MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Chemical Senses' source. Sun, 21 Mar 2010 16:57:51 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3379357&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20231262%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bitter T, Gudziol H, Burmeister HP, Mentzel HJ, Guntinas-Lichius O, Gaser C Chronic olfactory disorders, including the complete loss of the sense of smell (anosmia), are common. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), structural changes in the cerebral gray matter (GM) of a group of patients with anosmia compared with a normosmic, healthy control group were evaluated. Patients with anosmia presented a significant decrease of GM volume mainly in the nucleus accumbens with adjacent subcallosal gyrus, in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPC) including the middle and anterior cingulate cortices, and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). These areas are part of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia and except the dlPFC secondary olfactory areas... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3379357 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3379357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3379356&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20231263%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this study was to determine if there are age-related changes in odorant receptor mapping. We studied 8 groups of mice ranging in age from 2 weeks to 2.5 years and mapped the projection of P2 odorant receptors onto targeted glomeruli within medial and lateral domains of the olfactory bulb. A total of 60 mice were used to measure the number of P2 glomeruli, bulb length, the position of each glomerulus, and the amount of P2 axons targeting each glomerulus. We found that over 70% of olfactory bulbs contained multiple P2 glomeruli, bulb length increased 42% between the ages of 2 and 13 weeks, and the position of P2 glomeruli shifted with bulb growth. In most cases, targeted glomeruli were either completely or partially filled with P2 axons. In some cases, targeting was diffuse,... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3379356 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3379356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3379355&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20233741%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chouquet B, Lucas P, Bozzolan F, Solvar M, Maïbèche-Coisné M, Durand N, Debernard S To clarify the role of phospholipase C (PLC) in insect olfactory transduction, we have undertaken its molecular identification in the moth Spodoptera littoralis. From the analysis of a male antennal expressed sequence tag library, we succeeded in cloning a full-length cDNA encoding a PLC that belongs to the cluster of PLC-beta subtypes. In adult males, the PLC-beta transcript was located predominantly in brain and antennae where its presence was detected in the olfactory sensilla trichodea. Moreover, PLC-beta was expressed in antennae at the beginning of the pupal stage, then reached a maximum at the end of this stage and was maintained at this level during the adult period. Take... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3379355 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3379355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3379358&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20228140%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iqbal T, Byrd-Jacobs C The effects of Triton X-100 on the olfactory epithelium (OE) of adult zebrafish were examined to study neuronal turnover in this model system. Fish were killed at various time points after detergent application and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to examine olfactory structures, immunocytochemistry to examine cell types, or DiI to examine connections to the olfactory bulb. A significant decrease in epithelial thickness of treated sides was observed 1-day posttreatment. Epithelium thickness recovered by 5 days. The most significant reduction in the OE following Triton X-100 treatment corresponded to the region of supporting cells and mature olfactory sensory neurons. Labeling for all neurons with anti-Hu and for the 3 sensory neuron subtypes of the zeb... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3379358 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3379358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3352608&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20212009%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brandstaetter AS, Rössler W, Kleineidam CJ Aiming to unravel how animals perceive odors, a variety of neurophysiological techniques are used today. For olfactory stimulation, odors are commonly incorporated into a constant airstream that carries odor molecules to the receptor organ (air-delivered stimulation). Such odor delivery works well for odors of high volatility (naturally effective over long distances) but less or not at all for low-volatile odors (usually only received at short range). We developed a new odor stimulation technique especially suited for low-volatile odors and compared it with conventional air-delivered stimulation using 2 neurophysiological approaches. Odor-loaded dummies were moved into close vicinity of the receptor organs on the antenna of the F... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3352608 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3352608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3352607&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20212010%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pauls D, Pfitzenmaier JE, Krebs-Wheaton R, Selcho M, Stocker RF, Thum AS Associative plasticity is a basic essential attribute of nervous systems. As shown by numerous reports, Drosophila is able to establish simple forms of appetitive and aversive olfactory associations at both larval and adult stages. Whereas most adult studies on aversive learning employed electric shock as a negative reinforcer, larval paradigms essentially utilized gustatory stimuli to create negative associations, a discrepancy that limits the comparison of data. To overcome this drawback, we critically revisited larval odor-electric shock conditioning. First, we show that lithium chloride (LiCl), which was used in all previous larval electric shock paradigms, is not required per se in larval odor-electr... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3352607 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3352607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3352606&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20212011%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we used several experimental approaches to investigate whether TAS2Rs can form oligomers and if this has an effect on receptor function. Coimmunoprecipitations clearly demonstrated that TAS2Rs can physically interact in HEK293T cells. Further bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analysis of all 325 possible binary combinations of TAS2Rs established that the vast majority of TAS2R pairs form oligomers, both homomers and heteromers. Subsequent screenings of coexpressed bitter receptors with 104 different tastants did not reveal any heteromer-specific agonists. Additional studies also showed no obvious influence of TAS2R hetero-oligomerization on plasma membrane localization or pharmacological properties of the receptors. Thus, our results show that receptor oligomerizatio... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3352606 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3352606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3352605&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20212012%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang JX, Wei W, Zhang JH, Yang WH The possible role of uropygial gland-secreted compounds in olfactory discrimination of sex or sex attractants in the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus, was investigated using behavioral 2-choice tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Our data showed that female budgerigars were capable of distinguishing males from females in a Y maze via body odor, indicating its sexual dimorphism. When we conducted a chemical assay of the uropygial preen gland secretions, we found 4 times more volatile octadecanol, nonadecanol, and eicosanol in ratios in males than in females, making them putative male pheromone candidates. Female birds also showed overt preferences for the odor of male preen gland secretions or the 3-alkanol blend equiva... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3352605 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3352605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3352604&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20212013%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hellekant G, Roberts T, Elmer D, Cragin T, Danilova V In spite of a wealth of information on feed and nutrition in cattle, there little is published of what they actually can taste. Here, we attempt to remedy some of this deficiency by presenting recordings of the chorda tympani proper nerve of young Holstein calves during stimulation of approximately 30 compounds. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 46 single taste fibers separated 4 fiber clusters: N (salt best), H (sour best), and 2 clusters, which could not be related to any human taste quality. The N fibers responded best to LiCl, NaCl, urea, monosodium glutamate, and KCl, whereas the H fibers responded strongly to citric and ascorbic acid. Interestingly, propionic and butyric acid stimulated best the 3rd cluster, whereas th... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3352604 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3352604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3335895&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20197300%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eggleston K, White TL, Sheehe PR The sweet taste of sucrose acts as an analgesic, whereas the taste of a bitter substance decreases pain tolerance. The present experiment explores the analgesic effect of a complex taste and asks how adding cocoa, a substance often associated with sweet foods but that has a bitter taste, to a sucrose solution affects cold pain tolerance. The 24 male participants were exposed to Cold Pressor Tests (CPTs) while holding 1 of 3 tastants in their mouths: water, sucrose, or sucrose with cocoa added. After each CPT, participants rated pain intensity and tastant qualities. Intraoral sucrose increased the amount of time that men were able to leave their hands in cold water, whereas the cocoa solution did not. Solutions did not differ in pleasantness or ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3335895 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3335895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248794&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20133313 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248794 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:22 +0100 3248794 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248793&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133314%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20133314 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248793 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:19 +0100 3248793 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248792&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133315%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20133315 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248792 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:17 +0100 3248792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248791&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133316%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20133316 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248791 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:14 +0100 3248791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248790&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133317%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meyerhof W PMID: 20133317 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248790 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:11 +0100 3248790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248789&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133318%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zucco GA PMID: 20133318 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248789 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:08 +0100 3248789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248788&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133319%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20133319 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248788 Sun, 07 Feb 2010 20:28:06 +0100 3248788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3176711&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20071408%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shindo Y, Kim MR, Miura H, Yuuki T, Kanda T, Hino A, Kusakabe Y Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-mediated calcium (IP3-Ca2+) signal cascade is an essential process in sweet, bitter, and umami taste signal transduction. Although the main components of this cascade have been identified, the candidate regulators of them in taste tissues are still unclear. In an effort to identify genes involved in taste signal transduction, we found that a gene encoding lymphoid-restricted membrane protein (Lrmp/Jaw1) was expressed in mouse taste tissues. Here we report that Lrmp/Jaw1 is specifically expressed in sweet, bitter, and umami taste receptor-expressing cells of mouse circumvallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae. In addition to this specific expression patterns, we found that Lrmp/Jaw1 is ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3176711 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 11:42:05 +0100 3176711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3146631&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20047983%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boto T, Gomez-Diaz C, Alcorta E In many species, olfactory transduction is triggered by odorant molecules that interact with olfactory receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G-proteins. The role of G-protein-linked transduction in the olfaction of Drosophila is currently under study. Here, we supply a thorough description of the expression in the olfactory receptor organs (antennae and maxillary palps) of all known Drosophila melanogaster genes that encode for G-proteins. Using RT-polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed 6 Galpha (G(s), G(i), G(q), G(o), G(f), and concertina), 3 Gbeta (G(beta5), G(beta13F), and G(beta76C)), and 2 Ggamma genes (G(gamma1) and G(gamma30A)). We found that all Galpha protein-encoding genes showed expression in both olfactory organs, but G(f) mRNA was no... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3146631 Mon, 04 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3146631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103834&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019151%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20019151 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103834 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:21 +0100 3103834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103833&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019152%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20019152 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103833 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:18 +0100 3103833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103832&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019153%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20019153 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103832 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:15 +0100 3103832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103831&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019154%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20019154 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103831 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:12 +0100 3103831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103830&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019155%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meyerhof W PMID: 20019155 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103830 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:10 +0100 3103830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103829&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019156%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang JX, Sun L, Zhang YH The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) posits that females prefer signals emitted by immunocompetent males over immunocompromised males and that these signals are honest. However, mechanisms of mate choice under an ICHH model may be impacted by levels of genetic variation (inbred animals vs. outbred animals). Here, we conducted 2-choice female preference experiments and chemical analyses of male urine in inbred BALB/c and outbred CD-1 mice, both of which have immunocompromised nude (nu) strains resulting from a Foxn1 gene knockout. We found that inbred BALB/c females but not outbred CD-1 females preferred the urine of healthy males over that of immunocompromised males despite measured differences in the qualities of their urine. There was a c... