MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Contributions to Microbiology' source. Thu, 29 Dec 2011 17:46:50 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953453&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659744%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Balk R Severe sepsis and septic shock are frequent causes of ICU admission, commonly encountered complications during the course of hospitalization, and among the most common causes of death in the noncoronary ICU. Dr. Roger C. Bone was a pioneer in our struggles to improve the early recognition and management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Through his leadership and guidance, great strides were made to develop a uniform definition and to ensure the comparability of clinical research trials to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and antimediator agents. Dr. Bone also helped shape our understanding of the various stages or physiologic alterations that occur in the septic patient which also drove forward the development of new therapeutic strategies. This chapter briefly rev... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953453 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953452&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659745%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holub M, Závada J Sepsis is still a serious threat, especially to patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite advances in modern technology that lead to an improved outcome in individuals suffering from sepsis, clinicians must be cautious when the septic condition is suspected. Changes in the epidemiology, etiology and foci of sepsis, together with a rise of antimicrobial resistance in the causative agents responsible for sepsis, create a qualitatively new situation. Because the septic patient must be treated without delay, the diagnosis of sepsis is usually based on the clinical findings, the knowledge of epidemiological history and predisposing conditions. Traditional methods used in the diagnosis of sepsis must be employed and used in combination with nov... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953452 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953451&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659746%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Livorsi DJ, Stenehjem E, Stephens DS Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of humans have evolved a range of virulence factors to promote motility, attach to epithelial or endothelial cell surfaces, avoid host immune responses, activate or inactivate host cellular pathways and ultimately cause clinical disease. Gram-negative sepsis is a life-threatening complication of these events. This review discusses the virulence factors of common Gram-negative bacteria causing human sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis. Adherence, motility, colonization and cell entry involve bacterial pili, flagella and outer membrane proteins. Endotoxin (lipopoly-or lipo-oligosaccharide), other membrane components or exotoxins can be potent inducers of the host inflammatory cascade via innate rece... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953451 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953450&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659747%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Russell JA, Boyd J, Nakada T, Thair S, Walley KR In cancer, therapies are targeted at 6 important pathways. In sepsis, there is ongoing controversy regarding the number and relative roles of pathways that are activated or repressed and which are important in the progression from health to death. Adding to complexity, there is interaction of pathways, there are differences in temporal pattern of up and down-regulation of pathways and there are different responses of pathways to therapies of sepsis. In this review, we define four key pathways of sepsis: (1) inflammation and immunity, (2) coagulation and fibrinolysis, (3) apoptosis, and (4) endocrine. Each of these pathways can impair endothelial function, a unifying aspect of the pathophysiology of sepsis. There are few studies ... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953450 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953449&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659748%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chong DL, Sriskandan S Sepsis is characterised by a hyper-inflammatory response due to microbial infection. We here review our current understanding of host mechanisms employed to mediate this hyper-inflammatory response, drawing together current knowledge pertaining to pathogen recognition and host pro-inflammatory response. Recognition of microbial derived ligands by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key step in initiating pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Examples of PRRs linked to the aetiology of sepsis include Toll-like, C-type lectin, RIG-1-like and also Nod-like receptors, which are involved in the formation of the inflammasome, crucial for the maturation of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bacterial superantigens have evolved to exploit host MHC class II a... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953449 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953448&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659749%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shubin NJ, Monaghan SF, Ayala A Over the past two decades, it has become well accepted that sepsis exhibits two, oftentimes concomitant, inflammatory stages; a pro-inflammatory phase, referred to as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and an anti-inflammatory phase, called the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). Considering that therapeutic interventions designed to attenuate the pro-inflammatory septic response have generally failed, much recent research has gone into understanding how and why septic patients display immunosuppressive characteristics, what the significance of septic immunosuppression may be and if there exists any therapeutic targets within the CARS. Herein, we describe the potential mechanisms of the immunosuppressive/CAR... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953448 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953447&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659750%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van der Poll T, van Zoelen MA, Wiersinga WJ Sepsis is a very heterogeneous clinical syndrome broadly defined as the systemic host response to an infection. Until recently, the concept that mortality is the consequence of an uncontrolled hyperinflammatory response of the host was widely accepted. However, although some patients may die rapidly from septic shock accompanied by an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by a highly virulent pathogen, most patients survive the initial phase of sepsis, showing multiple organ failure days or weeks later. These patients often demonstrate signs of immune suppression rather than enhanced inflammation. As such, sepsis is now considered a misbalance between proinflammatory reactions (designed to kill invading patho... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953447 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953446&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21659751%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Delsesto D, Opal SM Therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock remains a major unmet medical need and novel treatments to regulate the disordered inflammatory response in sepsis are needed if improved outcomes in sepsis are to be realized in the future. Current therapy is primarily supportive and includes timely administration of antibiotics, source control of infection, aggressive fluid resuscitation, organ support and use of activated protein C where clinically indicated. Bacterial mediators including endotoxin and superantigens as well endogenous proinflammatory cytokines are critical to the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced organ failure and are being targeted with numerous molecules and removal devices. Additional therapeutic strategies are focused at restoring the natural a... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953446 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 22:00:04 +0100 4953446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2602956&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19591248%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Collin M, Schuch R PMID: 19591248 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2602956 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 22:20:02 +0100 2602956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472816&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494576%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duan K, Sibley CD, Davidson CJ, Surette MG Bacteria live almost exclusively in communities with other microorganisms, and often in association with multicellular hosts. These communities are capable of maintaining complex structural and functional stability over time, and exhibit fascinating properties of resiliency in response to environmental changes. This is a result of interactions between microbes and the environment and amongst members of the community. A multitude of chemical interactions occur in microbial communities where primary and secondary metabolites contribute to a wealth of interactions between organisms. The chemicals include a variety of nutrients, toxic or neutral metabolic byproducts, antibiotics, and cell-cell signaling molecules. These chemical and physi... