agent will have to target downstream parts or physiological effects rather than individual genes. In addition, over the past few years increasing evidence has suggested that solid tumors represent a very heterogeneous group of cell... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2694656 Wed, 12 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2694656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2688083&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F18 microRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that influence diverse biological functions through the repression of target genes during normal development and pathological responses. Widespread use of microRNA arrays to profile microRNA expression has indicated that the levels of many microRNAs are altered during development and disease. These findings have prompted a great deal of investigation into the mechanism and function of microRNA-mediated repression. However, the mechanisms which govern the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity are just beginning to be uncovered. Following transcription, mature microRNA are generated through a series of coordinated processing events mediated by large protein complexes. It is increasingly clear that microRNA biogenesis does not proceed in a 'one-si... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2688083 Sun, 09 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2688083 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2605443&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F17 In classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) chemotherapeutic regimens are associated with stagnant rates of secondary malignancies requiring the development of new therapeutic strategies. We and others have shown that permanently activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) molecules are essential for cHL cells. Recently an overexpression of heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) in cHL cells has been shown and inhibition of HSP90 seems to affect cHL cell survival. Here we analysed the effects of HSP90 inhibition by geldanamycin derivative 17-AAG or RNA interference (RNAi) to aberrant Jak-STAT signaling in cHL cells. Treatment of cHL cell lines with 17-AAG led to reduced cell proliferation and a complete inhibition of STAT1, -3, -5 and -6 tyrosine phosphorylation probably as a result o... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2605443 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2605443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2601346&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F16 The investigation of biological systems highly depends on the possibilities that allow scientists to visualize and quantify biomolecules and their related activities in real-time and non-invasively. G-protein coupled receptors represent a family of very dynamic and highly regulated transmembrane proteins that are involved in various important physiological processes. Since their localization is not confined to the cell surface they have been a very attractive "moving target" and the understanding of their intracellular pathways as well as the identified protein-protein-interactions has had implications for therapeutic interventions. Recent and ongoing advances in both, the establishment of a variety of labeling methods and the improvement of measuring and analyzing instrumentation have mad... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2601346 Mon, 13 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2601346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504209&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F15 After the initial discovery of activins as important regulators of reproduction, novel and diverse roles have been unraveled for them. Activins are expressed in various tissues and have a broad range of activities including the regulation of gonadal function, hormonal homeostasis, growth and differentiation of musculoskeletal tissues, regulation of growth and metastasis of cancer cells, proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells, and even higher brain functions. Activins signal through a combination of type I and II transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. Activin receptors are shared by multiple transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) ligands such as myostatin, growth and differentiation factor-11 and nodal. Thus, although the activity of each ligand is distinct,... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504209 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504210&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F14 The Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) proteins are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that function as essential signaling intermediates downstream of activated cell surface receptors, many of which have been implicated in cancer. The IRS proteins do not contain any intrinsic kinase activity, but rather serve as scaffolds to organize signaling complexes and initiate intracellular signaling pathways. As common intermediates of multiple receptors that can influence tumor progression, the IRS proteins are positioned to play a pivotal role in regulating the response of tumor cells to many different microenvironmental stimuli. Limited studies on IRS expression in human tumors and studies on IRS function in human tumor cell lines and in mouse models have provided clues to the potential function of thes... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504210 Tue, 16 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2402585&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F13 The Crk adaptor proteins (Crk and Crk-L) constitute an integral part of a network of essential signal transductional pathways in human and other organisms that act as major convergence points in tyrosine kinase signaling. Crk proteins integrate signals from a wide variety of sources, including growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules, bacterial pathogens, and apoptotic cells. Mounting evidence indicates that dysregulation of Crk proteins is associated with human diseases, including cancer and susceptibility to pathogen infections. Recent structural work has identified new and unusual insights into the regulation of Crk proteins, providing a rationale for how Crk can sense diverse signals and produce a myriad of biological responses. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2402585 Sun, 10 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2402585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2402586&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F12 The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a single transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is mainly expressed on immune cells, neurons, activated endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, bone forming cells, and a variety of cancer cells. RAGE is a multifunctional receptor that binds a broad repertoire of ligands and mediates responses to cell damage and stress conditions. It activates programs responsible for acute and chronic inflammation, and is implicated in a number of pathological diseases, including diabetic complications, stroke, atheriosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The availability of Rage knockout mice has not only advanced our knowledge on signalling pathways within these pathophysiological conditions, but also... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2402586 Fri, 08 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2402586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2396827&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F11 Conclusions: We propose that cortactin binds Tir through its N-terminal part in a tyrosine and serine phosphorylation independent manner while SH3 domain binding and activation of N-WASP is regulated by tyrosine and serine mediated phosphorylation of cortactin. Therefore cortactin could act on Tir-Nck-N-WASP pathway and control a possible cycling activity of N-WASP underlying pedestal formation. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2396827 Wed, 06 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2396827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2363803&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F9 Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family, which activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 in response to a diverse array of stresses such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium influx. In the past decade, various regulatory mechanisms of ASK1 have been elucidated, including its oxidative stress-dependent activation. Recently, it has emerged that ASK family proteins play key roles in cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on ASK family proteins and their implications in various diseases. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2363803 Fri, 24 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2363803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353106&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F8 The protein kinases Raf-1, A-Raf and B-Raf connect receptor stimulation with intracellular signaling pathways and function as a central intermediate in many signaling pathways. Gain-of-function experiments shed light on the pleiotropic biological activities of these enzymes. Expression experiments involving constitutively active Raf revealed the essential functions of Raf in controlling proliferation, differentiation and cell death in a cell-type specific manner. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353106 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2353106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2258334&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F4 Connexins constitute a large family of trans-membrane proteins that allow intercellular communication and the transfer of ions and small signaling molecules between cells. Recent studies have revealed complex translational and post-translational mechanisms that regulate connexin synthesis, maturation, membrane transport and degradation that in turn modulate gap junction intercellular communication. With the growing myriad of connexin interacting proteins, including cytoskeletal elements, junctional proteins, and enzymes, gap junctions are now perceived, not only as channels between neighboring cells, but as signaling complexes that regulate cell function and transformation. Connexins have also been shown to form functional hemichannels and have roles altogether independent of channel funct... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2258334 Thu, 12 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2258334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2231753&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F3 Conclusions: The present kinetic analysis revealed that excess receptors and negative feedback regulation promote activation and cessation of signal transduction with a low amount of extracellular ligand. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2231753 Tue, 03 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2231753 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2073335&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F11 The TNF superfamily member Fas ligand acts as a prototypic death factor. Due to its ability to induce apoptosis in Fas (APO-1, CD95) expressing cells, Fas ligand participates in essential effector functions of the immune system. It is involved in natural killer cell- and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the establishment of immune privilege, and in termination of immune responses by induction of activation-induced cell death. In addition, Fas ligand-positive tumours may evade immune surveillance by killing Fas-positive tumour-infiltrating cells. Given these strong cytotoxic capabilities of Fas ligand, it is obvious that its function has to be strictly regulated to avoid uncontrolled damage. In hematopoietic cells, the death factor is stored in secretory lysosomes and is mobilised to the immun... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2073335 Mon, 29 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2073335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2010770&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F10 The multi-step process of the emigration of cells from the blood stream through the vascular endothelium into the tissue has been termed extravasation. The extravasation of leukocytes is fairly well characterized down to the molecular level, and has been reviewed in several aspects. Comparatively little is known about the extravasation of tumor cells, which is part of the hematogenic metastasis formation. Although the steps of the process are basically the same in leukocytes and tumor cells, i.e. rolling, adhesion, transmigration (diapedesis), the molecules that are involved are different. A further important difference is that leukocyte interaction with the endothelium changes the endothelial integrity only temporarily, whereas tumor cell interaction leads to an irreversible damage of the... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2010770 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2010770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1905277&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F8 Conclusions: We conclude that gamma-secretase inhibition results in activation of the MAP kinases Erk1/2 and, when used in conjunction, enhances cell death induced by platinum compounds in a large subset of colorectal cancer cell lines. Furthermore the activation of Erk appears to be of particular importance in mediating the enhanced effect seen, as its inhibition abrogates the observed phenomenon. These findings do not only highlight the importance of signalling pathway crosstalk but they may also suggest a new avenue of combination therapy for some colorectal cancers. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1905277 Fri, 24 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1905277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1836976&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F6 Rho GTPases are a distinct subfamily of the superfamily of Ras GTPases. The best-characterised members are RhoA, Rac and Cdc42 that regulate many diverse actions such as actin cytoskeleton reorganisation, adhesion, motility as well as cell proliferation, differentiation and gene transcription. Among the 20 members of that family, only Rac2 and RhoH show an expression restricted to the haematopoietic lineage. RhoH was first discovered in 1995 as a fusion transcript with the transcriptional repressor LAZ3/BCL6. It was therefore initially named translation three four (TTF) but later on renamed RhoH due to its close relationship to the Ras/Rho family of GTPases. Since then, RhoH has been implicated in human cancer as the gene is subject to somatic hypermutation and by the detection of RHOH as... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1836976 Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1836976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770270&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F5 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a novel interleukin-7-like cytokine, triggers dendritic cell-mediated inflammatory responses ultimately executed by T helper cells of the Th2 subtype. TSLP emerged as a central player in the development of allergic symptoms, especially in the airways, and is a prime regulatory cytokine at the interface of virus- or antigen-exposed epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs activated by epithelium-derived TSLP can promote naïve CD4+ T cells to adopt a Th2 phenotype, which in turn recruite eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes as well as mast cells into the airway mucosa. These different cells secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines operative in inducing an allergic inflammation and atopic asthma. TSLP is, thus, involved in the control of b... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770270 Mon, 25 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1770270 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1733330&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F5 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a novel interleukin-7-like cytokine, triggers dendritic cell-mediated inflammatory responses ultimately executed by T helper cells of the Th2 subtype. TSLP emerged as a central player in the development of allergic symptoms, especially in the airways, and is a prime regulatory cytokine at the interface of virus- or antigen-exposed epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs activated by epithelium-derived TSLP can promote naive CD4+ T cells to adopt a Th2 phenotype, which in turn recruite eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes as well as mast cells into the airway mucosa. These different cells secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines operative in inducing an allergic inflammation and atopic asthma. TSLP is, thus, involved in the control of bo... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1733330 Mon, 25 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1733330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1713751&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F2 Highly dynamic integrin-based focal adhesions provide an important structural basis for anchoring the cellular actin cytoskeleton to the surrounding extracellular matrix. The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) directly targets integrins with drastic consequences on the epithelial cell morphology and migration, which might contribute to the disruption of the gastric epithelium in vivo. In this review, we summarize the recent findings concerning the complex mechanism through which H. pylori interferes with host integrin signaling thereby deregulating focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton of motile epithelial cells. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1713751 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1713751 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1713750&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2F3 Background: T cells play a central role in many inflammatory diseases, hence the identification and validation of T cell-specific target genes will increase the understanding of T cell function in pathologic inflammatory situations. RNA interference (RNAi), with its ability to induce specific gene silencing in mammalian cells, represents a powerful technology to investigate and validate the function of pharmaceutical target genes in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present study was to systematically explore RNAi-mediated gene-silencing of known T cell-specific model signaling molecules in primary murine T cells in vitro and in vivo. Results: We demonstrate that siRNA delivery and subsequent silencing of T cell specific genes is substantially increased, if murine T cells were activated pr... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1713750 Wed, 06 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1713750 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379667&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2F6 The identification of potential partners for CCN3(NOV) sheds new light on the biological activity of this signaling protein. In particular, the physical interaction of CCN3 with the IL33 cytokine combined with previous data indicating that CCN3 expression was regulated by TNFalpha and IL1 cytokines, point to CCN3 as a potent player in a variety of inflammatory responses, including neurodegenerative disease, and arthritis. Nuclear proteins that are involved in the regulation of RNA processing and chromatin remodeling were also found to interact with CCN3. These observations reinforce the concept that routing of CCN3 to the cell nucleus where it acts as a transcription regulator, might constitute a key element in the balance between the anti- and pro-proliferative activities of CCN3 proteins... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379667 Tue, 08 Aug 2006 06:00:00 +0100 379667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379668&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2F5 Conclusion: Our results indicate that increased migration of active Vav1 expressing cells is dependent on Vav1 GEF activity and secretion of an EGF receptor ligand. In addition, activation of ERK downstream of Vav1 is dependent on autocrine EGF receptor stimulation while active Vav1 can stimulate Rac1 and PAK activation independent of ligand binding to the EGF receptor. Thus, stimulation of migration by activated Vav1 involves both EGF receptor-dependent and independent activities induced through the Rho GEF domain of Vav1. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379668 Thu, 18 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 379668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379669&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2F4 Conclusion: These data demonstrate that placental ChAT localizes to the cytotrophoblast and some mesenchymal cells in human placenta. It further suggests that ACh acts via muscarinic receptors on the trophoblast cell membrane to modulate NO in an estrogen-dependent manner. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379669 Wed, 10 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 379669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379670&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2F3 The principal aim of this historical review- the first in a new series- is to present the basic concepts that led to the discovery of NOV and to show how our ideas evolved regarding the role and functions of this new class of proteins. It should prove particularly useful to the new comers and to students who are engaged in this exciting field. It is also a good opportunity to acknowledge the input of those who participated in the development of this scientific endeavour (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379670 Mon, 20 Feb 2006 07:00:00 +0100 379670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379671&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2F2 Conclusion: The results indicate that there may be extensive crosstalk between MAPK signaling and signaling pathways that are regulated by cellular levels of PIs or IPs. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379671 Mon, 30 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 379671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379672&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2F1 Conclusion: The identification of putative target genes for MAV provides important clues for the understanding of the MAV pathogenic potential. These studies identified ADAMTS1 as a gene upregulated in MAV-induced nephroblastoma and established that ccn3/nov is not a preferential site of integration for MAV as previously thought. The present results support our hypothesis that the highly efficient and specific MAV-induced tumorigenesis results from the alteration of multiple target genes in differentiating blastemal cells, some of which are required for the progression to highly aggressive stages. This study reinforces our previous conclusions that the MAV-induced nephroblastoma constitutes an excellent model in which to characterize new potential oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved i... Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379672 Tue, 10 Jan 2006 07:00:00 +0100 379672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379673&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F3%2F1%2F14 Conclusion: CCN2 contributes to the survival of primary HSC through the NF-κB pathway. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379673 Tue, 22 Nov 2005 07:00:00 +0100 379673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=379674&cid=s_34056_67_f&fid=34056&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosignaling.com%2Fcontent%2F3%2F1%2F13 Conclusion: The results support the conclusion that regulation of K+ secretion across strial marginal cell epithelium occurs by P2Y4 receptors at the apical membrane. The apparent lack of desensitization of the response is consistent with two processes: a rapid-onset phosphorylation of KCNE1 channel subunit and a slower-onset of regulation by depletion of plasma membrane PIP2. (Source: Cell Communication and Signaling) Cell Communication and Signaling journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=379674 Wed, 02 Nov 2005 07:00:00 +0100 379674