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103829 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:07 +0100 3103829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103828&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20019157%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meyerhof W PMID: 20019157 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103828 Sat, 19 Dec 2009 15:34:05 +0100 3103828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103835&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20008894%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schifferstein HN, Smeets MA, Postma A Stimuli from all sensory modalities can be linked to places and thus might serve as navigation cues. We compared performance for 4 sensory modalities in a location memory task: Black-and-white drawings of free forms (vision), 1-s manipulated environmental sounds (audition), surface textures of natural and artificial materials (touch), and unfamiliar smells (olfaction) were presented in 10 cubes. In the learning stage, participants walked to a cube, opened it, and perceived its content. Subsequently, in a relocation task, they placed each stimulus back in its original location. Although the proportion of correct locations selected just failed to yield significant differences between the modalities, the proportion of stimuli placed in the vi... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103835 Tue, 15 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3103835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3103836&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20008454%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruijschop RM, Boelrijk AE, Burgering MJ, de Graaf C, Westerterp-Plantenga MS The acute effect of complexity in aroma composition on perceived satiation and food intake was investigated in 41 young, healthy, and normal weight subjects. Subjects consumed 2 different strawberry-aromatized sweetened yogurt products (i.e., test and placebo product) in either an olfactometer-aided or an ad libitum eating experimental design. The test product was aromatized with a multicomponent strawberry aroma, whereas the placebo product was aromatized with a single-component strawberry aroma. Compared to placebo, subjects felt significantly more satiated during aroma stimulation with the multicomponent strawberry aroma in the olfactometer-aided setting. Additionally, perceived satiation was signi... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3103836 Mon, 14 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3103836 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063874&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19965899%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Becques A, Larose C, Gouat P, Serra J The ontogenesis of olfactogustatory preferences has been investigated in various mammals but surprisingly not in domestic cats Felis catus. In a first experiment, we examined how prenatal exposure (25 days prepartum) to a cheese flavor via the mother's diet can influence olfactory preferences of neonatal kittens. During 2-choice tests, 2-day-old kittens oriented first toward the cheese odor experienced in utero more frequently than toward a usual pet food odor. The choice of kittens born to mothers fed with a control diet did not differ from random. In the second experiment, we assessed the role of pre- and postnatal exposure (from 25th day before to 23rd day after birth) to cheese flavor on food preferences in weaned kittens. Forty-five-d... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063874 Fri, 04 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063874 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063873&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19965900%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schmidt R, Cain WS Data on human odor thresholds show disparities huge enough to marginalize olfactory psychophysics and delegitimize importation of its data into other areas. Variation of orders of magnitude from study to study, much of it systematic, threatens meaningful comparisons with animal species, comparison between in vivo with in vitro studies, the search for molecular determinants of potency, and use of olfactory information for environmental or public health policy. On the premise that good experimental results will flow from use of good tools, this report describes a vapor delivery system and its peripherals that instantiate good tools. The vapor delivery device 8 (VDD8) provides flexibility in range of delivered concentrations, offers definable stability of deliv... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063873 Fri, 04 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063873 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063872&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19965901%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Belanger RM, Pachkowski MD, Stacey NE In the tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii; family Cyprinidae), we previously found that increased olfactory sensitivity to a female prostaglandin pheromone could induce sexual behavior display in juvenile fish treated with androgens. Here, we determined if this phenomenon is widespread among cyprinid fishes by adding 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) to aquaria containing juveniles of 4 cyprinid species (tinfoil barbs; redtail sharkminnows, Epalzeorhynchos bicolor; goldfish, Carassius auratus; zebrafish, Danio rerio) and then using electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings and behavioral assays to determine if androgen treatment enhances pheromone detection and male sex behaviors. In all 4 cyprinids, MT treatment increased the magnitudes and... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063872 Fri, 04 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3061375&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19959563%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, olfactory cues from D. gnidium were identified by electroantennographic detection and chemical analysis. The attraction of mated females to synthetic odor blends was then tested in a wind tunnel bioassay. Female attraction was elicited by a blend of compounds released by both from D. gnidium and V. vinifera and by 2 blends with the compounds released specifically from each host. However, more complete odor blends of the 2 plants elicited stronger attraction. The common compounds in combination with the specific compounds of D. gnidium were the most attractive blend. This blend was tested with the common compounds presented both in the ratio emitted by D. gnidium and by V. vinifera, but there was no difference in female attraction. Our findings suggest that specific as well a... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3061375 Thu, 03 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3061375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3048790&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19948559%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zernecke R, Kleemann AM, Haegler K, Albrecht J, Vollmer B, Linn J, Brückmann H, Wiesmann M Human sweat contains a mixture of odorants with trigeminal as well as olfactory properties. It has been shown that trigeminal perception is necessary to localize odors and that humans are not able to localize substances that only activate the olfactory system. To analyze the chemosensory properties of human sweat, we studied humans' ability to localize sweat stimuli to the different nostrils. Human sweat was collected during a bicycle workout (20 males) and was then applied to 34 different subjects (17 females) during odor detection and localization experiments by using an olfactometer. During the detection experiment, subjects were instructed to discriminate between sweat stimuli (... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3048790 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3048790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3036325&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19942579%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents an initial effort at identifying and categorizing these functions, using 3 sources of information as a guide: 1) losses experienced by anosmic participants; 2) olfactory function in other mammals; and 3) capacity, namely, whether the human olfactory system can support the suggested function and whether there is evidence that it does. Three major classes of function were identified, relating to Ingestion (Detection/identification prior to ingestion; Detection of expectancy violations; Appetite regulation; Breast orientation and feeding), Avoiding environmental hazards (Fear related; Disgust related), and Social communication (Reproductive [inbreeding avoidance, fitness detection in prospective mates]; Emotional contagion [fear contagion, stress buffering]). These sugge... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3036325 Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3036325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3036324&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19942580%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dinnella C, Recchia A, Vincenzi S, Tuorila H, Monteleone E The extent of the change in salivary protein characteristics after repeated stimulations was shown to be correlated to differences in perceived astringency. Salivary characteristics of 77 subjects were compared after masticatory (S1) and taste/masticatory (S2) stimulations. The variations (S2 minus S1) of protein concentration and saliva haze-forming capacity (HFC) were used to define 3 subject groups: low responding (LR, n = 20), medium responding (MR, n = 37), and high responding (HR, n = 20). Salivary protein concentration did not change in LR subjects; decreased a little, but significantly, in MR subjects; and strongly decreased in HR subjects. After S2, HFC increased in LR subjects, slightly decreased in MR subjec... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3036324 Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3036324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3008796&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19917590%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arzi A, Sela L, Green A, Givaty G, Dagan Y, Sobel N To assess the feasibility of using odors as a potential mechanism for treating sleep apnea, we set out to test the hypothesis that odorants delivered during sleep would modify respiratory patterns without inducing arousal or wake in healthy sleepers. We used 2 mildly trigeminal odorants: the pleasant lavender and unpleasant vetiver oil and 2 pure olfactory odorants: the pleasant vanillin and unpleasant ammonium sulfide. During sleep, an olfactometer delivered a transient odorant every 9,12, or 15 min (randomized), providing 21-37 odorant presentations per night. Each of 36 participants was studied for 1 night and with 1 of the 4 different odorants tested. In addition to standard overnight polysomnography, we employed highly a... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3008796 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3008796 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3008794&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19917591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Anholt RR, Williams TI The olfactory system of Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best characterized chemosensory systems. Identification of proteins contained in the third antennal segment, the main olfactory organ, has previously relied primarily on immunohistochemistry, and although such studies and in situ hybridization studies are informative, they focus generally on one or few gene products at a time, and quantification is difficult. In addition, purification of native proteins from the antenna is challenging because it is small and encased in a hard cuticle. Here, we describe a simple method for the large-scale detection of soluble proteins from the Drosophila antenna by chromatographic separation of tryptic peptides followed by tandem mass spectrometry with femtomol... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3008794 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3008794 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901961&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833654%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19833654 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901961 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:24 +0100 2901961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901960&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833655%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19833655 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901960 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:22 +0100 2901960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901959&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833656%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19833656 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901959 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:20 +0100 2901959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901958&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833657%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19833657 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901958 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:17 +0100 2901958 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901957&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meyerhof W PMID: 19833658 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901957 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:15 +0100 2901957 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901956&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833659%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prescott J PMID: 19833659 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901956 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:13 +0100 2901956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901955&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833660%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this study was to develop a semantically labeled hedonic scale (LHS) that would yield ratio-level data on the magnitude of liking/disliking of sensation equivalent to that produced by magnitude estimation (ME). The LHS was constructed by having 49 subjects who were trained in ME rate the semantic magnitudes of 10 common hedonic descriptors within a broad context of imagined hedonic experiences that included tastes and flavors. The resulting bipolar scale is statistically symmetrical around neutral and has a unique semantic structure. The LHS was evaluated quantitatively by comparing it with ME and the 9-point hedonic scale. The LHS yielded nearly identical ratings to those obtained using ME, which implies that its semantic labels are valid and that it produces ratio-level ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901955 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:10 +0100 2901955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901954&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833661%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eddy MC, Eschle BK, Barrows J, Hallock RM, Finger TE, Delay ER The P2X ionotropic purinergic receptors, P2X2 and P2X3, are essential for transmission of taste information from taste buds to the gustatory nerves. Mice lacking both P2X2 and P2X3 purinergic receptors (P2X2/P2X3(Dbl-/-)) exhibit no taste-evoked activity in the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves when stimulated with taste stimuli from any of the 5 classical taste quality groups (salt, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami) nor do the mice show taste preferences for sweet or umami, or avoidance of bitter substances (Finger et al. 2005. ATP signaling is crucial for communication from taste buds to gustatory nerves. Science. 