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472816 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472798&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494577%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Federle MJ Cell-cell communication in bacteria, called quorum sensing, relies on production, release, and detection of signaling molecules, termed autoinducers. Communication enables populations of cells to synchronize gene expression and therefore behave as a group in a manner akin to cells in multicellular organisms. Most quorum-sensing systems allow communication within an individual species of bacteria. However, one autoinducer, called AI-2, is produced and recognized by many different bacterial species, indicating that some bacteria communicate across species boundaries. Current studies are aimed at discovering the role that AI-2 plays in gene regulation. Differential gene expression in response to AI-2 may cause bacterial behavioral changes, such as biofilm formation or ... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472798 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472798 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472785&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494578%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rao CV, Ordal GW Chemotaxis is the process by which cells sense chemical gradients in their environment and then move towards more favorable conditions. In the case of Escherichia coli, the paradigm organism for chemotaxis, the pathway is now arguably the best characterized in all of biology. If one broadenstheir perspective to include other species of bacteria, then our knowledge of chemotaxis is far less developed. In particular, the chemotaxis pathways in unrelated species are quite different despite the conservation of many core signaling proteins. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the chemotaxis pathways in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, with a specific focus on the mechanisms for excitation and adaptation. The mechanisms vary widely, and the B. ... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472785 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472771&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494579%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lengeler JW, Jahreis K The PEP-dependent carbohydrate:phosphotransferase systems (PTSs) of enteric bacteria constitute a complex sensory system which involves as its central element a PEP-dependent His-protein kinase (Enzyme I). As a unit, the PTS comprises up to 20 different transporters per cell which correspond to its chemoreceptors for PTS carbohydrates, and several targeting subunits, which include in the low [G + C] Gram-positive bacteria an ancillary Ser/Thr-protein kinase. The PTS senses the presence of carbohydrates, in particular glucose, in the medium and the energy state of the cell, in the form of either the intracellular PEP-to-pyruvate ratio or the D-fructose-bisphosphate levels. This information is subsequently communicated to cellular targets, in particular th... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472771 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472754&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494580%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Poncet S, Milohanic E, Mazé A, Abdallah JN, Aké F, Larribe M, Deghmane AE, Taha MK, Dozot M, De Bolle X, Letesson JJ, Deutscher J Bacteria have developed several mechanisms which allow the preferred utilization of the most efficiently metabolizable carbohydrates when these organisms are exposed to a mixture of carbon sources. Interestingly, the same or similar mechanisms are used by some pathogens to control various steps of their infection process. The efficient metabolism of a carbon source might serve as signal for proper fitness. Alternatively, the presence of a specific carbon source might indicate to bacterial cells that they thrive in infection-related organs, tissues or cells and that specific virulence genes should be turned on or switched off. Frequently, v... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472754 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472754 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472735&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494581%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McIver KS Global regulation of virulence gene expression via transcriptional regulators plays a central role in the ability of the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (the group A Streptococcus, GAS) to rapidly adapt during infection. The 'stand-alone' regulators Mga, RofA-like proteins (RALPs), and RopB/Rgg control important and diverse virulence regulons in response to growth-related signals and other environmental conditions in GAS. Stand-alone regulated genes encode factors important for colonization of tissues, immune evasion, persistence, dissemination, metabolism, and the response to stressors. Although conserved 'core' regulons have been established for each, recent studies have revealed significant inter-serotype and even intra-serotype variation in the regulato... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472735 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472717&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494582%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stauff DL, Skaar EP The important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is able to satisfy its nutrient iron requirement by acquiring heme from host hemoglobin in the context of infection. However, heme acquisition exposes S. aureus to heme toxicity. In order to detect the presence of toxic levels of exogenous heme, S. aureus is able to sense heme through the heme sensing system (HssRS) two-component system. Upon sensing heme, HssRS directly regulates the expression of the heme-regulated ABC transporter HrtAB, which alleviates heme toxicity. Importantly, the inability to sense or respond to heme alters the virulence of S. aureus, highlighting the importance of heme sensing and detoxification to staphylococcal pathogenesis. Furthermore, potential orthologues of the Hss and Hrt s... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472717 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472717 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472699&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494583%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Otto M Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form a crucial part of human innate host defense, especially in neutrophil phagosomes and on epithelial surfaces. Bacteria have a variety of efficient resistance mechanisms to human AMPs, such as efflux pumps, secreted proteases, and alterations of the bacterial cell surface that are aimed to minimize attraction of the typically cationic AMPs. In addition, bacteria have specific sensors that activate AMP resistance mechanisms when AMPs are present. The prototypical Gram-negative PhoP/PhoQ and the Gram-positive Aps AMP-sensing systems were first described and investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. Both include a classical bacterial two-component sensor/regulator system, but show many structural, ... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472699 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472680&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494584%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johansson J During the course of an infection, a pathogenic bacterium has to sense the environment and adjust its gene expression appropriately. One such environmental cue is the difference in temperature inside and outside the host. RNA thermosensors are structures that can respond to differences in temperature by altering their conformation and thereby allowing/preventing binding of the ribosome to the translational start site. This chapter discusses different types of RNA thermosensors in general and RNA thermosensors known to control virulence gene expression in particular. PMID: 19494584 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472680 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472659&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494585%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Romling U, Simm R Recently, the list of ubiquitous bacterial secondary messengers which include cAMP and ppGpp has been extended by 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). C-di-GMP metabolism is tuned by the tightly controlled activity of diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases. As c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes are not only found frequently in bacterial genomes, but also are often numerous in individual genomes, the c-di-GMP metabolic network is highly complex whereby signaling specificity is adjusted on the level of expression, enzymatic activity, protein localization and, most likely, receptor affinity. The targets of c-di-GMP, which include protein and RNA receptors, are subsequently being unraveled. Besides the transition between sessility and motili... