MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Cognitive Processing' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 07:05:40 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5549930&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22193865%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Col G, Aptekman J, Girault S, Poibeau T Abstract ABTRACT: We would like to propose a new model of meaning construction based on language comprehension considered as a dynamic process during which the meaning of each linguistic unit and the global meaning of the sentence are determined simultaneously. This model, which may be called "gestalt compositionality," is radically opposed to the classic compositional mechanism advocated by linguistic formalism based on the primacy of syntax. The process considers the syntactic structure of an utterance as the product of meaning construction rather than its source. The comprehension of an utterance is consequently directly based on the interaction between the different basic components of this utterance: lexical units, grammatical m... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5549930 Fri, 23 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5549930 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5549929&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22193866%26dopt%3DAbstract This study explored mind-brain characteristics of successful leaders as reflected in scores on the Brain Integration Scale, Gibbs's Socio-moral Reasoning questionnaire, and an inventory of peak experiences. These variables, which in previous studies distinguished world-class athletes and professional classical musicians from average-performing controls, were recorded in 20 Norwegian top-level managers and in 20 low-level managers-matched for age, gender, education, and type of organization (private or public). Top-level managers were characterized by higher Brain Integration Scale scores, higher levels of moral reasoning, and more frequent peak experiences. These multilevel measures could be useful tools in selection and recruiting of potential managers and in assessing leadership educatio... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5549929 Fri, 23 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5549929 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5534610&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22160349%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Antunes M, Biala G Abstract Animal models of memory have been considered as the subject of many scientific publications at least since the beginning of the twentieth century. In humans, memory is often accessed through spoken or written language, while in animals, cognitive functions must be accessed through different kind of behaviors in many specific, experimental models of memory and learning. Among them, the novel object recognition test can be evaluated by the differences in the exploration time of novel and familiar objects. Its application is not limited to a field of research and enables that various issues can be studied, such as the memory and learning, the preference for novelty, the influence of different brain regions in the process of recognition, and even th... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5534610 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5534610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5493251&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22131129%26dopt%3DAbstract This study assessed whether a post-coma woman functioning at the lower end of the minimally conscious state would (a) develop adaptive responding through the use of microswitch technology and contingent stimulation, (b) consolidate and maintain her responding over time, and (c) show evidence of response-consequences awareness (learning and discrimination). The study involved an ABABB(1)CB(1) sequence in which the A represented baseline phases, the B and B(1) intervention phases, and the C a control phase with continuous stimulation. Results indicated that the woman developed adaptive responding and consolidated it over the intervention phases of the study. The woman also showed evidence of being aware of response-consequences links. Potential implications and limitations of these findings ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5493251 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5493251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5493252&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22120748%26dopt%3DAbstract This study tested the prediction that DVN does also affect retention of gross visual information, specifically by reducing confidence. Participants performed a matrix pattern memory task with three retention interval interference conditions (DVN, static visual noise and no interference control) that varied from trial to trial. At recall, participants indicated whether or not they were sure of their responses. As in previous research, DVN did not impair recall accuracy or latency on the task, but it did reduce recall confidence relative to static visual noise and no interference. We conclude that DVN does distort visual representations in short-term memory, but standard coarse-grained recall measures are insensitive to these distortions. PMID: 22120748 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5493252 Sat, 26 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5493252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5493253&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22105232%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee K, Choo H Abstract The question of whether Posner's beam is the same as Treisman's glue is addressed to construct a computational model that integrates both target and cue information. The cueing and conjunction search tasks are conducted to analyze a common process that may be underlying the tasks. The dynamic interaction between target and cue information produces attentional benefit- and cost-based in the cueing task. Furthermore, the search order for target candidates in a conjunction search task is determined through the integration of target and cue information, which is basically the same as in the cueing task. Our simulations suggest that consistency (or validity) is considered as a computational process that may be commonly involved in the both tasks. PMID... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5493253 Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5493253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420194&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22086351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van der Helm PA Abstract What, if anything, is cognitive architecture and how is it implemented in neural architecture? Focusing on perceptual organization, this question is addressed by way of a pluralist approach which, supported by metatheoretical considerations, combines complementary insights from representational, connectionist, and dynamic systems approaches to cognition. This pluralist approach starts from a representationally inspired model which implements the intertwined but functionally distinguishable subprocesses of feedforward feature encoding, horizontal feature binding, and recurrent feature selection. As sustained by a review of neuroscientific evidence, these are the subprocesses that are believed to take place in the visual hierarchy in the brain. Furth... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420194 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5420194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5420193&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22086352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Greco A, Carrea E Abstract The classical computational conception of meaning has been challenged by the idea that symbols must be grounded on sensorimotor processes. A difficult question arises from the fact that grounding representations cannot be symbolic themselves but, in order to support compositionality, should work as primitives. This implies that they should be precisely identifiable and strictly connected with discriminable perceptual features. Ideally, each representation should correspond to a single discriminable feature. The present study was aimed at exploring whether feature discrimination is a fundamental requisite for grounding compositional symbols. We studied this problem by using Integral stimuli, composed of two interacting and not separable features. ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5420193 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5420193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5379705&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22009168%26dopt%3DAbstract This study proposes a semi-automatic approach aimed at detecting conflict in conversations. The approach is based on statistical techniques capable of identifying turn-organization regularities associated with conflict. The only manual step of the process is the segmentation of the conversations into turns (time intervals during which only one person talks) and overlapping speech segments (time intervals during which several persons talk at the same time). The rest of the process takes place automatically and the results show that conflictual exchanges can be detected with Precision and Recall around 70% (the experiments have been performed over 6 h of political debates). The approach brings two main benefits: the first is the possibility of analyzing potentially large amounts of conversa... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5379705 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5379705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5379704&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22009169%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leone G Abstract In face-to-face interactions, some social signals are aimed at regulating scaffolding processes, by which more knowledgeable people try to help less knowledgeable ones, to enable them to learn new concepts or skills (Vygotsky 1978). Observing face-to-face scaffolding interactions might not only allow us to grasp a large variety of these highly interesting social signals but may also be useful for the sake of scaffolding processes themselves. It often happens, in fact, that the empowering intentions implicit in these processes end up falling short, if the social signals regulating this specific kind of face-to-face interaction are misunderstood. Interestingly, many of these misunderstood aspects are related to the recipient's role. Indeed, attention is usua... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5379704 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5379704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5328151&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21997309%26dopt%3DAbstract This study is part of an ongoing research aimed at developing an intelligent virtual agent that applies natural argumentation techniques to persuade the users to improve their eating habits. PMID: 21997309 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5328151 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5328151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312528&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21989609%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van der Maaten L, Hendriks E Abstract In this paper, we investigate to what extent modern computer vision and machine learning techniques can assist social psychology research by automatically recognizing facial expressions. To this end, we develop a system that automatically recognizes the action units defined in the facial action coding system (FACS). The system uses a sophisticated deformable template, which is known as the active appearance model, to model the appearance of faces. The model is used to identify the location of facial feature points, as well as to extract features from the face that are indicative of the action unit states. The detection of the presence of action units is performed by a time series classification model, the linear-chain conditional rando... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312528 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312527&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21989610%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Castelfranchi C Abstract In this paper, I explain how we just "ascribe" "attribute" to social actors-in a fast and automatic way and without complex reasoning-mental representations on the basis of "scripts," "roles," role-signs, tool use and functions, categories and prejudices, and several heuristics; or by default. How scripts and roles must be filled in with the actors' mental attitudes. How social interaction systematically requires assumptions about the other's mind. How sometimes in the subject those mental attitudes are not only unconscious but actually implicit; just potential or tacit (non-activated), or just the non-intended or non-understood function of his behavior/role. However, what really matters is that we assume that those beliefs and goals are there, and... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312527 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312527 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312526&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21989611%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ochs M, Niewiadomski R, Brunet P, Pelachaud C Abstract A smile may communicate different communicative intentions depending on subtle characteristics of the facial expression. In this article, we propose an algorithm to determine the morphological and dynamic characteristics of virtual agent's smiles of amusement, politeness, and embarrassment. The algorithm has been defined based on a virtual agent's smiles corpus constructed by users and analyzed with a decision tree classification technique. An evaluation, in different contexts, of the resulting smiles has enabled us to validate the proposed algorithm. PMID: 21989611 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312526 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312526 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312529&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21984345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Giardini F Abstract Spreading information about the members of one's group is one of the most universal human behaviors. Thanks to gossip, individuals can acquire the information about their peers without sustaining the burden of costly interactions with cheaters, but they can also create and revise social bonds. Gossip has also several positive functions at the group level, promoting cohesion and norm compliance. However, gossip can be unreliable, and can be used to damage others' reputation or to circulate false information, thus becoming detrimental to people involved and useless for the group. In this work, we propose a theoretical model in which reliability of gossip depends on the joint functioning of two distinct mechanisms. Thanks to the first, i.e., deterrence, in... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312529 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312531&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21984310%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Bagnato S, Boccagni C, Galardi G Abstract Although several studies propose that the integrity of neuronal assemblies may underlie a phenomenon referred to as awareness, none of the known studies have explicitly investigated dynamics and functional interactions among neuronal assemblies as a function of consciousness expression. In order to address this question, EEG operational architectonics analysis (Fingelkurts and Fingelkurts 2001, 2008) was conducted in patients in minimally conscious (MCS) and vegetative states (VS) to study the dynamics of neuronal assemblies and operational synchrony among them as a function of consciousness expression. We found that in minimally conscious patients and especially in vegetative patients neuronal assem... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312531 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312530&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21984311%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brunet PM, Cowie R, Donnan H, Douglas-Cowie E Abstract In the literature, politeness has been researched within many disciplines. Although Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness (1978, 1987) is often cited, it is primarily a linguistic theory and has been criticized for its lack of generalizability to all cultures. Consequently, there is a need for a more comprehensive approach to understand and explain politeness. We suggest applying a social signal framework that considers politeness as a communicative state. By doing so, we aim to unify and explain politeness and its corresponding research and identify further research needed in this area. PMID: 21984311 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312530 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312530 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5280178&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21953385%26dopt%3DAbstract Special corner on "cognitive robotics" Cogn Process. 