310[5753]:1495-1499). Here, we compare the ability of P2X2/P2X3(Dbl-/-) mice and P2X2/P2X3(Db... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901954 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:08 +0100 2901954 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2901953&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19833662%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hallock RM, Tatangelo M, Barrows J, Finger TE Mice lacking the purinergic receptors, P2X2 and P2X3 (P2X2/P2X3(Dbl-/-)), exhibit essentially no tastant-evoked activity in the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves and substantial loss of tastant-evoked behavior as measured in long-term intake experiments. To assess whether the residual chemically driven behaviors in these P2X2/P2X3(Dbl-/-) mice were attributable to postingestive detection or oropharyngeal detection of the compounds, we used brief access lickometer tests to assess the behavioral capabilities of the P2X2/P2X3(Dbl-/-) animals. The P2X2/P2X3(Dbl-/-) mice showed avoidance to high levels (10 mM quinine and 10-30 mM denatonium benzoate) of classical "bitter"-tasting stimuli in 24-h, 2-bottle preference tests but m... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2901953 Sat, 17 Oct 2009 16:36:06 +0100 2901953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2887167&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19819935%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guarneros M, Hummel T, Martínez-Gómez M, Hudson R Surprisingly little is known about the effects of big-city air pollution on olfactory function and even less about its effects on the intranasal trigeminal system, which elicits sensations like burning, stinging, pungent, or fresh and contributes to the overall chemosensory experience. Using the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test battery and an established test for intranasal trigeminal perception, we compared the olfactory performance and trigeminal sensitivity of residents of Mexico City, a region with high air pollution, with the performance of a control population from the Mexican state of Tlaxcala, a geographically comparable but less polluted region. We compared the ability of 30 young adults from each location to d... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2887167 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2887167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2881444&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19815631%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oostindjer M, Bolhuis JE, van den Brand H, Kemp B Exposure to flavors in the amniotic fluid and mother's milk derived from the maternal diet has been shown to modulate food preferences and neophobia of young animals of several species. Aim of the experiment was to study the effects of pre- and postnatal flavor exposure on behavior of piglets during (re)exposure to this flavor. Furthermore, we investigated whether varying stress levels, caused by different test settings, affected behavior of animals during (re)exposure. Piglets were exposed to anisic flavor through the maternal diet during late gestation and/or during lactation or never. Piglets that were prenatally exposed to the flavor through the maternal diet behaved differently compared with unexposed pigs during reexposur... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2881444 Wed, 07 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2881444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2858058&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19797341%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamamoto T, Watanabe U, Fujimoto M, Sako N Previous human sensory evaluation studies have shown that glutathione (GSH) enhances deliciousness, accompanied by thickness, mouthfulness, and continuity feeling, which is known as "kokumi" in Japanese, in an umami solution containing monosodium glutamate and 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP). We conducted behavioral and electrophysiological experiments to explore possible interactions of taste effectiveness between GSH and umami substances in mice. The 2-bottle preference test revealed that the mice preferred GSH at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM. When GSH was added to IMP or a mixture of IMP and monopotassium glutamate (MPG), the mice showed increased preference for these solutions over the individual IMP or the binary mixture... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2858058 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2858058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810039&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19759360%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee AC, Tian H, Grosmaitre X, Ma M The sense of smell deteriorates in normal aging, but the underling mechanisms are still elusive. Here we investigated age-related alterations in expression patterns of odorant receptor (OR) genes and functional properties of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)-2 critical factors that define the odor detection threshold in the olfactory epithelium. Using in situ hybridization for 9 representative OR genes, we compared the cell densities of each OR in coronal nose sections at different ages (3-27 months). The cell density for different ORs peaked at different time points and a decline was observed for 6 of 9 ORs at advanced ages. Using patch clamp recordings, we then examined the odorant responses of individual OSNs coexpressing a defined OR (MOR2... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810039 Sat, 19 Sep 2009 21:18:13 +0100 2810039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810038&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19759361%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the extended test kit allows a precise evaluation of olfactory function, especially when different olfactory tasks are assessed using individual subtests. Furthermore, the high test-retest reliability of both the 16 and the 32-item tests allows the evaluation of even relatively small changes of olfactory function over time by means of either test. PMID: 19759361 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810038 Sat, 19 Sep 2009 21:18:11 +0100 2810038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810037&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19759362%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Osada K, Kashiwayanagi M, Izumi H Rat urine contains many volatile constituents that may be used for chemical communication. The levels of certain urinary volatiles are strongly dependent on the sex and endocrine status (e.g., puberty). We performed chemical and behavioral studies to identify the volatiles in adult male rat urine that attract mature females. Our results demonstrated that adult male rats have higher levels of 2-heptanone (2-HP), 4-methylphenol (4-MP), and 4-ethylphenol (4-EP) than prepubescent male rats; furthermore, female rats are more attracted to the odor of adult male rat urine than that of prepubescent males. When prepubescent rat urine was supplemented with 2-HP, 4-MP, and 4-EP to the levels found in adult male urine, the attractiveness of the urine to f... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810037 Sat, 19 Sep 2009 21:18:08 +0100 2810037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810036&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19759363%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: López P, Moreira PL, Martín J In the lizard Iberolacerta monticola, there are 2 discrete color morphs ("blue" vs. "green") that seem to have alternative reproductive strategies. Because scent marking of territories and chemoreception are important in social organization of these lizards, we explored whether there is also chemical polymorphism and chemosensory recognition between color morphs. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that adult males of different morphs had similar chemical compounds in femoral gland secretions, but the proportions of some shared chemicals were different; blue morph males had higher proportions of steroids and lower proportions of fatty acids than green males. Differential tongue-flick rates to scents from femoral secre... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810036 Sat, 19 Sep 2009 21:18:04 +0100 2810036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2780379&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19736224%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zukerman S, Touzani K, Margolskee RF, Sclafani A Prior work has shown that sweet taste-deficient T1R3 knockout (KO) mice developed significant sucrose preferences when given long-term sugar versus water tests. The current study investigated the role of olfaction in this experience-conditioned sucrose preference. T1R3 KO and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were given 24-h sugar versus water tests with ascending concentrations of sucrose (0.5-32%), after which the mice received olfactory bulbectomy (OBx) or sham surgery. When retested with sucrose, the Sham-KO mice preferred all sugar solutions to water, although their intake and preference were less than those of the Sham-WT mice. The OBx-KO mice, in contrast, showed no or weak preferences for dilute sucrose solutions (0.5-8%) alth... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2780379 Sun, 06 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2780379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2734872&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19703921%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang MF, Marks LE, Frank ME Coding of the complex tastes of ionic stimuli in humans was studied by combining taste confusion matrix (TCM) methodology and treatment with chlorhexidine gluconate. The TCM evaluates discrimination of multiple stimuli simultaneously. Chlorhexidine, a bis-biguanide antiseptic, reversibly inhibits salty taste and tastes of a subset of bitter stimuli, including quinine hydrochloride. Identifications of salty (NaCl, "salt"), bitter (quinine.HCl, "quinine"), sweet (sucrose, "sugar"), and sour (citric acid, "acid") prototypes, alone and as components of binary mixtures, were measured under 4 conditions. One was a water-rinse control and the others had the salt and quinine tastes progressively reduced by treatment with 1 mM chlorhexidine, 3 mM chlorhexidi... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2734872 Sun, 23 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2734872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2723492&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19696120%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Walters DE, Cragin T, Jin Z, Rumbley JN, Hellekant G We have previously modeled the interaction of the sweet protein brazzein with the extracellular domains of the sweet taste receptor. Here, we describe the application of that model to the design of 12 new highly potent analogs of brazzein. Eight of the 12 analogs have higher sweetness potency than wild-type brazzein. Results are consistent with our brazzein-receptor interaction model. The model predicts binding of brazzein to the open form of T1R2 in the T1R2-T1R3 heterodimer. PMID: 19696120 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2723492 Wed, 19 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2723492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662851&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19643818%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakazawa H, Ichikawa M, Nagai T Japanese toads (Bufo japonicus) migrate to and from breeding sites in the early spring, possibly guided by olfactory cues. We previously showed that the electrical activity of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the toads was enhanced in the breeding period. We undertook morphological and physiological studies of the olfactory epithelium to determine whether any cellular substrate of the epithelium underlies the enhanced electrical activity of ORNs. The ORNs of the toads were labeled by antiserum to olfactory marker protein (OMP), and the morphology of the labeled cells and their distribution in the epithelium were examined throughout the year. The OMP-positive cells, distributed mainly in the basal and intermediate layers of the epithelium, we... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662851 Wed, 29 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2662851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2650627&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19633197%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Labbe D, Martin N The impact of coexposure to a novel olfactory stimulation in combination with sweet taste on the construction of perceptual interaction was studied. The first objective was to explore whether a new flavoring perceived retronasally at a subthreshold concentration could enhance the perceived sweetness after a coexposure with sucrose using an approach encouraging associative learning. After validating the associative learning by showing an increase of the perceived sweetness by the flavoring at a suprathreshold concentration, we showed that the flavoring stimulation did not impact the perceived sweetness when presented at a subthreshold concentration. The second objective was to validate the absence of associative learning when subjects were exposed to the sucro... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2650627 Thu, 23 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2650627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2626933&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19620386%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Formaker BK, Lin H, Hettinger TP, Frank ME Studies of taste receptor cells, chorda tympani (CT) neurons, and brainstem neurons show stimulus interactions in the form of inhibition or enhancement of the effectiveness of sucrose when mixed with acids or citrate salts, respectively. To investigate further the effects of acids and the trivalent citrate anion on sucrose responses in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), we recorded multifiber CT responses to 100 mM sucrose; a concentration series of HCl, citric acid, acetic acid, sodium citrate (with and without amiloride added), potassium citrate, and all binary combinations of acids and salts with 100 mM sucrose. Compared with response additivity, sucrose responses were increasingly suppressed in acid + sucrose mixtures with increases... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2626933 Sun, 19 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2626933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2626932&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19620387%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yokosuka M, Hagiwara A, Saito TR, Tsukahara N, Aoyama M, Wakabayashi Y, Sugota S, Ichikawa M The nasal cavity and olfactory bulb (OB) of the Japanese jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) were studied using computed tomography (CT) and histochemical staining. The nasal septum divided the nasal cavity in half. The anterior and maxillary conchae were present on both sides of the nasal cavity, but the posterior concha was indistinct. A small OB was present on the ventral surface of the periphery of the cerebrum. The OB-brain ratio-the ratio of the size of the OB to that of the cerebral hemisphere-was 6.13. The olfactory nerve bundles projected independently to the OB, which appeared fused on gross examination. Histochemical analysis confirmed the fusion of all OB layers. Using a neu... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2626932 Sun, 19 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2626932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2626931&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19620388%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brodin M, Laska M, Olsson MJ The perceived quality of a binary mixture will, as a rule of thumb, be dominated by the quality of the stronger unmixed component. On the other hand, there are mechanisms that, in theory, suggest that this will not always be true; one example being receptor antagonism. Undecanal has been indicated as an antagonist for bourgeonal-sensitive receptors in the human olfactory epithelium. Therefore, we investigated mixtures of isointense concentrations of bourgeonal and undecanal and, as a control, mixtures of isointense concentrations of bourgeonal and n-butanol. Both mixture types were investigated at 2 levels of concentration. The particular aim was to see if the bourgeonal-undecanal mixtures would exhibit asymmetric odor quality favoring the percepti... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2626931 Sun, 19 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2626931 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2614566&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19608789%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gamble KR, Smith DW Odorant diluents are generally chosen because of their odorless qualities, allowing them to dilute a target odorant without otherwise altering its perception. Unpublished observations from our laboratory, however, suggest that mineral oil (MO), a common diluent for oil-based odorants, may possess a distinct odor when used in the behavioral testing of mice. To test this, mice were trained to discriminate between 4 brands of MO, using a commercial, liquid-dilution olfactometer and a 2-odorant discrimination task. The results demonstrate that mice were able to detect MOs and to discriminate between MO pairs obtained from different sources. Additionally, we sought to determine if mice could discriminate different MOs when used as a diluent for suprathreshold le... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2614566 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2614566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2591995&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19587025%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kudo H, Shinto M, Sakurai Y, Kaeriyama M It is generally accepted that anadromous Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) imprint to odorants in their natal streams during their seaward migration and use olfaction to identify these during their homeward migration. Despite the importance of the olfactory organ during olfactory imprinting, the development of this structure is not well understood in Pacific salmon. Olfactory cues from the environment are relayed to the brain by the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the olfactory organ. Thus, we analyzed morphometric changes in olfactory lamellae of the peripheral olfactory organ and in the quantity of ORNs during life history from alevin to mature in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). The number of lamellae increased markedly during... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2591995 Tue, 07 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2591995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2591994&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19587026%26dopt%3DAbstract This study longitudinally assessed sweet taste changes across pregnancy in women who developed GDM (n = 15) as compared with women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 93) and nonpregnant controls (n = 19). A second objective was to relate sweet taste changes in GDM to fasting leptin and insulin profiles. Following an overnight fast, subjects evaluated strawberry-flavored milks varying in sucrose and fat content, as well as glucose solutions. Evaluations were made at 3 time points during pregnancy and during early postpartum. At 34-38 weeks gestation, women with GDM gave higher liking ratings to moderately sweetened (5% and 10% sucrose) strawberry milks than women with NGT. These differences were not related to alterations in the perception of the samples. At 24-28 weeks gestation, and ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2591994 Tue, 07 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2591994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2577592&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19578153%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kobayashi M, Costanzo RM To investigate factors that influence the degree of neural regeneration and recovery, we studied 2 olfactory nerve injury models. Transection of the olfactory nerves along the surface of the olfactory bulb was performed in OMP-tau-lacZ mice using either a flexible Teflon blade (mild injury) or a stainless steel blade (severe injury). Histological assessment of recovery within the olfactory bulb was made at 5, 14, and 42 days after injury. We used X-gal staining to label the degenerating and regenerating olfactory nerve fibers and immunohistochemical staining to detect the presence of reactive astrocytes and macrophages. Areas of injury-associated tissue were significantly smaller in the mild injury model, and at 42 days, the regenerated nerves had rees... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2577592 Thu, 02 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2577592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544986&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19406874%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: López P, Martín J Pheromone-based chemosensory sex discrimination occurs in many reptiles, but the specific chemosignals responsible for this discrimination have been rarely identified. Chemoreception is especially important for amphisbaenians, a group of fossorial, almost blind, reptiles. We analyzed the role of semiochemicals produced by precloacal glands in intraspecific communication and chemosensory sex recognition of the amphisbaenian Blanus cinereus. We expected that sexual discrimination in amphisbaenians would be based on those chemicals that show intersexual differences in precloacal secretions, with squalene being the chemical that shows the greatest difference in relative abundance between sexes. Tongue-flick assays and behavioral responses to the scent o... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544986 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:28 +0100 2544986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544985&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19414494%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Welge-Lüssen A, Ebnöther M, Wolfensberger M, Hummel T Identical stimuli are processed differently when presented ortho- or retronasally. In contrast to orthonasal olfaction, retronasal odorant perception is strongly associated with flavor and food intake, which is usually followed by swallowing. Along with other stimuli, gustatory stimuli are known to influence the swallowing reflex. It was therefore the aim of present study to examine whether retronasal olfaction, in combination with simultaneous gustatory stimuli, influences swallowing in a manner different from that of orthonasal olfaction. Fifty normosmic and normogeusic subjects took part in the study. A sweet taste (glucose, delivered via an intraoral taste dispenser) was presented simultaneously with vanillin,... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544985 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:26 +0100 2544985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544984&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19423656%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: St John SJ, Boughter JD Historically, taste researchers have considered the possibility that the gustatory system detects basic compounds, such as those containing the hydroxide ion, but evidence for an "alkaline taste" has not been strong. We found that, in 48 h, 2-bottle preference tests, C3HeB/FeJ (C3) mice showed a preference for Ca(OH)(2), whereas SWR/J (SW) mice showed avoidance. Strain differences were also apparent to NaOH but not CaCl(2). Follow-up studies showed that the strain difference for Ca(OH)(2) was stable over time (Experiment 2) but that C3 and SW mice did not differ in their responses to Ca(OH)(2) or NaOH in brief-access tests, where both mice avoided high concentrations of these compounds (Experiment 3). In order to assess the perceived quality of Ca(OH)(2... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544984 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:24 +0100 2544984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544982&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19458025%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baker TC In moth sex pheromone olfaction systems, there is a stereotypical co-compartmentalization of two or sometimes three olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) within single trichoid sensilla on which pheromone-sensitive odorant receptors (ORs) are differentially expressed. In this issue of Chemical Senses, Krieger et al. show through elegant double and triple in situ hybridization studies that in the moth, Heliothis virescens, a pheromone component-related OR (HR11) is expressed on an ORN that is reliably cocompartmentalized in the same sensillum as another OR (HR13) whose ligand is known to be (Z)-11-hexadecenal, the H. virescens major pheromone component. Although the ligand for HR11 is not yet known, mapping this OR to this particular ORN represents a key advance in piecing... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544982 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:21 +0100 2544982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544981&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19477953%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Gilbert PE, Hopkins RO Hippocampal lesions in rodents impair both object-place and odor-place associative memory. Subjects with hippocampal damage have impaired associative memory such as object-place memory. Whereas studies have investigated some types of associative memory, no investigation has specifically examined odor-place associative memory in subjects with well-defined amnesia. It is unknown whether amnesic subjects with hippocampal damage would be impaired on an odor-place associative task. We investigated the effect of hippocampal damage in amnesic subjects with hippocampal atrophy on odor-place associative memory and recognition memory tasks. Amnesic and healthy comparison subjects matched for age and education were tested on an odor-place asso... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544981 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:19 +0100 2544981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544980&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19477954%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mast TG, Samuelsen CL Recently, Foltan and Sedy proposed a hypothesis stating that the adult human VNO is integral to the prevention of inappropriate mate selection. In this commentary, we address the authors' assumption that humans have a functional VNO, that pheromones are detected exclusively by the VNO, and that human pheromones are responsible for negative stimuli during mate selection. After examining the published literature on human vomeronasal function, we argue that their hypothesis is critically flawed. We offer a brief review of the adult human VNO in support of our argument. PMID: 19477954 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544980 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:17 +0100 2544980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544979&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19497961%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, preliminary characterization and isolation of cDNAs from male M. mediator antennal libraries identified 8 putative odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). Real-time polymerase chain reaction method was used to study the expression pattern of these isolated genes. Their gene expression profiles under a wide range of conditions indicated that only 4 OBP genes in M. mediator were antenna specific. The remaining 4 genes are either expressed ubiquitously or strictly regulated in specialized tissues or during different developmental stages. Some OBP genes were gender specific. These findings support that OBPs play dynamic roles during development of M. mediator and are likely to be involved in broader physiological functions. PMID: 19497961 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Sen... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544979 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:15 +0100 2544979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544976&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19525318%26dopt%3DAbstract DISCUSSION: The results indicate that threshold testing with PEA is an alternative to butanol. The wide step method provided similar results as the narrow step method but required less time. PMID: 19525318 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544976 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 02:53:09 +0100 2544976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544975&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19556335%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, future studies using axillary odor samples can consider left and right samples as perceptually equivalent stimuli when the participant samples are representative of the general population, which comprises relatively low proportions of left-handed men and spontaneously ovulating fertile women. The results also provide new evidence of the variation of female sensitivity to biologically relevant stimuli across the menstrual cycle. PMID: 19556335 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544975 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544978&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19525316%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Viswaprakash N, Dennis JC, Globa L, Pustovyy O, Josephson EM, Kanju P, Morrison EE, Vodyanoy VJ Zinc metal nanoparticles in picomolar concentrations strongly enhance odorant responses of olfactory sensory neurons. One- to 2-nm metallic particles contain 40-300 zinc metal atoms, which are not in an ionic state. We exposed rat olfactory epithelium to metal nanoparticles and measured odorant responses by electroolfactogram and whole-cell patch clamp. A small amount of zinc nanoparticles added to an odorant or an extracellular/intracellular particle perfusion strongly increases the odorant response in a dose-dependent manner. Zinc nanoparticles alone produce no odor effects. Copper, gold, or silver nanoparticles do not produce effects similar to those of zinc. If zinc nanoparticle... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544978 Thu, 11 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544977&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19525317%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reisert J, Restrepo D The discovery of the odorant receptor (OR) family by Buck and Axel in 1991 provided a quantum jump in our understanding of olfactory function. However, the study of the responsiveness of ORs to odor ligands was challenging due to the difficulties in deorphanizing the receptors. In this manuscript, we review recent findings of OR responsiveness that have come about through improved OR deorphanization methods, site-directed mutagenesis, structural modeling studies, and studies of OR responses in situ in olfactory sensory neurons. Although there has been a major leap in our understanding of receptor-ligand interactions and how these contribute to the input to the olfactory system, an improvement of our understanding of receptor structure and dynamics and int... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544977 Thu, 11 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544991&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19363087%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the SDOIT showed good test-retest reliability. Agreement for impaired/abnormal olfaction was demonstrated for the SDOIT and the B-SIT. PMID: 19363087 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544991 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544990&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19363088%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Okada K, Sakuma M The olfactory system of an insect brain codes for information about odorant quality and quantity using the temporal pattern of neural activity as well as neurons' firing. Although an accurate odor temporal pattern is indispensable for investigations of olfactory systems, it is difficult to control in conventional odor stimulators. To overcome this problem, we fabricated an odor stimulator that can control the odor temporal pattern. The stimulator has 3 major parts: an "odor conditioner," with odor-laden air prepared with known concentrations of odorants; a Pitot tube; and a small wind tunnel of laminar flow. Using this stimulator, we realized not only timing control of the odor stimulation with millisecond order but also constant odor concentrations or intens... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544990 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544989&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19366788%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Serra J, Ferreira G, Mirabito L, Lévy F, Nowak R Nursing-suckling interactions facilitate olfactory learning in newborns as long as suckling and the olfactory stimulus temporally overlap. We tested the hypothesis that olfactory preferences would develop even with a long delay between odor presentation and nursing. Thyme was presented to 2-day-old rabbit pups by placing an odorized plate 2 cm above their nest box. Duration and time of nursing were controlled and occurred before, during, or after odor presentation. Controls were not nursed. When exposed to the odor for 15 min, control pups preferred thyme to a novel odor in a 2-choice test immediately after exposure but not 3 and 22 h later. When pups were nursed immediately before thyme exposure or during exposure, they pr... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544989 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544988&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19386695%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meunier N, Marion-Poll F, Lucas P In mammals, detection of osmolarity by the gustatory system was overlooked until recently. In insects, specific taste receptor neurons detect hypoosmotic stimuli and are commonly called "W" (water) cells. W cells are easy to access in vivo and represent a good model to study the transduction of hypoosmotic stimuli. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches in Drosophila, we show that tarsal W cell firing activity depends on the concentration of external calcium bathing the dendrite. This dependence was confirmed by the strong inhibition of W cell responses to hypoosmotic stimuli by lanthanum (IC(50) = 8 nM), an ion known to inhibit calcium-permeable channels. Downstream, the transduction pathway likely involves calmodulin because calmodulin... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544988 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544987&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19406873%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jenkins PM, McEwen DP, Martens JR The olfactory system gives us an awareness of our immediate environment by allowing us to detect airborne stimuli. The components necessary for detection of these odorants are compartmentalized in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which can be found projecting from the surface of almost any mammalian cell, and are critical for proper olfactory function. Mislocalization of ciliary proteins and/or the loss of cilia cause impaired olfactory function, which is now recognized as a clinical manifestation of a broad class of human diseases, termed ciliopathies. Future work investigating the mechanisms of olfactory cilia function will provide us important new information regarding the pathogenesis of human... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544987 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2544983&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19443610%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19443610 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2544983 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2544983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2323188&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19357229%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mattes RD Multiple putative free fatty acid (FFA) transduction mechanisms have been identified in the oral cavity. They reportedly differ in their distribution on the tongue and each has a unique range of ligand specificities. This suggests that there should be regional differences in sensory responses to varying FFAs. This was assessed through spatial testing with caproic (C), lauric (L), and stearic (S) FFAs among 35 healthy adults. Stimuli were applied to the fungiform (FU), foliate (FO), and circumvallate (CV) papillae with a cotton-tipped applicator. Oral detection thresholds were measured by an ascending, 3-alternative, forced-choice, sip and spit procedure. Intensity ratings were obtained on the general labeled magnitude scale. Nongustatory cues were minimized by testin... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2323188 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2323188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2294654&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19304763%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saidu SP, Weeraratne SD, Valentine M, Delay R, Van Houten JL Odorants cause Ca(2+) to rise in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) first within the ciliary compartment, then in the dendritic knob, and finally in the cell body. Ca(2+) not only excites but also produces negative feedback on the transduction pathway. To relieve this Ca(2+)-dependent adaptation, Ca(2+) must be cleared from the cilia and dendritic knob by mechanisms that are not well understood. This work focuses on the roles of plasma membrane calcium pumps (PMCAs) through the use of inhibitors and mice missing 1 of the 4 PMCA isoforms (PMCA2). We demonstrate a significant contribution of PMCAs in addition to contributions of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium pump to the rate of calcium... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2294654 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2294654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2294650&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19304764%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhao XC, Berg BG We have characterized, by intracellular recording and staining combined with immunocytochemistry, a serotonin-immunoreactive neuron in the central olfactory pathway of the male moth Helicoverpa assulta. The neuron joins the unique category of so-called SI antennal-lobe neurons, previously described in several insect species. In similarity with that originally discovered in the sphinx moth Manduca sexta, the neuron identified here has a large soma located posteriorly in the lateral cell cluster of the antennal lobe and an unbranched neurite projecting into the ipsilateral protocerebrum via the inner antennocerebral tract. After bypassing the central body, the axon crosses the midline and extends through the corresponding antennocerebral tract to the contralater... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2294650 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2294650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283018&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19293399%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jordan MD, Anderson A, Begum D, Carraher C, Authier A, Marshall SD, Kiely A, Gatehouse LN, Greenwood DR, Christie DL, Kralicek AV, Trowell SC, Newcomb RD Moths recognize a wide range of volatile compounds, which they use to locate mates, food sources, and oviposition sites. These compounds are recognized by odorant receptors (OR) located within the dendritic membrane of sensory neurons that extend into the lymph of sensilla, covering the surface of insect antennae. We have identified 3 genes encoding ORs from the tortricid moth, Epiphyas postvittana, a pest of horticulture. Like Drosophila melanogaster ORs, they contain 7 transmembrane helices with an intracellular N-terminus, an orientation in the plasma membrane opposite to that of classical GPCRs. EpOR2 is orthologous to th... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283018 Tue, 17 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2283018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283024&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19289532%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, the candidate pheromone receptor HR11 from Heliothis virescens has been characterized. HR11 was found to be expressed in numerous cells located in short and long sensilla trichodea on the male antenna. The HR11 cells are stereotypically arranged in a paired pattern together with HR13 cells, which respond to the major component of the sex pheromone blend. Triple in situ hybridization approaches revealed that each pair of an HR11 cell and an HR13 cell was ensheathed by supporting cells, which express pheromone-binding proteins, thus constituting a structural unit. The paired pattern of HR11/HR13 cells is reminiscent of the pattern described for BmOR-1- and BmOR-3-expressing cells in the antenna of Bombyx mori, which respond to bombykol and bombykal, respectively. These results... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283024 Mon, 16 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2283024 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2272887&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19286974%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruijschop RM, Burgering MJ, Jacobs MA, Boelrijk AE It is hypothesized that differences in the extent of retro-nasal aroma release during consumption may be 1 of the reasons that people vary in their satiation characteristics. Using real-time atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APcI-MS), in vivo retro-nasal aroma release was determined for 30 subjects consuming 9 different food products, varying in physical structure (i.e., [semi]liquid and solid food products). Additionally, for a subset of the subjects ad libitum food intake was measured. Retro-nasal aroma release intensity and profile morphology appeared to be subject specific and relatively independent of the type of food product subjects consumed. A subject who was observed as having a relatively hi... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2272887 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2272887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2267289&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19282337%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Feldman GM, Heck GL, Smith NL We have demonstrated in humans that Na(+) evokes changes in the lingual surface potential (LSP) using a custom chamber. To assess whether a relationship exists between the Na(+)-evoked changes in the LSP and the intensity of salt taste, we measured the LSP and the intensity of salt taste simultaneously in 7 subjects using test solutions (50, 100, 300, and 1000 mM NaCl) presented in random order. The evoked LSPs and intensity scores correlated with one another well (r(2) = 0.992, P < 0.01). We then screened 14 subjects for their ability to discriminate between 100 and 300 mM NaCl using the chamber. Three subjects were consistently capable of distinguishing the salt concentrations. In these 3 subjects, an inhibitor of the epithelial sodium channe... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2267289 Thu, 12 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2267289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2257082&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19273461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Busch JL, Tournier C, Knoop JE, Kooyman G, Smit G The impact of salt delivery in mouth on salt perception was investigated. It was hypothesized that fast concentration changes in the delivery to the receptor can reduce sensory adaptation, leading to an increased taste perception. Saltiness ratings were scored by a panel over time during various stimulation conditions involving relative changes in NaCl concentration of 20% and 38%. Changes in salt delivery profile had similar effect on saltiness perception when delivered either by a sipwise method or by a gustometer. The impact of concentration variations and frequency of concentration changes was further investigated with the gustometer method. Five second boosts and 2 s pulses were delivered during 3 sequential 10-s intervals... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2257082 Mon, 09 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2257082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2257080&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19273462%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cicerale S, Breslin PA, Beauchamp GK, Keast RS Oleocanthal is an olive oil phenolic possessing anti-inflammatory activity. Anecdotal evidence suggests that oleocanthal elicits a stinging sensation felt only at the back of the throat (oropharynx). Due to this compound possessing potentially health-benefiting properties, investigation into the sensory aspects of oleocanthal is warranted to aid in future research. The important link between the perceptual aspects of oleocanthal and health benefits is the notion that variation in sensitivity to oleocanthal irritation may relate to potential differences in sensitivity to the pharmacologic action of this compound. The current study assessed the unique irritant attributes of oleocanthal including its location of irritation, temporal ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2257080 Sun, 08 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2257080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2196364&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19221127%26dopt%3DAbstract This study explored the effects of 5 taste solutions (citric acid, sucrose, sodium chloride, caffeine, and sodium glutamate) versus water on the power frequency content of swallowing submental surface electromyography (sEMG). Healthy subjects were presented with 5 ml of each of 5 tastants and water. Data were collected in 3 trials of the 5 tastants and water by using submental sEMG, which was then subjected to spectral analysis. Sour and salt taste solutions increased the spectrum-integrated values of the total power components. The spectrum-integrated values of low-frequency power (below 10 Hz) in the salt taste trial significantly increased, whereas those of high-frequency power (above 10 Hz) in the sour taste trial tended to increase. Neither pleasantness nor intensity of taste was rela... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2196364 Mon, 16 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2196364 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2164671&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19193699%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dinnella C, Recchia A, Fia G, Bertuccioli M, Monteleone E Astringency sensation is due to interactions between salivary proteins and phenols and is based on an increased-friction mechanism. Modifications to the profile of salivary proteins and their concentration could affect tannin/protein reactions and hence the intensity of perceived astringency. Salivary characteristics of 65 subjects were compared after abstention from phenol-containing food and immediately after ingestion of tannic acid. The effect of stimulation on saliva characteristics was expressed in terms of D value, computed as the arithmetic difference between values found in saliva samples from the 2 conditions. Based on D values, subjects were clustered in two groups. Cluster 1 (Cl1, 53 cases) was characterized... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2164671 Wed, 04 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2164671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2158103&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19188278%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Behr GA, da Motta LL, de Oliveira MR, Oliveira MW, Gelain DP, Moreira JC It is well known that antioxidants play an important role in sperm fertility, but there is no data on the literature regarding the effect of male chemical cues in the antioxidant defenses of the female reproductive tract. Here, we evaluated oxidative parameters in ovaries and uterus of virgin female rats isolated from contact to males and exposed only to male-soiled bedding (MSB). Four-month-old Wistar (regular 4-day cyclic) virgin female rats were utilized from proestrus to estrus phase of the reproductive cycle for experimental exposure. In an isolated room, female rats were exposed for 90 min to MSB. For biochemical assays, female rats were killed by decapitation at 30, 90, 180, and 240 min after the e... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2158103 Mon, 02 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2158103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2158102&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19188279%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ishiwatari Y, Bachmanov AA To develop a technique suitable for measuring NaCl taste thresholds in genetic studies, we conducted a series of experiments with outbred CD-1 mice using conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and two-bottle preference tests. In Experiment 1, we compared conditioning procedures involving either oral self-administration of LiCl or pairing NaCl intake with LiCl injections and found that thresholds were the lowest after LiCl self-administration. In Experiment 2, we compared different procedures (30-min and 48-h tests) for testing conditioned mice and found that the 48-h test is more sensitive. In Experiment 3, we examined the effects of varying strength of conditioned (NaCl or LiCl taste intensity) and unconditioned (LiCl toxicity) stimuli and concluded that ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2158102 Mon, 02 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2158102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2158101&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19188280%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we cloned and characterized three Manduca sexta odorant receptors (ORs). One receptor is a putative pheromone receptor expressed exclusively in a cell associated with male-specific type-I trichoid sensilla. We describe the results of real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments that show MsextaOR1 is expressed only in male antennae. In situ hybridization labels a single cell associated with type-1 trichoid sensilla, which houses two neurons that have been previously determined to respond to the major components of the pheromone blend. The second receptor, MsextaOR2, was discovered using degenerate primers designed to conserved motifs of a unique group ORs that share as much as 88% identity. Comparison of RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and in situ hybridizati... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2158101 Mon, 02 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2158101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2148485&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19179538%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined whether salt taste and/or abdominal illness were dealt within different subnuclei in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in mice, using retrograde tracing methods and c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) detection procedures. Some PBN subnuclei have distinct functions and receive various sensory inputs from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and other areas and relay them to the higher order nuclei such as the thalamus. The afferent-dependent pattern of FLI has been investigated in the PBN. However, it is unclear in which PBN subnuclei the tastants induce c-Fos, or whether PBN subnuclei process taste inputs separately from other inputs, or integrate them. After the tracer injections into the thalamic taste relay, the retrograde labeled cells revealed the taste relay cells in the P... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2148485 Thu, 29 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2148485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2142591&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19174448%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Biondolillo JW, Williams LA, King MS The "waist" area (W) of the parabrachial nucleus contains neurons that receive orosensory input and play a role in the initiation of oromotor behaviors. Immunohistochemical data indicate that neurons in W receive glutamatergic input and express glutamate receptors, but a behavioral role for glutamate neurotransmission within W has not been investigated. To determine the role of specific glutamate receptors in taste reactivity behaviors, glutamate receptor blockers were delivered into W by reverse microdialysis during intraoral infusion of 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.1 M sucrose, 0.03 M hydrochloric acid, and 0.003 M quinine hydrochloride. Blocking alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate ionotropic glutamate receptors ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2142591 Tue, 27 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2142591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2123143&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19153252%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe 5 morphological types of sensilla on the antenna of C. quinquefasciatus: 1) a pair of sensilla coeloconica located at the distal tip, 2) long and short sensilla chaetica present on all 13 antennal flagella, 3) sensilla ampullacea found on the 2 proximal-most flagella, 4) 2 morphological types of grooved pegs dispersed throughout the flagella, and 5) 5 morphological subtypes of sensilla trichodea distributed among all flagella. Antennal trichoid and grooved peg sensilla of mosquitoes have been demonstrated to house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect many of the odors involved in eliciting vector-related behaviors. In order to initiate the functional characterization of the peripheral olfactory system in female C. quinquefasciatus, we mapped the physiological respo... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2123143 Mon, 19 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2123143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111465&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19147808%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Troccaz M, Borchard G, Vuilleumier C, Raviot-Derrien S, Niclass Y, Beccucci S, Starkenmann C The volatile fatty acid, (R)/(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid ((R)/(S)-HMHA), and the human specific volatile thiol, (R)/(S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol ((R)/(S)-MSH), were recently identified as major components of human sweat malodor. Their 2 corresponding precursors were subsequently isolated from sterile and odorless axillary secretions. The purpose of this work was to analyze these 2 odor precursors in 49 male and female volunteers over a period of 3 years to elucidate to which extent they are implicated in the gender-specific character of body odor. Surprisingly, the ratio between the acid precursor 1, a glutamine conjugate, and the "sulfur" precursor 2, a cysteinylglycine-S... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111465 Thu, 15 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2111465 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111464&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19147809%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigate the paper wasp Polistes dominulus to see if male and female larvae show different patterns of CHCs and if workers are able to discriminate between male and female larvae on this basis. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on cuticular extracts of larvae, and then we genotyped them to assign sex. We found sex-based variation in CHC-profiles sufficient for discrimination. However, our behavioral assays do not support the view that adults discriminate between male and female larvae within nests. PMID: 19147809 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111464 Thu, 15 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2111464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2090886&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19129238%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dess NK, Chapman CD, Monroe D Mammals' affinity for sweet tastes exists alongside dramatic variation among species and individuals in responses to sweeteners. The present paper focused on consumption by Occidental High- (HiS) and Low-Saccharin (LoS)-consuming rats in 23-h 2-bottle tests of 2 sweeteners for which few data from rats are available: SC45647 and sucralose. Every HiS and LoS rat preferred SC45647 to water at every concentration, with HiS rats consuming it more avidly. Most HiS rats preferred sucralose to water at one or more concentrations; some HiS rats and most LoS rats avoided sucralose at every concentration. However, both HiS and LoS rats preferred a sucralose-maltodextrin mixture (Splenda) to water; thus, Splenda's "bulking" ingredient maltodextrin transforms ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2090886 Wed, 07 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2090886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2029627&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19064587%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19064587 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2029627 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 20:08:46 +0100 2029627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1962696&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19005223%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lenochova P, Roberts SC, Havlicek J Body odor sampling is an essential tool in human chemical ecology research. However, methodologies of individual studies vary widely in terms of sampling material, length of sampling, and sample processing. Although these differences might have a critical impact on results obtained, almost no studies test validity of current methods. Here, we focused on the effect of freezing samples between collection and use in experiments involving body odor perception. In 2 experiments, we tested whether axillary odors were perceived differently by raters when presented fresh or having been frozen and whether several freeze-thaw cycles affected sample quality. In the first experiment, samples were frozen for 2 weeks, 1 month, or 4 months. We found no dif... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1962696 Wed, 12 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1962696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1956648&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19001463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sell C PMID: 19001463 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1956648 Tue, 11 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1956648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1956647&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19001464%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frasnelli J, Charbonneau G, Collignon O, Lepore F For humans, the localization of an odorant seems only possible if the odorant also stimulates the trigeminal nerve. There is, however, some evidence that active sniffing may affect this ability and facilitate the localization of pure odorants. Therefore, we tested the ability of 40 subjects to localize a pure odorant and a mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus under 2 stimulation conditions: either odors were blown into the subjects' nostrils (passive) or subjects had to actively sniff the odors (active). Subjects could only reliably localize the mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus. However, we found a significant interaction between stimulation condition and nature of the odorant. So, the mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus was ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1956647 Tue, 11 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1956647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1907025&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18948567%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stephenson D, Halpern BP The purely olfactory odorants coumarin, octanoic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, and vanillin had been found to be consistently identified when presented retronasally but could not be identified when presented oral-cavity only (OCO). However, OCO discrimination of these odorants was not tested. Consequently, it remained possible that the oral cavity trigeminal system might provide sufficient information to differentiate these purely olfactory odorants. To evaluate this, 20 participants attempted to discriminate vapor-phase coumarin, octanoic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, and vanillin and, as a control, the trigeminal stimulus peppermint extract, from their glycerin solvent, all presented OCO. None of the purely olfactory odorants could be discriminated OCO, bu... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1907025 Thu, 23 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1907025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1897123&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18936154%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bulsing PJ, Smeets MA, Van den Hout MA Some individuals ascribe health symptoms to odor exposures, even when none would be expected based on toxicological dose-effect relationships. In these situations, symptoms are believed to have been mediated by beliefs regarding the potential health effects from odorants, which implies a controlled type of information processing. From an evolutionary perspective, such a form of processing may hardly be the only route. The aim of the present study was to explore the viability of a fast and implicit route, by investigating automatic odor-related associations in the context of health. An Implicit Association Test assessing association strengths between the concept odor and the concepts healthy and sick was conducted. Three experiments (N = 6... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1897123 Mon, 20 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1897123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1881514&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18854508%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McIntyre JC, Bose SC, Stromberg AJ, McClintock TS The mechanisms selecting a single odorant receptor (OR) gene for expression in each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) establish an OR expression pattern critical for odor discrimination. These mechanisms are largely unknown, but putative OR promoters contain homeodomain-like sites, implicating homeobox transcription factors such as Emx2. At embryonic day 18.5, expression of 49-76% of ORs was decreased in mice lacking Emx2, depending on the metric used. The decreases were due to fewer OSNs expressing each OR. Affected ORs showed changes that were disproportionately greater than the 42% reduction in mature neurons and similar decreases in unrelated olfactory neuron-enriched messenger RNAs in Emx2(-/-) mice. Both Class I and Class II... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1881514 Tue, 14 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1881514 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1881513&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18854509%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rinck F, Rouby C, Bensafi M Olfactory mental images are defined as short-term memory representations of olfactory events that give rise to the experience of "smelling with the mind's nose." The present paper reviewed converging evidences that support the view that as visual mental images, odor mental images preserve some aspects of olfactory percepts. The role of olfactomotor mechanisms in recalling olfactory mental images from long-term memory to short-term memory is also discussed. PMID: 18854509 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1881513 Tue, 14 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1881513 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1881512&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18854510%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang GH, Zhang HY, Wang XF, Zhan YH, Deng SP, Qin YM The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of fungiform papillae density with taste detection thresholds for sucrose of young male adults. One hundred and eighty two subjects aged 18-23 years (mean age: 21.9 +/- 1.2 years) were included. The densities of fungiform papillae were recorded with the aid of the digital camera, and the taste detection thresholds for sucrose were detected using a modified forced-choice triangle test. The mean density of papillae within all 170 statistic participants was 92.43 +/- 2.64/cm(2), for the 6-mm-diameter stained section of the tongue tip. The average detection threshold was 10.83 +/- 0.24 mmol/l, and the highest and lowest detection thresholds were 19.88 +/- 1.31 and 5.85 +... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1881512 Tue, 14 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1881512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1873907&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18849307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18849307 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1873907 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1873907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1873906&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18849308%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McClintock TS, Wilson DA, Munger SD, Geran L, Herness S PMID: 18849308 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1873906 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1873906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1849054&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18829946%26dopt%3DAbstract This study tested the effect of acute exposure to a commercial air freshener, derived from fragrant botanical extracts, at an average concentration of 3.16 mg/m(3) total volatile organic compounds on the lexical decision performance of 28 naive participants. Participants attended two 18-min sessions on separate days and were continuously exposed to the fragrance in either the first (F/NF) or second (NF/F) session. Participants were not instructed about the fragrance. Exposure to the fragrance did not affect high-frequency word recognition. However, there was an order of administration effect for low-frequency word recognition accuracy. When the fragrance was administered first before the no-odor control condition, it did not affect accuracy, but when it was administered second after the co... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1849054 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1849054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1838746&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18820246%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Malnic B, Kerr DS PMID: 18820246 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1838746 Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1838746 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1800675&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18794200%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Demattè ML, Sanabria D, Spence C Many previous studies have attempted to investigate the effect of visual cues on olfactory perception in humans. The majority of this research has only looked at the modulatory effect of color, which has typically been explained in terms of multisensory perceptual interactions. However, such crossmodal effects may equally well relate to interactions taking place at a higher level of information processing as well. In fact, it is well-known that semantic knowledge can have a substantial effect on people's olfactory perception. In the present study, we therefore investigated the influence of visual cues, consisting of color patches and/or shapes, on people's olfactory discrimination performance. Participants had to make speeded odor discrimi... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1800675 Mon, 15 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1800675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795618&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791185%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Olsson SB, Linn CE, Feder JL, Michel A, Dambroski HR, Berlocher SH, Roelofs WL Recent studies have shown that flies from sympatric populations of Rhagoletis pomonella infesting hawthorn, apple, and flowering dogwood fruit can distinguish among unique volatile blends identified from each host. Analysis of peripheral chemoreception in Rhagoletis flies suggests that changes in receptor specificity and/or receptor neuron sensitivity could impact olfactory preference among the host populations and their hybrids. In an attempt to validate these claims, we have combined flight tunnel analyses and single sensillum electrophysiology in F(2) and backcross hybrids displaying a variety of behavioral phenotypes. Results show that differences in peripheral chemoreception among second-genera... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795618 Fri, 12 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1795618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1795617&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18791186%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cheung MC, Carey RM, Wachowiak M Sniffing has long been thought to play a critical role in shaping neural responses to odorants at multiple levels of the nervous system. However, it has been difficult to systematically examine how particular parameters of sniffing behavior shape odorant-evoked activity, in large part because of the complexity of sniffing behavior and the difficulty in reproducing this behavior in an anesthetized or reduced preparation. Here we present a method for generating naturalistic sniffing patterns in such preparations. The method involves a nasal ventilator whose movement is controlled by an analog command voltage. The command signal may consist of intranasal pressure transients recorded from awake rats and mice or user-defined waveforms. This "sniff p... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1795617 Fri, 12 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1795617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1789502&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18786963%26dopt%3DAbstract This study assessed gender differences in emotional appraisal of 3 odorants (eugenol, vanillin, and hydrogen sulfide [H(2)S]), presented to 25 healthy subjects (13 males, 12 females) in a blocked design. Standardized scales rating valence and judgments of emotional experience were used for stimulus evaluation. Results indicate ambiguous pleasantness ratings for eugenol as well as stronger responses to vanillin odorant in female subjects; furthermore, in emotional experience ratings, the effect of eugenol was found to be gender dependent, evoking more positive and less negative emotions in female subjects than in males. The gender dependence of the mood response to eugenol necessitates reconsideration of this odorant as a reliable gender independent olfactory stimulus for studies on olfacti... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1789502 Thu, 11 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1789502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1789501&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18786964%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chrea C, Grandjean D, Delplanque S, Cayeux I, Le Calvé B, Aymard L, Velazco MI, Sander D, Scherer KR Two studies were conducted to examine the nature of the verbal labels that describe emotional effects elicited by odors. In Study 1, a list of terms selected for their relevance to describe affective feelings induced by odors was assessed while participants were exposed to a set of odorant samples. The data were submitted to a series of exploratory factor analyses to 1) reduce the set of variables to a smaller set of summary scales and 2) get a preliminary sense of the differentiation of affective feelings elicited by odors. The goal of Study 2 was to replicate the findings of Study 1 with a larger sample of odorant samples and participants and to validate the preliminary ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1789501 Thu, 11 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1789501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1776798&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775876%26dopt%3DAbstract This study provides evidence that variation in intake level of nicotine is likely not due to differences in taste or trigeminal sensitivity but likely due to postingestive factors. PMID: 18775876 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1776798 Thu, 04 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1776798 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771837&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18755758%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Turin L PMID: 18755758 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771837 Thu, 28 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771860&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18515819%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was aimed at identifying sex pheromones of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). We characterized the volatiles and semivolatiles of rat preputial gland and voided urine by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified them by their GC areas (abundances) and percentage of GC areas (relative abundances). Although all the compounds other than 4-heptanone and phenol detected were shared by males and females, the quantities for some of these sex-common compounds exhibited sexual dimorphism and decreased with gonadectomy. Thus, these compounds might be sex pheromones. Among them, squalene from preputial glands and 2-heptanone and 4-ethyl phenol from urine were 3 major compounds. They were richer in males and could be suppressed by castration. Adding any of the 3 compounds ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771860 Thu, 21 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771860 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771838&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18703537%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kleene SJ Most vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons share a common G-protein-coupled pathway for transducing the binding of odorant into depolarization. The depolarization involves 2 currents: an influx of cations (including Ca(2+)) through cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and a secondary efflux of Cl(-) through Ca(2+)-gated Cl(-) channels. The relation between stimulus strength and receptor current shows positive cooperativity that is attributed to the channel properties. This cooperativity amplifies the responses to sufficiently strong stimuli but reduces sensitivity and dynamic range. The odor response is transient, and prolonged or repeated stimulation causes adaptation and desensitization. At least 10 mechanisms may contribute to termination of the response; several of t... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771838 Thu, 14 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771839&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18701432%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kleemann AM, Kopietz R, Albrecht J, Schöpf V, Pollatos O, Schreder T, May J, Linn J, Brückmann H, Wiesmann M Compared with visual and auditory imagery, little is known about olfactory imagery. There is evidence that respiration may be altered by both olfactory perception and olfactory imagery. In order to investigate this relationship, breathing parameters (respiratory minute volume, respiratory amplitude, and breathing rate) in human subjects during olfactory perception and olfactory imagery were investigated. Fifty-six subjects having normal olfactory function were tested. Nasal respiration was measured using a respiratory pressure sensor. Using an experimental block design, we alternately presented odors or asked the subjects to imagine a given smell. Four differe... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771839 Tue, 12 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771840&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18682606%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yoshikawa K, Touhara K The determination of ligand specificities of odorant receptors will contribute to the understanding of how odorants are discriminated by the olfactory system. To date, the ways in which some olfactory receptors (ORs) pair with their cognate ligands has been studied using a Ca(2+) imaging technique. This approach has been used to investigate orphan G protein-coupled receptors expressed in heterologous cells; however, most attempts to functionally express ORs on the cell surface of heterologous cells have failed. Recently, receptor-transporting protein 1 and Ric-8B have been identified as proteins involved in targeting receptors to the cell membrane and amplifying receptor signals, and thus, they are able to facilitate cellular responses via ORs in a heter... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771840 Tue, 05 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771847&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18635557%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jiang E, Blonde G, Garcea M, Spector AC The greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP), innervating taste buds in the palate, is known to be exceptionally responsive to sucrose, especially compared with the responsiveness of the chorda tympani nerve (CT). However, whereas transection of the CT (CTX) alone has little or no effect on unconditioned licking responses to many "sweet" stimuli, the impact of GSP transection (GSPX) alone is equivocal. To further examine the role of the GSP on licking responses to putatively sweet-tasting substances, brief-access taste tests were conducted in nondeprived rats before and after sham surgery (SHAM) or CTX or GSPX. A range of concentrations of sucrose, L-alanine, glycine, and L-serine, with and without 1.0 mM inosine monophosphate (IMP) adde... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771847 Thu, 31 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771844&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18653642%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Osada K, Tashiro T, Mori K, Izumi H In many species, older males are often preferred mates because they carry "good" genes that account for their viability. In some animals, including mice, which rely heavily on chemical communication, there is some indication that an animal's age can be determined by its scent. In order to identify the attractants in aged male mouse urine, chemical and behavioral studies were performed. We herein show that aged mice have higher levels of 3,4-dehydro-exo- brevicomin (DB), 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (BT), and 2-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (IT) and a lower level of 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone relative to adult male mice. We also demonstrate that the attraction of females to the odor of male mouse urine is greater when the urine is from... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771844 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771843&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18653643%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kristoffersen L, Hansson BS, Anderbrant O, Larsson MC We have compared the basic organization of the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe (AL), in 4 hemipteran species representing the 2 major lineages in this order. The Homoptera were represented by the psyllid Trioza apicalis and its aphid relatives the grain aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius and the rose-grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum Walker, whereas the Heteroptera were represented by the pentatomid stink bug Euschistus heros Fabricius. The olfactory systems of psyllids and aphids are generally very small, with low numbers of afferents in comparison to other insect groups, and the smallest described so far belongs to T. apicalis, comprising less than 50 olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Originally, we tried to es... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771843 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771842&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18653644%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kristoffersen L, Larsson MC, Anderbrant O With only approximately 50 olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis (Homoptera: Psylloidea) may have the smallest olfactory system described in adult Neopteran insects. Using single sensillum recordings (SSR) and gas chromatograph-linked SSR, we characterized 4 olfactory sensilla forming a distinct morphological type, which together house approximately 25% of all ORNs. We recorded responses to extracts and single constituents from Daucus carota ssp. sativus, from the conifers Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, and Juniperus communis, as well as from male and female T. apicalis. Receptor neurons were highly selective; only 9 compounds in total elicited repeatable responses, and each neuron responded to at most 3... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771842 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771841&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18653645%26dopt%3DAbstract This study is an important first step in identifying genetic factors underlying tongue size, papillae size, and papillae number using QTL analysis. PMID: 18653645 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771841 Thu, 24 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771846&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18640966%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Griff ER, Mafhouz M, Chaput MA Mitral and tufted cells are the 2 types of output neurons of the main olfactory bulb. They are located in distinct layers, have distinct projection patterns of their dendrites and axons, and likely have distinct relationships with the intrabulbar inhibitory circuits. They could thus be functionally distinct and process different aspects of olfactory information. To examine this possibility, we compared the odor-evoked responses of identified single units recorded in the mitral cell layer (MCL units), in the core of the external plexiform layer (not at the glomerular border tufted cells), or at the glomerular border of this layer (GB tufted cells) of the entire olfactory bulb. Differences between mitral and tufted cells were observed only when sub... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771846 Thu, 17 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771845&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18640967%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Niewalda T, Singhal N, Fiala A, Saumweber T, Wegener S, Gerber B Sodium and chloride need to be ingested and cannot be stored. Therefore, choice of habitat and diet as related to NaCl needs to be tightly regulated. We thus expect that the behavioral effects of salt are organized according to its concentration. Here, we comparatively "fingerprint" the reflex releasing (in choice and feeding experiments) versus the reinforcing effects of sodium chloride ("salt") in terms of their concentration dependencies, using larval Drosophila. Qualitatively, we find that the behavioral effects of salt in all 3 assays are similar: choice, feeding, and reinforcing effect all change from appetitive to aversive as concentration is increased. Quantitatively, however, the appetitive effects for c... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771845 Thu, 17 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771849&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18635555%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dolzer J, Krannich S, Stengl M In the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, pheromone stimuli of different strength and duration rise the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While second-long pheromone stimuli activate protein kinase C (PKC), which apparently underlies processes of short-term adaptation, minute-long pheromone stimuli elevate cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations, which correlates with time courses of long-term adaptation. To identify ion channels involved in the sliding adjustment of olfactory sensitivity, inside-out patch clamp recordings on cultured ORNs of M. sexta were performed to characterize Ca(2+)-, PKC-, and cGMP-dependent ion channels. Stepping to positive holding potentials in high intracellular Ca(2+) elicits d... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771849 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771848&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18635556%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Griff ER, Mafhouz M, Perrut A, Chaput MA The spontaneous activity and impulse conduction velocities of mitral and tufted cells were compared in the entire main olfactory bulb of freely breathing, anesthetized rats. Single units in the mitral cell body layer (MCL) and external plexiform layer (EPL) were identified by antidromic activation from the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), electrode track reconstructions based on dye marking, and the waveform of LOT-evoked field potentials. Using the track reconstructions, EPL units were further subdivided into glomerular border (GB) and not at the glomerular border (notGB) cells. For conduction velocity, significant differences were only found between MCL and GB units and not between MCL and all EPL units or between MCL and notGB units. F... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771848 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771850&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18622009%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smeets MA, Schifferstein HN, Boelema SR, Lensvelt-Mulders G The Odor Awareness Scale (OAS) is a questionnaire designed to assess individual differences in awareness of odors in the environment. The theory that odor awareness can be distinguished in awareness of negative (to be avoided) odors and positive (to be approached) odors was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the 34-item questionnaire after completion by 525 respondents. CFA (after deletion of 2 items) showed good fit of the 2-factor theory, resulting in a positive awareness subscale (11 items, Cronbach's alpha = .77) and a negative awareness subscale (21 items, Cronbach's alpha = .80). Furthermore, reports of sickness from environmental odors were correlated with the negative odor awareness factor, not... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771850 Fri, 11 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771853&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18603651%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cavaggioni A, Mucignat-Caretta C, Redaelli M Male mice mark the territory with urine scent marks that are frequently renewed to maintain the territory ownership. We measured the response of male mice to small spots of urine deposed either 0, 5, 11, 22, 45, 90 min, or 24 h before testing and show that mice loose interest in sniffing scent marks as they become older and older. We asked what scent features tell a mouse how recent a scent mark is, and therefore, we studied the molecule-to-behavior relationship by correlating 6 behavioral variables-the number of sniffing acts, the latency to the first sniff, the number of urine marks, the latency to the first mark, the area of the marks, and the number of fecal pellets-to 2,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, linalool, 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydr... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771853 Sat, 05 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771852&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18603652%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Katsumata T, Nakakuki H, Tokunaga C, Fujii N, Egi M, Phan TH, Mummalaneni S, Desimone JA, Lyall V Maillard reacted peptides (MRPs) were synthesized by conjugating a peptide fraction (1000-5000 Da) purified from soy protein hydrolyzate with galacturonic acid, glucosamine, xylose, fructose, or glucose. The effect of MRPs was investigated on human salt taste and on the chorda tympani (CT) taste nerve responses to NaCl in Sprague-Dawley rats, wild-type, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) knockout mice. MRPs produced a biphasic effect on human salt taste perception and on the CT responses in rats and wild-type mice in the presence of NaCl + benzamil (Bz, a blocker of epithelial Na(+) channels), enhancing the NaCl response at low concentrations and suppressing it a... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771852 Sat, 05 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771851&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18603653%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sanz G, Thomas-Danguin T, Hamdani EH, Le Poupon C, Briand L, Pernollet JC, Guichard E, Tromelin A Perception of thousands of odors by a few hundreds of olfactory receptors (ORs) results from a combinatorial coding, in which one OR recognizes multiple odorants and an odorant is recognized by a specific group of ORs. Moreover, odorants could act both as agonists or antagonists depending on the OR. This dual agonist-antagonist combinatorial coding is in good agreement with behavioral and psychophysical observations of mixture perception. We previously described the odorant repertoire of a human OR, OR1G1, identifying both agonists and antagonists. In this paper, we performed a 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study of these ligands. We obtained a double-a... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771851 Sat, 05 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771854&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18603612%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brennan PA PMID: 18603612 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771854 Fri, 04 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771869&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453638%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lim J, Urban L, Green BG Previous reports that the sensitivity to the bitter tasting substance 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is related to the sensitivity to other tastes, to chemical irritants, and to fats and oils have led to adoption of PROP as a measure of general oral sensitivity and as a predictor of dietary habits that could impact health. The results, however, have not been consistent. It was recently discovered that the ability to perceive "thermal taste" (i.e., sweetness from thermal stimulation alone) was associated with higher responsiveness to 4 prototypical taste stimuli but not to PROP. This finding implied that individual differences in taste perception are determined in large part by factors other than those related to genetic expression of the PROP receptor. Th... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771869 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771869 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771868&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18463088%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Armstrong JE, Laing DG, Wilkes FJ, Laing ON Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), a severe form of middle ear infection, affects most Australian Aboriginal children with up to 50% in some communities suffering hearing loss as a consequence. To date, there is no information on whether repeated exposure to the pathogens that characterize CSOM and that are present in the upper respiratory airway affect olfactory function. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine whether 1) there was a high prevalence of olfactory loss in Aboriginal children and 2) hearing loss is a predictor of olfactory loss. Two hundred and sixty one 9- to 12-year-old Aboriginal children from 16 rural communities reported to have high prevalences of CSOM and hearing loss were assessed for olfactory loss us... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771868 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771868 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771867&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18480074%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ulland S, Ian E, Stranden M, Borg-Karlson AK, Mustaparta H Herbivore insects are suitable model organisms for studying how plant odor information is encoded in olfactory receptor neurons (RNs). By the use of gas chromatography linked to electrophysiological recordings from single RNs, screening for sensitivity to naturally produced plant odorants is possible in order to determine the molecular receptive ranges of the neurons. Using this method, we have in this study of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, classified 21 types of olfactory RNs according to their responses to odorants present in the host plants of Brassicae, in the related species of Arabidopsis, as well as in essential oils of nonhost plants like ylang-ylang. Most of the RNs were tuned to one or a few structura... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771867 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771867 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771866&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18487524%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Okuda-Akabane K, Fukami H, Kitada Y In frogs, the responses of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) to NaCl are enhanced after treatment of the tongue with 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS), a hydrophobic probe for biological membranes. The enhancement by ANS treatment has been explained by removal of Ca2+ from the receptor membrane treated with ANS. To explore the mechanism of enhancement by ANS treatment, we recorded neural responses from the frog GL. After ANS treatment, treatment with 10 mM CaCl2 prior to stimulation of NaCl did not affect the enhanced responses to 100 mM NaCl. The response to a relatively high concentration of CaCl2 (50 mM) was enhanced after ANS treatment. It is difficult to interpret these neural events in terms of modulation of the responses by me... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771866 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771866 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771865&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18495653%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hettinger TP The Secret of Scent by Luca Turin is an ethereal excursion into the world of perfumes and the science of smell. The lyrical and tantalizing descriptions will leave the reader with an enhanced appreciation of the most enigmatic of our senses. If there is a secret revealed, it is that the recognizable odor features of complex perfumes are simple and may be caused by a single type of molecule. Turin claims that odor quality is determined by infrared vibrations despite overwhelming evidence that chemical functional groups and shape determine odor. The vibration theory of olfaction is a kind of alchemy where commonplace waves are transmuted into exotic odors. Despite its transcendent appeal, the vibration theory of olfaction has no scientific basis. Isotope substitutio... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771865 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771865 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771864&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18495654%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Clevenger AC, Salcedo E, Jones KR, Restrepo D The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the generation and differentiation of new olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and in the regulation of branching of OSN axons in their target glomeruli. However, previous reports of BDNF mRNA and protein expression in olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb (OB) have been inconsistent, raising questions on the proposed roles for BDNF. Here, we report on beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) expression in adult gene-targeted mice where the BDNF promoter drives expression of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene (BDNF(lacZneo) mice). We find that beta-gal is expressed in a small subset of OSNs with axons that reach the olfactory nerve layers throughout the OB. In the OB, ... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771864 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771863&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502772%26dopt%3DAbstract This study evidenced for the first time electrophysiological correlates of both perceptual synergy and masking on the early component of the ERPs and confirmed that retro- vs. orthonasal stimulation route induces different neural processes that are reflected in the late component of the ERP. PMID: 18502772 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771863 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771863 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771862&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502773%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the effect of 2 living environments, the early developmental environment and the adult diet, on individual information conveyed in urine. Aggressive behavior toward UFCs was lower when UFCs were swabbed with cage mate urine or urine from a cage mate's littermate that was not living with the resident male (UFCL). Litters were cross-fostered, and we examined whether the pre- or postnatal period was important for formation of individual urine odor. The resident male displayed attack bites toward UFCs that were his cage mate's littermates but were fostered by another C57BL/6J dam. In addition, a castrated male that was reared with a cage mate (sharing the same postnatal environment) but that was not his littermate was also attacked by the resident male, suggestin... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771862 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771862 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771861&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511478%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schipanski A, Yarali A, Niewalda T, Gerber B Gustatory stimuli have at least 2 kinds of function: They can support immediate, reflexive responses (such as substrate choice and feeding) and they can drive internal reinforcement. We provide behavioral analyses of these functions with respect to sweet taste in larval Drosophila. The idea is to use the dose-effect characteristics as behavioral "fingerprints" to dissociate reflexive and reinforcing functions. For glucose and trehalose, we uncover relatively weak preference. In contrast, for fructose and sucrose, preference responses are strong and the effects on feeding pronounced. Specifically, larvae are attracted to, and feeding is stimulated most strongly for, intermediate concentrations of either sugar: Using very high concent... Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771861 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771861 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1771855&cid=s_37950_60_f&fid=37950&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18562444%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reed DR PMID: 18562444 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Chemical Senses) Chemical Senses journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1771855 Tue, 01 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1771855