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472659 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472641&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494586%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA Magnetotactic bacteria orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. Magneto-aerotaxis increases the efficiency of respiring microaerophilic cells to efficiently find and maintain a position at a preferred microaerobic oxygen concentration. Magneto-aerotaxis could also facilitate access to regions of higher nutrient and electron acceptor concentration via periodic excursions above and below the preferred oxygen concentration level. PMID: 19494586 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472641 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2472618&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19494587%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salis H, Tamsir A, Voigt C In the emerging field of synthetic biology, a central goal is to reliably engineer bacteria to respond to environmental signals according to a pre-determined genetic program. The sensor systems and genetic circuitry inside bacteria are the 'eyes' and 'brain' of a new class of biotechnological applications in which bacteria are used as living, self-replicating computers that can beneficially interact with the physical world. These engineered gene networks are constructed by extracting natural sensor systems and other genetic parts from multiple organisms and recombining them into novel configurations. This chapter is a how-to guide. It describes several strategies for engineering new bacterial sensor systems and synthetic gene networks that are capabl... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2472618 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 05:20:04 +0100 2472618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818207&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511852%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooper EL Phagocytosis in unicellular animals represents the most ancient and ubiquitous form of defense against foreign material. Unicellular invertebrates can phagocytose for food and defense. Multicellular invertebrates and vertebrates possess phagocytic cells and have evolved more complex functions attributed to immunodefense cells that specialized into cellular and humoral immune responses. Thus all animals possess: innate, natural, nonspecific (no memory) nonanticipatory, nonclonal, germline (hard wired) host defense functions. In addition, all vertebrates possess: adaptive, induced, specific (memory), anticipatory, clonal, somatic (flexible) immune responses. A similar situation exists with respect to components of the signaling system, immunity and development. With mu... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818207 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818206&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511853%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zänker KS The innate immunity plays a critical role in host protection against pathogens and transformed cells. It relies amongst others on pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins to alert and activate defense pathways including the activation of the complement system. Innate immunity represents a trait common to plants and animals, and besides the humoral factors different cell types e.g. subspecies of dendritic cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells), phagocytic cells, mast cells, glia cells, Kupffer cells, neutrophils and natural killer cells are involved to orchestrate the anti-infectious and antitumor response. Studies in plants, in fruit flies and in mammals reveal that t... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818206 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818205&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511854%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Müller U, Vogel P, Alber G, Schaub GA Infectious agents threaten any organism. Therefore, mammals and insects have evolved a complex network of cells and humoral factors termed immune system able to control and eliminate pathogens. Immunity varies between different groups of animals but always contains an innate immune system that can act fast and often effectively against a wide range of distinct pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites). In mammals and insects, the communication between and regulation of immune cells is carried out by cytokines which orchestrate the defense against the invaders. The major challenge to recognize and to fight pathogens is the same for any host. In insects and mammals, the pathogens are recognized as non-self by r... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818205 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818204&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511855%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Areschoug T, Gordon S Antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, represent a central and important part of the immune defence against invading microorganisms, as they participate in initial capture and processing of microbial antigens (innate immunity) and then activation of specific T and B cell effector mechanisms (acquired immunity). Recognition of microbial molecules by antigen-presenting cells occurs through so called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved structures, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, in pathogenic microbes. The Toll-like receptors are the most extensively studied of these receptors, but accumulating evidence shows that other PRRs, such as scavenger receptors, C-type lectin receptors and NOD-like r... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818204 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818203&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511856%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sørensen OE, Borregaard N, Cole AM Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ancient effector molecules in the innate immune response of eukaryotes. These peptides are important for the antimicrobial efficacy of phagocytes and for the innate immune response mounted by epithelia of humans and other mammals. AMPs are generated either by de novo synthesis or by proteolytic cleavage from antimicrobially inactive proproteins. Studies of human diseases and animal studies have given important clues to the in vivo role of AMPs. It is now evident that dysregulation of the generation of AMPs in innate immune responses plays a role in certain diseases like Crohn's disease and atopic dermatitis. AMPs are attractive candidates for development of novel antibiotics due to their in vivo activity... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818203 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818202&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511857%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rambach G, Würzner R, Speth C Complement is vital for protecting individuals against pathogens and any disturbance of homeostasis associated with appearance of foreign antigens. Four antenna molecules seek for putative danger and subsequently start three activation pathways to eliminate the hostile triggering signal. To achieve this mission the complement arsenal contains soluble plasma factors as well as membrane-bound receptor molecules. Fulfilling a broad spectrum of biological functions, complement participates to construct and orchestrate an immunological network with extensive links to other elements of innate immunity, but also to its younger brother, the adaptive immune system. The body generously supports the complement activity with a high level of complement pr... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818202 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818201&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511858%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eliasson M, Egesten A Several antibacterial proteins and peptides of the human innate immune system have additional roles in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Among peptides with innate and adaptive immune functions are chemokines, a family of structurally related peptides with conserved amino-terminal motifs. Chemokines regulate leukocyte trafficking during both health and disease. In recent years, some chemokines have been shown to exert direct antibacterial activity. On the other hand, several granulebound antibacterial proteins of granulocytes, and epithelium-expressed antibacterial polypeptides, possess chemotactic activity and stimulate cells of the adaptive immune system. It is likely that during evolution, some antimicrobial peptides and proteins of innate i... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818201 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818200&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511859%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kantari C, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Witko-Sarsat V Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and monocyte/macrophages (MMs) are professional phagocytic cells that are able to phagocytose and destroy infectious agents. Therefore, they are key anti-infectious actors in host defense but can mediate tissue damages. In addition, it is now clear that the role of these cells goes far beyond phagocytosis and pathogen killing. PMNs and MMs are essential cells for immunity, absolutely required to build and modulate the innate response. The respective roles of PMNs and MMs in the inflammatory process are discussed: their common features and their differences are reviewed, both in terms of origins and functions with special emphasis on novel concepts about neutrophil survival and resolution of infl... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818200 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818199&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511860%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bartlett JA, Fischer AJ, McCray PB The epithelium of the respiratory tract forms a large surface area that maintains intimate contact with the environment. Through the act of breathing, this mucosal surface encounters an array of pathogens and toxic particulates. In response to these challenges many strategies have evolved to protect the host. These include the barrier functions of the epithelium, cough, mucociliary clearance, resident professional phagocytes, and the secretion of a number of proteins and peptides with host defense functions. Thus, the surface and submucosal gland epithelium of the conducting airways is a constitutive primary participant in innate immunity. In addition, this tissue may serve the function of a secondary amplifier of innate immune responses foll... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818199 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818198&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511861%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rada B, Leto TL The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in innate immunity was first recognized in professional phagocytes undergoing a 'respiratory burst'upon activation. This robust oxygen consumption is related to a superoxide-generating enzyme, the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox2-based or phox). The oxidase is essential for microbial killing, since patients lacking a functional oxidase suffer from enhanced susceptibility to microbial infections. ROS derived from superoxide attack bacteria in the isolated niche of the neutrophil phagosome. The oxidase is electrogenic, alters ion currents across membranes, induces apoptosis, regulates cytokine production, influences gene expression, and promotes formation of extracellular traps. Recently, new homologues of Nox2 were d... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818198 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818197&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18511862%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nomellini V, Gomez CR, Kovacs EJ As we age, it is common for certain phenotypic changes to arise within the population. A number of observations have led scientists to believe that these changes result from an accumulation of cellular defects over time. With enough cell damage, tissue function is compromised and the risk for disease escalates. More importantly, when these defects arise in cells of the innate immune system, the body can no longer defend itself against a variety of pathologies. The main culprit for cellular damage seen with age is thought to be reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced from endogenous metabolic pathways. To determine how an individual will age, it is thus important to consider all of the factors involved in both the production of and the res... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818197 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:57:25 +0100 1818197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818217&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Byrne PM Exacerbations are important events in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Reducing the number, frequency and the severity of exacerbations is therefore an important management goal identified by treatment guidelines for both diseases. There are similarities with respect to clinical manifestations, etiology and epidemiology, but there are also clear differences not the least in how well patients respond to treatment. The similarities and differences between exacerbations asthma and COPD with an emphasis on epidemiology and clinical presentation are discussed and compared in this chapter. PMID: 17684328 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818217 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818216&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh AM, Busse WW In both children and adults, rhinovirus (RV) infections remain a major cause of exacerbations in asthma. With the use of both in vitro models of RV infection and experimental models of asthma exacerbation in humans, insight into the precise role of RV in this process has been obtained. RV infects the lower airways, and the virus itself, together with the immune response to the virus, leads to increased airway obstruction in some patients with asthma. Defects in the immune response to RV in these patients may also lead to increased symptom severity and to more significant exacerbations. Work further investigating the mechanisms of exacerbation caused by RV infection will ultimately lead to new modalities of treatment and possibly prevention of this common and... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818216 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818215&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684330%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gauvreau GM, Evans MY Allergen challenge by inhalation is a very useful clinical and research tool for evaluating allergic airway disease. Inhalation of allergen leads to cross-linking of allergen-specific IgE bound to IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils. This is followed by activation of secretory pathways to release preformed and newly generated mediators of bronchoconstriction and vascular permeability. The onset of bronchoconstriction, representing the early phase of the asthmatic response, can be detected within 10 min of the inhalation, reaches a maximum within 30 min, and resolves within 3 h. The late-phase asthmatic response starts between 4 and 8 h, and is characterized by cellular inflammation of the airway, increased bronchiovascular permeability, and mucus se... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818215 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818214&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684331%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xatzipsalti M, Papadopoulos NG Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections. Despite the high prevalence, the pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Experimental models would permit study of the immunological response to infections. Animal models have many limitations because of the anatomic and physiological differences between mammalian species. The only nonhuman animals susceptible to RV are chimpanzees and gibbons. Mouse models are not used because of host cell tropism of RV. This problem may have been partially overcome by transfecting mouse cells with viral RNA, by replacing mouse ICAM-1 with the human counterpart and by using a variant virus. It remains to be seen if these advances will translate into establishment of... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818214 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818213&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684332%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cates EC, Fattouh R, Johnson JR, Llop-Guevara A, Jordana M House dust mite (HDM) is the most pervasive indoor aeroallergen source worldwide. Allergens derived from HDM are associated with sensitization and allergic asthma. Allergic asthma is an immunologically driven disease characterized by a Th2-polarized immune response, eosinophilic inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and remodeling. Animal models of asthma utilizing ovalbumin (OVA) exposure have afforded us considerable insight with respect to the mediators and cell types involved in allergic airway inflammation. However, OVA preparations and HDM are two vastly different materials. This chapter is specifically concerned with modeling responses to HDM exposure in mice. These studies have furnished new information and unl... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818213 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818212&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684333%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lukacs NW, Smit J, Lindell D, Schaller M Several respiratory viruses have been shown to cause exacerbations of asthma. While the various viral responses likely have common mechanisms of activation, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) appears to promote specific responses that on their own can cause severe pulmonary problems. Understanding the mechanisms that promote inappropriate immune responses and local damage may lead to better therapy. The activation and recruitment of T cells that amplify and skew the immune response toward more intense pathology, including mucus production and remodeling of the airways, are likely scenarios that lead to more severe disease and clinical crisis in asthmatic patients. These mechanisms may also contribute to a significant proportion of ex... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818212 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818211&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684334%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kharitonov SA, Sjöbring U Endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a constituent of the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS is a highly potent proinflammatory substance, that, when inhaled, dose-dependently causes fever, chills, and bronchoconstriction. These symptoms are accompanied by a proinflammatory response in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with elevation of neutrophils, macrophages and certain cytokines/chemokines. This response can be partially modified with certain drugs. Similar inflammatory changes are observed both in the stable state of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and during exacerbations of this disease. Cigarette smoke, which contains bioactive LPS, is the most common cause of COPD and may also precipitate exacerbations... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818211 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818210&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684335%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Contoli M, Caramori G, Mallia P, Papi A, Johnston SL Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are common events that punctuate the natural history of COPD contributing to disease severity progression and being the major cause of COPD-related morbidity and mortality. Currently available pharmacological strategies are only partially effective at reducing or preventing COPD exacerbations. Viral infections are the most frequent cause of COPD exacerbations. The recent development of a human experimental model of rhinovirus-induced COPD exacerbations represents an innovative tool with the potential to increase our understanding of the inflammatory and immunological mechanisms that lead COPD patients to exacerbate after respiratory virus infections. Moreover this mo... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818210 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818209&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684336%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Churg A, Wright JL Recent years have seen an explosion of animal models of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Almost all of these have concentrated on the induction and prevention of emphysema. Neutrophils and neutrophil elastase, macrophages and macrophage-derived metalloproteases, lymphocytes, TNF-alpha, and oxidants have all been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of emphysema in animal models, and interventions using either knockout mice or drugs have indicated possible preventive/therapeutic avenues. There is less in the way of models of smoke-induced small airway remodeling and almost nothing is known of its pathogenesis. Cigarette smoke has been shown to induce vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension in laboratory animals, and ... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818209 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818208&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17684337%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gaschler GJ, Bauer CM, Zavitz CC, Stämpfli MR Modeling acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) in animals has proven challenging due to the clinical and pathological complexity of the underlying disease. This has hindered the progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lie beneath AECOPD. In this chapter, we will address modeling possibilities of AECOPD that may be drawn from the current knowledge of factors that cause exacerbations. Importantly, since it is widely accepted that the most common causes of AECOPD are viral and bacterial infections, animal models of AECOPD should incorporate both the causative agents of exacerbation: viruses and bacteria. However, other factors that are also believed to determine both pr... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818208 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1818208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818231&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627956%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schmidt A, Weber OF Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (1821-1902) studied medicine and received his academic degree 'Dr. med.' in 1843. In 1856 he was appointed as head of the institute of pathology at the University of Berlin. In 1859, he became a member of the Berlin town council and later additionally a member of the Prussian and the German parliament. With his probably most important publication 'Cellularpathologie' he introduced pathology to a cellular rationale. This was the major basis for his research in oncology. Virchow further studied aspects of inflammation, despite only few links to tumor pathology were drawn. The few links from infection and inflammation to tumor pathology have almost been forgotten or ignored and have never been evaluated and discussed sufficiently. Vi... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818231 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818230&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627957%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duesberg P, Li R, Fabarius A, Hehlmann R Conventional genetic theories have failed to explain why cancer (1) is not found in newborns and thus not heritable; (2) develops only years to decades after 'initiation' by carcinogens; (3) is caused by non-mutagenic carcinogens; (4) is chromosomally and phenotypically 'unstable'; (5) carries cancer-specific aneuploidies; (6) evolves polygenic phenotypes; (7) nonselective phenotypes such as multidrug resistance, metastasis or affinity for non-native sites and 'immortality' that is not necessary for tumorigenesis; (8) contains no carcinogenic mutations. We propose instead that cancer is a chromosomal disease: Accordingly, carcinogens initiate chromosomal evolutions via unspecific aneuploidies. By unbalancing thousands of genes aneuploid... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818230 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818229&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627958%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Trosko JE, Tai MH Inflammation, induced by microbial agents, radiation, endogenous or exogenous chemicals, has been associated with chronic diseases, including cancer. Since carcinogenesis has been characterized as consisting of the 'initiation', 'promotion' and 'progression' phases, the inflammatory process could affect any or all three phases. The stem cell theory of carcinogenesis has been given a revival, in that isolated human adult stem cells have been isolated and shown to be 'targets' for neoplastic transformation. Oct4, a transcription factor, has been associated with adult stem cells, as well as their immortalized and tumorigenic derivatives, but not with the normal differentiated daughters. These data are consistent with the stem cell theory of carcinogenesis. In ad... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818229 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818228&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627959%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leung WK Helicobacter pylori is present in the stomach of more than half of the world population. Based on compelling epidemiological evidences, it was classified by the World Health Organization as a type I gastric carcinogen. It is generally believed that gastric cancer development is a multi-step progression from chronic gastritis to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer. Individuals infected with H. pylori have at least a 2-fold increase in risk of gastric cancer development though only a small proportion of infected individuals will ultimately develop this malignancy. The exact mechanisms underlying how H. pylori triggers or causes gastric cancer remain elusive. Certain H. pylori genotypes like cagA, vacA s1 or babA1 are considered to be of higher virulent... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818228 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818227&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627960%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yosry A Schistosomiasis is endemic in at least 75 tropical and subtropical countries where 600 million people are at risk of which over 200 million are infected. Three species, S. hematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum, account for the majority of human infections. There is sufficient evidence that S. hematobium, the predominant etiologic agent for urinary schistosomiasis, is carcinogenic to humans leading to squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, a relatively uncommon vesical cancer in nonendemic areas. There is limited evidence suggesting that S. japonicum is possibly carcinogenic to humans leading to colorectal cancer and is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma formation. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of S. mansoni in humans. S. manson... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818227 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818226&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627961%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Truyen U, Löchelt M Oncogenic viruses are important pathogens in farm and companion animals. These original pathogens are classified in various virus families, such as Retroviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Herpesviridae. Besides a role as pathogens for its original host, animal viruses serve as valuable models for viruses affecting humans, such as hepatitis B virus, and issues of immunity, therapy, but also basic pathophysiological mechanisms, can often only be addressed in those animal systems. PMID: 16627961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818226 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818225&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627962%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Visser KE, Coussens LM The role of the immune system during cancer development is complex involving extensive reciprocal interactions between genetically altered cells, adaptive and innate immune cells, their soluble mediators and structural components present in the neoplastic microenvironment. Each stage of cancer development is regulated uniquely by the immune system; whereas full activation of adaptive immune cells at the tumor stage may result in eradication of malignant cells, chronic activation of innate immune cells at sites of premalignant growth may actually enhance tumor development. In addition, the balance between desirable antitumor immune responses and undesirable pro-tumor chronic inflammatory responses largely depends on the context in which a malignancy is... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818225 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818224&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627963%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pawelek J, Chakraborty A, Lazova R, Yilmaz Y, Cooper D, Brash D, Handerson T Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play multiple roles in tumor initiation and progression. Tumors frequently appear in areas of chronic inflammation. This is likely aided by the mutagenic actions of macrophages. Tumor growth and progression is supported by macrophage-induced neoangiogenesis and stroma production, and macrophages produce tumor-stimulating growth factors. In most cancers a high density of TAMs predicts poor outcome. But not only do cancer cells depend upon macrophages for growth and invasion, they also co-opt macrophage traits. These include a wide diversity of molecules and pathways regulating adhesion, matrix alterations, neoangiogenesis, motility, chemotaxis, immune signaling pathw... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818224 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818223&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627964%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dittmar T, Seidel J, Zaenker KS, Niggemann B The overall mechanism of bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMDC) trans-differentiation seems to be simple: BMDCs trans-differentiate as referred to the blueprint, which is given by the tissue itself. Thereby, the blueprint can be the local tissue micro-environment (defined by the tissue-specific cytokine, chemokine, adhesion molecule pattern, etc.), it can be a single cell (cell fusion), or it can be a combination of both. In fact stem cell trans-differentiation is a complex not yet fully understood process. In between the start- and stop-points of transdifferentiation several gene reprogramming steps have to occur in a sequential step-by-step manner, for which a defined set of instructions is a prerequisite to ensure an accurate trans... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818223 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818222&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627965%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gomperts BN, Strieter RM Over the last 20 years, the biology of chemokines has expanded beyond their initial role in mediating migration of specific subsets of leukocytes. Chemokines have been found to display pleiotropic effects for enhancing immunity to tumor-associated antigens, regulating angiogenesis, promoting proliferation/anti-apoptosis of tumor cells; and mediating tumor cell invasion and trafficking in an organ-specific manner that leads to metastases. Here, we review the importance of chemokines, especially CXC chemokines in regulating angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion and metastases; and demonstrate why they can be seen as important therapeutic targets for intervention in cancer. PMID: 16627965 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiolo... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818222 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818221&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627966%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zlotnik A The chemokines are a family of small proteins known for their ability to control cell migration in the body. Their receptors belong to the class A subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, chemokines have grown in importance, because they are involved in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Some of them are also involved in infectious disease, since two chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5, are used by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to gain entry to cells. Several years ago it also became clear that chemokines can also influence tumor cells. Specifically, tumor cells express chemokine receptors in a nonrandom manner, and this suggested a role for chemokines in the metastatic destination of tumor cells. By far the most common chemokine receptor... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818221 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818220&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627967%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heyder C, Gloria-Maercker E, Hatzmann W, Zaenker KS, Dittmar T In cancer the blood-borne spread of tumor cells leads to the formation of secondary tumors at distant loci, whereby the extravasation of tumor cells is a prerequisite step during hematogenous metastasis. In regard to the fate of endothelial cells located at the site of tumor cell infiltration, tumor cell-endothelial interactions were analyzed using an in vitro real-time model. This model shows the complete sequence of the transmigration process and gave new insights into the complex and dynamic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions which occur during tumor cell transmigration across the endothelial barrier. An in vitro real-time apoptosis assay permits the distinction between apoptotic cell death from necrotic cel... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818220 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818219&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627968%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective is to provide the cancer researcher with information that will help solve the dilemma of how best to apply the latest imaging tools for studying biological questions in the context of the living body. PMID: 16627968 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818219 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818218&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16627969%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zaenker KS During the past two to three decades there has been an exciting revolution in our understanding of the multistage carcinogenic process and of the molecular genetics of cancer. The general principle of multifactor interactions is central to our understanding of cancer causation. The paradigm that persistent infections and chronic inflammation contributes via cytokine- and chemokine-mediated disbalanced immune response to carcinogenesis becomes more and more attractive in cancer research. Besides genetic factors, the epigenetics of impaired cell signaling and signal transduction by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are important potentiators of carcinogenesis. The activation of the nuclear factor kappaB, for example, a hallmark of inflammatory responses that is... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818218 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1818218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818242&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bishop RE PMID: 15496774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818242 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818242 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818241&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Popoff MR PMID: 15496775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818241 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818240&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496776%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taylor CM, Roberts IS PMID: 15496776 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818240 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818239&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jonson AB, Normark S, Rhen M PMID: 15496777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818239 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818239 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818238&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496778%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Talay SR PMID: 15496778 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818238 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818237&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496779%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reisner A, Høiby N, Tolker-Nielsen T, Molin S PMID: 15496779 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818237 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818236&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496780%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Potempa J, Pike RN PMID: 15496780 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818236 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818235&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496781%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cambronne ED, Schneewind O PMID: 15496781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818235 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818234&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496782%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Braun V PMID: 15496782 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818234 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818233&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hochhut B, Dobrindt U, Hacker J PMID: 15496783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818233 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818232&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15496784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lawrence JG PMID: 15496784 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818232 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1818232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818254&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077401%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Riesner D PMID: 15077401 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818254 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818253&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077402%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cappai R, Collins SJ PMID: 15077402 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818253 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818252&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077403%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hill AF, Collinge J PMID: 15077403 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818252 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818251&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077404%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Knight R, Brazier M, Collins SJ PMID: 15077404 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818251 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818250&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077405%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zerr I, Poser S PMID: 15077405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818250 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818249&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077406%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beekes M, Mielke M, Pauli G, Baier M, Kurth R PMID: 15077406 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818249 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818248&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077407%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taylor DM PMID: 15077407 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818248 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818247&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077408%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bradley R PMID: 15077408 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818247 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818246&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077409%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heim D, Murray N PMID: 15077409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818246 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818246 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818245&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077410%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: von Rheinbaben F, Schmidt A PMID: 15077410 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818245 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818244&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15077411%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Minor PD PMID: 15077411 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818244 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818244 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818243&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15098533%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baxa U, Taylor KL, Steven AC, Wickner RB PMID: 15098533 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818243 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 1818243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818266&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530318%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Würzner R PMID: 12530318 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818266 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818265&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530319%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hack CE PMID: 12530319 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818265 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818264&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530320%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Murdoch C, Finn A PMID: 12530320 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818264 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818263&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530321%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tapper H, Herwald H PMID: 12530321 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818263 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818262&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530322%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Flodgaard H PMID: 12530322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818262 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818261&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530323%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP PMID: 12530323 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818261 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818260&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530324%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bevins CL PMID: 12530324 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818260 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818259&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530325%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hertz CJ, Modlin RL PMID: 12530325 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818259 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818258&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dascher CC, Brenner MB Taken together, the data generated thus far strongly suggest that CD1 plays a role in the immune response against various infections (table 1). For obvious reasons, the data gathered thus far using model infection systems have focused primarily on the mouse and therefore only examine the role of CD1d. This leaves an important gap in our understanding of the CD1 antigen presentation pathway given the potential role of CD1a, CD1b and CD1c for contributing to antimicrobial immunity. The functional dichotomy between group 1 and group 2 CD1 isoforms obviously requires further analysis. However, we propose that the group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c) antigen presentation pathway is closer to the traditional adaptive immune response mechanisms with the capacity to p... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818258 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818257&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530327%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dersch P PMID: 12530327 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818257 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818256&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Le Y, Cui Y, Ying G, Iribarren P, Wang JM PMID: 12530328 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818256 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818255&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12530329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holst PJ, Lüttichau HR, Schwartz TW, Rosenkilde MM Large DNA viruses such as pox- and in particular herpesviruses are notorious in their ability to evade the immune system and to be maintained in the general population. Based on the accumulated knowledge reviewed in this study it is evident that important mechanisms of these actions are the acquisition and modification of host-encoded chemokines and chemokine receptors. The described viral molecules leave nothing to chance and have thoroughly and efficiently corrupted the host immune system. Through this process viruses have identified key molecules in antiviral responses by their inhibition of these or potent ways to alter an efficient antiviral response to a weak Th2-driven response. Examples here are the chemokine scav... Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818255 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 1818255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818296&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764723%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Burns SM, Joh D, Francis KP, Shortliffe LD, Gruber CA, Contag PR, Contag CH PMID: 11764723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818296 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818295&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764724%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bottrill K, Combes RD PMID: 11764724 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818295 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818294&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764725%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schmidt A, Weber OF PMID: 11764725 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818294 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818293&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764726%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tschäpe H, Fruth A PMID: 11764726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818293 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818292&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764727%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ziebuhr W PMID: 11764727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818292 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818291&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764728%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Klare I, Werner G, Witte W PMID: 11764728 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818291 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818290&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764729%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Steinert M, Heuner K, Hacker J PMID: 11764729 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818290 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818289&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764730%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schneider B, Gross R PMID: 11764730 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818289 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818288&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764731%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Altwegg M PMID: 11764731 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818288 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818287&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764732%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kist M, Bereswill S PMID: 11764732 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818287 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818286&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764733%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosengarten R, Citti C, Much P, Spergser J, Droesse M, Hewicker-Trautwein M PMID: 11764733 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818286 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818285&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764734%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boch J, Bonas U PMID: 11764734 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818285 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818284&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764735%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schäfer KP PMID: 11764735 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818284 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818283&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764736%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Geiger AM, Hogardt M, Heesemann J PMID: 11764736 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818283 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818282&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764737%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Postius S PMID: 11764737 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818282 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818281&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764738%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Poppert S, Marre R, Essig A PMID: 11764738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818281 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818280&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764739%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diterich I, Hartung T PMID: 11764739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818280 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818279&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764740%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reichardt W PMID: 11764740 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818279 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818278&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11764741%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mühldorfer I PMID: 11764741 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818278 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818278 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818277&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923929%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diringer H PMID: 11923929 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818277 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818276&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923930%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bradley R PMID: 11923930 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818276 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818276 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818275&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923931%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaaden OR PMID: 11923931 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818275 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818275 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818274&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Minor PD PMID: 11923932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818274 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818274 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818273&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923933%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taylor KL, Wickner RB PMID: 11923933 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818273 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818273 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818272&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923934%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cappai R, Jobling MF, Barrow CJ, Collins S PMID: 11923934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818272 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818272 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818271&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923935%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hill AF, Collinge J PMID: 11923935 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818271 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818271 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818270&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923936%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taylor DM PMID: 11923936 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818270 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818270 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818269&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923937%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Knight R, Collins S PMID: 11923937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818269 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818268&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923938%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Riesner D PMID: 11923938 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818268 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1818267&cid=s_38090_77_f&fid=38090&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11923939%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zerr I, Poser S PMID: 11923939 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Contributions to Microbiology) Contributions to Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1818267 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 1818267