MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Critical Reviews in Microbiology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 21:34:57 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5597700&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22242906%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chiodini RJ, Chamberlin WM, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW Abstract It has been more than 25 years since Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as an etiologic agent in Crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several patients. Since that time, a great deal of information has been accumulated that clearly establishes an association between M. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. However, data are conflicting and difficult to interpret and the field has become divided into committed advocates and confirmed skeptics. This review is an attempt to provide a thorough and objective summary of current knowledge from both basic and clinical research from the views and interpretations of both the antagonists and proponents. The reader is left to draw his or... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5597700 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 17:12:17 +0100 5597700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5597701&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22239733%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Malik A, Batra JK Abstract Eosinophils have been associated with the pathophysiology of various allergic diseases and asthma. Eosinophils secrete a number of granule proteins that have been identified as effector molecules responsible for many of the actions of eosinophils. The four major eosinophil granule proteins, major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil peroxidase have been shown to be involved in a number of eosinophil associated functions. EDN possesses antiviral activity against single stranded RNA viruses like respiratory syncytial virus, Hepatitis and HIV, whereas ECP and MBP have antibacterial and antiparasitic properties. This review summarizes the studies on antipathogenic activities of eos... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5597701 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5597701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5511783&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22168378%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nyanga-Koumou AP, Ouoba LI, Kobawila SC, Louembe D Abstract Regulation of the cytoplasmic or internal pH (pHin) is a fundamental requirement for the survival and viability of bacteria. The optimum pHin for most bacteria is near the neutral point (pH 7.0). Therefore, bacteria may have some strategies to adapt themselves to the acidity or alkalinity of cytoplasm. As other microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to maintain a neutral or near neutral cytoplasmic pH even when the pH of the external medium varies. Mechanisms facilitating survival and growth under alkaline conditions of LAB are reviewed. These mechanisms are: (i) the active potassium extrusion and the potassium-proton antiport system, (ii) the sodium-proton antiport system, (iii) the proton-translocat... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5511783 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5511783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5511786&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22133016%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chowdhary A, Rhandhawa SH, Prakash A, Meis JF Abstract An overview of work done to-date in India on environmental prevalence, population structure, seasonal variations and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii is presented. The primary ecologic niche of both pathogens is decayed wood in trunk hollows of a wide spectrum of host trees, representing 18 species. Overall, C. neoformans showed a higher environmental prevalence than that of C. gattii which was not found in the avian habitats. Apart from their arboreal habitat, both species were demonstrated in soil and air in close vicinity of their tree hosts. In addition, C. neoformans showed a strong association with desiccated avian excreta. An overwhelming number of C. neoformans strain... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5511786 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5511786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5438826&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103249%26dopt%3DAbstract In this report, we aimed to review current knowledge about the available diagnostic methods and tests that accurately diagnose pertussis. PMID: 22103249 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5438826 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5438826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5295961&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21749278%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hsu JL, Ruoss SJ, Bower ND, Lin M, Holodniy M, Stevens DA Abstract Fungal infections are increasing, with a changing landscape of pathogens and emergence of new groups at risk for invasive disease. We review current diagnostic techniques, focusing on studies in critically ill patients. Microbiological cultures, the current "gold standard", demonstrate poor sensitivity, thus diagnosis of invasive disease in the critically ill is difficult. This diagnostic dilemma results in under- or over-treatment of patients, potentially contributing to poor outcomes and antifungal resistance. While other current diagnostic tests perform moderately well, many lack timeliness, efficacy, and are negatively affected by treatments common to critically ill patients. New nucleic acid-based rese... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5295961 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 16:38:49 +0100 5295961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5295960&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21777047%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rautemaa R, Ramage G Abstract This review summarizes the impact of biofilms in oral candidosis with special emphasis on medically compromised patients. The concept of oral candidosis as a mixed candidal-bacterial biofilm infection has changed our understanding of its epidemiology and diagnosis as well as approach to its treatment. Candida albicans is the most common causative agent of oral candidosis although Candida species other than C. albicans are often seen in medically compromised patients with a history of multiple courses of azole antifungals. Although C. albicans is usually susceptible to all commonly used antifungals when tested in vitro, their biofilm form are highly resistant to most antifungals. Therefore, treatment consists of mechanical destruction of the bi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5295960 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 16:38:40 +0100 5295960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5295945&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21919701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Agrewala JN Abstract Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are conserved and ubiquitous house keeping entities that act as molecular chaperones, which protect the cell from damage during stress. One such HSP, the 16 kDa antigen, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has received considerable attention due to its importance in tuberculosis latency and immunodominant property. In this article, we discuss about the potential role of 16 kDa antigen of Mtb in latency, its expression, regulation, and implication in host immune response. We also highlight the scope of employing 16 kDa in early diagnosis, development of vaccine and as a potential drug target. PMID: 21919701 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5295945 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 16:38:20 +0100 5295945 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5295962&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21967404%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liang B, Jiang J, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Li S Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of dehalogenase genes is considered an important mechanism of genomic evolution, the metabolic resilience of biotopes, and microbial community adaptation in chlorinated compound-contaminated ecosystems. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the HGT of dehalogenase genes involved in the catalysis of various chlorinated compounds, such as chlorinated alkanes and alkanoic acids, chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated herbicide, and chlorinated aromatics. We also highlight the ecological role of HGT as it relates to the contribution to the diversification of dehalogenating microorganisms and the resulting facilitation of rapid microbial community adaptation to ecosystem contaminated with ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5295962 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5295962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5228006&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21919701%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Agrewala JN Abstract Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are conserved and ubiquitous house keeping entities that act as molecular chaperones, which protect the cell from damage during stress. One such HSP, the 16 kDa antigen, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has received considerable attention due to its importance in tuberculosis latency and immunodominant property. In this article, we discuss about the potential role of 16 kDa antigen of Mtb in latency, its expression, regulation, and implication in host immune response. We also highlight the scope of employing 16 kDa in early diagnosis, development of vaccine and as a potential drug target. PMID: 21919701 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5228006 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5228006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5140918&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21823927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Murugaiah C Abstract Cholera is an acute secretory diarrheal disease that is perceived by World Health Organization (WHO) to be a highly contagious threat. Firstly discovered by an Italian physician, Filippo Pacini, the disease gains a reputation as the most feared epidemic diarrheal disease encountered in developing countries. Despite effort taken by WHO to reduce the incidence rate, cholera-endemic prevail in certain regions. Factors that contribute to the disease transmission and ongoing spreading in cholera-prone areas remain as elusive. Should an awareness and knowledge of cholera be developed, it is the residents of developing nation that stand to benefit the most. This review gives insight into the disease prevalence, pandemic, epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease tr... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5140918 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5140918 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5000687&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhao WH, Hu ZQ Twenty-nine IMP-type β-lactamases (IMPs) have been identified in at least 26 species of clinically important Gram-negative bacilli from more than 24 countries/regions. Most of bla(IMP) genes are harbored by class 1 integrons that are usually embedded in transposons and/or plasmids, footnoting their horizontal transfer and worldwide distribution. bla(IMP) genes usually co-exist with other resistance genes, such as aacA, catB, and bla(OXA), resulting in multi-drug resistance. Compared to other gene cassettes, 76.3% of the bla(IMP) gene cassettes are located adjacent to Pc promoter of the class 1 integrons, indicating that the bla(IMP) genes are readily expressed in most of bacterial hosts. PMID: 21707466 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Micr... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5000687 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 01:30:17 +0100 5000687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5000686&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Joshi AP, Deshmukh SS Streptomyces nucleases are widely distributed and multifunctional enzymes acting on both DNA and RNA. They occur extra as well as intracellularly and can be classified under sugar specific and sugar non-specific nucleases. Nucleases play different roles like analytical, biological, and nutritional. They are also used in programmed cell death. Although more than 20 nucleases are reported to date, very little information is available regarding their structure-function relationship, active site based sequence homology, and the probable mechanism of action. This review describes the history, occurrence, localization, production, purification, properties, and applications of Streptomyces nucleases. PMID: 21707467 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Rev... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5000686 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 01:30:13 +0100 5000686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953711&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21668404%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aridogan IA, Izol V, Ilkit M Fungal infections of the genitals are probably more common than realized; however, relatively few reports concerning fungal genital infections exist in the literature. In this review, the fungal microbiota of the penis are highlighted, and the epidemiological characteristics of Candida balanitis, penile pityriasis versicolor, and tinea genitalis are addressed. In addition, the benefits of circumcision on male genital infections are included. However, systemic mycoses affecting the penis and/or scrotum will not be addressed in this review. To obtain a reliable diagnosis of genital fungal infections, medical history, clinical examination, and mycological and histological investigations of the lesions are critical. PMID: 21668404 [PubMed - as supp... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953711 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4953711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4953712&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21651436%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yi L, Lu J, Kung HF, He ML Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the Enterovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first recognized as a dermotrophic virus that usually cause mild, self-limiting hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). However, EV71 infection can sometimes induce a variety of severe neurological complications and even death. Current large outbreaks of EV71 make this virus being a major public health issue. Intense effort has been made to address its underlying pathogenesis and to develop effective means for combating EV71 infections. Here, we aimed to provide an overview of cellular mechanisms underlying EV71 infection and to assess potential agents for prevention and treatment of EV71 infections. PMID: 21651436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: C... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4953712 Wed, 08 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4953712 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4905499&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21609252%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kachrimanidou M, Malisiovas N Clostridium difficile is one of the most important causes of healthcare acquired diarrhea. The disease spectrum caused by C. difficile infection ranges from mild, self-limited, illness to a severe, life-threatening colitis. The incidence of C. difficile associated disease has risen dramatically over the last decade, leading to increased research interest aiming at the discovery of new virulence factors and the development of new treatment and prevention regimens. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and changing epidemiology of C. difficile associated disease, the clinical spectrum and laboratory methods to diagnose C. difficile infection, and current treatment strategies. PMID: 21609252 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4905499 Mon, 23 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4905499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4855635&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21599542%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kasana RC, Salwan R, Yadav SK Microbial proteases are one of the important groups of industrially and commercially produced enzymes contributing approximately 2/3 of all enzyme sales. Though proteases are produced by many microorganisms, emphasis is on the microorganisms producing proteases with desired characters. As demand for novel proteases is increasing day by day the initial screening methods and assays for protease detection are of utmost importance. This review focuses attention on present status of knowledge on the various methods and protocols available for protease screening, detection, and quantification starting from plate assays to spectrophotometric, fluorometric, and nanoparticles based assays. The review will help in making strategies for exploitation of prote... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4855635 Fri, 20 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4855635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4855637&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21599497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Javed F, Qadir MI, Janbaz KH, Ali M Marine microorganisms have expected mounting consideration on the basis of bioactive metabolites and propose an exclusive prospect to both enhance the amount of aquatic natural foodstuffs in clinical trials as well as speed up their progress. This review focuses particularly on those molecules, originated from marine microorganisms, presently in the medical pipeline that have been recognized or highly expected to be identified based on growing incidental evidence. Particularly karlotoxin class compounds, isolated from dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum, offer chances to create new molecules for control of cancer and high serum cholesterol levels. PMID: 21599497 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiolo... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4855637 Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4855637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4855636&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21599498%26dopt%3DAbstract This report reviews current knowledge about the available diagnostic methods and tests that accurately diagnose VVC, and highlights the importance of fungal culture. PMID: 21599498 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4855636 Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4855636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4802789&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21438845%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ge S, Wang Z Influenza A viruses are spherical particles that attach to cells through bonds between hemagglutinin and specific cellular receptors. Numerous studies performed have recently revealed that Sialic acid (SA) is a crucial component of influenza A virus receptors. This brief review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of influenza A virus receptors. The introduction describes the classification of influenza A virus receptors and the review continues with a survey of the distribution of SA in different tissue and host. This is followed by research applications of influenza A virus receptors, and explanation of why receptor studies are so important on a world-wide scale. PMID: 21438845 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4802789 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4802789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4802787&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21480771%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rajini KS, Aparna P, Sasikala Ch, Ramana ChV Pyrazines are a group of 1,4 dinitrogen substituted benzenes. They have near ubiquitous biological distribution and majority are anthropogenic. The demand for pyrazines in the recent years has increased owing to their vast applications in the field of food, agriculture and medicine. They are widely distributed in plants, animals and microorganisms. Pyrazines are synthesized and degraded by a few bacteria and fungi. Microbial transformation of many pyrazines aided in the synthesis of several novel molecules. This review discusses the microbial metabolism of pyrazines. PMID: 21480771 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4802787 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4802787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4802788&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21438848%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chouchani C, Marrakchi R, El Salabi A Antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem worldwide, but marked variations in the resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens are found between countries and in different patient settings. In Tunisia, the strikingly high prevalence of resistance of bacteria to penicillins and cephalorosporins drugs including fourth generation in clinical isolates of Gram negative bacteria has been reported. During 30 years, the emerging problem of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates is substantial, and some unique enzymes have been found. Recently, evidence that Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to nearly all available antimicrobial agents, including carbapenems, have emerged. PMID: 21... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4802788 Sat, 26 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4802788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4637849&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21417966%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ceuppens S, Rajkovic A, Heyndrickx M, Tsilia V, Van De Wiele T, Boon N, Uyttendaele M Toxin expression is of utmost importance for the food-borne pathogen B. cereus, both in food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal host infections as well as in interbacterial competition. Therefore it is no surprise that the toxin gene expression is tightly regulated by various internal and environmental signals. An overview of the current knowledge regarding emetic and diarrheal toxin transcription and expression is presented in this review. The food safety aspects and management tools such as temperature control, food preservatives and modified atmosphere packaging are discussed specifically for B. cereus emetic and diarrheal toxin production. PMID: 21417966 [PubMed - as supplied by publi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4637849 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4637849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4469823&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21271798%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chandra Kalia V, Purohit HJ Emergence of antibiotic and multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria has created the need for new drugs and drug targets. During pathogenesis bacteria release signals which regulate virulence and pathogenicity related genes. Such bacteria co-ordinate their virulent behaviour in a cell density dependent phenomenon termed as quorum sensing (QS). In contrast, microbes interfere with QS system by quenching the signals, termed quorum quenching (QQ). As a consequence of disrupted QS, pathogens become susceptible to antibiotics and drugs. In this article, the biodiversity of organisms with potential to quench QS signals and the use of QQ molecules as antibacterial drugs have been reviewed. PMID: 21271798 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cri... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4469823 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4469823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4400046&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21254831%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tournas VH, Kohn JS, Katsoudas EJ Three kinds of interactions occur between ginseng botanicals and microorganisms: a) spoilage of the botanical by various fungi (e.g., Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, and Eurotium species) and bacteria; b) transformation of ginsenosides into more bioactive forms by bacteria such as Intrasporangium sp. GS603, Microbacterium sp. GS514, Caulobacter leidyia, Bifidobacterium sp. Int57, Bifidobacterium sp. SJ32, Fusobacterium sp. and Bacteroides sp., and moulds (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sacchari, Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229, Rhizopus stolonifer, Myrothecium verrucaria and Acremonium strictum); and c) inhibition of certain bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), fungi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4400046 Sat, 22 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4400046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4400045&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21254832%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Over K, Crandall PG, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes the disease of cattle, Johne's. The economic impact of this disease includes early culling of infected cattle, reduced milk yield, and weight loss of cattle sold for slaughter. There is a possible link between MAP and Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. MAP is also a potential human food borne pathogen because it survives current pasteurization treatments. We review the current knowledge of MAP, Johne's disease and Crohn's disease and note directions for future work with this organism including rapid and economical detection, effective management plans and preventative measures. PMID: 21254832 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in M... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4400045 Sat, 22 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4400045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4274888&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21162695%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Masood MI, Qadir MI, Shirazi JH, Khan IU Lactic acid bacteria are a diverse group of bacteria that produce lactic acid as their major fermented product. Most of them are normal flora of human being and animals and produce myriad beneficial effects for human beings include, alleviation of lactose intolerance, diarrhea, peptic ulcer, stimulation of immune system, antiallergic effects, antifungal actions, preservation of food, and prevention of colon cancer. This review highlights the potential species of Lactic acid bacteria responsible for producing these effects. It has been concluded that lactic acid bacteria are highly beneficial microorganisms for human beings and are present abundantly in dairy products so their use should be promoted for good human health. PMID: 21162... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4274888 Fri, 17 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4274888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4061803&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20925593%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews recent advancements in food borne pathogen detection and discusses future methods with a focus on pre-analytical sample processing, culture independent methods, and biosensors. PMID: 20925593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4061803 Wed, 06 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4061803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4041557&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20883082%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ann Chai LY, Denning DW, Warn P Candida tropicalis is one of the more common Candida causing human disease in tropical countries; the frequency of invasive disease varies by geography causing 3–66% of candidaemia. C. tropicalis is taxonomically close to C. albicans and shares many pathogenic traits. C. tropicalis is particularly virulent in neutropenic hosts commonly with hematogenous seeding to peripheral organs. For candidaemia and invasive candidiasis amphotericin B or an echinocandin are recommended as first-line treatment, with extended-spectrum triazoles acceptable alternatives. Primary fluconazole resistance is uncommon but may be induced on exposure. Physicians in regions where C. tropicalis is common need to be mindful of this lesser-described pathogen. ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4041557 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4041557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4041556&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20883083%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bhagat N, Virdi JS Yersinia enterocolitica, an important food- and water-borne enteropathogen causes acute diarrhea, terminal ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. It is represented by six biovars (1A, 1B, 2-5). The biovar 1A strains are generally regarded as avirulent as they lack pYV plasmid and major chromosomal virulence genes. Despite this, some biovar 1A strains produce disease symptoms indistinguishable from that produced by known pathogenic biovars (1B, 2-5). Suggested prospective studies to understand pathogenic potential of biovar 1A should focus on role of insecticidal toxins, urease, protease, superoxide dismutase, and host responses. These studies should also take into account the clonal groups of biovar 1A. PMID: 20883083 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4041556 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4041556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4026296&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20874522%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Candela M, Guidotti M, Fabbri A, Brigidi P, Franceschi C, Fiorentini C In this review, we discuss the multifactorial role of intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer. The peculiar metabolism of dietary compounds of the individual microbiota complement, its overall immunostimulation and immunomodulatory activity, and eventually the production of toxins that perturb the regulation of cell growth, define the balance of positive and negative risk factors for colorectal cancer development. Moreover, shaping the composition of the human intestinal microbiota, diet has an indirect impact in determining the balance between health and disease. The integration of diet, microbial, and host factors in a system approach is mandatory to determine the overall balance of risk and protective... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4026296 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4026296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4026295&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20874612%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vesper S Traditional environmental mould analysis is based on microscopic observations and counting of mould structures collected from the air on a sticky surface or culturing of moulds on growth media for identification and quantification. These approaches have significant limitations. A DNA-based method of mould analysis called mould specific quantitative PCR (MSQPCR) was created for more than 100 moulds. Based on a national sampling and analysis by MSQPCR of dust in US homes, a scale for comparing the mould burden in homes was created called the Environmental Relative Mouldiness Index (ERMI). PMID: 20874612 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4026295 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4026295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4026294&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20879848%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Theron J, Eugene Cloete T, de Kwaadsteniet M Waterborne microbial diseases are escalating worldwide increasing the need for powerful and sensitive diagnostics tools. Molecular methodologies, including immunological and nucleic acid-based methods, have only recently been applied in the water sector. Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have opened the door for the development of new diagnostic tools with increased sensitivity and speed, and reduced cost and labor. Quantum dots, flo dots, gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocantilevers, with their unique optical and physical properties, have already been applied in nanodiagnostics. Nanobiotechnology, once remaining technical and practical problems has been addressed, will play... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4026294 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4026294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3988040&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20854193%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: A Finkelman M Pneumocystis jirovecii has emerged as an important pulmonary pathogen. Historically associated with the immunocompromised, it is being increasingly observed in immunocompetent populations. (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) is a major component of the cyst cell wall and plays an important role in the inflammatory response to the organism. Inflammatory synergy by co-stimulation with BG and Toll-like receptor ligands has been demonstrated in vitro and may be a factor in the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Detection of highly elevated serum concentrations of BG in the serum of patients has been shown to be a highly sensitive for the presence of pulmonary P. jirovecii. PMID: 20854193 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiol... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3988040 Mon, 20 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3988040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3982210&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20846026%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mallick S, Chakraborty J, Dutta TK Widespread environmental pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) poses an immense risk to the environment. Bacteria-mediated attenuation has a great potential for the restoration of PAH-contaminated environment in an ecologically accepted manner. Bacterial degradation of PAHs has been extensively studied and mining of biodiversity is ever expanding the biodegradative potentials with intelligent manipulation of catabolic genes and adaptive evolution to generate multiple catabolic pathways. The present review of bacterial degradation of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs describes the current knowledge about the diverse metabolic pathways depicting novel metabolites, enzyme-substrate/metabolite relationships, the role of oxygenases an... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3982210 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3982210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3982209&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20846031%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bhargava N, Sharma P, Capalash N Acinetobacter is emerging as one of the major nosocomial infectious pathogens, facilitated by tolerance to desiccation and multidrug resistance. Quorum sensing (autoinducer-receptor mechanism) plays role in biofilm formation in Acinetobacter, though its role in regulation of other virulence factors is yet to be established. Phylogenetic studies indicate that Acinetobacter baumannii is closely related to Burkholderia ambifaria but its quorum sensing genes (abaI and abaR) were acquired horizontally from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. The prospects of quorum quenching to control the infections caused by Acinetobacter have also been discussed. PMID: 20846031 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3982209 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3982209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3777460&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20635858%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dutta S, Podile AR Interaction of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with host plants is an intricate and interdependent relationship involving not only the two partners but other biotic and abiotic factors of the rhizosphere region. Survival and establishment of PGPR in the rhizosphere is a major concern of agricultural microbiologists. Various factors that play a determining role include the composition of root exudates, properties of bacterial strain, soil status, and activities of other soil microbes. This review focuses on the different components that affect root colonization of PGPR and the underlying principles behind the success of these bugs to tide over the unfavorable conditions. PMID: 20635858 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3777460 Thu, 22 Jul 2010 21:45:05 +0100 3777460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3610524&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20504120%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kostoff RN A chronically weak area in research papers, reports, and reviews is the complete identification of important background reference documents that formed the building blocks for the research. A method for systematically determining these important references is presented. Citation-Assisted Background (CAB) is based on the assumption that important documents tend to be highly cited. Application of CAB to the field of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) research is presented. While CAB is a highly systematic approach for identifying highly cited references, it is not a substitute for the judgment of the researchers, and serves as a supplement. PMID: 20504120 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3610524 Tue, 25 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3610524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3610525&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20500016%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh G, Singh G, Jadeja D, Kaur J This review is focused on the virulent traits of lipolytic enzymes from bacteria with special emphasis on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In vivo, triacylglycerols in the form of inclusion bodies are present in tubercle bacilli in the lungs. This pathogenic bacterium possesses a lipase gene (Lip) family, which is expressed and differentially regulated under a variety of in vitro conditions. Not much research work has been carried out on these lipolytic enzymes. A better understanding of lipolytic enzymes in mycobacteria would lead to develop new strategies for tuberculosis treatment. The present review highlights the recent work done in the field of mycobacterium lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in the virulence and pathogenicity. PMID... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3610525 Mon, 24 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3610525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3590687&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20482453%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhao WH, Hu ZQ The increased prevalence of beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has begun to reduce the clinical efficacy of beta-lactams against the most common opportunistic pathogen. Of over 800 beta-lactamases identified from Gram-negative bacilli, at least 120 beta-lactamases have been detected in P. aeruginosa. IMPs and VIMs are predominantly found in P. aeruginosa and like Acinetobacter spp., P. aeruginosa is also a predominant source of OXAs, indicating that P. aeruginosa is a crucial reservoir of beta-lactam resistance determinants. This review summarizes the beta-lactamases identified in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, with a particular focus on AmpC-type beta-lactamases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and carbapenemases. PMID: 20482453 [PubMed - as ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3590687 Wed, 19 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3590687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3457141&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20377307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mezger M, Einsele H, Loeffler J Infections with the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus show high morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for the development of invasive aspergillosis are neutropenia, T-cell depletion, CD34-selected stem cell products, corticosteroid therapy, and cytomegalovirus infections. Recently, a growing number of defined single nucleotide polymorphisms have been described that genetically determine susceptibility to A. fumigatus. This includes genes encoding for cytokines or chemokines and their receptors, toll-like receptor genes, and other genes involved in innate immunity. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the growing number of genetic markers and their relevance for the course and outcome of infections with A. fumigatus. PMID... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3457141 Sun, 11 Apr 2010 00:02:05 +0100 3457141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3450040&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20367550%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Daniel Dubreuil J Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic strains produce one or more toxins which action result in production of diarrhea in animals including Man. One of these toxins, STb, has been mainly associated with colibacillosis in swine. Although highly prevalent in pigs with diarrhea, a relation between STb and disease was arduous to establish. With the recent recognition of a new adhesin, originally found in human E. coli isolates, named AIDA (adhesin involved in diffuse adherence) and its association with new E. coli pathotypes to which STb is linked, new light was shed on STb toxic potency. In this review, the association of STb and AIDA is examined according to the recent knowledge gained with newly described E. coli pathotypes. PMID: 20367550 [PubMed - as supplied... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3450040 Mon, 05 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3450040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3450039&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20367551%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Picot A, Barreau C, Pinson-Gadais L, Caron D, Lannou C, Richard-Forget F Fumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by two Fusarium species: F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. These toxins are of great concern due to their widespread contamination in maize and their adverse effects on animal and human health. In the past decade, progress was made in identifying the genes required for fumonisin biosynthesis. Additionally, molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of fumonisin production have been very recently elucidated. By covering the latest advances concerning the factors modulating fumonisin production, this review aims at presenting an integrated approach of the overall mechanisms involved in the regulation of fumonisin biosynthesis during maize kernel colonizat... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3450039 Mon, 05 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3450039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3420926&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20345213%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bostan N, Mahmood T Hepatitis C (HCV) is the disease that has affected around 200 million people globally. HCV is a life threatening human pathogen, not only because of its high prevalence and worldwide burden but also because of the potentially serious complications of persistent HCV infection. Chronicity of the disease leads to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease. HCV positive hepatocytes vary between less than 5% and up to 100%, indicating the high rate of replication of viral RNA. HCV has a very high mutational rate that enables it to escape the immune system. Viral diversity has two levels; the genotypes and Quasiaspecies. Major HCV genotypes constitute genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 while more than 50 subtypes are known. All HCV genotypes have t... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3420926 Fri, 26 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3420926 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362763&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20218764%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Louz D, Bergmans HE, Loos BP, Hoeben RC Mathematical modeling can be used for the development and implementation of infection control policy to combat outbreaks and epidemics of communicable viral diseases. Here an outline is provided of basic concepts and approaches used in mathematical modeling and parameterization of disease transmission. The use of mathematical models is illustrated, using the 2001 UK foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic, the 2003 global severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, and human influenza pandemics, as examples. This provides insights in the strengths, limitations, and weaknesses of the various models, and demonstrates their potential for supporting policy and decision making. PMID: 20218764 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Sour... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362763 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3362763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354973&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20210692%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruiz B, Chávez A, Forero A, García-Huante Y, Romero A, Sánchez M, Rocha D, Sánchez B, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S Microbial secondary metabolites are low molecular mass products, not essential for growth of the producing cultures, but very important for human health. They include antibiotics, antitumor agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and others. They have unusual structures and are usually formed during the late growth phase of the producing microorganisms. Its synthesis can be influenced greatly by manipulating the type and concentration of the nutrients formulating the culture media. Among these nutrients, the effect of the carbon sources has been the subject of continuous studies for both, industry and research groups. Different mechanism... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354973 Tue, 09 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354972&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20214416%26dopt%3DAbstract We present in this review, advances on the molecular basis for the crack-entry infection process involved in the peanut-rhizobia interaction, the diversity of rhizobial and fungal antagonistic bacteria associated with peanut plants, the effect of abiotic and biotic stresses on this interaction and the response of peanut to inoculation. PMID: 20214416 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354972 Tue, 09 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194704&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20088682%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ The incidence of invasive mycoses is increasing, especially among patients who are immunocompromised or hospitalized with serious underlying diseases. Such infections may be broken into two broad categories: opportunistic and endemic. The most important agents of the opportunistic mycoses are Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Aspergillus spp. (although the list of potential pathogens is ever expanding); while the most commonly encountered endemic mycoses are due to Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis/posadasii, and Blastomyces dermatitidis. This review discusses the epidemiologic profiles of these invasive mycoses in North America, as well as risk factors for infection, and the pathogens' antifungal susceptibilit... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194704 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 11:10:03 +0100 3194704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194703&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20088683%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Palonen E, Lindström M, Korkeala H Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food. Their cold tolerance mechanisms are therefore of special interest. Adaptation to cold involves changes in protein synthesis and in cell membranes to overcome diminished transcriptional and translational efficiency and reduced fluidity of cell membranes. Studies of low temperature adaptation mechanisms have mainly been performed on mesophilic bacteria, while most modern food hygiene risks are caused by psychrotrophs. Understanding low temperature adaptation of psychrotrophs would help to control these pathogens. This review demonstrates that more studies on cold tolerance mechanisms of psy... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194703 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 11:10:03 +0100 3194703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194702&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20088684%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Botes M, Eugene Cloete T Electrospun nanofibers and nanobiocides show potential in the improvement of water filtration membranes. Biofouling of membranes caused by the bacterial load in water reduces the quality of drinking water and has become a major problem. Several studies showed inhibition of these bacteria after exposure to nanofibers with functionalized surfaces. Nanobiocides such as metal nanoparticles and engineered nanomaterials are successfully incorporated into nanofibers showing high antimicrobial activity and stability in water. Research on the applications of nanofibers and nanobiocides in water purification, the fabrication thereof and recently published patents are reviewed in this article. PMID: 20088684 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194702 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 11:10:03 +0100 3194702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194701&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20088685%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Selvin J, Ninawe AS, Seghal Kiran G, Lipton AP Sponges are closely associated with microorganisms that occur either intracellularly and extracellularly. Sponges are soft-bodied sessile organisms appear to be defenseless in facing predation. Microbial symbionts supposed to have a functional role in the host defense against pathogens, predation and microfouling processes. Recently, the ubiquitous defense enzyme, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) detected in the sponge associated bacterium envisaged the possible functional role in the ecological succession of host sponge against predatory / fouling pressure in the habitat. In present review, we highlighted the possible functional interactions between associated microbes and host sponges and its potentials in bioprospecting approaches. ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194701 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 11:10:03 +0100 3194701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3147223&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20047457%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kasana RC Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze the total hydrolysis of proteins in to amino acids. Although proteolytic enzymes can be obtained from animals and plants but microorganisms are the preferred source for industrial applications in view of scientific and economical advantage. Among various groups of microbes, psychrotrophs are ideal candidates for enzymes production keeping in mind that enzymes active at low temperature and stable under alkaline condition, in presence of oxidants and detergents are in large demand as laundry additive. The proteases from psychrotrophs also find application in environmental bioremediation, food and molecular biology. During the previous two decades, proteases from psychrotrophs have received increased attention because of t... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3147223 Mon, 04 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3147223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2960423&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19863382%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tribst AA, Sant'Ana Ade S, de Massaguer PR In this review paper, several aspects of fruit juice microbiology, from past to future perspectives, are considered. An overview of the most relevant outbreaks involving foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms associated with fruit juices is provided. One of the sections provides data on the sources of fruit juice contamination, followed by perspectives on preservation methods. Furthermore, considerations on the role of international guidelines about exotic fruit juices in respect to public health, and of the microbiological status of fruit juices used as food/beverage ingredients are discussed. Issues and challenges highlight how the microbiology of fruit juices has evolved over the years, when aspects of stability or microbi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2960423 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:50:07 +0100 2960423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2944395&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19863381%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leão PN, Vasconcelos MT, Vasconcelos VM Freshwater cyanobacteria produce several bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structure, which may achieve high concentrations in the aquatic medium when cyanobacterial blooms occur. Some of the compounds released by cyanobacteria have allelopathic properties, influencing the biological processes of other phytoplankton or aquatic plants. These kinds of interactions are more easily detectable under laboratory studies; however their ecological relevance is often debated. Recent research has discovered new allelopathic properties in some cyanobacteria species, new allelochemicals and elucidated some of the allelopathic mechanisms. Ecosystem-level approaches have shed some light on the factors that influence