2011 Sep 28; Authors: Kopp S, Steil JJ PMID: 21953385 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5280178 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5280178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5218979&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21912981%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yopchick JE, Kim NS Abstract What factors contribute to hindsight bias, the phenomenon whereby the known outcome of an event appears obvious only after the fact? The Causal Model Theory (CMT) of hindsight bias (Nestler et al. in Soc Psychol 39:182-188, 2008a; in J Expl Psychol: Learn Mem Cog 34:1043-1054, 2008b; Pezzo in Mem 11:421-441, 2003; Wasserman et al. in Pers Soc Psychol Bull 17:30-35, 1991) posits that hindsight bias can occur when people have the opportunity to identify potential causal antecedents and evaluate whether they could have led to the outcome. Two experiments incorporating highly controlled minimalist scenarios supported the CMT. As predicted by the CMT, hindsight bias occurred when the causal factor explained the actual outcome better than the alterna... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5218979 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5218979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157326&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21858509%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Raisig S, Hagendorf H, van der Meer E Abstract Scripts store the temporal order of component events of everyday activities as well as the temporal position of the events within the activity (early or late). When confronted with an activity, predictions are generated about how the component events will unfold. Thereby, an error-detection mechanism continuously monitors whether they unfold as anticipated or not in order to reveal errors in the unfolding activity. We investigated whether the temporal position "early" or "late" influenced the detection of errors using the pupillary response as an index of cognitive resource consumption. An event triplet consisting of three events was presented in a chronological or non-chronological temporal order. Crucially, the triplet focus... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157326 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103137&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21786189%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21786189 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103137 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961226&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21656242%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vickers JN In the course of all motor behavior, the brain is limited in how much information it can process and act upon at a time. Performers must constantly decide where to look, what to attend to, and how to time fixated information with precisely controlled actions. The gaze can be directed to only one location at a time and information central to success must be selected from spatially complex environments, most often under severe time constraints. The coordination of these processes is explored in this Special issue in a number of motor tasks, including golf, soccer, law enforcement, and ballet. The papers describe the visual information and quiet eye characteristics that underlie the ability to make decisions under complex task conditions and the relationship between co... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961226 Wed, 08 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961225&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21656243%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: von Lautz A, Maier S Can humans make decisions? Can machines? What ethical questions arise from using robotics in the education of children? Or in elderly care? These were some of the topics of the interdisciplinary college (IK), which took place from the 25th of March to the 1st of April in Günne, next to Lake Möhne. During this one-week spring school, more than 40 well-known lecturers from around the globe gave 170 participants an insight into a cornucopia of topics surrounding "autonomy, decisions, and free will". PMID: 21656243 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961225 Wed, 08 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912391&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21643921%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liberati G, Raffone A, Olivetti Belardinelli M According to the Cognitive reserve hypothesis, several factors related to mental engagement, such as level of education, type of occupation, leisure activities and social network, appear to affect the risk of developing clinical dementia. The present article provides an overview of the studies that have investigated the effects of mental engagement and cognitive stimulation specifically on dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD). Mental training and cognitive stimulation interventions in AD have been shown to be useful in increasing patients' ability in performing activities of daily living (ADL), allowing them to maintain relative independence. Since cognitive engagement and stimulation are known to modify the brain processes to pe... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912391 Fri, 03 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912392&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21614526%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chauhan A, Seabra Lopes L Naming is a powerful cognitive tool that facilitates categorization by forming an association between words and their referents. There is evidence in child development literature that strong links exist between early word-learning and conceptual development. A growing view is also emerging that language is a cultural product created and acquired through social interactions. Inspired by these studies, this paper presents a novel learning architecture for category formation and vocabulary acquisition in robots through active interaction with humans. This architecture is open-ended and is capable of acquiring new categories and category names incrementally. The process can be compared to language grounding in children at single-word stage. The robot is e... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912392 Wed, 25 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4863753&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21597926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haazebroek P, van Dantzig S, Hommel B Robots are increasingly expected to perform tasks in complex environments. To this end, engineers provide them with processing architectures that are based on models of human information processing. In contrast to traditional models, where information processing is typically set up in stages (i.e., from perception to cognition to action), it is increasingly acknowledged by psychologists and robot engineers that perception and action are parts of an interactive and integrated process. In this paper, we present HiTEC, a novel computational (cognitive) model that allows for direct interaction between perception and action as well as for cognitive control, demonstrated by task-related attentional influences. Simulation results show that key be... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4863753 Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4863753 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4808843&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21544570%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Piras A, Vickers JN Male goalkeepers of intermediate skill level attempted to stop penalty kicks executed with the instep and inside foot, in situ. A mobile eye tracker and an external camera were used to collect the gaze and motor behaviors of the goalkeepers, as well as the penalty takers' motor behaviors and flight of the ball. Percent saves was greater during instep (28%) than inside foot kicks (12%), but we detected few differences in fixation frequency, location, duration, or transitions that could be attributed to the type of kick used. Fixation transitions (or the frequency of gaze shifts between locations) were significantly higher on goals than on saves. During the final phase of the kicking action, the quiet eye was located on the visual pivot and was longer during ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4808843 Wed, 04 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4808843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4808844&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21523446%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carstensen KU Ontologies play a key role in modern information society although there are still many fundamental questions regarding their structure to be answered. In this paper, some of these are presented, and it is argued that they require a shift from realist to cognitivist ontologies, with ontology design crucially depending on taking both cognitive and linguistic aspects into consideration. A detailed discussion of central parts of a proposed cognitivist upper ontology based on qualitative representations of selective attention is presented. PMID: 21523446 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4808844 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4808844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4808845&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21487784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nguyen-Tuong D, Peters J Models are among the most essential tools in robotics, such as kinematics and dynamics models of the robot's own body and controllable external objects. It is widely believed that intelligent mammals also rely on internal models in order to generate their actions. However, while classical robotics relies on manually generated models that are based on human insights into physics, future autonomous, cognitive robots need to be able to automatically generate models that are based on information which is extracted from the data streams accessible to the robot. In this paper, we survey the progress in model learning with a strong focus on robot control on a kinematic as well as dynamical level. Here, a model describes essential information about the behavio... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4808845 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4808845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703756&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21479814%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tunney RJ, Fernie G The question of what processes are involved in the acquisition and representation of categories remains unresolved despite several decades of research. Studies using the well-known prototype distortion task (Posner and Keele in J Exp Psychol 77:353-363, 1968) delineate three candidate models. According to exemplar-based models, we memorize each instance of a category and when asked to decide whether novel items are category members or not, the decision is explicitly based on a similarity comparison with each stored instance. By contrast, prototype models assume that categorization is based on the similarity of the target item to an implicit abstraction of the central tendency or average of previously encountered instances. A third model suggests that the ca... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703756 Sat, 09 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703756 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703757&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21476065%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quirin M, Hertzberg J, Kuhl J, Stephan A Emotions have long been seen as counteracting rational thought, but over the last decades, they have been viewed as adaptive processes to optimize human (but also animal) behaviour. In particular, positive affect appears to be a functional aspect of emotions closely related to that. We argue that positive affect as understood in Kuhl's PSI model of the human cognitive architecture appears to have an interpretation in state-of-the-art hybrid robot control architectures, which might help tackle some open questions in the field. PMID: 21476065 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703757 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703757 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703759&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21468745%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pezzulo G, Baldassarre G, Cesta A, Nolfi S PMID: 21468745 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703759 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703758&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21468746%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rao S, Aleksander I In this paper, we present a depictive neural model for the representation of motion verb semantics in neural models of visual awareness. The problem of modelling motion verb representation is shown to be one of function application, mapping a set of given input variables defining the moving object and the path of motion to a defined output outcome in the motion recognition context. The particular function-applicative implementation and consequent recognition model design presented are seen as arising from a noun-adjective recognition model enabling the recognition of colour adjectives as applied to a set of shapes representing objects to be recognised. The presence of such a function application scheme and a separately implemented position identification an... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703758 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703761&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21465224%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the performance of 100 subjects between the ages of 4 and 7 years on an experimental task using five associative relations based on verbal encoding. The results showed that children are able to use the five semantic associative relations at age 4, but performance with each of the different associative relations improves at different times during development. Functional and part/whole relations develop at an early age, whereas the superordinate relations develop later. Our study clarified the characteristics of the progression of semantic associations during development as well as the roles that associative relations play in the structure and improvement of the semantic store. PMID: 21465224 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703761 Mon, 04 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703761 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703760&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21465225%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mann DT, Coombes SA, Mousseau MB, Janelle CM Concurrent exploration of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and quiet eye period (QE) was implemented to assess potential mechanisms underlying psychomotor skills that differentiate expert and near-expert performers. Twenty golfers were classified by their USGA handicap rating as either a high handicap (HH; near-expert) or low handicap (LH; expert) to permit skill-based inferences. Participants completed 90 trials during which QE duration, BP activity, and putting performance were recorded. The application of single-subject analyses illustrated that LH golfers were more accurate and less variable in their performance than the HH group. Systematic differences in QE duration and BP were also observed, with experts exhibiting a prolonged... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703760 Mon, 04 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703760 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4703762&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21461753%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ward P, Suss J, Eccles DW, Williams AM, Harris KR In recent models of decision-making, cognitive scientists have examined the relationship between option generation and successful performance. These models suggest that those who are successful at decision-making generate few courses of action and typically choose the first, often best, option. Scientists working in the area of expert performance, on the other hand, have demonstrated that the ability to generate and prioritize task-relevant options during situation assessment is associated with successful performance. In the current study, we measured law enforcement officers' performance and thinking in a simulated task environment to examine the option generation strategies used during decision-making in a complex domain. The... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4703762 Fri, 01 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4703762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4643395&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21431863%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nieuwenhuys A, Oudejans RR We investigated short- and long-term effects of training with anxiety on police officers' shooting behavior under pressure. Using a pretest, posttest, and retention test design, 27 police officers executed a shooting exercise against an opponent that did (high anxiety) or did not (low anxiety) shoot back using colored soap cartridges. During the training sessions, the experimental group practiced with anxiety and the control group practiced without anxiety. At the pretest, anxiety had a negative effect on shot accuracy for both groups. At the posttest, shot accuracy of the experimental group no longer deteriorated under anxiety, while shot accuracy of the control group was still equally affected. At the retention test, 4 months after training, posit... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4643395 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4643395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582139&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21384271%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Panchuk D, Vickers JN We determined the gaze and stepping behaviours of elite ballet dancers and controls as they walked normally and along progressively narrower 3-m lines (l0.0, 2.5 cm). The ballet dancers delayed the first step and then stepped more quickly through the approach area and onto the lines, which they exited more slowly than the controls, which stepped immediately but then slowed their gait to navigate the line, which they exited faster. Contrary to predictions, the ballet group did not step more precisely, perhaps due to the unique anatomical requirements of ballet dance and/or due to releasing the degrees of freedom under their feet as they fixated ahead more than the controls. The ballet group used significantly fewer fixations of longer duration, and their ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582139 Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4528311&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21350845%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lavallee CF, Hunter MD, Persinger MA Previous researchers have studied meditation practices as a means to understand consciousness as well as altered states of consciousness. Various meditation techniques, such as Transcendental Meditation (TM) and Qigong, have been explored with source localization tools; however, the concentrative meditation technique has yet to be fully studied in this manner. The current study demonstrates findings, which outline differential activation in a self-referential default network during meditation in participants who espouse themselves as regular concentrative meditation practitioners, as well as comparisons with a control group practicing a modified version of the relaxation response. The results are compared with other putative experimental fi... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4528311 Fri, 25 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4528311 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4528312&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21318734%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wood G, Wilson MR Anxiety has been shown to disrupt visual attention, visuomotor control and subsequent shot location in soccer penalty kicks. However, optimal visual attention has been trained in other far aiming skills, improving performance and resistance to pressure. We therefore asked a team of ten university soccer players to follow a quiet eye (QE; Vickers 1996) training program, designed to align gaze with aiming intention to optimal scoring zones, over a 7-week period. Performance and gaze parameters were compared to a placebo group (ten players) who received no instruction, but practiced the same number of penalty kicks over the same time frame. Results from a retention test indicated that the QE-trained group had more effective visual attentional control, were signi... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4528312 Sun, 13 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4528312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4473255&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21305386%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Roca A, Ford PR, McRobert AP, Mark Williams A A novel, representative task was used to examine skill-based differences in the perceptual and cognitive processes underlying performance on a dynamic, externally paced task. Skilled and less skilled soccer players were required to move and interact with life-size, action sequences involving 11 versus 11 soccer situations filmed from the perspective of a central defender in soccer. The ability of participants to anticipate the intentions of their opponents and to make decisions about how they should respond was measured across two separate experiments. In Experiment 1, visual search behaviors were examined using an eye-movement registration system. In Experiment 2, retrospective verbal reports of thinking were gathered from a new s... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4473255 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4473255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4406671&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21229288%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: M Hall M, Smart PD, Jones CB The map as a tool for accessing data has become very popular in recent years, but a lot of data do not have the necessary spatial meta-data to allow for that. Some data such as photographs however have spatial information in their captions and if this could be extracted, then they could be made available via map-based interfaces. Towards this goal, we introduce a model and spatio-linguistic reasoner for interpreting the spatial information in image captions that is based upon quantitative data about spatial language use acquired directly from people. Spatial language is inherently vague, and both the model and reasoner have been designed to incorporate this vagueness at the quantitative level and not only qualitatively. PMID: 21229288 [PubMed -... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4406671 Fri, 28 Jan 2011 14:45:09 +0100 4406671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342890&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21225444%26dopt%3DAbstract Modelling space and modelling spatially: presentation of the special corner on "Spatial Models and Models of Space" Cogn Process. 2011 Jan 12; Authors: Hünefeldt T PMID: 21225444 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342890 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4342890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342891&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21210182%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Starcke K, Pawlikowski M, Wolf OT, Altstötter-Gleich C, Brand M Recent research suggests two ways of making decisions: an intuitive and an analytical one. The current study examines whether a secondary executive task interferes with advantageous decision-making in the Game of Dice Task (GDT), a decision-making task with explicit and stable rules that taps executive functioning. One group of participants performed the original GDT solely, two groups performed either the GDT and a 1-back or a 2-back working memory task as a secondary task simultaneously. Results show that the group which performed the GDT and the secondary task with high executive load (2-back) decided less advantageously than the group which did not perform a secondary executive task. These findings give furth... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342891 Thu, 06 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4342891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342892&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21203798%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elmogy M, Habel C, Zhang J To build effective interactions between humans and robots, they should have common ground of understanding that creates realistic expectations and forms the basis communications. An emerging approach to doing this is to create cognitive models of human reasoning and behavior selection. We have developed a robot navigation system that uses both spatial language and graphical representation to describe route-based navigation tasks for a mobile robot. Our proposed route instruction language (RIL) is intended as a semi-formal language for instructing the robot to execute a route in an indoor environment. We implemented an instruction interpreter to process the route description and generate its equivalent symbolic and topological map representations. A t... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342892 Tue, 04 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4342892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4251661&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21140189%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Button C, Dicks M, Haines R, Barker R, Davids K Previous research on gaze behaviour in sport has typically reported summary fixation statistics thereby largely ignoring the temporal sequencing of gaze. In the present study on penalty kicking in soccer, our aim was to apply a Markov chain modelling method to eye movement data obtained from goalkeepers. Building on the discrete analysis of gaze employed by Dicks et al. (Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706-720, 2010b), we wanted to statistically model the relative probabilities of the goalkeeper's gaze being directed to different locations throughout the penalty taker's approach (Dicks et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706-720, 2010b). Examination of gaze behaviours under in situ and video-simulation task constraints reveal... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4251661 Wed, 08 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4251661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4251660&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21140190%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kelleher JD, Ross RJ, Sloan C, Namee BM Although data-driven spatial template models provide a practical and cognitively motivated mechanism for characterizing spatial term meaning, the influence of perceptual rather than solely geometric and functional properties has yet to be systematically investigated. In the light of this, in this paper, we investigate the effects of the perceptual phenomenon of object occlusion on the semantics of projective terms. We did this by conducting a study to test whether object occlusion had a noticeable effect on the acceptance values assigned to projective terms with respect to a 2.5-dimensional visual stimulus. Based on the data collected, a regression model was constructed and presented. Subsequent analysis showed that the regression model ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4251660 Wed, 08 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4251660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4251662&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21132453%26dopt%3DAbstract KogWis 2010: Potsdam "sans souci" Cogn Process. 2010 Dec 4; Authors: Hamburger K PMID: 21132453 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4251662 Sat, 04 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4251662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4201963&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21107643%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Murphy K Semantic priming refers to the finding that a word response is facilitated if it is preceded by a related word compared to when it is preceded by an unrelated word. Dallas and Merikle (Can J Psychol 30: 15-21 1976a; Bull Psychon Soc 8: 441-444 1976b) demonstrated that semantic priming occurred under conditions in which a pair of simultaneously displayed words was previewed for over a second prior to the onset of a cue indicating which of the words should be pronounced aloud (postcue task). In contrast, semantic interference effects have been reported for postcue picture-naming tasks (Dean et al. in J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 27: 733-743, 2001; Humphreys et al. in J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 21: 961-980, 1995). According to Dean et al., the semantic interference eff... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4201963 Thu, 25 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4201963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4186759&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21082213%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kessell A, Tversky B Visualizations of space, time, and agents (or objects) are ubiquitous in science, business, and everyday life, from weather maps to scheduling meetings. Effective communications, including visual ones, emerge from use in the field, but no conventional visualization form has yet emerged for this confluence of information. The real-world spiral of production, comprehension, and use that fine-tunes communications can be accelerated in the laboratory. Here, we do so in search of effective visualizations of space, time, and agents. Users' production, preference, and performance aligned to favor matrix representations with time as rows or columns and space and agents as entries. Overall, performance and preference were greater for matrices with discrete dots rep... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4186759 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4186759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4186760&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21080030%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Andrews JK, Livingston KR, Kurtz KJ A series of four studies explore how the presentation of multiple items on each trial of a categorization task affects the course of category learning. In a three-category supervised classification task involving multi-dimensionally varying artificial organism-like stimuli, learners are shown a target plus two context items on every trial, with the context items' category membership explicitly identified. These triads vary in whether one, two, or all three categories are represented. This presentation context can support within-category comparison and/or between-category contrast. The most successful learning occurs when all categories are represented in each trial. This pattern occurs across two different underlying category structures and ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4186760 Sun, 14 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4186760 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4154735&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21063747%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Federici S, Stella A, Dennis JL, Hünefeldt T Easterners tend to process information more holistically than Westerners. Kim and Markman (J Exp Soc Psychol 42(3):350-364, 2006) suggest that these differences are rooted in higher chronic levels of Fear of Isolation (FOI) for those cultures that process information more holistically. The goal of this study was to determine if these differences and their suggested cause could be found with two different Western cultures. Testing Italian (IT) and US American (US) adults, we found that IT participants processed information more holistically and had a higher chronic level of FOI than US participants; furthermore, the manipulation of FOI affected context sensitivity more for IT than for US participants. The results demonstrate that IT... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4154735 Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4154735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139814&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21046191%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Borsci S, Londei A, Federici S The value of λ is one of the main issues debated in international usability studies. The debate is centred on the deficiencies of the mathematical return on investment model (ROI model) of Nielsen and Landauer (1993). The ROI model is discussed in order to identify the base of another model that, respecting Nielsen and Landauer's one, tries to consider a large number of variables for the estimation of the number of evaluators needed for an interface. Using the bootstrap model (Efron 1979), we can take into account: (a) the interface properties, as the properties at zero condition of evaluation and (b) the probability that the population discovery behaviour is represented by all the possible discovery behaviours of a sample. Our alternative model... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139814 Wed, 03 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4139814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139813&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21046192%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fujiwara H, Zheng M, Miyamoto A, Hoshino O Age-related degeneration of intracortical inhibition could underlie declines in cognitive function during senescence. Based on a hypothesis that a decrease in basal concentration of ambient (extrasynaptic) GABA with aging leads to depressing intracortical inhibition, we investigated how the basal concentration affects stimulus-evoked activity (as signal), ongoing-spontaneous activity (as noise) of neurons and their (signal-to-noise) ratio S/N. We simulated a neural network model equipped with a GABA transport system that regulates ambient GABA concentration in a neuronal activity-dependent manner. An increase in basal concentration augmented ambient GABA, increased GABA-mediated inhibitory current, and depressed ongoing-spontaneous ac... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139813 Wed, 03 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4139813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4088706&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20941524%26dopt%3DAbstract We present an exploratory study of an everyday navigation planning situation, addressing spatial planning strategies as well as cognitive shifts between the visually available map and the conceptualized real-world environment. Participants were asked to plan a diversified holiday route on an island, with the help of a map representing spatial as well as activity information. Following the task proper, they reported in written form about the problem-solving process. Route trajectories were analyzed with respect to their properties, and reports were analyzed with respect to the represented concepts and linguistic patterns. Results reveal that route trajectories tended to be circular rather than random, with relatively few detours or crossing lines. The underlying spatial planning strategies ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4088706 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4088706 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4064058&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20938799%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Goñi J, Arrondo G, Sepulcre J, Martincorena I, Vélez de Mendizábal N, Corominas-Murtra B, Bejarano B, Ardanza-Trevijano S, Peraita H, Wall DP, Villoslada P Semantic memory is the subsystem of human memory that stores knowledge of concepts or meanings, as opposed to life-specific experiences. How humans organize semantic information remains poorly understood. In an effort to better understand this issue, we conducted a verbal fluency experiment on 200 participants with the aim of inferring and representing the conceptual storage structure of the natural category of animals as a network. This was done by formulating a statistical framework for co-occurring concepts that aims to infer significant concept-concept associations and represent them as a graph. The resulting network... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4064058 Mon, 11 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4064058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4027015&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20878346%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20878346 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4027015 Mon, 27 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4027015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3999983&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20865297%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laeng B, Orbo M, Holmlund T, Miozzo M We recorded the pupil diameters of participants performing the words' color-naming Stroop task (i.e., naming the color of a word that names a color). Non-color words were used as baseline to firmly establish the effects of semantic relatedness induced by color word distractors. We replicated the classic Stroop effects of color congruency and color incongruency with pupillary diameter recordings: relative to non-color words, pupil diameters increased for color distractors that differed from color responses, while they reduced for color distractors that were identical to color responses. Analyses of the time courses of pupil responses revealed further differences between color-congruent and color-incongruent distractors, with the latter indu... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3999983 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3999983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885648&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20721600%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haag S Most research on object recognition and categorization centers on vision. However, these phenomena are likely influenced by the commonly used modality of touch. The present study tested this notion by having participants explore three-dimensional objects using vision and haptics in naming and sorting tasks. Results showed greater difficulty naming (recognizing) and sorting (categorizing) objects haptically. For both conditions, error increased from the concrete attribute of size to the more abstract quality of predation, providing behavioral evidence for shared object representation in vision and haptics. PMID: 20721600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885648 Wed, 18 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3885648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3824466&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20680546%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Federici S, Borsci S, Stamerra G PMID: 20680546 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3824466 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3824466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3786404&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20652723%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luuk E, Luuk H An influential line of thought claims that natural language and arithmetic processing require recursion, a putative hallmark of human cognitive processing (Chomsky in Evolution of human language: biolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 45-61, 2010; Fitch et al. in Cognition 97(2):179-210, 2005; Hauser et al. in Science 298(5598):1569-1579, 2002). First, we question the need for recursion in human cognitive processing by arguing that a generally simpler and less resource demanding process-iteration-is sufficient to account for human natural language and arithmetic performance. We argue that the only motivation for recursion, the infinity in natural language and arithmetic competence, is equally approachable by iteration and recursion... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3786404 Thu, 22 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3786404 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3766755&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20628785%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the visualization of the PCTA technique confirms that this new verbal protocol promotes and guarantees a more user-driven usability assessment with disabled people, by better involving screen reader users, overcoming the structural interference and the limits of the concurrent and retrospective protocols. PMID: 20628785 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3766755 Tue, 13 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3766755 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3750703&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20623159%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dietrich E The purpose of this paper is to present two kinds of analogical representational change, both occurring early in the analogy-making process, and then, using these two kinds of change, to present a model unifying one sort of analogy-making and categorization. The proposed unification rests on three key claims: (1) a certain type of rapid representational abstraction is crucial to making the relevant analogies (this is the first kind of representational change; a computer model is presented that demonstrates this kind of abstraction), (2) rapid abstractions are induced by retrieval across large psychological distances, and (3) both categorizations and analogies supply understandings of perceptual input via construing, which is a proposed type of categorization (this i... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3750703 Fri, 09 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3750703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3734368&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20607347%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Totoki Y, Matsuo T, Zheng M, Hoshino O Neurons of primary sensory cortices are known to have specific responsiveness to elemental features. To express more complex sensory attributes that are embedded in objects or events, the brain must integrate them. This is referred to as feature binding and is reflected in correlated neuronal activity. We investigated how local intracortical circuitry modulates ongoing-spontaneous neuronal activity, which would have a great impact on the processing of subsequent combinatorial input, namely, on the correlating (binding) of relevant features. We simulated a functional, minimal neural network model of primary visual cortex, in which lateral excitatory connections were made in a diffusive manner between cell assemblies that function as orient... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3734368 Sat, 03 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3734368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3677006&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20556476%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20556476 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3677006 Wed, 16 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3677006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546062&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20446103%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mishra RK, Marmolejo-Ramos F The interaction between vision and language processing is clearly of interest to both cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists. Recent research has begun to create understanding of the interaction between vision and language in terms of the representational issues involved. In this paper, we first review some of the theoretical and methodological issues in the current vision-language interaction debate. Later, we develop a model that attempts to account for effects of affordances and visual context on language-scene interaction as well as the role of sensorimotor simulation. The paper addresses theoretical issues related to the mental representations that arise when visual and linguistic systems interact. PMID: 20446103 [PubMed - as supplied... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546062 Wed, 05 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3546062 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3400021&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20309605%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Knauff M, Wolf AG PMID: 20309605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3400021 Tue, 23 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3400021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3391303&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20306115%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Keller PE, Ishihara M, Prinz W Previous research on sensorimotor synchronization has manipulated the somatosensory information received from the tapping finger to investigate how feedback from an active effector affects temporal coordination. The current study explored the role of feedback from passive body parts in the regulation of spatiotemporal motor control parameters by employing a task that required finger tapping on one's own skin at anatomical locations of varying tactile sensitivity. A motion capture system recorded participants' movements as they synchronized with an auditory pacing signal by tapping with the right index finger on either their left index fingertip (Finger/Finger) or forearm (Finger/Forearm). Results indicated that tap timing was more variable, and m... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3391303 Sat, 20 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3391303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362821&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20221668%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20221668 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362821 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362820&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20221669%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosca EC The present paper describes a case of a patient with severe Wernicke aphasia, which when tested with a number processing and calculation battery adapted to his difficulties showed remarkable arithmetic skills. These findings suggest that the patients with severe cognitive impairments (e.g., aphasia, apraxia) should be tested with batteries adapted to their disturbances because using a standard test may bias the results. PMID: 20221669 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362820 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3164591&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20063042%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20063042 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3164591 Sat, 09 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3164591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3135931&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20043186%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bosco A, Lancioni GE, Olivetti Belardinelli M, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J Media reports on the case of Rom Houben have constituted a new reminder of the risks of misdiagnosis with cases with apparent vegetative state, particularly when following the clinical consensus of the care team as diagnostic criterion. Systematic use of behavioral and non-behavioral assessment strategies (e.g., behavioral scales, event-related potentials, and neuro-imaging) may help reduce the aforementioned risks. A new learning assessment strategy could also be considered part of the assessment to extend the evaluation process. Signs of learning might be viewed as forms of concrete knowledge representing a basic level of non-reflective consciousness. PMID: 20043186 [PubMed - as supplied by ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3135931 Thu, 31 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3135931 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3135930&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20043187%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pazzaglia F, Meneghetti C, De Beni R, Gyselinck V PMID: 20043187 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3135930 Thu, 31 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3135930 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3135932&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20041276%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Raffone A, Srinivasan N Many recent behavioral and neuroscientific studies have revealed the importance of investigating meditation states and traits to achieve an increased understanding of cognitive and affective neuroplasticity, attention and self-awareness, as well as for their increasingly recognized clinical relevance. The investigation of states and traits related to meditation has especially pronounced implications for the neuroscience of attention, consciousness, self-awareness, empathy and theory of mind. In this article we present the main features of meditation-based mental training and characterize the current scientific approach to meditation states and traits with special reference to attention and consciousness, in light of the articles contributed to this issu... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3135932 Wed, 30 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3135932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3034121&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19937086%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we examine visual re-orientation behaviour in 18 subjects using eye-tracker data in a model comprised of selective image manipulation of everyday objects in a box trainer. We characterise effective behaviour using a fixation sequence similarity-based hidden Markov model. We show that the output of this algorithm is reliable in differentiating visual behavioural sequences, and that there are specific behavioural patterns and strategies associated with successful re-orientation in this model. Good re-orientation strategy appears to rely on identification and focus on a central object within the scene and judging position of its surrounding peripheral objects, suggesting integration of both geometric and feature information in a systematic way. Using selective, inconsistent fea... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3034121 Tue, 24 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3034121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003281&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19916035%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Merlo S, Barbosa PA The aim of this paper is to test if hesitation phenomena are periodically distributed in spoken language production. Twenty semi-spontaneous descriptions and narratives produced by five healthy male adults were examined in a multiple case study design. Speech was sampled at a 200 ms rate for time series generation. Fourier analysis indicated that all time series were statistically stationary, which means that speech did not become more or less fluent along each sample. Fourier analysis identified periodic cycles of hesitations in all speech samples. Therefore, hesitations were not randomly distributed in speech production; intervals with more occurrences of hesitations regularly alternated with intervals with fewer occurrences. Thus, hesitations behaved as ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003281 Sun, 15 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003280&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19916036%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stefano F, Borsci S, Stamerra G A verbal protocol technique, adopted for a web usability evaluation, requires that the users are able to perform a double task: surfing and talking. Nevertheless, when blind users surf by using a screen reader and talk about the way they interact with the computer, the evaluation is influenced by a structural interference: users are forced to think aloud and listen to the screen reader at the same time. The aim of this study is to build up a verbal protocol technique for samples of visual impaired users in order to overcome the limits of concurrent and retrospective protocols. The technique we improved, called partial concurrent thinking aloud (PCTA), integrates a modified set of concurrent verbalization and retrospective analysis. One group of ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003280 Sun, 15 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003279&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19916037%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sasso G Drawing from Freud's Project, the author proposes a model of cerebral development whose sensory-motor structure is defined by a frontal-occipital oscillatory dynamic with a twofold function: the oscillation explains the formation and maintenance of mother-infant attunement in cerebral growth, while, at the same time, also explaining the functioning of the projective-introjective dynamic at the basis of psychoanalytic theory. The oscillatory dynamic, according to this perspective, operates as a "bridge" between two seminal theoretical models of developments-the psychoanalytic and the infant research model-which, in turn, leads to the formulation of some neurological hypotheses on how oscillation regulates the elaboration of maternal interaction in the infant's brain, an... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003279 Sun, 15 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003282&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19915880%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Travis F The work at the Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition is summarized. PMID: 19915880 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003282 Sat, 14 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3003282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2985545&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19902283%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Funke J Complex problem solving (CPS) emerged in the last 30 years in Europe as a new part of the psychology of thinking and problem solving. This paper introduces into the field and provides a personal view. Also, related concepts like macrocognition or operative intelligence will be explained in this context. Two examples for the assessment of CPS, Tailorshop and MicroDYN, are presented to illustrate the concept by means of their measurement devices. Also, the relation of complex cognition and emotion in the CPS context is discussed. The question if CPS requires complex cognition is answered with a tentative "yes." PMID: 19902283 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2985545 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2985545 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2985544&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19902284%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ragni M, Löffler CM Attacks on classic complex problem solving focus on both their ecological validity and the difficulty to analyze such a complex interplay of system variables. But we argue that the domain of travel planning is in some sense a much more "natural" domain and at least partially able to deal with this kind of criticism. We first review the main existing scenarios and paradigms like Lohhausen, Tailorshop, and Moro and compare them to what we call the TRAVELPLAN problem. This problem contains a number of computationally well-investigated problems, which are worked out and can be described by so-called constrained satisfaction problems. The formal investigations have led to the development of a computational architecture which is able to deal with these kinds... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2985544 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2985544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968378&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19890669%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marewski JN, Gaissmaier W, Gigerenzer G In their comment on Marewski et al. (good judgments do not require complex cognition, 2009) Evans and Over (heuristic thinking and human intelligence: a commentary on Marewski, Gaissmaier and Gigerenzer, 2009) conjectured that heuristics can often lead to biases and are not error free. This is a most surprising critique. The computational models of heuristics we have tested allow for quantitative predictions of how many errors a given heuristic will make, and we and others have measured the amount of error by analysis, computer simulation, and experiment. This is clear progress over simply giving heuristics labels, such as availability, that do not allow for quantitative comparisons of errors. Evans and Over argue that the reason people ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968378 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2968378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2948581&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19876663%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bærentsen KB, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Sommerlund B, Hartmann T, Damsgaard-Madsen J, Fosnæs M, Green AC Meditation is an ancient spiritual practice, which aims to still the fluctuations of the mind. We investigated meditation with fMRI in order to identify and characterise both the "neural switch" mechanism used in the voluntary shift from normal consciousness to meditation and the "threshold regulation mechanism" sustaining the meditative state. Thirty-one individuals with 1.5-25 years experience in meditation were scanned using a blocked on-off design with 45 s alternating epochs during the onset of respectively meditation and normal relaxation. Additionally, 21 subjects were scanned during 14.5 min of sustained meditation. The data were analysed with SPM a... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2948581 Sat, 31 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2948581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2944489&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19862565%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Travis F, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Tanner M, Arenander A, Nidich S, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Rainforth M, Schneider RH Activation of a default mode network (DMN) including frontal and parietal midline structures varies with cognitive load, being more active during low-load tasks and less active during high-load tasks requiring executive control. Meditation practices entail various degrees of cognitive control. Thus, DMN activation patterns could give insight into the nature of meditation practices. This 10-week random assignment study compared theta2, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and gamma EEG coherence, power, and eLORETA cortical sources during eyes-closed rest and Transcendental Meditation (TM) practice in 38 male and female college students, average age 23.7 years. Signifi... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2944489 Wed, 28 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2944489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2935707&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19859755%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chin-Parker S, Bradner A Cognitive scientists are interested in explanation because it provides a window into the cognition that underlies one's understanding of the world. We argue that the study of explanation has tended to focus on what makes an explanation "bona fide" as opposed to the processes involved in how the explanation is generated. In the current study, we asked participants to respond to the request for an explanation within a novel domain after we manipulated their initial exposure to the domain, and thus the background of the request. In two experiments, we found evidence that the background shaped participants' interpretations of the prompt for the explanation and that this, in turn, influenced whether they used a causal or functional style of explanation when... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2935707 Tue, 27 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2935707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902240&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19834754%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Evans JS, Over DE Marewski, Gaissmaier and Gigerenzer (2009) present a review of research on fast and frugal heuristics, arguing that complex problems are best solved by simple heuristics, rather than the application of knowledge and logical reasoning. We argue that the case for such heuristics is overrated. First, we point out that heuristics can often lead to biases as well as effective responding. Second, we show that the application of logical reasoning can be both necessary and relatively simple. Finally, we argue that the evidence for a logical reasoning system that co-exists with simpler heuristic forms of thinking is overwhelming. Not only is it implausible a priori that we would have evolved such a system that is of no use to us, but extensive evidence from the litera... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902240 Thu, 15 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2902240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2839592&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19784854%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marewski JN, Gaissmaier W, Gigerenzer G What cognitive capabilities allow Homo sapiens to successfully bet on the stock market, to catch balls in baseball games, to accurately predict the outcomes of political elections, or to correctly decide whether a patient needs to be allocated to the coronary care unit? It is a widespread belief in psychology and beyond that complex judgment tasks require complex solutions. Countering this common intuition, in this article, we argue that in an uncertain world actually the opposite is true: Humans do not need complex cognitive strategies to make good inferences, estimations, and other judgments; rather, it is the very simplicity and robustness of our cognitive repertoire that makes Homo sapiens a capable decision maker. PMID: 19784854... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2839592 Sat, 26 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2839592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810375&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19763648%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tagini A, Raffone A The nature of the 'self' and self-referential awareness has been one of the most debated issues in philosophy, psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Understanding the neurocognitive bases of self-related representation and processing is also crucial to research on the neural correlates of consciousness. The distinction between an 'I', corresponding to a subjective sense of the self as a thinker and causal agent, and a 'Me', as the objective sense of the self with the unique and identifiable features constituting one's self-image or self-concept, suggested by William James, has been re-elaborated by authors from different theoretical perspectives. In this article, empirical studies and theories about the 'I' and the 'Me' in cognition and self-related awaren... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810375 Thu, 10 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2810375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767815&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19727878%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the role of gender, education (general education and health education) and religious belief (Catholic and non-Catholic) on moral choices by testing 50 men and 50 women with a moral judgment task. Whereas we found no differences between the two genders in utilitarian responses to non-moral dilemmas and to impersonal moral dilemmas, men gave significantly more utilitarian answers to personal moral (PM) dilemmas (i.e., those courses of action whose endorsement involves highly emotional decisions). Cultural factors such as education and religion had no effect on performance in the moral judgment task. These findings suggest that the cognitive-emotional processes involved in evaluating PM dilemmas differ in men and in women, possibly reflecting differences in the ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767815 Sat, 29 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2767815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2720941&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19693553%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bosco A, Lancioni GE, Belardinelli MO, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J A diagnosis of vegetative state represents a serious predicament, which basically precludes/minimizes rehabilitation perspectives. Reliability of the assessment approach in these situations is of paramount importance, but not easy to achieve. In recent studies, a learning assessment procedure has been suggested as a supplement in the diagnostic process and assessed with eight patients. The procedure involves an ABABCB sequence in which A represents baseline phases with no stimulation available, B intervention phases with stimuli delivered contingently on target responses, and C a control condition. This condition involves stimulation presented non-contingently. The patients' ability to associate respondin... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2720941 Wed, 19 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2720941 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2640445&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19626355%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of oscillatory changes during Sahaj Samadhi meditation (a concentrative form of meditation that is part of Sudarshan Kriya yoga). EEG was recorded during Sudarshan Kriya yoga meditation for meditators and relaxation for controls. Spectral and coherence analysis was performed for the whole duration as well as specific blocks extracted from the initial, middle, and end portions of Sahaj Samadhi meditation or relaxation. The generation of distinct meditative states of consciousness was marked by distinct changes in spectral powers especially enhanced theta band activity during deep meditation in the frontal areas. Meditators also exhibited increased theta coherence compared to controls. The emergence of the slow frequency waves in the atten... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2640445 Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2640445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2615590&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19609786%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Senese VP, Sergi I, Iachini T The aim of the present study was to compare the activation levels of true and false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. For this purpose, we used a lexical decision task (LDT) that can be considered a relative pure measure of activation. Participants had to study a list of words that were semantically associated to a critical non-presented word (CI), and afterwards had to classify the actually studied words, the CI and new words in the LDT. Results indicated that the classification latency of the CI was the same as actually studied words and shorter than new words. The results might be interpreted as evidence that the false and true memory items have the same activation level and that the false memory effect can be based on th... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2615590 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2615590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2562978&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19568779%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bonnardel V, Oakes M, Tait J PMID: 19568779 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2562978 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2562978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2562977&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19568780%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hünefeldt T, Rossi-Arnaud C, Furia A This research was aimed at learning more about the different psychological mechanisms underlying children's suggestibility to leading questions, on the one hand, and children's suggestibility to negative feedback, on the other, by distinguishing between interview questions concerning different types of information. Results showed that, unlike the developmental pattern of children's suggestibility to leading questions, the developmental pattern of children's suggestibility to negative feedback differed depending on whether the interview questions concerned external facts (physical states and events) or internal facts (mental states and events). This difference was not manifested in response to questions concerning central versus periphe... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2562977 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2562977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2562979&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19565283%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Borsci S, Federici S, Lauriola M The System Usability Scale (SUS), developed by Brooke (Usability evaluation in industry, Taylor & Francis, London, pp 189-194, 1996), had a great success among usability practitioners since it is a quick and easy to use measure for collecting users' usability evaluation of a system. Recently, Lewis and Sauro (Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference (HCII 2009), San Diego CA, USA, 2009) have proposed a two-factor structure-Usability (8 items) and Learnability (2 items)-suggesting that practitioners might take advantage of these new factors to extract additional information from SUS data. In order to verify the dimensionality in the SUS' two-component structure, we estimated the parameters and tested with a stru... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2562979 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2562979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2557020&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19562395%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Waldmann MR, Meder B, von Sydow M, Hagmayer Y The main goal of the present research was to demonstrate the interaction between category and causal induction in causal model learning. We used a two-phase learning procedure in which learners were presented with learning input referring to two interconnected causal relations forming a causal chain (Experiment 1) or a common-cause model (Experiments 2a, b). One of the three events (i.e., the intermediate event of the chain, or the common cause) was presented as a set of uncategorized exemplars. Although participants were not provided with any feedback about category labels, they tended to induce categories in the first phase that maximized the predictability of their causes or effects. In the second causal learning phase, particip... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2557020 Fri, 26 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2557020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2525393&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19526259%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, it is discussed why deontic reasoning-despite astonishing, early developing competencies-is still a complex cognitive activity. PMID: 19526259 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2525393 Fri, 12 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2525393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2525392&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19526260%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ambron E, McIntosh RD, Della Sala S Many pre-school children show closing-in behaviour (CIB) in graphic copying tasks: a tendency to place their copy abnormally close to or even on top of the model. Similar phenomena have been studied in patients with dementia, though it is unclear whether the superficial similarities between CIB in development and dementia reflect common underlying cognitive mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cognitive functions involved in CIB in pre-school children. Forty-one children (3-5 years) were assessed for CIB, and completed a neuropsychological battery targeting visuospatial abilities, short term memory (verbal and spatial) and attention (sustained attention, selective attention and attention switching). Binary logistic... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2525392 Fri, 12 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2525392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2525396&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19471984%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rodrigues J, Hans du Buf JM In this paper we present a new model for invariant object categorization and recognition. It is based on explicit multi-scale features: lines, edges and keypoints are extracted from responses of simple, complex and end-stopped cells in cortical area V1, and keypoints are used to construct saliency maps for Focus-of-Attention. The model is a functional but dichotomous one, because keypoints are employed to model the "where" data stream, with dynamic routing of features from V1 to higher areas to obtain translation, rotation and size invariance, whereas lines and edges are employed in the "what" stream for object categorization and recognition. Furthermore, both the "where" and "what" pathways are dynamic in that information at coarse scales is employ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2525396 Tue, 26 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2525396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2525395&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19471985%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA To figure out whether the main empirical question "Is our brain hardwired to believe in and produce God, or is our brain hardwired to perceive and experience God?" is answered, this paper presents systematic critical review of the positions, arguments and controversies of each side of the neuroscientific-theological debate and puts forward an integral view where the human is seen as a psycho-somatic entity consisting of the multiple levels and dimensions of human existence (physical, biological, psychological, and spiritual reality), allowing consciousness/mind/spirit and brain/body/matter to be seen as different sides of the same phenomenon, neither reducible to each other. The emergence of a form of causation distinctive from physics where ment... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2525395 Tue, 26 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2525395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2525394&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19471986%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Therriault DJ, Yaxley RH, Zwaan RA The role of color diagnosticity in object recognition and representation was assessed in three Experiments. In Experiment 1a, participants named pictured objects that were strongly associated with a particular color (e.g., pumpkin and orange). Stimuli were presented in a congruent color, incongruent color, or grayscale. Results indicated that congruent color facilitated naming time, incongruent color impeded naming time, and naming times for grayscale items were situated between the congruent and incongruent conditions. Experiment 1b replicated Experiment 1a using a verification task. Experiment 2 employed a picture rebus paradigm in which participants read sentences one word at a time that included pictures of color diagnostic objects (i.e.,... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2525394 Tue, 26 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2525394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2525397&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19352733%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dorris DC Ego-depletion (depletion of self-regulatory strength) can impair conscious efforts at self-regulation. Research into nonconscious self-regulation has demonstrated that preconscious automaticity and implementation intentions can automatically carry out regulatory tasks during times of ego-depletion. However, preconscious automaticity can only emerge during well-practiced tasks while implementation intentions can only support tasks that have been explicitly planned. Thus, when it comes to supporting the conscious self-regulation of nonroutine and unplanned behaviour during times of ego-depletion these processes should be ineffective. However, it is argued here that because the conscious self-regulation of nonroutine and unplanned behaviour can incidentally prime the un... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2525397 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2525397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2285262&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19301049%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iani C, Job R, Padovani R, Nicoletti R The present study was aimed at assessing whether focusing attention on a task-relevant part of a word prevents processing of its meaning. Participants performed a color-naming task on a prime word followed by lexical decision on a probe. Primes were words, which could contain an embedded color word (e.g., "redemption") written in an incongruent color. Probes were either semantically related (e.g., "confession") or unrelated (e.g., "production") to the prime word. A Stroop effect emerged for color words appearing either in the initial or in the final position of the carrier word. A priming effect also emerged, with faster responses to probes semantically related to the prime. These results are evidence that focusing attention on part of a ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2285262 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2285262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261063&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19277746%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cassimatis NL, Murugesan A, Bignoli PG The theory that human cognition proceeds through mental simulations, if true, would provide a parsimonious explanation of how the mechanisms of reasoning and problem solving integrate with and develop from mechanisms underlying forms of cognition that occur earlier in evolution and development. However, questions remain about whether simulation mechanisms are powerful enough to exhibit human-level reasoning and inference. In order to investigate this issue, we show that it is possible to characterize some of the most powerful modern artificial intelligence algorithms for logical and probabilistic inference as methods of simulating alternate states of the world. We show that a set of specific human perceptual mechanisms, even if not implem... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261063 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2261063 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2212667&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19234731%26dopt%3DAbstract This article compiles the investigations carried out by a Research Group of the University of Granada, Spain. Its different projects on writing's cognitive social and cultural processes have been supported by the Spanish Government. This line of research joined together linguistic, psychological, social and cultural contributions to the development of writing from the 1970s. Currently, this line of research develops in collaboration with other European Universities: (a) Interuniversity Centre for Research On Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems (ECONA), "La Sapienza" University of Rome (Italy); (b) Anadolu University, (Eskisehir, Turkey); (c) Coimbra University (Portugal); (d) University of Zaragoza (Spain); (e) the Institute of Education of the University of London (Unit... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2212667 Sat, 21 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2212667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2098709&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19137343%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: De Pittà M, Volman V, Levine H, Ben-Jacob E PMID: 19137343 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2098709 Sat, 10 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2098709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2098708&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19137344%26dopt%3DAbstract This report focuses upon basic research topics in spatial cognition, including: (1) perceptual and cognitive factors in map symbolization and design, (2) the creation of cognitively ergonomic route directions for next generation location based services (LBS), (3) You-Are-Here maps and the creation of a sense of place through map-like representations, (4) the conceptualization and representation of dynamic phenomena (i.e., geographic movement pattern), and (5) the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic conceptualization. PMID: 19137344 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2098708 Sat, 10 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2098708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2098707&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19137345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arecchi FT, Farini A, Meucci R, Sannita WG PMID: 19137345 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2098707 Sat, 10 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2098707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2098706&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19137346%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sannita WG A major issue in today's neuroscience is how the brain complex and highly flexible organization emerges from its individual components. Robustness of neuronal properties with weak linkages between regulatory processes are suggested to account for the adaptive, tunable, multistable dynamics, the coding schemes and the complexity of neuronal functional (sub)systems. Interneurons and neurotransmitter diversity, resonance phenomena due to properties of the cell or network, time/frequency-dependent activation of dedicated neuronal assemblies, code- and frequency-specific oscillations interact in determining the brain functional setup and operations. Despite the scientific relevance, comprehensive theories are not yet available, but the scenario-however incomplete and inc... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2098706 Sat, 10 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2098706 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2054759&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19096888%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lyre H PMID: 19096888 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2054759 Fri, 19 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2054759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2042812&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19083036%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lin WC, Oakes M, Tait J, Tsai CF This paper describes the automatic assignment of images into classes described by individual keywords provided with the Corel data set. Automatic image annotation technology aims to provide an efficient and effective searching environment for users to query their images more easily, but current image retrieval systems are still not very accurate when assigning images into a large number of keyword classes. Noisy features are the main problem, causing some keywords never to be assigned to their correct images. This paper focuses on improving image classification, first by selection of features to characterise each image, and then the selection of the most suitable feature vectors as training data. A Pixel Density filter (PDfilter) and Informatio... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2042812 Sat, 13 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2042812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2042813&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19082646%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gruzelier J Professionally significant enhancement of music and dance performance and mood has followed training with an EEG-neurofeedback protocol which increases the ratio of theta to alpha waves using auditory feedback with eyes closed. While originally the protocol was designed to induce hypnogogia, a state historically associated with creativity, the outcome was psychological integration, while subsequent applications focusing on raising the theta-alpha ratio, reduced depression and anxiety in alcoholism and resolved post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). In optimal performance studies we confirmed associations with creativity in musical performance, but effects also included technique and communication. We extended efficacy to dance and social anxiety. Diversity of outco... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2042813 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2042813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2019287&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19050949%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hammer R, Hertz T, Hochstein S, Weinshall D Information for category learning may be provided as positive or negative equivalence constraints (PEC/NEC)-indicating that some exemplars belong to the same or different categories. To investigate categorization strategies, we studied category learning from each type of constraint separately, using a simple rule-based task. We found that participants use PECs differently than NECs, even when these provide the same amount of information. With informative PECs, categorization was rapid, reasonably accurate and uniform across participants. With informative NECs, performance was rapid and highly accurate for only some participants. When given directions, all participants reached high-performance levels with NECs, but the use of PECs rem... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2019287 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2019287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2008169&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19048318%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arrighi R, Arecchi FT, Farini A, Gheri C The term perceptual bistability refers to all those conditions in which an observer looks at an ambiguous stimulus that can have two or more distinct but equally reliable interpretations. In this work, we investigate perception of Necker Cube in which bistability consists of the possibility to interpret the cube depth in two different ways. We manipulated the cube ambiguity by darkening one of the cube faces (cue) to provide a clear cube interpretation due to the occlusion depth index. When the position of the cue is stationary the cube perceived perspective is steady and driven by the cue position. However, when we alternated in time the cue position (i.e. we changed the position of the darkened cube face) two different perceptual phen... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2008169 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2008169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2008168&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19048319%26dopt%3DAbstract We present experimental and numerical evidence of control and synchronization of burst events in modulated CO(2) lasers. Bursts appear randomly in each laser as trains of large amplitude spikes intercalated by a small amplitude chaotic regime. Experimental data and model display the frequency locking of bursts in a suitable interval of coupling strengths. The analogy with neuronal bursting will also be discussed in view of the role of bursting synchronization in cognitive functions. PMID: 19048319 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2008168 Tue, 02 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2008168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1915843&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18956218%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Basso D PMID: 18956218 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1915843 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 19:21:36 +0100 1915843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1915844&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18956217%26dopt%3DAbstract We present ACACIA, an agent-based program implemented in Java StarLogo 2.0 that simulates a two-dimensional microworld populated by agents, obstacles and goals. Our program simulates how agents can reach long-term goals by following sensorial-motor couplings (SMCs) that control how the agents interact with their environment and other agents through a process of local categorization. Thus, while acting in accordance with this set of SMCs, the agents reach their goals through the emergence of global behaviors. This agent-based simulation program would allow us to understand some psychological processes such as planning behavior from the point of view that the complexity of these processes is the result of agent-environment interaction. PMID: 18956217 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1915844 Tue, 28 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1915844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1903484&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18941815%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mao Y, Tang W, Liu Y, Kocarev L This paper is to investigate the use of adaptive observers for the modeling of biological neurons and networks. Assuming that a neuron can be modeled as a continuous-time nonlinear system, it is possible to determine its unknown parameters using adaptive observer, based on the concept of adaptive synchronization. The same technique can be extended for the identification of an entire biological neural network. Some conventional observer designs are studied in this paper and satisfactory results are obtained, yet with some restrictions. To further extend the applicability of adaptive observers for the modeling process, a new design is suggested. It is based on a combination of linear feedback control approach and the dynamical minimization algorit... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1903484 Wed, 22 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1903484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1897021&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18936995%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ciszak M, Montina A, Arecchi FT We study how a locally coupled array of spiking chaotic systems synchronizes to an external driving in a short time. Synchronization means spike separation at adjacent sites much shorter than the average inter-spike interval; a local lack of synchronization is called a defect. The system displays sudden spontaneous defect disappearance at a critical coupling strength suggesting an existence of a phase transition. Below critical coupling, the system reaches order at a definite amplitude of an external input; this order persists for a fixed time slot. Thus, the array behaves as an excitable-like system, even though the single element lacks such a property. PMID: 18936995 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1897021 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1897021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1884439&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18923856%26dopt%3DAbstract Brain and mind operational architectonics and man-made "machine" consciousness. Cogn Process. 2008 Oct 16; Authors: Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Neves CF To build a true conscious robot requires that a robot's "brain" be capable of supporting the phenomenal consciousness as human's brain enjoys. Operational Architectonics framework through exploration of the temporal structure of information flow and inter-area interactions within the network of functional neuronal populations [by examining topographic sharp transition processes in the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) on the millisecond scale] reveals and describes the EEG architecture which is analogous to the architecture of the phenomenal world. This suggests that the task of creating the "machine" consciousness would req... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1884439 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1884439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1884438&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18923857%26dopt%3DAbstract We report on mirror writing instances in a sample of 108 pre-school children. Results showed MW to be age-related but independent from handedness and left-right discrimination abilities. We propose an account of mirror writing as reflecting dissociation between acquired motor programmes for letter shape composition and unspecified spatial direction of hand movements. Before learning to write, the child's directional cognitive system is assumed to be dichotomous, thus inducing the production of randomly oriented asymmetrical letters. PMID: 18923857 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1884438 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1884438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1830833&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18810520%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bartels A, May M The aim of this paper is to show that the widespread opinion, according to which functional role theories of representation fail to account for content explanations of human and animal behaviour, cannot be confirmed with respect to each type of functional role theory. Functional resemblance theories (as referred to by O'Brien and Opie in Representation in mind, Elsevier, 2004) allow for content explanations of successfully performed cognitive abilities as much as for explanations of systematic errors resulting from misrepresentation. How functional roles do their explanatory work in actual scientific research examples is shown by a detailed exploration of model assumptions about homing performances based on path integration mechanisms in humans and animals. ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1830833 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1830833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817474&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18800234%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Brien G, Opie J Reformers urge that representation no longer earns its explanatory keep in cognitive science, and that it is time to discard this troublesome concept. In contrast, we hold that without representation cognitive science is utterly bereft of tools for explaining natural intelligence. In order to defend the latter position, we focus on the explanatory role of representation in computation. We examine how the methods of digital and analog computation are used to model a relatively simple target system, and show that representation plays an in-eliminable explanatory role in both cases. We conclude that, to the extent that biologic systems engage in computation, representation is destined to play an explanatory role in cognitive science. PMID: 18800234 [PubMed -... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817474 Thu, 18 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817519&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17952479%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Horn D Both natural languages and cell biology make use of one-dimensional encryption. Their investigation calls for syntactic deciphering of the text and semantic understanding of the resulting structures. Here we discuss recently published algorithms that allow for such searches: automatic distillation of structure (ADIOS) that is successful in discovering syntactic structures in linguistic texts and its motif extraction (MEX) component that can be used for uncovering motifs in DNA and protein sequences. The underlying principles of these syntactic algorithms and some of their results will be described. PMID: 17952479 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817519 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817518&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17973133%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sharpanskykh A, Treur J From an external perspective, cognitive agent behavior can be described by specifying (temporal) correlations of a certain complexity between stimuli (input states) and (re)actions (output states) of the agent. From an internal perspective the agent's dynamics can be characterized by direct (causal) temporal relations between internal and mental states of the agent. The latter type of specifications can be represented in a relatively simple, executable format, which enables different types of analysis of the agent's behavior. In particular, simulations of the agent's behavior under different (environmental) circumstances can be explored. Furthermore, by applying verification techniques, automated analysis of the consequences of the agent's behavior can ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817518 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817505&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18231817%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brand M, Heinze K, Labudda K, Markowitsch HJ In decision situations of everyday life, the potential positive or negative consequences of a decision are often specified and the associated probabilities are known or they are principally calculable ("decisions under risk"). On the basis of correlations reported in patient studies, it has been recently proposed that decisions under risk involve strategic components, i.e. calculation of the risk, as well as emotional processes, i.e. processing feedback from previous decisions. However, the potential impact of calculative strategies on decision-making under risk has not been investigated systematically, so far. In the current study, we examined 42 healthy subjects (21 females) with the Game of Dice Task measuring decisions under ris... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817505 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817490&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18327623%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhou B Following an abrupt onset of a peripheral stimulus (a cue), the response to a visual target is faster when the target appears at the cued position than when it appears at other positions. However, if the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is longer than approximately 300 ms, the response to the target is slower at the cued position than that at other positions. This phenomenon of a longer response time to cued targets is called "inhibition of return" (IOR). Previous hypotheses propose contributions of both response inhibition and attentional inhibition at cued position to IOR, and suggest that responding to the cue can eliminate the component of response inhibition. The current study uses tasks either executing or withholding response to the cue to investigate the relative... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817490 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817485&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18421489%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Catarci T, De Giovanni L, Gabrielli S, Kimani S, Mirabella V There exist various guidelines for facilitating the design, preparation, and deployment of accessible eLearning applications and contents. However, such guidelines prevalently address accessibility in a rather technical sense, without giving sufficient consideration to the cognitive aspects and issues related to the use of eLearning materials by learners with disabilities. In this paper we describe how a user-centered design process was applied to develop a method and set of guidelines for didactical experts to scaffold their creation of accessible eLearning content, based on a more sound approach to accessibility. The paper also discusses possible design solutions for tools supporting eLearning content authors in th... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817485 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817482&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18528722%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Belardinelli C, Blümel E, Müller G, Schenk M PMID: 18528722 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817482 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817475&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18726627%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tenbrink T, Wiener J What kinds of strategies do humans employ when confronted with a complex spatial task, and how do they verbalize these strategies? Previous research concerned with the well-known traveling salesperson problem (TSP) typically aimed at the identification of a generally applicable heuristics that adequately represents human behavior in relation to the abstract task of combining points. This paper adopts a novel perspective in two respects. On the one hand, it addresses the strategies people employ when confronted with a more complex task, involving distractors and feature information rather than identical points. On the other hand, retrospective linguistic representations of the strategies used are analyzed in relation to the behavioral data, using discourse ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817475 Tue, 26 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817476&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18688668%26dopt%3DAbstract We present modeling of both rational processes (thoughts) and emotional processes (feelings) on a two-dimensional lattice and on extremely simplified two-dimensional phase space of the brain. Our purpose is to analyze influence of differences in time-scales of various types of processes. In particular, we show that no 'central executive structure' between consciousness and unconsciousness, the existence of which was suggested by psychologists, is not needed. PMID: 18688668 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817476 Fri, 08 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817477&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18668272%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cao H, Sanjuán MA A system consisting of two Rulkov map-based neurons coupled through reciprocal electrical synapses as a simple phenomenological example is discussed. When the electrical coupling is excitatory, the square-wave bursting can be well predicted by the bifurcation analysis of a comparatively simple low-dimensional subsystem embedded in the invariant manifold. While, when the synapses are inhibitory due to the artificial electrical coupling, a fast-slow analysis is carried out by treating the two slow variables as two different bifurcation parameters. The main result of this paper is to present a mechanism for the occurrence of a kind of special elliptic bursting. The mechanism for this kind of elliptic-like bursting is due to the interaction between two chaot... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817477 Thu, 31 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817478&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626674%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vigo R, Allen C The idea that reasoning is a singular accomplishment of the human species has an ancient pedigree. Yet this idea remains as controversial as it is ancient. Those who would deny reasoning to nonhuman animals typically hold a language-based conception of inference which places it beyond the reach of languageless creatures. Others reject such an anthropocentric conception of reasoning on the basis of similar performance by humans and animals in some reasoning tasks, such as transitive inference. Here, building on the modal similarity theory of Vigo [J Exp Theor Artif Intell, 2008 (in press)], we offer an account in which reasoning depends on a core suite of subsymbolic processes for similarity assessment, discrimination, and categorization. We argue that premise-b... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817478 Tue, 15 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817479&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18618159%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Srinivasan N, Pariyadath V Currently in humor research, there exists a dearth of computational models for humor perception. The existing theories are not quantifiable and efforts need to be made to quantify the models and incorporate neuropsychological findings in humor research. We propose a new computational model (GraPHIA) for perceiving phonological jokes or puns. GraPHIA consists of a semantic network and a phonological network where words are represented by nodes in both the networks. Novel features based on graph theoretical concepts are proposed and computed for the identification of homophonic jokes. The data set for evaluating the model consisted of homophonic puns, normal sentences, and ambiguous nonsense sentences. The classification results show that the feature v... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817479 Thu, 10 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817480&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18607652%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study adults performed numerical and physical size judgments on a symbolic (Arabic numerals) and non-symbolic (groups of dots) size congruity task. The outcomes would reveal whether a size congruity effect (SCE) can be obtained irrespective of notation. Subsequently, 5-year-old children performed a physical size judgment on both tasks. The outcomes will give a better insight in the ability of 5-year-olds to automatically process symbolic and non-symbolic numerosities. Adult performance on the symbolic and non-symbolic size congruity tasks revealed a SCE for numerical and physical size judgments, indicating that the non-symbolic size congruity task is a valid indicator for automatic processing of non-symbolic numerosities. Physical size judgments on both tasks by children revealed a... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817480 Tue, 08 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817481&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18568370%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oelmann H, Laeng B The present study reexamines the hypothesis that there exist emotional attributions specific to simple musical elements. In Experiment 1, groups of participants, with varying musical expertise, rated the emotional meaning of four natural intervals heard as two harmonic sine waves. In Experiment 2, the higher tone was kept constant at an octave above the low tone used in Experiment 1, while the lower tone was constant. Attributions for each interval were positively correlated from one experimental session to another; despite the intervals differed in terms of their component pitches. Musicians gave the most reliable choices of meaning. In a third experiment, participants rated the emotional meaning of various unfamiliar ethnic melodies with expressions descri... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817481 Sat, 21 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817483&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18504631%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marchetti G The analysis of time is vitiated very often by circularity: several disciplines, such as psychology, linguistics, and neurosciences, analyze time by using concepts or terms which already contain in themselves, or are based, on the experience and notion of time (as when, for example, time is defined as "duration", or when our ability to estimate durations is explained by resorting to the notion of an internal clock). Some detailed examples of circularity in the analysis of time are given here and examined. A way out of circularity is then given: it is represented by the proposal of attentional semantics (AS) of considering words and their meanings in terms of the aim they serve, and the means and processes developed and implemented in order to achieve that aim. Acco... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817483 Tue, 27 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817484&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18461375%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zetzsche C, Wolter J, Schill K We investigate a hybrid system for autonomous exploration and navigation, and implement it in a virtual mobile agent, which operates in virtual spatial environments. The system is based on several distinguishing properties. The representation is not map-like, but based on sensorimotor features, i.e. on combinations of sensory features and motor actions. The system has a hybrid architecture, which integrates a bottom-up processing of sensorimotor features with a top-down, knowledge-based reasoning strategy. This strategy selects the optimal motor action in each step according to the principle of maximum information gain. Two sensorimotor levels with different behavioural granularity are implemented, a macro-level, which controls the movements of t... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817484 Wed, 07 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817532&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17876623%26dopt%3DAbstract This study shows the dynamic aspects of the apprehension of projective spatial terms in 3D space by detailing how the rotation of a reference object with an inherent front influences the apprehension of projective spatial terms on a level plane by mapping their spatial categorical patterns. The experiment was designed to examine how spatial categorical patterns on a level plane changed with the rotation of a reference object with an inherent front in 3D computer graphics space. We manipulated the rotation of a reference object with an inherent front at three levels (0 degrees , 90 degrees , and 180 degrees rotations) and examined how such manipulation changed the overall spatial categorical patterns of four basic Japanese projective spatial terms: mae, ushiro, hidari, and migi (similar to ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817532 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817528&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17899235%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Avraamides MN, Kelly JW Recent findings from spatial cognition and cognitive neuroscience suggest that different types of mental representations could mediate the off-line retrieval of spatial relations from memory and the on-line guidance of motor actions in space. As a result, a number of models proposing multiple systems of spatial memory have been recently formulated. In the present article we review these models and we evaluate their postulates based on available experimental evidence. Furthermore, we discuss how a multiple-system model can apply to situations in which people reason about their immediate surroundings or non-immediate environments by incorporating a model of sensorimotor facilitation/interference. This model draws heavily on previous accounts of sensorimot... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817528 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817523&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17924155%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Leeuwen C In connectionism and its offshoots, models acquire functionality through externally controlled learning schedules. This undermines the claim of these models to autonomy. Providing these models with intrinsic biases is not a solution, as it makes their function dependent on design assumptions. Between these two alternatives, there is room for approaches based on spontaneous self-organization. Structural reorganization in adaptation to spontaneous activity is a well-known phenomenon in neural development. It is proposed here as a way to prepare connectionist models for learning and enhance the autonomy of these models. PMID: 17924155 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817523 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817517&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17987332%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bonifacci P, Ricciardelli P, Lugli L, Pellicano A In the present study we considered the two factors that have been advocated for playing a role in emotional attention: perception of gaze direction and facial expression of emotions. Participants performed an oculomotor task in which they had to make a saccade towards one of the two lateral targets, depending on the colour of the fixation dot which appeared at the centre of the computer screen. At different time intervals (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs: 50,100,150 ms) following the onset of the dot, a picture of a human face (gazing either to the right or to the left) was presented at the centre of the screen. The gaze direction of the face could be congruent or incongruent with respect to the location of the target, and th... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817517 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817515&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18188627%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith AD, Hood BM, Gilchrist ID It has been argued that visual search is a valid model for human foraging. However, the two tasks differ greatly in terms of the coding of space and the effort required to search. Here we describe a direct comparison between visually guided searches (as studied in visual search tasks) and foraging that is not based upon a visually distinct target, within the same context. The experiment was conducted in a novel apparatus, where search locations were indicated by an array of lights embedded in the floor. In visually guided conditions participants searched for a target defined by the presence of a feature (red target amongst green distractors) or the absence of a feature (green target amongst red and green distractors). Despite the expanded search... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817515 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817512&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18214564%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vannucci M, Mazzoni G, Chiorri C, Cioli L Object imagery refers to the ability to construct pictorial images of objects. Individuals with high object imagery (high-OI) produce more vivid mental images than individuals with low object imagery (low-OI), and they encode and process both mental images and visual stimuli in a more global and holistic way. In the present study, we investigated whether and how level of object imagery may affect the way in which individuals identify visual objects. High-OI and low-OI participants were asked to perform a visual identification task with spatially-filtered pictures of real objects. Each picture was presented at nine levels of filtering, starting from the most blurred (level 1: only low spatial frequencies--global configuration) and gradu... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817512 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817488&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18351409%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Basso D PMID: 18351409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817488 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817486&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18414919%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Basso D PMID: 18414919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817486 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817489&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18351408%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, VR seemed to be a valuable method for studying human reorientation. Moreover, the virtual experimental setting involved here promoted knowledge of the relationship between working memory and spatial reorientation paradigm. PMID: 18351408 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cognitive Processing) Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817489 Thu, 20 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817487&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18351410%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Belardinelli A, Pirri F, Carbone A Visual attention is considered nowadays a paramount ability both in Cognitive Sciences and in Cognitive Vision to bridge the gap between perception and higher level reasoning functions, such as scene interpretation and decision making. Bottom-up gaze shifting is the main mechanism used by humans when exploring a scene without a specific task. In this paper we investigated which criteria allow for the generation of plausible fixation clusters by analysing experimental data of human subjects. We suggest that fixations should be grouped in cliques whose saliency can be assessed through an innovation factor encompassing bottom-up cues, proximity, direction and memory components. PMID: 18351410 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cogn... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817487 Thu, 20 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1817487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817531&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17882461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quinn JG The influential model of verbal working memory (WM) introduced by Baddeley and Hitch (Recent advances in learning and motivation. Academic, New York, 1974) comprised three interacting component parts; an executive controller and two subservient systems. The two subservient systems, one underpinning verbal processing and the other underpinning visual processing are themselves subdivided. In the verbal system, a passive phonological store is maintained by an active phonological loop, which is able to rehearse the material in the passive store. The visual working memory system has traditionally been thought of as having a similar architecture with a passive visual store being maintained by an active store, which codes in terms of movement over space. The paper discusses ... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817531 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1817531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1817530&cid=s_38093_168_f&fid=38093&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17885775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rämä P Visual system has been proposed to be divided into two, the ventral and dorsal, processing streams. The ventral pathway is thought to be involved in object identification whereas the dorsal pathway processes information regarding the spatial locations of objects and the spatial relationships among objects. Several studies on working memory (WM) processing have further suggested that there is a dissociable domain-dependent functional organization within the prefrontal cortex for processing of spatial and nonspatial visual information. Also the auditory system is proposed to be organized into two domain-specific processing streams, similar to that seen in the visual system. Recent studies on auditory WM have further suggested that maintenance of nonspatial and s... Cognitive Processing journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1817530 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1817530