MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Clinics in Laboratory Medicine' source. Sat, 28 Jan 2012 11:38:54 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455191&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211001089%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455191 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455187&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000758%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rarely curable malignancy defined by a proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM), often with an elevated serum or urine paraprotein (M protein, or monoclonal protein). It is the second most common hematologic cancer in the United States and Europe, with an incidence of 20,000 or more cases per year, representing 1% of all cancers and 2% of all cancer deaths. MM is primarily a disease of the elderly (median age at diagnosis, 67 years) with only approximately 3% of patients diagnosed before the age of 40. The cause of MM remains unknown, but associated risk factors include obesity and a family history of lymphoid hematopoietic cancers. The disease is more prevalent in men than in women and is highest in blacks and lowest in Asians. (Sou... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455187 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455185&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000722%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies that account for 1 of 4 broad subtypes of leukemia, neoplasms typically originating in the bone marrow and manifesting in the peripheral blood. AML is most common in the elderly population, with an incidence of approximately 3.4 per 100,000 per year, and a median age of 70 years at diagnosis. The morphologic hallmark of AML is an excessive accumulation (typically >20%) of blasts and other defined immature cells affecting 1 or more “myeloid” lineages, which includes myeloid, monocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic precursors. The fundamental defect leading to this accumulation is maturation arrest. AML historically has been categorized by not only the lineages that are affected but also by the stage and degree of dif... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455185 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455182&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000709%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The recent development and clinical implementation of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) or microarrays has resulted in the most rapid and significant changes in the field of cytogenetics since the development of reliable chromosome banding techniques in the 1970s. aCGH detects gains and losses, which are referred to as copy number variations (CNVs), the size of which is determined by the array design (see “Prenatal Array Design” section). (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455182 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455180&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000990%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Since Tjio and Levan first eloquently demonstrated in 1956 that the true chromosome number in humans was 46, cytogeneticists have striven to optimize resolution used in the analysis of chromosomes and detection of chromosomal analysis. Initial resolution of unbanded chromosomes was limited, and only abnormalities involving genomic material greater than about 20 to 25 megabase (Mb) could be detected. The resolution improved to about 10 Mb with the advent of banding and the routine analysis of chromosomes at the 500 to 550 band level. In 1976, Yunis initially introduced methodology for the examination of prophase/prometaphase chromosomes (at higher resolution), where abnormalities as small as 3 to 5 Mb could be detected. However, the greatest breakthrough came over 2 decades ago in 1988, whe... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455180 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455179&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000734%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) has become the first-tier technology for the clinical assessment of copy number alterations (CNAs) associated with features such as developmental delay, congenital malformations, autism, or dysmorphic features. It is a near certainty that at least 1 CNA will be identified in each array-CGH assay and the challenge then becomes differentiating between benign CNA and those copy number changes that are dosage sensitive and relate to the abnormal phenotype in question. With advances in array-CGH platform coverage, it is no longer a question of CNA identification, but rather of CNA interpretation. However, there is no single methodology employed by laboratories to conduct this process, and unfortunately all too often the end results provide no ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455179 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455175&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000680%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article focuses on the occurrence of constitutional and acquired autosomal aneuploidy in humans. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455175 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455174&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000795%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The X and Y chromosomes are the two sex chromosomes in humans. Females have two X chromosomes, whereas males have one X and one Y chromosome. It is believed that the X was named by earlier researchers as unknown and the Y was named alphabetically after X. Compared with the 22 pairs of autosomes in humans, the pair of the sex chromosomes is unique in many aspects. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455174 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455172&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211001077%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455172 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455171&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211001065%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455171 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455170&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211001053%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455170 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:12:04 +0100 5455170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455184&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000631%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In general, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is easy to diagnose; a peripheral blood sample for blood count, blood smear, and flow cytometry are sufficient. Whereas morphology and the immunophenotype of CLL cells are quite homogenous, there is a marked heterogeneity in the clinical course. The majority of patients do not require extended therapy, and the disease impacts them minimally; a distinct subgroup of patients, however, experiences rapid progression and insufficient response to treatment. The Binet and Rai staging systems are accepted prognostic factors in CLL but these systems are not able to differentiate between good and bad prognosis, especially in the early stage. Cytogenetics provides a better insight into the pathogenesis of the disease and helps to estimate a patient's pro... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455184 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455190&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000643%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Following the discovery in 1956 that the human complement comprises 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of autosomes, XY sex chromosomes), the development of human cytogenetics has been one of continuous discovery with impressive advances in the underlying methodologies. The translocation t(9;22) or the Philadelphia chromosome identified by conventional cytogenetics in chronic myeloid leukemia in 1960 and the ERG-TMPRSS2 fusion transcript identified by high-throughput expression analysis in prostate cancer in 2009 are the paradigms of this remarkable journey and technological advances. The limitation of conventional cytogenetics (requirement of dividing cells and limited resolution) was the driving force to develop alternate molecular methods that enable the analyses of nondividing cells along with o... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455190 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455188&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000679%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The historical significance of lymphoma cytogenetics is accentuated by the fact that a distinct chromosomal abnormality, “14q+”, was first identified and associated with Burkitt lymphoma. This triggered numerous investigations in search of specific chromosomal abnormalities in various malignancies. However, the maximum success came from chromosome studies in hematologic malignancies because they readily lent themselves to cytogenetic analysis. The characterization of t(8;14)(q24;q32) and its association with Burkitt lymphoma led to focused genetic studies in various subtypes of lymphomas. Since then, cytogenetics has played a crucial role in providing substantial insight into the genetic mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. Consistent chromosomal alterations in lymphomas, specifically, non-H... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455188 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455181&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000692%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based microarray analysis provides detection of copy number variations (CNVs) as well as genotype information at multiple polymorphic loci throughout the genome. Although the clinical utility of CNV detection is well accepted, information derived from SNP-based microarray analysis has only more recently been utilized in the constitutional cytogenetics laboratory setting. In addition to specific genotype data, analysis of SNP allele patterns can provide (1) confirmation of CNV calls, (2) sensitivity for detection of mosaicism, and (3) detection of excessive homozygosity, which is the focus of this review. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455181 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455178&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000746%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Submicroscopic genomic copy number changes not visible by routine chromosome analysis are a common cause of congenital anomalies, developmental delay, and neuropsychiatric disorders. In previous decades, most recurrent genomic rearrangements were identified in a phenotype-first manner. In other words, a distinct collection of features and congenital anomalies distinguished a particular patient population, which was then interrogated for a common genetic anomaly. The clinical phenotypes of Prader-Willi and DiGeorge syndromes were described in 1956 and 1968, respectively, but the underlying genomic lesions were not described until 1981. The advent of genomic microarray testing has ushered in a new age of discovery in which the genomic change is often identified before a clear common clinical... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455178 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455176&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121100076X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes With whole genome analyses, various chromosome rearrangements are observed. The higher the resolution of the analysis, the more likely one may observe unexpected complexity. As this complexity is explored, we may better understand the various mechanisms leading to chromosome rearrangements and discover new mechanisms. This requires technologies that can both look at the copy number changes associated with rearrangements, the genomic architecture surrounding the copy number alteration, and the location of rearranged material. This requires well-established technologies, such as analysis of chromosome banding patterns (traditional karyotypes), sequence analysis by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), as well as newer technologies such as high-resolution ge... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455176 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455177&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000771%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a versatile technique that allows visualization of nucleic acid sequences in their native context at the single cell level. FISH can be performed on a variety of targets, including RNA within cells, DNA in metaphase chromosome preparations obtained from mitotic cells, or DNA in interphase nuclei from cells in the non-mitotic phases of the cell cycle. Interphase nuclei can be obtained from cultured or uncultured cells, sorted cells, or paraffin-embedded tissue. FISH has been widely used for research applications, including physical mapping; studies of biological processes such as DNA replication, RNA processing, and gene expression; and studies of chromosome evolution, including conservation of sequences and chromosome rearrangements between spec... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455177 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455186&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000783%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a rare type of leukemia (1–2 per 100,000 people) but is the most common chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm with the proliferation of multiple myeloid lineages. It occurs commonly in older patients with a median age of about 65, although it also affects some pediatric patients. Clinically, CML typically has a high white blood count, a massively enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) owing to extramedullary hematopoietic proliferation, and symptoms of chronic fatigue, weight loss, bleeding, and fever. Typically, CML consists of 3 clinical phases: chronic, accelerated and blast phases. Before the era of imatinib mesylate (first named as STI571, and then Gleevec) and other tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors, the chronic phase usually lasted for 3–5 years, and then e... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455186 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455189&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000710%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) include a large spectrum of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders that are characterized by peripheral cytopenia(s), morphologic dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis, and a variable propensity to transform to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The cytopenia can be limited to a single cell line, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia, and can be chronic and somewhat indolent or profound, involving all 3 lineages with life-threatening consequences. The morphologic dysplasia associated with the ineffective hematopoiesis may be subtle and difficult to recognize, but, in some cases, it can be impressive and evident in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The variable increase in blasts relates, in part, to the risk for transformation to AML... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455189 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455183&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121100093X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by the accumulation of malignant immature lymphoid cells in the bone marrow. It is predominantly a childhood disease, occurring rarely in adults. In fact, it is the most common malignancy in children, representing one third of pediatric cancers. The annual incidence is approximately 1 case per 100,000 in the general population, ranging from 4 cases to 1 case per 100,000 in children and adults, respectively. The peak incidence occurs between the ages of 2 and 5 years, with a smaller peak over 50 years of age. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455183 Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455173&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000941%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes It has been a great pleasure to serve as guest editor for the Clinical Cytogenetics edition of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. For this issue, I have recruited authors who are experts in their field, from both academic and commercial clinical laboratories, and, while the majority of the authors reside in the United States, an international flavor is supplied by contributions from both the United Kingdom and Germany. I am extremely grateful to all of the authors for their time, effort, and expertise: the importance of clinical cytogenetics continues to be felt in the prenatal, postnatal, and oncological arenas, and the information obtained from analyzing chromosomes remains vital to patients and their physicians. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455173 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205451&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000898%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205451 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205450&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000576%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A Retraction printed in the June 2011 issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine should have referred to the following article: From Stem Cell to Red Blood Cells In Vitro: The 12 Labors of Hercules Clin Lab Med 2010; 30:391-403. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205450 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205449&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000588%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Clinical proteomics undoubtedly holds great promise in medicine as it provides valuable information to the study of diseases at the molecular level, and has the potential to discover biomarkers for disease states. In cancer, the discovery of protein/peptide signatures “leaked” by tumors into clinically accessible fluids such as blood leads to the possibility of developing quantitative assays for diagnosing cancer at an early stage or monitoring response to therapy. To date, there have been over 1,200 cancer-related protein biomarker candidates published in the scientific literature. However, the rate of introduction of new protein biomarkers to market as approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has remained stagnant over the past 15 years, averaging 1.5 new proteins per year ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205449 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205448&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000655%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The application of automation, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and biomarker analysis in a single workflow is, at its core, a combination of numerous scientific and technical disciplines. Engineering principles of process automation, the metrological and mathematical standards of measurement error, and the chemistry of sample preparation, chromatographic separations and ion generation—together with the physics of triple quadrupoles—are optimized to provide answers to questions with a biological context. Biomarker research is clearly part of the mainstream conscience in basic research and clinical chemistry. However, one must be aware that biomarkers are the cornerstone of diagnostic medicine and certainly nothing new. In fact, the application of mass spectrom... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205448 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205447&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000606%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Mass spectrometry is rapidly expanding its role in clinical chemistry. To date, this growth has primarily been in the area of small molecule analysis, though the field now seems set for a rapid growth of protein and peptide analysis. Small molecule analysis applications can be grouped roughly into the analysis of endogenous compounds and the analysis of exogenous compounds. The analysis of exogenous compounds is largely the domain of toxicology, and this is the focus of this article. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205447 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205446&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121100059X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins and peptides has now enjoyed more than 2 decades of vigorous development and growth. As a key analytical technology that has been used with great success for the analysis of small molecules, the development of mass spectrometry instrumentation, software, and informatics tools in support of proteomics research has set the stage for protein and peptide analysis to emerge in the clinical lab. This transition is aided by an emphasis on translational research wherein one aim is the focused conversion of laboratory discoveries into useful clinical tools. Mass spectrometry (MS) is now being driven into service in the clinical laboratory as both a research tool and analytical platform on which accurate and precise diagnostic measurements of proteins and pept... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205446 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205445&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000618%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Quantitative protein assays are a critical component in exploring the relationship between protein abundance and biological features such as phenotype, disease, or response to treatment. Traditionally, the sandwich immunoassay (eg, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) has been the gold standard for protein quantification, owing to the high sensitivity, high throughput, and low per-sample cost (once an assay is developed and validated). However, the need for quantitative assays has far outpaced the rate of development. Modern strategies are capable of discovering hundreds to thousands of interesting genes and proteins that must be validated in follow-up experiments with a quantitative assay. Highly specific and sensitive assays are not available for quantifying the vast majority of hu... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205445 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205444&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121100062X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Jeff Whiteaker's chapter within this issue describes the use of stable isotope standards and capture by anti-peptide antibodies (SISCAPA), an analytical technique that combines immunopurification with co-capture of isotopically-labeled standards, elution, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis. While affinity-based enrichment may be necessary for low abundance analytes, in our laboratory we have found that, for the analysis of high-to-moderate abundance plasma proteins, it is often possible to omit the immunoprecipitation step, and analyze the plasma directly. SISCAPA has been demonstrated for approximately 50 proteins per assay, but may have a practical multiplexing limit due to antibody amounts and volume limitations. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205444 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205443&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000667%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In cartoons, ants often make the sound of battalions of troops walking along deserted roads into battle. If we listen carefully, we might be able hear the same sounds made by mass spectrometers in clinical labs around the world. Indeed, mass spectrometry has changed the face of laboratory medicine and our ability to care for our patients. The method is favored among toxicology and endocrinology laboratories, especially given its long history in the measurement of small molecules. However, several clinical laboratories are beginning to use their mass spectrometers to quantitate peptides and proteins and to detect and identify microorganisms. In many laboratories, mass spectrometers have replaced immunoassay analyzers—these are generally larger laboratories, but some smaller laboratories a... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205443 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205442&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000886%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205442 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205441&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000874%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205441 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205440&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000862%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205440 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788825&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000412%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788825 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:39 +0100 4788825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788824&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000035%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article has been retracted at the request of the Guest and Consulting Editors. This article contains similarities to a paper which already appeared in Trends Biotechnol, 27 (2009) 415–422, DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.03.008. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication in Clinics in Laboratory Medicine is that authors declare explicitly their work is original and has not been published elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited; this procedure was not followed in this case. We apologize to readers that this was not detected earlier. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788824 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:39 +0100 4788824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788823&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000321%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article succinctly describes the common dermal dendritic proliferations and updates readers on newly classified entities and variants. The differential diagnosis of the main entities and strategies to distinguish them from their melanocytic and nonmelanocytic mimics is also presented. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788823 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:39 +0100 4788823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788822&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121100031X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes the handful of “signature” changes that are known to occur, describes how some recent studies have shed light on changes beyond this signature, and finally discusses the impact of molecular pathology for practicing histopathologists. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788822 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:39 +0100 4788822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788821&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000308%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a variant of spindle cell melanoma characterized by the presence of abundant fibrous matrix. It is typically found in the head and neck region on chronically sun-damaged skin of older individuals. Early detection is uncommon, because its clinical features are not distinctive. DM is prone to misdiagnosis not only clinically but also histologically. It may simulate a sclerosing melanocytic nevus and various benign and malignant nonmelanocytic lesions. Among melanomas said to be desmoplastic by various pathologists there is significant variation with regard to the extent of intratumoral fibrosis. It may be prominent throughout the entire tumor (pure DM) or represent a portion of an otherwise nondesmoplastic melanoma (combined DM). Immunophenotypically, DM are usu... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788821 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:39 +0100 4788821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788820&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000291%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Spitz nevi and melanoma represent benign and malignant counterparts commonly coupled in the same differential diagnosis. The precise distinction between the two entities remains an ongoing challenge in dermatopathology and surgical pathology. In past years, considerable work has been devoted to the assembly of criteria to permit exact diagnosis. Although diagnostic accuracy has improved, many lesions remain challenging to classify based solely upon conventional microscopic criteria. In this article, the clinical and histopathological attributes of Spitz nevi and spitzoid melanoma are reviewed. Lesions that cannot be definitively classified based solely upon conventional microscopic criteria are referred to as atypical spitzoid neoplasms, which the authors view as a provisional diagnostic c... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788820 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:39 +0100 4788820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788819&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121100028X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Examination of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) has probably become the most popular method of early staging of patients who have cutaneous melanoma because SLN are considered to be the lymph nodes most likely to contain metastatic deposits; they can be examined in a more intense manner than in standard lymphadenectomy. There are several protocols to examine SLN but most of them use formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin with the addition of immunohistochemistry. By using these protocols, approximately 20% of patients who have cutaneous melanoma have melanoma cells in the SLN. Current studies are evaluating the possible therapeutic value of removal of positive SLN, but it is accepted by most authors that detection of positive SLN conveys an impaired progno... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788819 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:38 +0100 4788819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788818&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000278%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Primary cutaneous melanoma is treated by excisional surgery and careful histologic assessment of the specimen margins is a crucial component of pathology reporting. Surgical margins may be assessed by conventional transverse (bread-loaf) vertical sections, by en face vertical sections, or by en face oblique sections. Transverse techniques only sample a small percentage of the surgical margin. En face techniques are technically challenging but allow assessment of close to 100% of the margin. Margin assessment for melanoma removed from chronically sun-damaged skin is difficult. Melanoma in situ shows contiguous melanocyte growth, nesting, or intraepidermal pagetoid spread. Pitfalls include solar melanocytic hyperplasia, solar lentigines, melanocytic hyperplasia secondary to previous biopsy, ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788818 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:38 +0100 4788818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788817&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000266%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Acral lentiginous melanoma is an uncommon skin malignancy that occurs with equal frequency in all races and has a worse prognosis than other types of melanoma; it presents as dark, irregular macules, papules, or nodules on the feet and, less commonly, the hands. The histologic findings of acral lentiginous melanoma are characterized by an asymmetric, poorly circumscribed proliferation of continuous single melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction. Single melanocytes predominate over nests. The tumor must be distinguished from benign acral lentiginous nevi, which can display site-related atypia. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788817 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:38 +0100 4788817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788816&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000254%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), which are present at birth or appear shortly thereafter, and their main histologic features. Several histologic variants and histopathologic criteria that differentiate CMN from other nevi, such as atypical or dysplastic nevi, and from nevoid malignant melanoma, are discussed. Histologic pitfalls in the correct identification of lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia, pagetoid scatter, and proliferative nodules in the context of CMN are discussed. The risk for development of malignant melanoma in association with a congenital melanocytic nevus and variable causes for changing mole are discussed. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788816 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:38 +0100 4788816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788815&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000242%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the gross, clinical and microscopic features; diagnosis; and prognosis of dysplastic nevi. The key features and pitfalls of diagnosing malignant melanoma, congenital nevus, and recurrent nevus are given. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788815 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:38 +0100 4788815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788814&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000230%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the key features of nevoid melanoma. Gross features, microscopic features, immunohistochemistry, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are also discussed. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788814 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:38 +0100 4788814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788813&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000229%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Melanocytic nevi can have a wide range of histologic appearances. Within the spectrum of nevi, there exists a group that presents in certain anatomic locations with histologically worrisome features but nonetheless benign behavior. This group of nevi has been broadly categorized as nevi of special sites. The anatomic locations affected by this group include the embryonic milkline (breast, axillae, umbilicus, genitalia), flexural areas, acral surfaces, ear, and scalp. Nevi in these locations may be mistaken for melanomas because of their histologic appearance, resulting in inappropriate overtreatment of patients. In this article, the authors review the histologic features of these special site nevi and discuss the criteria that help distinguish them from melanoma. (Source: Clinics in Labora... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788813 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:37 +0100 4788813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788812&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000333%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Dermatopathology is an ever-changing field in the area of surgical pathology. Despite many advances, interpretation of melanocytic neoplasms remains a significant source of diagnostic difficulty encountered by surgical pathologists every day. “Is this lesion an unusual nevus?” and “Is this a subtle variant of melanoma?” are common dilemmas and questions faced on a daily basis. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788812 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:37 +0100 4788812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788811&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000400%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788811 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:37 +0100 4788811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788810&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000394%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788810 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:37 +0100 4788810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788809&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000382%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788809 Fri, 06 May 2011 06:58:37 +0100 4788809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470172&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000114%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470172 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:16 +0100 4470172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470169&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000154X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The current detection system for animal diseases requires coordination between veterinarians; veterinary medical laboratories; and state, federal, and international agencies, as well as associated private sector industries. Veterinary clinical pathologists in clinical and governmental laboratories often have responsibilities and expertise in one or more laboratory disciplines involved in diagnosing zoonotic and/or emerging diseases and diseases exotic to the United States that are important to animal and human health and the nation's food supply. The knowledge and roles of all veterinary laboratory professionals are vital to detect, monitor, and confirm diseases and conditions that affect animal and human health and the nation's animal food supply. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470169 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:13 +0100 4470169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470168&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001460%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Currently, no serum biomarkers, including the biochemical gold standard alanine aminotransferase, can differentiate drug-induced from non–drug-related liver injury, can differentiate liver injury mediated by a specific drug or mechanism, or can accurately predict the progression and outcome of hepatic injury. Efforts have been made by veterinary clinical pathologists, toxicologists, and other scientists to address the gaps in hepatic biomarkers faced during drug development; although there have been no breakthroughs, several novel biomarker candidates have been identified. Efforts to address the gaps in translatable hepatic biomarkers and the challenges and hurdles faced during this process are highlighted in this review. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470168 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:11 +0100 4470168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470167&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001514%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article provides an overview of animal model systems to include their strengths and limitations in the study of hemostasis. Specific examples of spontaneous and engineered animal models are described in the context of cell-based hemostasis. The article concludes with a review of the comparative aspects of 3 laboratory assays of cell-based hemostasis: thromboelastography, thrombin generation, and flow cytometric assessment of platelet activation. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470167 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:11 +0100 4470167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470166&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001538%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the age-specific differences in the reference ranges and the potential limitations of POC devices currently used, which may affect delivery of care. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470166 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:10 +0100 4470166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470165&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001551%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article focuses on the emerging field of equine regenerative medicine with an emphasis on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for orthopedic diseases. We detail laboratory procedures and protocols for tissue handling and MSC isolation, characterization, expansion, and cryopreservation from bone marrow, fat, and placental tissues. We provide an overview of current clinical uses for equine MSCs and how MSCs function to heal tissues. Current laboratory practices in equine regenerative medicine mirror those in the human field. However, the translational use of autologous and allogeneic MSCs for patient therapy far exceeds what is currently permitted in human medicine. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470165 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:09 +0100 4470165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470164&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001484%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article outlines the normal and pathologic morphology of blood cells of reptile species. The specific comparative aspects of reptiles are emphasized, and structural and functional abnormalities in the reptilian hemogram are described. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470164 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:08 +0100 4470164 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470163&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001502%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Pet bird ownership and the veterinary diagnostic market for avian and exotic species testing have grown markedly during the past 20 years. Birds present with both unique infectious diseases and other diseases that are known to the human medical community, including aspergillosis, mycobacteriosis, chlamydophilosis, and bornavirus infection, some of which have clear zoonotic implications. Although diagnostic testing for these avian infectious diseases has grown considerably and includes the newer technology of polymerase chain reaction as well as traditional serologic testing, guidelines for the use and interpretation of these tests and standardization of tests among veterinary laboratories remains an unmet challenge. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470163 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:07 +0100 4470163 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470160&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001435%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Lymphoma in dogs is a heterogeneous cancer with highly variable prognosis. Many types of canine lymphoma have similar counterparts in the World Health Organization classification of human lymphoid tumors. The most common variant of canine lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which, if treated with multiagent chemotherapy, has a survival time of approximately 12 months. T-cell lymphomas are more heterogeneous and high- and low-grade variants are common, which necessitates classification beyond B- versus T-cell lineage. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470160 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:04 +0100 4470160 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470159&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001472%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of selected neoplastic and infectious diseases. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470159 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:21:03 +0100 4470159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470158&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000023%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes It is my great pleasure to introduce Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, which, like its counterpart in the medical profession, is a discipline that bridges basic science and clinical practice. This theme issue brings the best of the field to the audience of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, demonstrating the diversity, strengths, and challenges of laboratory medicine in animals and highlighting its many important links with human health. The authors are veterinary clinical pathologists as well as clinicians, toxicologists, and other scientists who are actively engaged in diagnostic pathology, translational and clinical research, clinical medicine, education, and basic research involving animal models. Their expertise is impressive and wide-ranging and conveys a commitment to improving the quali... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470158 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:20:59 +0100 4470158 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470157&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000102%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470157 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:20:59 +0100 4470157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470156&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000096%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470156 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:20:59 +0100 4470156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470155&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271211000084%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470155 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 02:20:58 +0100 4470155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470171&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001496%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes how the Pathfinder works and summarizes results from studies exploring the effect of Pathfinder use on learning and satisfaction. Pathfinder characteristics are described in terms of their influence on cognitive load, and strategies are provided for effective implementation. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470171 Mon, 20 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4470171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470170&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001459%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Several major pet-food and human-food safety incidents occurred worldwide between 2003 and 2008, causing illnesses and deaths in children, cats, dogs, and pigs. During the 2007 outbreak of renal failure in dogs and cats in the United States, veterinary diagnostic laboratories helped identify melamine and melamine analogues as contaminants in implicated food. In 2008, thousands of infants developed renal failure from exposure to melamine alone. Management of these outbreaks depends on the collaboration of veterinary and human laboratories and clinics, government agencies, academic institutions, and food industries, along with prompt communication and sharing of data. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470170 Mon, 06 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4470170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470162&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001447%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The use of major acute-phase proteins (APPs) for assessment of health and disease in companion animals has increased within the last decade because of increased knowledge in the field and increased access to appropriate assay systems for detection of relevant APPs, which are highly species specific. Despite evidence being restricted almost solely to proven excellent overlap performance of these markers in detecting inflammatory activity, clinically relevant studies at higher evidence levels do exist. The available body of literature shows a clear, but seemingly untapped, potential for more extended routine clinical use of major APP testing in companion animal medicine. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470162 Mon, 06 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4470162 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4470161&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001526%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Glucose levels in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus can be monitored using a variety of techniques. Selecting the best monitoring technique requires involvement of the pet owner, communication between the owner and veterinarian, and practicality of the method. Some of the techniques typically used in dogs and cats are identical to those used in human diabetic patients. The use of modern technology designed specifically for people is being used increasingly for the management of diabetes in dogs and cats and offers a new mechanism for monitoring glucose in diabetic animals. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4470161 Thu, 25 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4470161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957706&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001356%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957706 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957706 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957705&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001253%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The wide interindividual variability in clinical response and tolerability of antipsychotic medications has led investigators to postulate that these variabilities may be under genetic control. Although not always consistent, there are promising indications from emergent pharmacogenetic studies that efficacy of antipsychotic medications for the various symptom domains of psychopathology in schizophrenia may be genetically regulated. This is an encouraging approach. Moreover, there are also suggestive findings that the side-effect profiles of second-generation antipsychotic medications and their propensity to cause weight gain and glucose and lipid abnormalities as well as tardive dyskinesia may be related to pharmacogenetic factors in this patient population. Ultimately, such approaches co... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957705 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957704&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001198%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the progress that has been made in research toward understanding how genetic factors influence psychotropic drug responses and the challenges that lie ahead in translating the research findings into clinical practices that yield tangible benefits for patients with mental illnesses. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957704 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957703&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000123X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Genetic factors play an increasingly recognized role in idiopathic epilepsies. Since 1995, positional cloning strategies in multigenerational families with autosomal dominant transmission have revealed 11 genes (KCNQ2, KCNQ3, CHRNA4, CHRNA2, CHRNB2, SCN1B, SCN1A, SCN2A, GABRG2, GABRA1, and LGI1) and numerous loci for febrile seizures and epilepsies. To date, all genes with the exception of LGI1, encode neuronal ion channel or neurotransmitter receptor subunits. Molecular approaches have revealed great genetic heterogeneity, with most genes remaining to be identified. One of the major challenges is now to understand phenotype-genotype correlations. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the molecular basis of these rare mendelian autosomal dominant forms of idiopathic epilepsies. (... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957703 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957702&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001265%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article on genetic contributions to the etiology of personality disorders broadly follows the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classification. Until recently, relatively few genetic studies of personality disorders as defined by this system had been published. The review begins by evaluating the current evidence for genetic influences on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders axis II disorders. Psychiatric genetics has for a long time been moving beyond simple quantitative genetic studies. One of the most exciting directions in psychiatric genetics is the rapidly developing field of molecular genetic studies, aiming to identify specific genes correlated with psychiatric phenotypes. Personality disorders, like most other psychiatric diagnostic ca... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957702 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957701&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001216%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with each other and with major depressive disorder. As syndromes, anxiety and mood disorders share many symptoms, and several treatments are effective for both. Despite this overlap, there exist many distinguishing features that support the continued classification of individual anxiety disorders that are distinct from each other and from major depression. The goal of this article is to describe the key biological similarities and differences between anxiety disorders. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957701 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957700&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001204%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Addictions include a group of common, heritable psychiatric illnesses that have multiple psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Robust genetic associations have been found for alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, and cocaine dependence. Common genetic associations have been found between alcohol dependence and aerodigestive cancers and between nicotine dependence and lung disease. These associations highlight the importance of understanding the genetics of substance dependence in the context of its multiple medical and psychiatric comorbidities. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957700 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957699&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001162%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article outlines the prerequisites for predictive and diagnostic genetic tests, such as clinical validity and utility, and reviews the opportunity that genetic tests for mental illnesses present. As the scientific discourse on genetic tests for complex disorders is not limited to psychiatry, the authors outline current thoughts on the significance of genome-wide association studies across health, and the phenomenon of direct-to-consumer tests in medicine. The attitudes and understanding of patients, families, and clinicians about the future (currently hypothetical) scenario of psychiatric genetic tests are discussed, as is the potential for such testing to increase, rather than diminish stigma. Finally, recommendations on the future development and availability of genetic tests in psy... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957699 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957698&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001228%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The practice of psychiatry has long suffered from the limited information available on the biological basis of mental disorders. This limitation is now coming to an end. Advances in DNA analysis technologies and in our understanding of the human genome, together with our new knowledge of the properties of the genome and significant efforts toward generating large patient and control sample collections, have paved the way for successful genome-wide association studies. As a result, reports now appear in the literature every week identifying new genes for complex disorders. Next-generation sequencing methods, combined with the results of association and perhaps linkage studies, will help us uncover missing heritability factors, achieve a better understanding of the genetic aspects of psychia... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957698 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957697&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001174%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the main tools for gene discovery. The focus is on the designs and analytic approaches for each of these methods. Because most gene discovery has now moved to genetic association studies, and most recently to genome-wide association studies, the focus is on methods for this design. Also highlighted are the current challenges of genetic epidemiology as a prelude to future approaches that may be applied to psychiatric disorders in the coming years. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957697 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957696&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001241%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article briefly focuses on 8 aspects of clinical neurogenetics, namely (1) factors suggesting the presence of a genetic disease, (2) nonspecific categories that may be hiding neurogenetic diseases, (3) importance of family history, (4) assessment of sporadic cases, (5) genetic counseling, (6) genetic testing, (7) available information resources, and (8) integration of the clinical neurogenetic strategy. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957696 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957695&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001186%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the general principles of genetic disease architecture that can guide screening and diagnostic approaches for all of the cardiomyopathies and inherited diseases. It addresses how the genetic architecture of the trait guides, and how clinical characteristics of the disease influence, a clinical screening approach. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957695 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957695 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957694&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001277%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This Clinics in Laboratory Medicine issue reprints updated and revised articles from various other Clinics series that presage new developments in molecular diagnostic and theragnostic testing for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Many diseases of the brain have increasingly been grounded in genetic deficits or predispositions for secondary triggering insults. Thus, new testing regimens will combine with other diagnostic modalities and clinical impressions to provide not only more exacting diagnoses but also direct therapies. The latter is of paramount importance to our delivery of care as many of these diseases are notoriously slow to respond to toxic therapeutics that provide palliation in only a subset of patients. Thus, resources are wasted and the patient harmed on unsuccessful ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957694 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957693&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001344%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957693 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957692&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001332%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957692 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3957691&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001320%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3957691 Sat, 11 Sep 2010 09:08:28 +0100 3957691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772026&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001071%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772026 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772025&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000533%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article examines screening procedures for thrombophilias in the setting of adverse pregnancy outcomes. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772025 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772024&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000521%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction are major contributors to perinatal mortality and morbidity. Accurate prediction is important for identifying those women who require more intensive monitoring, permitting earlier recognition and intervention, and allowing targeting of potential preventive measures to those at risk. Although different measures of placental dysfunction have been associated with increased risk adverse pregnancy outcomes, the ability of any single one to accurately predict these outcomes is poor. Attempts to use predictive models combining analytes and measurements of placental structure and blood flow have so far produced mixed results. The use of first- and second-trimester biochemical markers in combination with uterine artery Doppler screening shows promise... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772024 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772024 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772021&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000387%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in developed nations. The heterogeneous causes of spontaneous preterm birth make prediction and prevention difficult. Recently developed biochemical and biophysical tests add significantly to clinicians' ability to evaluate and treat women at risk for spontaneous preterm birth. The primary importance of transvaginal cervical sonography and cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin lies in the high negative predictive values of the tests for reducing preterm delivery risk. Cervical length may be useful in identifying women who are candidates for cervical cerclage or progesterone therapy for preterm birth prevention. Together, cervical length and fibronectin can be used in the triaging of women symptomatic for preterm labor. (Sou... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772021 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772020&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000048X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article presents an overview of how prenatal diagnosis has evolved and then focuses on the current status of using ultrasound to evaluate patients considered to be screen-positive for Down syndrome based on first-trimester screening (10–14 weeks) or second-trimester (15–22 weeks) maternal serum analyte screening. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772020 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772019&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000454%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Considerable advances have been made in identifying women whose pregnancies are at the greatest risk for fetal Down syndrome and other aneuploidies. Maternal serum tests and ultrasonography in either the first or second trimester provide effective prenatal screening. However, the most efficacious protocols are based on the combination of first- and second-trimester tests. In this article the advantages and best strategies in providing these sequential screening protocols are discussed. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772019 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772018&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000430%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the current status and challenges of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772018 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772017&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000946%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article deals with specific aspects of screening in multiple pregnancies. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772017 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772016&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000399%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Methodologic and ethical concerns in the area of prenatal diagnosis include whether the effects of such testing on individuals other than patients are considered, what assumptions are made regarding termination of pregnancy following a diagnosis, whether the redundancy of screening and diagnostic methods is considered, and how the impact of positive or negative screening results on patient experience and anxiety can be quantified. Several studies have examined the cost-effectiveness of screening for Down syndrome (DS). Given the current test characteristics, screening for DS is cost-effective across a wide variety of clinical situations. In fact, contingent screening is potentially a dominant strategy (costs less and leads to better outcomes). Understanding the methodology and salient issu... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772016 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772015&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000351%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Women with abnormal results of first trimester screening but with a normal karyotype are at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. A nuchal translucency of greater than 3.5 mm is associated with an increased risk of subsequent pregnancy loss, fetal infection, fetal heart abnormalities, and other structural abnormalities. Abnormal levels of first trimester analytes are also associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the predictive value is less impressive. As a single marker, pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A level less than 1st percentile has a good predictive value for subsequent fetal growth restriction. Women with PAPP-A level less than 5th percentile should undergo subsequent risk assessment with routine maternal serum afetoprotein screening with the possible addition of ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772015 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772013&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000442%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Nuchal translucency is the single most discriminatory marker for screening Down syndrome. When this marker is combined with concurrent maternal serum markers, the model-predicted performance is greater than for all second-trimester serum-only combinations. However, quality results for the marker are more difficult to achieve than for serum markers. Monitoring of images and proper training are essential, but the ongoing use of epidemiologic indicators is the only way to assure quality. The positive rate in the screened population may indicate a problem, but the average multiple of the normal median values and the standard deviation of the logarithm (base 10) of these values are the key indicators for the markers. If there is a 10% shift in the median or a 0.02 change in the standard deviati... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772013 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772012&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000363%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The first trimester (11–13 +6 weeks) ultrasound examination is useful for several reasons: determination of an accurate date of confinement, diagnostic purposes, and screening for fetal defects. Nuchal translucency measurement combined with maternal serum markers (free b-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A) is the mainstay of first-trimester screening for chromosomal defects. However, over the past decade additional ultrasound markers have been developed that improve the performance of this type of screening. The novel markers include evaluation of the nasal bone, fronto-maxillary angle measurement, and Doppler evaluations of the blood flow across the tricuspid valve and in the ductus venosus. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772012 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772010&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000082X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article provides a framework for providing genetic counseling to prospective parents undergoing first trimester screening. However, the counseling session has to be individualized based on the counselor's approach and unique issues and concerns related to the pregnancy. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772010 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772009&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000051X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The last decade has witnessed the transformation of first-trimester Down syndrome screening from an aspiration to a clinical reality. First-trimester screening now equals or exceeds the diagnostic accuracy of conventional midtrimester screen while realizing an important desire of pregnant women for early diagnosis. Beyond the obvious benefits to individual patients, this accomplishment emphatically affirms the centrality and value of clinical research. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772009 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772008&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000375%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article aims to review the genetics of CF, its spectrum of genotypic-phenotypic variations, current prenatal carrier screening and diagnostic recommendations, ultrasonographic markers of CF, and available reproductive options for carrier couples. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772008 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:42 +0100 3772008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772005&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000106X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772005 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:41 +0100 3772005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772004&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001058%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772004 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:41 +0100 3772004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772003&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210001046%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772003 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 08:00:41 +0100 3772003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772023&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000429%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Maternal serum screening for congenital anomalies began over 30 years ago with the advent of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening for open neural tube defects. It was from these screening programs that the more complex multiple marker Down syndrome screening programs developed. However, today open neural tube defect screening remains a relatively simple approach. In recent times, questions arise about the validity of the risk assessment associated with neural tube defect screening because of the impact of folate acid enrichment in diets and lack of outcome ascertainment. However, it still remains true that those with elevated AFP levels are at higher risk for having a pregnancy affected with open neural tube defect. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772023 Tue, 15 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3772023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772022&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000417%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the modes of transmission as well as maternal and neonatal effects of each of these infections. In addition, recommended testing, fetal surveillance, and treatment where indicated are outlined. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772022 Tue, 15 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3772022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772014&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000466%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes First-trimester aneuploidy screening is associated with very high detection rates for Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. The clinical implications of early screening relate to prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and important information obtained at screening. Early screening can change the rate of invasive prenatal diagnosis and the gestational age of prenatal diagnosis and abortion, and lead to earlier prenatal diagnosis of certain major structural abnormalities. The detection of biochemical abnormalities associated with obstetric complications, such as low pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, could also affect the management and outcomes of some pregnancies. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772014 Tue, 15 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3772014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772011&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000478%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the benefits and logistics of such an approach. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772011 Tue, 15 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3772011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772007&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000405%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In the last two decades, the use of preimplantation genetic testing has increased dramatically. This testing is used for identifying singlegene disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial disorders, gender selection in non-mendelian disorders with unequal gender distribution, aneuploidy screening, and other preconceptually identified genetic abnormalities in prospective parents. Genetic testing strategies and diagnostic accuracy continues to improve, but not without risks or controversies. In this review the authors discuss the techniques and clinical application of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and the debate surrounding its associated uncertainty and expanded use. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772007 Sun, 13 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3772007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3772006&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000491%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes It has been an honor to serve as guest editors for this special edition of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, entitled Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis. The last issue devoted to prenatal testing was in June 2003. Since that time, a lot of development has occurred in the arena of prenatal testing, particularly with the development of new screening paradigms for Down syndrome. This edition may seem to have more articles dedicated to aneuploidy screening compared with prior editions. The reason for this is the proliferation of new screening strategies in the past 5 years and the struggle among clinicians to adopt what is best for their population. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3772006 Sun, 06 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3772006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614197&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000909%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614197 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:42 +0100 3614197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614195&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000144%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reconstructs governance practices related to blood policy that have developed within in the European Union (EU) over the last 15 years. It describes core aspects of the policy and argues that, despite an integrated cooperative approach between policy-makers and practitioners, this policy remains an open and evolving process. The European Blood Directive (2002/98/EC) and its subsequent directives managed, for the first time, to create an overarching framework for transfusion procedures. This framework consists of a number of standard definitions as well as detailed standard operating procedures, yet leaves room for interpretation and different practices between EU member states. A recently published report on the progress of transposition of the Directives into national legisla... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614195 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:42 +0100 3614195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614194&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000089%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the contribution of platelet production methods to the storage lesion, long-established and newly developed methods used to determine platelet quality, and the significance for clinical transfusion outcome. Highlighted are the novel technologies applied to platelet storage including platelet additive solutions and pathogen inactivation. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614194 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:42 +0100 3614194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614191&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000119%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the literature and discusses the current and future state of cellular transfusion products. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614191 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:42 +0100 3614191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614189&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000107%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes When one looks at the field of molecular pathology or transplantation, it is evident that molecular biology has made a positive impact on medicine. However, the progress in transfusion medicine has been slower and more cautious than in other areas of the clinical laboratory. To understand where the field may go in the next 10 years requires that the reader understand what technology is available now. Therefore, this article discusses the current state of the art for red-cell genotyping and newer, ever-evolving molecular technologies. Because it is impossible to present all of the molecular techniques and their variations in this article, the author selects a group of methodologies to review and speculates where the field of molecular immunohematology may be in 2020. (Source: Clinics in Lab... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614189 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:42 +0100 3614189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614188&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000168%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes To predict the timing and nature of future changes in the practice of blood transfusion, several factors must be considered. The historical rate of change of a scientific field can often provide a rough guide to the rate of future progress. To improve the accuracy of these predictions, historical rates must be adjusted to take into account the decelerating effects of technological or methodological barriers to progress, together with the potentially accelerating effects of transformative technology breakthroughs and unmet needs in the field that act as drivers for change. The cumulative impact of unpredictable and, often, limited availability of traditional blood donors, increasingly elderly populations, the potential for storage-associated adverse events, and increasingly prevalent transf... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614188 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:42 +0100 3614188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614184&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000034X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Dear Colleagues, (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614184 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:41 +0100 3614184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614183&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000892%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614183 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:41 +0100 3614183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614182&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000880%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614182 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:41 +0100 3614182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614181&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000879%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614181 Mon, 31 May 2010 15:22:41 +0100 3614181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614186&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000156%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article briefly details some underlying mechanisms that may have been responsible for the adverse-event profile associated with HBOCs, with a focus on the contribution of the author's laboratory toward identifying some of these biochemical pathways and some ways and means to control them. It is hoped that this will aid in the development of a safe and effective second generation of HBOCs. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614186 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614196&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000132%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Although the risk of infection with hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses from blood transfusions has been reduced to negligible levels, emerging infections continue to offer threats. Such threats occur with any infection that has an asymptomatic, blood-borne phase. In the past, it was thought that any emerging transfusion-transmitted disease would have epidemiologic properties similar to those of AIDS or viral hepatitis. Over the past 20 years, however, greatest concern has arisen from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, West Nile virus, and Babesia. These and other emerging infections are discussed in the context of blood safety. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614196 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614193&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000181%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article summarizes recent advances in understanding alloimmunization, with a focus of identifying future directions in laboratory testing and management of transfusion. In addition to analyzing humoral alloimmunization, potential extensions of transfusion medicine to sequelae of cellular immunization are explored. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614193 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614192&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227121000017X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes An evolving understanding of the consequences of allogeneic blood transfusion and escalating costs of providing allogeneic blood have resulted in an interest in blood management. Understanding the consequences of allogeneic transfusion includes a recognition of the immunosuppressive effects of allogeneic transfusion, a growing awareness of transfusion-related acute lung injury, and a rediscovery of transfusion-associated circulatory overload. More recently, interest has focused on the effect of stored blood on patient outcome. Although this discussion is not all-inclusive, it is intended to show that many techniques can be applied to decrease the exposure to allogeneic blood. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614192 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614190&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000120%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Identification of the molecular basis of the D polymorphism of the Rh blood group system in the 1990s made it possible to predict D phenotype from DNA. The most valuable application of this has been the determination of fetal D type in pregnant D-negative women with anti-D. Knowledge of fetal D type reveals whether the fetus is at risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn so that the pregnancy can be managed appropriately. Noninvasive fetal D typing for D-negative pregnant women with anti-D, performed on the small quantity of fetal DNA present in the blood of pregnant women, is now routine practice in several European countries. Noninvasive fetal blood grouping for C, c, E, and K also may be provided as a routine service for alloimmunized pregnant women. In many countries, all D-n... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614190 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614187&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000090%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes the research in progress that will permit the large-scale production of human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. It also discusses the current state of this research, suggests the obstacles to be overcome to pass from the laboratory model to clinical practice, and analyzes the possible indications in the medium and long term. The potential interest of pluripotent stem cells as an unlimited source of red blood cells is considered. If it succeeds, this new approach could mark a considerable advance in the field of transfusion. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614187 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3614185&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271210000077%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The transfusion of animal blood or red blood cells (RBCs) into humans goes back to 1667, and the practice persisted until the early 1900s. In recent years, in part because of the shortage of acceptable and safe human blood worldwide, there has been renewed interest in the possibility of using genetically-engineered pigs as sources of RBCs for clinical transfusion. Pigs are becoming available in which the cells, tissues, and organs are to some extent protected from the human immune response. This extends significant protection from antibody-mediated complement lysis. Transfusion of these RBCs into nonhuman primates, however, indicates that they are rapidly lost from the circulation, almost certainly through the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Further genetic manipulation may resolve thi... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3614185 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3614185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958707&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209001085%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958707 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958706&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000663%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for children younger than 1 year of age and these hospitalized children have an increased risk for developing childhood asthma. It remains unclear, however, which children who have severe bronchiolitis (eg, an episode requiring hospitalization) will develop recurrent wheezing or asthma. Although many environmental and genetic factors may play a role in the pathway from bronchiolitis to asthma, this article focuses on the viruses that have been linked to bronchiolitis and how these viruses may predict or contribute to future wheezing and asthma. The article also discusses vitamin D as an emerging risk factor for respiratory infections and wheezing. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958706 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958706 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958705&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000602%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a clinically significant cause of respiratory tract disease, especially among high-risk infants and immunocompromised and elderly adults. Despite the burden of disease, there is no licensed prophylactic RSV vaccine. The initial efforts to develop an RSV vaccine involved formalin-inactivated virus preparations that unexpectedly caused vaccine-enhanced disease in clinical trials in RSV-naive children. Over the last 40 years, cautious and deliberate progress has been made toward RSV vaccine development using various experimental approaches, including live attenuated strains and vector-based and viral protein subunit/DNA-based candidates. The scientific rationale, preclinical testing, and clinical development of each of these approaches are reviewed. (Sourc... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958705 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958704&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000638%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article focuses on the characteristics of the five HCoVs that are known, and summarizes current knowledge of their pathogenic potential in people, with an emphasis on the interactions between these viruses and their cognate receptors on susceptible target cells. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958704 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958703&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000596%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article is a comprehensive review of what is known about HBoV. It includes an evaluation of diagnostic modalities, symptoms occurring in affected patients, and a discussion as to whether HBoV is responsible for identified clinical manifestations. The article reviews the incidence and effect of coinfection and updates on related members (HBoV-2 and HBoV-3) recently reported. Understanding of respiratory viruses such as HBoV remains vitally important to the health of adult and pediatric patients. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958703 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958702&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000614%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes several emerging molecular assays that have potential applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory viral infections. These techniques include direct nucleic acid detection by quantum dots, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, amplification using arbitrary primers, target-enriched multiplexing amplification, pyrosequencing, padlock probes, solid and suspension microarrays, and mass spectrometry. Several of these systems already are commercially available to provide multiplex amplification and high-throughput detection and identification of a panel of respiratory viral pathogens. Further validation and implementation of such emerging molecular assays in routine clinical virology services will enhance t... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958702 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958701&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227120900064X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the performance of commercially available assays and discusses issues relevant to the development of in-house assays. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958701 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958700&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000626%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes the clinical and socioeconomic relevance of influenza (IV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in pediatrics, the characteristics and limitations of currently available assays, and the impact of rapid diagnostic tests. This article shows that rapid tests for the detection and identification of IV and RSV in the respiratory secretions of infants and children are useful in the diagnosis of common, and possibly severe diseases, such as influenza and bronchiolitis. The tests' specificity and sensitivity make them most reliable when the prevalence of influenza or RSV infection is high, which suggests that their routine use should be restricted to the peak periods of viral circulation. The most recently marketed tests are similarly effective in identifying viruses, and s... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958700 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958699&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000675%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the major immunologic methods employed for respiratory virus diagnosis, recent developments in immunoassays and sample collection, and current test algorithms. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958699 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958698&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000651%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Viral culture is the historical gold standard for detection of most viruses that cause respiratory tract infections. Viral culture remains valuable because it is reasonably sensitive for most respiratory viruses, and it is cheaper and less technically demanding than nucleic acid amplified tests. The disadvantages of conventional viral culture using multiple tubes of cell lines are that it is labor intensive, moderately expensive, and slow. Advances in viral culture include the introduction of new cell lines, which can be more sensitive or convenient than previously used cell lines, and the use of shell-vial culture for respiratory viruses. Shell-vial culture is as sensitive as conventional culture for most respiratory viruses and it has a much shorter turn-around time. The shorter turn-aro... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958698 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958697&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000687%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Respiratory viruses continue to be a fascinating subject. The mutability of these viruses leads to the periodic emergence of new serotypes or species of viruses as human pathogens. Because these viruses are readily transmitted, a new respiratory virus that emerges can spread rapidly. The coronavirus associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus (swine influenza) are two examples of respiratory viruses that spread very quickly after emerging. According to data from the World Health Organization, there have been 55,867 cases and 238 deaths due to the H1N1 virus to date (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_06_24/en/index.html, accessed June 25, 2009). This outbreak underscores the importance of our continued attention to the epidemiology, mani... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958697 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958696&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209001073%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958696 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2958695&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209001061%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2958695 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 16:51:33 +0100 2958695 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904693&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000961%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904693 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904692&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000699%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews selected topics in point-of-care testing including: whole blood creatinine testing, influenza testing, fetal fibronectin, and patient self-testing. Each of these topics reflects an important new application of point-of-care testing and together they illustrate the many niche applications for these technologies. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904692 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904691&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000705%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Objective evidence-based national surveys serve as a first step in identifying suitable point-of-care device designs, effective test clusters, and environmental operating conditions. Preliminary survey results show the need for point-of-care testing (POCT) devices using test clusters that specifically detect pathogens found in disaster scenarios. Hurricane Katrina, the tsunami in southeast Asia, and the current influenza pandemic (H1N1, “swine flu”) vividly illustrate lack of national and global preparedness. Gap analysis of current POCT devices versus survey results reveals how POCT needs can be fulfilled. Future thinking will help avoid the worst consequences of disasters on the horizon, such as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and pandemic influenzas. A global effort must be ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904691 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904690&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000584%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses rules and regulations concerning POCT, especially those covering provider-performed microscopy (PPM). Types of PPM are also covered, including the fern test, tests for the presence on fecal leukocytes and pinworms, and examinations of urine sediment and seminal fluid. The coordination of PPM within a hospital is also covered. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904690 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904689&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000468%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Advances in technologies for immunoassay testing have enabled the development of 15-minute whole-blood assays for cardiac markers in the evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and congestive heart failure. In many cases, the analytical performance of these assays is equivalent to that of testing in the central laboratory. Rapid whole-blood point-of-care assays for troponin, creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB, myoglobin, and B-type natriuretic peptides have facilitated efforts to restructure conventional approaches to ACS and heart failure in the emergency room. Improvements in outcomes, including decreased emergency room and hospital length-of-stay, decreased overall cost, and earlier discharge of low-risk patients, have been documented following implementation of these te... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904689 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904688&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000547%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Turnaround time for molecular diagnostic tests is critical in detecting infectious agents, in determining a patient's ability to metabolize a drug or drug class, and in detecting minimal residual disease. These applications would benefit from the development of a point-of-care device for nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection. The ideal device would have a low cost per test, use a disposable unit use device for all steps in the assay, be portable, and provide a result that requires no interpretation. The creation of such a device requires miniaturization of current technologies and the use of microfluidics, microarrays, and small-diameter capillary tubes to reduce reagent volumes and simplify heat conduction by convection during nucleic acid amplification. This ideal device ... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904688 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904687&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000535%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the current status of coagulation POC methodologies, focusing on the potential clinical uses and the limitations of platelet function testing, prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, D-dimer, and activated clotting time (ACT). Additional studies are eagerly awaited regarding potential future uses of POC coagulation testing, including the role of platelet function testing and ACT heparin management systems. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904687 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904686&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000481%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article provides information on the screening and diagnostic tests available for CRC detection as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904686 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904685&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000523%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Until recently, inpatient glycemic management focused solely on the diabetic patient with few reported studies that discussed hyperglycemic management of the nondiabetic patient. For the last 35 years, the prevailing notion was that hyperglycemia in the acutely ill nondiabetic inpatient was a consequence of illnesses as well as a marker of its severity. It was also thought to be an adaptive response to injury necessary for survival and not necessarily a prognostic indicator of morbidity or mortality. In this article, we discuss the current school of thought regarding prognostic implications of nondiabetic inpatient hyperglycemia, its management (tight glycemic control), and the relationship of point-of-care testing to tight glycemic control. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904685 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904684&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0272271209000511%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes the characteristics of point-of-care devices for drug-of-abuse testing with a focus on clinical utility and patient care. This article is not a comprehensive review of all available point-of-care devices. Instead, it discusses general principles of point-of-care testing for drugs of abuse. (Source: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine) Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904684 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2904683&cid=s_33211_166_f&fid=33211&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmed.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS027227120900050X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Virological, epidemiologic, and operational barriers have slowed the progress toward effective management and eradication of HIV infection, despite significant advances in diagnosis since the early 1980s. Because early diagnosis profoundly affects the health care and survival of infected/high-risk individuals, and because the time required for conventional testing remains a barrier in many settings, rapid HIV testing has been developed for use both in the clinical laboratory and at the point of care. Recent studies have identified applications, advantages, and limitations of these assays, which may influence the development of new and more effective public health testing and screening protocols. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of six rapid HIV te... Clinics in Laboratory Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2904683 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2904683