allelopathi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2944395 Sat, 31 Oct 2009 00:36:02 +0100 2944395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2944394&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19863382%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lima Tribst AA, de Souza Sant'ana A, de Massaguer PR In this review paper, several aspects of fruit juice microbiology, from past to future perspectives, are considered. An overview of the most relevant outbreaks involving foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms associated with fruit juices is provided. One of the sections provides data on the sources of fruit juice contamination, followed by perspectives on preservation methods. Furthermore, considerations on the role of international guidelines about exotic fruit juices in respect to public health, and of the microbiological status of fruit juices used as food/beverage ingredients are discussed. Issues and challenges highlight how the microbiology of fruit juices has evolved over the years, when aspects of stability ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2944394 Sat, 31 Oct 2009 00:36:02 +0100 2944394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2944393&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19863383%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ramage G, Mowat E, Jones B, Williams C, Lopez-Ribot J Fungal biofilms are an escalating clinical problem associated with significant rates of mortality. Candida albicans is the most notorious of all fungal biofilm formers. However, non-Candida species, yeasts such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and filamentous moulds such as Aspergillus fumigatus, have been shown to be implicated in biofilm-associated infections. Fungal biofilms have distinct developmental phases, including adhesion, colonisation, maturation and dispersal, which are governed by complex molecular events. Recalcitrance to antifungal therapy remains the greatest threat to patients with fungal biofilms. This review discusses our current understanding of the basic biology and clinical implications associated with fung... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2944393 Sat, 31 Oct 2009 00:36:02 +0100 2944393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2895438&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19821642%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Asbeck EC, Clemons KV, Stevens DA The Candida parapsilosis family has emerged as a major opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen. It causes multifaceted pathology in immuno-compromised and normal hosts, notably low birth weight neonates. Its emergence may relate to an ability to colonize the skin, proliferate in glucose-containing solutions, and adhere to plastic. When clusters appear, determination of genetic relatedness among strains and identification of a common source are important. Its virulence appears associated with a capacity to produce biofilm and production of phospholipase and aspartyl protease. Further investigations of the host-pathogen interactions are needed. This review summarizes basic science, clinical and experimental information about C. parapsilosis. ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2895438 Sun, 11 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2895438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2640313&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19624252%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moons P, Michiels CW, Aertsen A It is generally acknowledged that biofilms are the dominant lifestyle of bacteria, both in the natural environment as on manmade settings such as industrial and medical devices. This attached form of cell growth consists of slime matrix embedded bacteria of either a single, but mostly of multiple microbial species that form an interdependent structured community, capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Although research on multispecies biofilms is still in its infancy, this review will focus on these complex communities where cooperation and antagonism are keys to increase the fitness of the different species and where intercellular interactions and communication are means to achieve this goal. PMID: 19624252 [PubMed - in process] (S... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2640313 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 01:34:02 +0100 2640313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2640312&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19624253%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Brien PA, Williams N, Hardy GE Species of the genus Phytophthora are arguably the most destructive plant pathogens causing widespread damage to many horticultural and ornamental species, and to native ecosystems throughout the world. Globalization has increased the volume of plants being transported over long distances and has increased the spread of Phytophthora species. As traditional detection methods such as baiting or direct isolation are incapable of handling the large volume of material to be tested, researchers have developed more rapid and specific antibody and DNA based tests. This review compares the performance of the different types of tests used for detection of Phytophthora. PMID: 19624253 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2640312 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 01:34:02 +0100 2640312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2640311&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19624254%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rai M, Deshmukh P, Gade A, Ingle A, Kövics GJ, Irinyi L Phoma Sacc. is an ubiquitous fungus, which has been reported from plants, soil, human beings, animals, and air. Some species of Phoma like P. sorghina, P. herbarum, P. exigua var. exigua, P. macrostoma, P. glomerata, Phoma macdonaldii, Phoma tracheiphila, Phoma proboscis, P. multirostrata, and Phoma foveata secrete phytotoxin and anthraquinone pigments as secondary metabolites, which have great potential for the biological control of weeds, and can be exploited for the production of mycopesticides, agrophytochemicals, and dyes. Some other species produce pharmaceutically active metabolites, viz., Sirodesmins, Phomenoic acid, Phomenolactone, Phomadecalins, Phomactin A, Phomasetin, Squalestatin-1 (S1), and Squalestatin... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2640311 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 01:34:02 +0100 2640311 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549335&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19548807%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A Rodents are the most abundant and diversified order of living mammals in the world. Already since the Middle Ages we know that they can contribute to human disease, as black rats were associated with distribution of plague. However, also in modern times rodents form a threat for public health. In this review article a large number of pathogens that are directly or indirectly transmitted by rodents are described. Moreover, a simplified rodent disease model is discussed. PMID: 19548807 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549335 Mon, 22 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474522&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514906%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Havelaar AH, van Pelt W, Ang CW, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JP, Gross U, Newell DG Abstract Acquired immunity is an important factor in the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in the developing world, apparently limiting symptomatic infection to children of less than two years. However, also in developed countries the highest incidence is observed in children under five years and the majority of Campylobacter infections are asymptomatic, which may be related to the effects of immunity and/or the ingested doses. Not accounting for immunity in epidemiological studies may lead to biased results due to the misclassification of Campylobacter-exposed but apparently healthy persons as unexposed. In risk assessment studies, health risks may be overestimated when immunity is neglected. ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474522 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474522 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474520&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514907%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shemarova IV Abstract The review summarizes current data about mechanisms of signal transduction with participation of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and elements of the complex cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signal pathway in unicellular eukaryotes. Conceptions of evolutionary origin of eukaryotic signal transduction systems are developed. PMID: 19514907 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474520 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474518&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514908%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ninawe AS, Selvin J Abstract As an alternative strategy to antibiotic use in aquatic disease management, probiotics have recently attracted extensive attention in aquaculture. However, the use of terrestrial bacterial species as probiotics for aquaculture has had limited success, as bacterial strain characteristics are dependent upon the environment in which they thrive. Therefore, isolating potential probiotic bacteria from the marine environment in which they grow optimally is a better approach. Bacteria that have been used successfully as probiotics belong to the genus Vibrio and Bacillus, and the species Thalassobacter utilis. Most researchers have isolated these probiotic strains from shrimp culture water, or from the intestine of different penaeid species. The use of pro... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474518 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474516&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514909%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Antunes LC, Ferreira RB Bacteria have been long considered primitive organisms, with a lifestyle focused on the survival and propagation of single cells. However, in the past few decades it became obvious that bacteria can display sophisticated group behaviors. For instance, bacteria can communicate amongst themselves and with their hosts, by producing, sensing, and responding to chemical signals. By doing so, they can sense their surroundings and adapt as to increase their chances of survival and propagation. Here, we review the discovery of bacterial intercellular communication, some of the signaling molecules identified to date, the role of intercellular signaling in symbiotic and pathogenic relationships between bacteria and their hosts and its implications for the develop... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474516 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474514&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514910%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shahid M, Sobia F, Singh A, Malik A, Khan HM, Jonas D, Hawkey PM The use of successive generations of beta-lactams has selected successive generations of beta-lactamases including CTX-M ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamases, and KPC carbapenamases in Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, this cephalosporin resistance, along with rising resistance to fluoroquinolones, is now driving the use of carbapenems and unfortunately the carbapenem resistance has emerged markedly, especially in Acinetobacter spp. due to OXA- and metallo-carbapenemases. The industry responded to the challenge of rising resistance and recently developed some novel beta-lactams such as ceftobiprole, ceftaroline etc. and many beta-lactam compounds, including beta-lactamase-inhibitors, such as BMS-247243, S-3578, RWJ-54428, CS-... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474514 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474514 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474512&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514911%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Soltanian S, Stuyven E, Cox E, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P Beta-glucans have been studied in animal species, from earthworms to humans. They are a heterogeneous group of glucose polymers found in fungi, plants, some bacteria, and sea weeds. The recognition of conserved microbial structures is a key aspect of metazoan immunity, and beta-glucans are emerging as major target for the recognition of fungal pathogens. However, the receptors and mechanisms by which this is achieved differ significantly between vertebrates and invertebrates. In this review, we will highlight the known receptors for beta-glucans and will discuss the various immune responses they can initiate, with some applications of these products, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. PMID: 19514911 [PubMed - in pro... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474512 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2474510&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19514912%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Parkouda C, Nielsen DS, Azokpota P, Ivette Irène Ouoba L, Amoa-Awua WK, Thorsen L, Hounhouigan JD, Jensen JS, Tano-Debrah K, Diawara B, Jakobsen M Alkaline-fermented food condiments play an important role in the diets of many people in developing and a few developed countries. The rise in pH during production of these foods is due to the ability of the dominant microorganisms, Bacillus spp., to hydrolyze proteins into amino acids and ammonia. Studies have been undertaken which have investigated a number of these products like dawadawa, ugba, bikalga, kinema, natto, and thua-nao. In this review, current knowledge about the principal microbiological activities and biochemical modifications which occur during the processing of the alkaline condiments including nutritional, a... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2474510 Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:15:11 +0100 2474510 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2015474&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19058046%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19058046 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2015474 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2015474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1958476&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19003602%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yepez E PMID: 19003602 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1958476 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 05:05:18 +0100 1958476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1958475&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19003603%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a critical review of bioremediation potential of such fungi and their lignin-degrading enzymes in comparison with the state-of-the-art in terrestrial white-rot fungi. PMID: 19003603 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1958475 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 05:05:18 +0100 1958475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1958474&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19003604%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19003604 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1958474 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 05:05:18 +0100 1958474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1923197&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18972284%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: He S, Yang Z, Skogerbo G, Ren F, Cui H, Zhao H, Chen R, Zhao Y microRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of noncoding RNA species, believed to be regulating gene expression by binding to complementary sites in the 3'UTRs of target mRNAs. They play important regulatory roles in various metabolic pathways in most eukaryotes. The recent discovery of virus encoded miRNAs suggests that viruses may be using them to regulate host and viral gene expression. Another class of closely related small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) also has been found within the HIV-1 genome and shown to be exerting a limited impact on virus reproduction. Additionally, an additional type of viral noncoding RNAs named small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) ranging from a few tens to a few hundred nucleotides in length, has al... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1923197 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1923197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1834259&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18819028%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews PsaA, its structure and role in pneumococcal virulence, immunogenicity, and potential to reduce nasopharyngeal colonization (a major prerequisite for pneumococcal pathogenesis) as a component of a common pneumococcal protein vaccine. PMID: 18819028 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1834259 Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1834259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770196&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18259977%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pessina A, Bonomi A, Baglio C, Cavicchini L, Sisto F, Neri MG, Gribaldo L Cell therapy based on the use of human stem cells is more complicated than transfusion or organ transplantation because cells may undergo many additional manipulations due to different treatments for isolation, expansion, differentiation, and other types of biological changes. These manipulations require the approval of regulatory agencies (other than ethical) and the processes must be monitored with more tests than the ones applied for minimally manipulated cells. The clinical safety and efficacy of transplanted cells depend on several factors such as homologous or non-homologous sources, extent of manipulation, and culture conditions. Moreover, the kind of information needed to address these issues may... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770196 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770195&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18259978%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Khajamohiddin S, Repalle ER, Pinjari AB, Merrick M, Siddavattam D Meta fission product (MFP) hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis of a low reactive carbon-carbon bond found in meta-fission products, generated during biodegradation of various aromatic compounds. These enzymes belong to the alpha/beta hydrolase super family and show structural conservation despite having poor sequence similarity. MFP-hydrolases are substrate specific and studies have indicated that this substrate specificity plays a key role in the determination of the organism's ability to degrade a particular substrate. In this concise review of MFP-hydrolases we discuss their classification, biochemical properties, the molecular basis of their substrate specificity, their catalytic mechanism, and evolutionary signi... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770195 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770194&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18259979%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: D'Ercole S, Catamo G, Piccolomini R Most of the current knowledge of the complex microbiology of oral biofilms, which initiates and maintains periodontal lesions, has been facilitated by the introduction of molecular techniques. Several studies exalt the high sensitivity and specificity of molecular tests in the detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens. Although they have large a diffusion, the old method of bacterial culture remains nowadays the gold standard when determining the utility of a new microbial test. Moreover, cultures have the important advantage of allowing an antibiotic sensitivity test and this is much more important during the treatment of patients with aggressive periodontitis. PMID: 18259979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Critical ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770194 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770193&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18259980%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Theron J, Walker JA, Cloete TE Nanotechnology, the engineering and art of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm), offers the potential of novel nanomaterials for treatment of surface water, groundwater, and wastewater contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity toward recalcitrant contaminants and application flexibility, many nanomaterials are under active research and development. Accordingly, literature about current research on different nanomaterials (nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, and bioactive nanoparticles) and their application in water treatment, purification and disinfection is reviewed in this article. Moreover, knowledge regarding toxicological effects ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770193 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770192&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18568861%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Bialasiewicz S, Goire N, Nissen MD, Sloots TP Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have numerous advantages over traditional diagnostic techniques and so are now widely used by diagnostic laboratories for routine detection of infectious agents. However, there is some concern over the increasing numbers of reports of NAAT false-negative results caused by sequence variation. Highly conserved NAAT target sequences have been reported for many organisms, yet sequence-related problems continue to be observed in commercial and in-house assays targeting a broad range of microbial pathogens. In light of these ongoing problems, it may be time to consider the use of two genetic targets in NAAT methods to reduce the potential for sequence-related false-negative ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770192 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770191&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18568862%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Raja R, Hemaiswarya S, Kumar NA, Sridhar S, Rengasamy R Microalgae are the untapped resource with more than 25,000 species of which only 15 are in use. In recent years, microalgal culture technology is a business oriented line owing to their different practical applications. Innovative processes and products have been introduced in microalgal biotechnology to produce vitamins, proteins, cosmetics, and health foods. For most of these applications, the market is still developing and the biotechnological use of microalgae will extend into new areas. With the development of sophisticated culture and screening techniques, microalgal biotechnology can meet the challenging demands of both the food and pharmaceutical industries. Genetic improvement should also play an important role i... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770191 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770190&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18568863%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dawson RM, Liu CQ Recent advances in knowledge of the properties of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are reviewed. AMPs are typically small, positively charged, amphipathic peptides that interact electrostatically and non-stereospecifically with the bacterial cell membrane, resulting in its permeabilization and cell death. Classes of AMPs, their mechanisms of action, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity towards host cells are discussed. A particular focus is AMPs with potential for use in defense against biological warfare agents. Some AMPs cytotoxic to Bacillus anthracis have been described. Synthesis of these peptides in multivalent form leads to a synergistic increase in antibacterial activity. Strategies to enhance the potency, stability, and selectivity of AMPs are discussed... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770190 Sun, 07 Sep 2008 07:48:11 +0100 1770190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770189&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18728989%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eberly JO, Ely RL Hydrogenases are metalloproteins that catalyze the oxidation and reduction of molecular hydrogen and play a crucial role in many microbial metabolic processes. A subset of hydrogenases capable of functioning at temperatures from 50 to 125 degrees C is found in thermophilic microorganisms. Most known thermotolerant hydrogenases contain a [NiFe] active site and are either bidirectional or uptake type. Although no exhaustive survey has been done of the ecological diversity of thermophilic hydrogen-reducing or oxidizing bacteria, they appear to exist in virtually every thermophilic environment examined to date. Thermotolerant hydrogenases share many similarities with their mesophilic counterparts, but they have several features in addition to thermotolerance that... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770189 Wed, 27 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1770189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770188&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18728990%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews PsaA, its structure and role in pneumococcal virulence, immunogenicity, and potential to reduce nasopharyngeal colonization (a major prerequisite for pneumococcal pathogenesis) as a component of a common pneumococcal protein vaccine. PMID: 18728990 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770188 Wed, 27 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1770188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770187&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18728991%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Franz E, van Bruggen AH There is an increased concern that plants might be more important as a carrier for human enteric pathogens like E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovars than previously thought. This review summarizes the knowledge available on the ecology of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the primary production chain of leafy green vegetables (in particular lettuce), including manure, manure-amended soil, and crop. Based on the available literature, suggestions are made for the control of these pathogens. The suggested approach of oligotrophication of agro-ecosystems fits in the wider approach to lower environmental emissions of nutrients from manure application and to enhance the suppression against plant pathogens. PMID: 18728991 [PubMed - as ... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770187 Wed, 27 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1770187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770199&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17558659%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cervenka L Arcobacter spp. has been isolated from food of animal origin (particularly meats) and from various kind of water. Despite its phylogenetically related neighbor Campylobacter, Arcobacter is regarded as an emerging foodborne pathogen. Since Arcobacter differs in its phenotypic characteristics, the physical and chemical treatments designed for elimination of campylobacters from food and environment needs to be verified. This review focuses on the occurrence, and mainly on susceptibility to various physical and chemical treatments for inactivation of Arcobacter spp. The existing studies have been critically discussed and new challenges were proposed for further studies. PMID: 17558659 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770199 Sun, 01 Apr 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1770199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770198&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17558660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cai S, Singh BR, Sharma S Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which cause the deadly neuroparalytic disease, botulism, is the most toxic substance known to man. BoNT can be used as potential bioterrorism agents, and therefore, pose great threat to national security and public health. Rapid and sensitive detection of BoNTs using molecular and biochemical techniques is an essential component in the diagnosis of botulism, and is yet to be achieved. The most sensitive and widely accepted assay method for BoNTs is mouse bioassay, which takes 4 days to complete. This clearly can not meet the need for clinical diagnosis of botulism, botulinum detection in field conditions, and screening of large scale samples. Consequently, the clinical diagnosis of botulism relies on the clinical symptom d... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770198 Sun, 01 Apr 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1770198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1770197&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17558661%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xiao Z, Xu P Acetoin is an important physiological metabolite excreted by many microorganisms. The excretion of acetoin, which can be diagnosed by the Voges Proskauer test and serves as a microbial classification marker, has its vital physiological meanings to these microbes mainly including avoiding acification, participating in the regulation of NAD/NADH ratio, and storaging carbon. The well-known anabolism of acetoin involves alpha-acetolactat synthase and alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase; yet its catabolism still contains some differing views, although much attention has been focused on it and great advances have been achieved. Current findings in catabolite control protein A (CcpA) mediated carbon catabolite repression may provide a fuller understanding of the control mec... Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1770197 Sun, 01 Apr 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1770197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=142093&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000003%2Fart00004 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=142093 Mon, 05 Feb 2007 11:00:06 +0100 142093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=142092&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000003%2Fart00003 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=142092 Mon, 05 Feb 2007 11:00:06 +0100 142092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=142091&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000003%2Fart00002 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=142091 Mon, 05 Feb 2007 11:00:06 +0100 142091 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=142090&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000003%2Fart00001 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=142090 Mon, 05 Feb 2007 11:00:06 +0100 142090 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=37330&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000002%2Fart00001 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=37330 Mon, 29 May 2006 11:50:03 +0100 37330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=37335&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000002%2Fart00006 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=37335 Mon, 29 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 37335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=37334&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000002%2Fart00005 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=37334 Mon, 29 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 37334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=37333&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000002%2Fart00004 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=37333 Mon, 29 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 37333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=37332&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000002%2Fart00003 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=37332 Mon, 29 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 37332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=37331&cid=s_31949_77_f&fid=31949&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Ftandf%2Fbmcb%2F2006%2F00000032%2F00000002%2Fart00002 (Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology) Critical Reviews in Microbiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=37331 Mon, 29 May 2006 06:00:00 +0100 37331