MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current Atherosclerosis Reports' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 09:32:36 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5647622&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk0263607g4697108%2F Abstract  Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells in the arterial wall. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) plays important role in the genesis and progression of atheromatous plaque. Various scavenger receptors have been recognized in the past two decades that mediate uptake of ox-LDL leading to formation of foam cells. Inhibition of scavenger receptor A and CD36 has been shown to affect progression of atherosclerosis by decreasing foam cell formation. Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) participates at various steps involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and in experimental studies its blockade has been shown to affect the progression of atherosclerosis at multiple levels. In this review, we summarize the r... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5647622 Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:52 +0100 5647622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5647621&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu6340r5t26h3874l%2F Abstract  Almost one third of annual worldwide mortality is attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it the leading cause of global death. Dyslipidemia is a well-established risk factor for CVD and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Statins, which inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, have emerged as the most effective therapy to date against atherothrombotic CVD. Although their role in secondary prevention of CVD is undisputed, it remains a topic for debate as to how widely they should be used for primary prevention. The Framingham Risk Score and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines are the cornerstones for the current gu... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5647621 Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:52 +0100 5647621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5647623&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3814p75q84423262%2F Abstract  The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have potent anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory and anti-platelet effects that are independent of the lipid-lowering effects. These non–lipid-lowering or pleiotropic effects are dependent on HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in tissues other than the liver. In animal models, high-dose statins upregulate cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2, leading to increased production of prostacyclin and 15-deoxy-PGJ2. In addition, statins activate protein kinase A, which phosphorylates 5-lipoxygenase, resulting in decreased production of the pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and increased production of 15-epi-lipoxin A4, an eicosanoid with potent anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolution pro... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5647623 Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:51 +0100 5647623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5647624&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp37479310m576462%2F Abstract  Bariatric surgery is increasing at an enormous rate in all countries but the indications for the operation on the basis of metabolic derangements are not clear, as only one controlled randomized trial specifically for a comorbidity has been performed. Thus, it is not clear if bariatric surgery should be offered to all obese patients with long standing type 2 diabetes or poorly controlled hypertension or hypertriglyceridemia, even though these conditions clearly respond in most patients to bariatric surgery and weight loss. It would appear that patients with early type 2 diabetes with reasonable control and a greater body mass index gain more benefit from the operation. More randomized trials are required. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Coronary Heart Dis... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5647624 Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:55:50 +0100 5647624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5647625&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh3075418n31236g9%2F This article reviews the available data related to the use of CIMT and plaque information in CHD risk prediction. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Coronary Heart Disease (J Farmer, Section Editor)Pages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s11883-012-0225-4Authors Smita I. Negi, Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USAVijay Nambi, Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5647625 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 16:45:47 +0100 5647625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5647626&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq615350018572243%2F Abstract  Diabetes and hypertension frequently occur together. There is substantial overlap between diabetes and hypertension in etiology and disease mechanisms. Obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance are thought to be the common pathways. Recent advances in the understanding of these pathways have provided new insights and perspectives. Physical activity plays an important protective role in the two diseases. Knowing the common causes and disease mechanisms allows a more effective and proactive approach in their prevention and treatment. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Coronary Heart Disease (J Farmer, Section Editor)Pages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11883-012-0227-2Authors Bernard M. Y. Cheung, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokful... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5647626 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 16:45:45 +0100 5647626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5619938&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp283t15491766k65%2F Abstract  Despite the recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), this disease remains the leading killer of US adults of all ages. CHD in young adults is not as well characterized as CHD in older individuals because it occurs less frequently, but this disease can have devastating consequences for young patients and their families. As in older adults, the majority of coronary events in young adults are related to atherosclerosis, and one or more of the traditional CHD risk factors is typically present. Young patients, however, are more likely than older patients to be smokers, male, obese, and to have a positive family history. Risk factor reduction is thus of major importance in managing young CHD patients. Approximately 20% of CHD in young adults, howev... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5619938 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 07:09:39 +0100 5619938 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5552209&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb2r4n1052820l17h%2F Abstract  Despite aggressive lipid-lowering therapy, patients continue to be at significant risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Assessment of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) provides a measure of cholesterol contained in all atherogenic particles. In the third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) guidelines of the US National Cholesterol Education Program, non–HDL-C was introduced as a secondary target of therapy in persons with triglycerides ≥200 mg/dL. A recent meta-analysis of the relationship between non–HDL-C reduction and CHD risk showed non–HDL-C as an important target of therapy for CHD prevention. Most lipid-modifying drugs used as monotherapy have a 1:1 relationship between percent non–HDL-C lowering and percent CHD reduction. I... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5552209 Tue, 27 Dec 2011 16:49:35 +0100 5552209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5476357&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7723353783392643%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumPages 1-1DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0223-yAuthors Melissa Y. Wei, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, GeorgiaTerry A. Jacobson, Office of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Faculty Office Building, 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5476357 Fri, 02 Dec 2011 17:30:28 +0100 5476357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5476358&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcg35015803h5032k%2F Abstract  Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic lipid disorder that is characterized by severely elevated cholesterol levels and premature cardiovascular disease. Both the heterozygous and homozygous forms of FH require aggressive cholesterol-lowering therapy. Statins alone frequently do not lower these patients’ cholesterol to therapeutic levels, and some patients are intolerant to statins. Combination or monotherapy with other current pharmacotherapies are options, but even with these some FH patients do not meet their low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goals. In the cases of statin intolerance, LDL apheresis may be another treatment option. There are currently several novel therapies in development for LDL lowering that target either production or cata... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5476358 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 19:28:15 +0100 5476358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5457436&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6p16120gv0226356%2F Abstract  The clinical value of measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) to guide statin therapy is uncertain. It has no value in patients at high risk who would be treated regardless of CRP (eg, patients with coronary disease or of equivalent risk), in patients at low risk who do not warrant treatment, and those with other acute or chronic inflammatory conditions that amplify CRP. Drawbacks to the widespread clinical use of CRP include its small impact on risk prediction beyond other risk factors, and evidence from JUPITER and other trials that baseline CRP is unable to identify patients who obtain greater absolute benefits from statin therapy. Furthermore, the within-person variability of CRP is about the same as the reduction in CRP from intensive statin therapy, and this lead... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5457436 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 16:58:54 +0100 5457436 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5449680&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3h37570v68282513%2F Abstract  Overweight and obesity are now recognized as leading causes of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and ultimately, cardiovascular disease. Despite the serious consequences, roughly two thirds of Americans are presently classified as overweight, and about one third are classified as obese. Weight loss via lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy can promote improvement in many of these obesity-related conditions. This review addresses recent advances in pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities, with a focus on the management of obesity specifically in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Emphasis is also placed on a proposed paradigm shift from the glucose-centric to the weight-centric management of... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5449680 Wed, 23 Nov 2011 17:42:15 +0100 5449680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5449681&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft8133u7325444500%2F Abstract  Statins alone are not always adequate therapy to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) goals in many patients. Many options are available either alone or in combination with statins that makes it possible to reach recommended goals in a safe and tolerable fashion for most patients. Ezetimibe and bile acid sequestrants reduce cholesterol transport to the liver and can be used in combination. Niacin is very effective at lowering LDL, beyond its ability to raise high-density lipoprotein and shift LDL particle size to a less atherogenic type. When statins cannot be tolerated at all, red yeast rice can be used if proper formulations of the product are obtained. Nutrients can also be added to the diet, including plant stanols and sterols, soy protein, almonds, and fiber... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5449681 Tue, 22 Nov 2011 17:56:54 +0100 5449681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5431574&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq187p4x1m6l94773%2F Abstract  Advances in antiplatelet therapy have significantly improved outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease. Thienopyridines remain a cornerstone of therapy along with aspirin. Recently, concerns have been raised about the use of clopidogrel due to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic interpatient variability. A third-generation thienopyridine, prasugrel, overcomes some of these problems by improving inhibition of platelet aggregation, but increasing the risk of peri-procedural bleeding. Other novel antiplatelet agents, such as ticagrelor, have shown improved efficacy in recent trials and require further investigations. The field of pharmacotherapy continues to rapidly evolve as newer agents, such as thrombin receptor antagonists, along with older agents, suc... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5431574 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 17:29:28 +0100 5431574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5431575&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F807x653260054775%2F Abstract  This review captures the existence, cause, and treatment challenges of residual cardiovascular risk (CVR) after aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction. Scientific evidence implicates low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides (TG) in the CVR observed after LDL-C lowering. However, the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) lipid trial with fenofibrate, the Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events (ILLUMINATE) study with torcetrapib, and the recently terminated Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL Cholesterol/High Triglyceride and Impact on Global Health Outcomes (AIM-HIGH) study with niacin, do not clearly attribu... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5431575 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 17:29:27 +0100 5431575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421894&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd447486574945jx7%2F Abstract  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, with a higher prevalence in older adults who form an increasing proportion of the population of the United States. Statin treatment reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in middle-aged adults. However, few studies have included older individuals, particularly ages 80 years or older. We review recent publications regarding primary and secondary prevention of CVD with statin therapy in older adults. Risk scores and their limitations in this population are discussed. The association of adverse effects with intensive doses of statin and their interactions with other drugs may be more problematic in older adults. Statin therapy appears cost-effective for individuals with higher CVD risk but this ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421894 Tue, 15 Nov 2011 16:57:42 +0100 5421894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421895&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc641136582768003%2F Abstract  High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels bear an inverse relationship to cardiovascular risk. To date, however, no intervention specifically targeting HDL has been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular risk. Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates transfer of cholesterol ester from HDL to apolipoprotein B–containing particles. Most, but not all observational cohort studies indicate that genetic polymorphisms of CETP associated with reduced activity and higher HDL cholesterol levels are also associated with reduced cardiovascular risk. Some, but not all studies indicate that CETP inhibition in rabbits retards atherosclerosis, whereas transgenic CETP expression in mice promotes atherosclerosis. Torcetrapib, the first CETP inhibitor to reach pha... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421895 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 16:51:27 +0100 5421895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386188&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F62764471874476r3%2F Abstract  The use of FDA-approved niacin (nicotinic acid or vitamin B3) formulations at therapeutic doses, alone or in combination with statins or other lipid therapies, is safe, improves multiple lipid parameters, and reduces atherosclerosis progression. Niacin is unique as the most potent available lipid therapy to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and it significantly reduces lipoprotein(a). Through its action on the GPR109A receptor, niacin may also exert beneficial pleiotropic effects independent of changes in lipid levels, such as improving endothelial function and attenuating vascular inflammation. Studies evaluating the impact of niacin in statin-naïve patients on cardiovascular outcomes, or alone and in combination with statins or other lipid the... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386188 Sat, 29 Oct 2011 05:48:16 +0100 5386188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386189&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F541633t6372077x8%2F Abstract  Thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers are first-line therapies for hypertension unless there are compelling indications for other drug classes. Diuretics and beta-blockers, however, may worsen dyslipidemia and glucose tolerance whereas antihypertensive agents in other drug classes may have neutral or beneficial effects. Initial clinical trials of antihypertensive regimens suggested that blood pressure lowering was the most important aspect of therapy and that the adverse effects on lipids and glucose tolerance did not impact clinical outcomes. Newer trials, however, question this finding and implicate these pleotropic effects as contributing to the results of the trials. Patients with cardiometabolic risk factors may have compelling indications for agents that inhi... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386189 Sat, 29 Oct 2011 05:48:15 +0100 5386189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5347266&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcm36186553114x0x%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumPages 1-1DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0213-0Authors Louis M. Chu, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USAAntonio D. Lassaletta, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USAMichael P. Robich, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USAFrank W. Sellke, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5347266 Thu, 20 Oct 2011 15:53:53 +0100 5347266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5323860&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft4756770g6p75502%2F Abstract  Tobacco use remains the most important worldwide cause of preventable death due mainly to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. If the current tobacco pandemic continues for another 20 years, the annual global tobacco-attributable mortality will exceed 8 million. In the US and many European countries, public health and tobacco control efforts combined with effective tobacco dependence treatment using combined behavioral treatment and pharmacotherapy have contributed significantly to steadily declining rates of tobacco use. Subsequent declines in cardiovascular disease and lung cancer death rates are directly attributable to these lower rates of tobacco use. Despite smoking bans, health warnings and effective pharmacotherapy, one in five Am... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5323860 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:43:45 +0100 5323860 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304291&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4166q56559864646%2F Abstract  Omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown to reduce triglycerides but also increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Whether EPA or DHA given as monotherapy has differential effects on serum lipoproteins has not been systematically evaluated. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of monotherapy with EPA (n = 10), DHA (n = 17), or EPA versus DHA (n = 6). Compared with placebo, DHA raised LDL 7.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.98–10.5) whereas EPA non-significantly reduced LDL. In direct comparison studies, DHA raised LDL 4.63 mg/dL (95% CI, 2.15–7.10) more than EPA. Both EPA and DHA reduced triglycerides, with a greater reduction by DHA in direct... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304291 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 05:48:24 +0100 5304291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5296863&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F377k64627g217357%2F Abstract  Dietary nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), and arginine can serve as sources for production of NOx (a diverse group of metabolites including nitric oxide, nitrosothiols, and nitroalkenes) via ultraviolet light exposure to skin, mammalian nitrate/nitrite reductases in tissues, and nitric oxide synthase enzymes, respectively. NOx are responsible for the hypotensive, antiplatelet, and cytoprotective effects of dietary nitrates and nitrites. Current regulatory limits on nitrate intakes, based on concerns regarding potential risk of carcinogenicity and methemoglobinemia, are exceeded by normal daily intakes of single foods, such as soya milk and spinach, as well as by some recommended dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet. This review inclu... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5296863 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 05:51:37 +0100 5296863 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5225226&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa0966h10r72276v7%2F Abstract  Meat protein is associated with an increase in risk of heart disease. Recent data have shown that meat protein appeared to be associated with weight gain over 6.5 years, with 1 kg of weight increase per 125 g of meat per day. In the Nurses’ Health Study, diets low in red meat, containing nuts, low-fat dairy, poultry, or fish, were associated with a 13% to 30% lower risk of CHD compared with diets high in meat. Low-carbohydrate diets high in animal protein were associated with a 23% higher total mortality rate whereas low-carbohydrate diets high in vegetable protein were associated with a 20% lower total mortality rate. Recent soy interventions have been assessed by the American Heart Association and found to be associated with only small reductions... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5225226 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 15:49:28 +0100 5225226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5208431&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl84n07gp3899135j%2F Abstract  Multiple dietary factors have been shown to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, and HDL-C has been inversely associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Replacement of dietary carbohydrate with polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fat has been associated with progressively greater increases in HDL-C (7–12%) in addition to other lipid changes. Added sugars, but not high glycemic carbohydrates, have been associated with decreased HDL-C. Alcohol consumption has been associated with increased HDL-C (9.2%) independent of changes in other measured lipids. Modest effects on HDL-C (~4–5%) among other lipid and non-lipid CHD risk factors have also been observed with weight loss by dieting, omega-3 fatty acids, and a Me... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5208431 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 05:55:02 +0100 5208431 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5208432&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft17711087nq58x85%2F This article reviews current evidence on the effects of cocoa/chocolate on clinical and subclinical CHD, CHD risk factors, and potential biologic mechanisms. It also discusses major limitations of currently available data and future directions in the field. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Nutrition (William S. Harris, Section Editor)Pages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0203-2Authors Owais Khawaja, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USAJ. Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USALuc Djoussé, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Bos... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5208432 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 05:47:33 +0100 5208432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5208433&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fkn516g64231h3254%2F Abstract  Omega-3 fatty acid research, which began as an epidemiologic curiosity, has generated perhaps the strongest dataset for any nutrient in regard to cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Although once a relatively descriptive field, advances in analytic techniques have opened up the biochemistry of omega-3 fatty acids and nutritional genomics in plants and man and have taken the field into the “omic” era. Despite this progress, fundamental questions remain unanswered, such as which fatty acid or metabolite thereof drives a given health benefit, how much of a given fatty acid should we consume, and how do we best source the requisite fatty acids? Of these questions, the ability to source omega-3 fatty acids in order to meet dietary guidelines has become a practic... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5208433 Sun, 04 Sep 2011 10:45:50 +0100 5208433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5175615&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj8hv358m27780r48%2F Abstract  The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provides science-based advice to promote health and reduce risk of major chronic diseases by diet and physical activity. The primary emphasis is on food-based recommendations that meet energy and nutrient needs. The DGA is made in the context of a total diet designed to reduce the incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity. In addition, the DGA also targets cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. DGA recommends nutrient-dense foods including fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, lean protein foods including seafood, and vegetable oils. This dietary pattern beneficially affects blood lipids and other CVD risk factors. Foods and nutrients to limit include solid fats (saturated fatty acids, tra... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5175615 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 16:23:38 +0100 5175615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5175616&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F91n13210545l0413%2F Abstract  Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in red wine that is believed to be responsible for its beneficial cardiovascular effects. Extensive research in the past several decades has identified multiple mechanisms by which resveratrol modifies the cardiovascular risk factors that lead to coronary artery disease, yet translation to the clinical arena has been unexpectedly slow. In this article, we review the existing evidence regarding the beneficial effects of resveratrol and briefly discuss its potential therapeutic applications. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Nutrition (William S. Harris, Section Editor)Pages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0202-3Authors Louis M. Chu, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5175616 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 15:47:34 +0100 5175616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5175617&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq4621680u7x38385%2F Abstract  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an enzyme which binds to oxidized LDL and has a pro-inflammatory role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The Lp-PLA2 Studies Collaboration showed the relationship between Lp-PLA2 levels and activity with coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. Levels and activity of Lp-PLA2 are reduced by statins. There have been limited studies focused on dietary factors and effects on LpPLA2. A recent article from the Nurses’ Health Study (HNS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) has provided interesting insights. In this cross sectional study, a lower LpPLA2 activity was found to be related to several dietary factors including higher percentage of energy consumed as protein instead of carbohydrate, mild... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5175617 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 15:47:33 +0100 5175617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5161442&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F172423x387v46306%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumPages 1-1DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0204-1Authors Ryan P. Morrissey, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USAGeorge A. Diamond, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USASanjay Kaul, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5161442 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 16:00:11 +0100 5161442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5126201&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3x16732610vj7305%2F Abstract  Coronary heart disease (CHD) often presents suddenly with little warning. Traditional risk factors are inadequate to identify the asymptomatic high-risk individuals. Early identification of patients with subclinical coronary artery disease using noninvasive imaging modalities would allow the early adoption of aggressive preventative interventions. Currently, it is impractical to screen the entire population with noninvasive coronary imaging tools. The use of relatively simple and inexpensive genetic markers of increased CHD risk can identify a population subgroup in which benefit of atherosclerotic imaging modalities would be increased despite nominal cost and radiation exposure. Additionally, genetic markers are fixed and need only be measured once in a patient�... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5126201 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:40:37 +0100 5126201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5126202&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhv71857751846212%2F This article discusses the present findings of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study with respect to the current literature, risk stratification algorithms, and current European guidelines for risk prediction. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0199-7Authors Amir A. Mahabadi, Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, GermanyStefan Möhlenkamp, Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, GermanySusanne Moebus, Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, GermanyNico Dragano, Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Ge... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5126202 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 19:53:56 +0100 5126202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5126203&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqlh776r3v5043qp3%2F Abstract  For many years, the mainstay of noninvasive evaluation of patients suspected of ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) centered on the use of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). In recent years, the advent of newer modalities such as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning, coronary CT angiography, and MRI have broadened the means of assessing cardiac patients for this purpose. Moreover, the advent of these newer modalities has created potential synergies whereby combinations of tests may be clinically useful. In this review, we assess the potential synergies between MPI, whether assessed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), and CAC scanning. Whereas MPI has long been used for diagnostic assessment and for risk... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5126203 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 19:53:54 +0100 5126203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5109261&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw346v66171781w41%2F Abstract  Traditional coronary heart disease risk prediction schemes such as the Framingham Risk Score, although useful, do not adequately identify all individuals who experience an adverse coronary heart disease event. Therefore, additional tools, including biomarkers, genetic markers, and imaging markers, are being evaluated for their value in improving cardiovascular risk assessment. Of the two accepted imaging markers of atherosclerosis, namely coronary artery calcium score (CACS) measured by CT scan and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measured by ultrasound, CIMT has the potential to be widely adopted as a clinical tool for physician offices. Ultrasound-based CIMT measurement is safe but has several challenges, including reproducibility and operator-dependency. W... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5109261 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 15:31:00 +0100 5109261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103819&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm25585h5w5246804%2F Abstract  Measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI) was developed to assess peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with symptoms of peripheral ischemia being present at rest or only functionally dependent (intermittent claudication). Reduced ABI is caused by arterial obstruction between the aortic arch and feet (lower limb), which in the Western world is caused by atherosclerosis if not previous trauma. Whereas severity of intermittent claudication is only poorly related to ABI, cardiovascular outcomes are as follows: the lower the ABI the higher the incidence of cardiovascular events and death. Measuring ABI identifies asymptomatic persons at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: an ABI <0.9 doubles the risk of death of any cause. Reduced ABI is... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103819 Tue, 02 Aug 2011 15:52:40 +0100 5103819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103820&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F535pputl9m277874%2F Abstract  In 2006, a grass roots movement called SHAPE (Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education) published a novel practice guideline for cardiovascular screening in the asymptomatic at-risk population. It suggested the use of noninvasive tests for subclinical atherosclerosis in cardiovascular risk assessment to target intensified preventive care to those at highest risk. The SHAPE guideline received much attention but not as much support from the “official” medical societies. However, subsequent studies published since 2006 have now provided strong supportive evidence for the strategy spearheaded by the SHAPE guideline. Indeed, the latest guidelines issued jointly by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology have elevated recomme... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103820 Tue, 02 Aug 2011 15:52:39 +0100 5103820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5088219&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa0710x052483m27v%2F Abstract  The High-Risk Plaque (HRP) Initiative is a research and development effort to advance the understanding, recognition, and management of asymptomatic individuals at risk for a near-term atherothrombotic event such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Clinical studies using the newest technologies have been initiated, including the BioImage Study in which novel approaches are tested in a typical health plan population. Asymptomatic at-risk individuals were enrolled, including a survey-only group (n = 865), a group undergoing traditional risk factor scoring (n = 718), and a group in which all were assessed for both risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis (n = 6104). The latter two groups underwent baseline examination in a dedicated mobile facility equi... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5088219 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 15:54:39 +0100 5088219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5088220&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5384t61252251421%2F In conclusion, 1) the presence or absence of atherosclerosis as measured by CAC redefines normal or abnormal lipid levels in an individual patient; 2) statin absolute risk reduction is significantly greater than previously appreciated; and 3) patients with a CAC score of 0 should be excluded from primary prevention randomized controlled trials. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0194-zAuthors Harvey S. Hecht, Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute, 130 E. 77th St., New York, NY 10021, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5088220 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 15:57:44 +0100 5088220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5070176&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffx04g19ju72v08x0%2F Abstract  The JUPITER trial is widely hailed as a landmark trial that has the potential to dramatically change the landscape of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Like most trials, however, it is not without its limitations. We address some of the common myths and misunderstandings that are underscored by the JUPITER trial. First, by its intentional and ill-advised exclusion of patients with low levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), it is not possible to assess whether baseline hsCRP modifies treatment response to statins or whether it identifies patients most likely to benefit from statin therapy. Second, by stopping the trial early, one cannot rule out the possibility that the treatment benefit was overestimated and risk was underestimated, the... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5070176 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 15:47:19 +0100 5070176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5063597&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvu05245545614140%2F Abstract  Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score correlates strongly with the burden of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. It is the strongest predictor of future coronary events in asymptomatic individuals, being stronger than all traditional risk factors combined. It is also a better predictor of future events than carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement for the prediction of coronary artery disease but slightly weaker than CIMT for the prediction of cerebrovascular events such as stroke. These findings have been validated by the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a prospective epidemiologic study sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) investigating the prevalence, correlates, and progression of atherosclerosis in an asymptom... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5063597 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 17:05:51 +0100 5063597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5063598&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd4635w24l5g2688p%2F Abstract  With the increasing use of drug therapy and lifestyle modification for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, there remain questions on how to quantify residual risk, particular in patients with diabetes mellitus or obesity. Clinicians have turned to other screening modalities to identify individuals who would benefit from even more intensive therapy or to identify those with difficult-to-assess risk factors. Once a patient has been identified for aggressive risk factor modification, lipid biomarkers such as Apo B, LDL-P, and Lp (a) can potentially have clinical utility, and inflammatory markers such as hs-CRP may be useful for evaluating residual risk. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0190-3Authors Sandeep S. ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5063598 Tue, 19 Jul 2011 23:23:28 +0100 5063598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5020515&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Flp202260470165wn%2F Abstract  Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting medium and large arteries resulting from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors that include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. The most serious manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as unstable angina, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and sudden death, largely result from thrombosis superimposed on a disrupted (ruptured or eroded) atherosclerotic plaque. Adoption and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle coupled with management of modifiable risk factors significantly reduce the adverse clinical consequences of athero-thrombosis. Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels using statins and other agents serves as the pr... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5020515 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 06:22:28 +0100 5020515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4970211&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6k1h7835h28k25h5%2F Abstract  Statin therapy has became the most important advance in stroke prevention since the introduction of aspirin and blood pressure–lowering therapies. Other lipid-modifying drugs have been less successful in reducing the incidence of stroke, but because of evidence for the use of triglyceride-lowering drugs and treatments that raise concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, further investigations are needed, particularly in patients with an atherogenic dyslipidemia profile (high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels). Furthermore, beyond reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and possibly improving other lipids fractions in patients who are at high risk of stroke, the present review shoes that lipid-modifying drugs might have neuropr... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4970211 Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:03:43 +0100 4970211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4913505&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fwr8148852346440j%2F Abstract  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a large public health problem that affects about 1% of the population in the United States. It confers an increased risk for stroke and thromboembolism, but the stroke risk is not equal in all patients. Further refinement in stratifying stroke risk in patients with AF will help in properly directing therapy for AF patients while minimizing adverse events. Warfarin is the first-line treatment for stroke reduction in patients with AF, but many new drugs are on the horizon that will significantly change practice. New and improved cardiac monitoring techniques and devices will help with detection of AF in those at risk for stroke and will assist in assessing which patients will most benefit from anticoagulation. Content Type Journal Art... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4913505 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 14:57:34 +0100 4913505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4904075&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj046631q87265k43%2F Abstract  Hypertension is the single most important risk factor for all types of stroke: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Epidemiologic studies over the past 30 years have demonstrated a dramatic reduction in the incidence and mortality of all stroke types with good control of hypertension, and it appears that all effective antihypertensive agents have similar efficacy in their ability to reduce stroke risk. In addition, it appears that acute treatment of hypertension in the setting of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage is beneficial, but it is still uncertain in the setting of ischemic stroke what level of blood pressure will result in the best possible outcome. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4904075 Mon, 30 May 2011 17:01:30 +0100 4904075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4854197&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj703n326356t2321%2F Abstract  Intracranial arterial stenosis (IAS) is the cause of about 10% of all ischemic strokes in the United States, but may account for about 40% of strokes in some populations. After a stroke or transient ischemic attack due to IAS, patients face a 12% annual risk of recurrent stroke on medical therapy, with most strokes occurring in the first year. Warfarin is no better than aspirin in preventing recurrent strokes but poses a higher risk of serious bleeding and death. Groups with the highest risk of recurrent stroke are those with high-grade (≥70%) stenosis, those with recent symptom onset, those with symptoms precipitated by hemodynamic maneuvers, and women. Endovascular treatment of IAS is a rapidly evolving therapeutic option. Antiplatelet agents are currently rec... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4854197 Thu, 19 May 2011 16:30:11 +0100 4854197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4842757&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq612k67610h3v030%2F Abstract  The new definition and risk stratification for transient ischemic attack (TIA) have clear implications for the urgency of evaluation and treatment. The optimal antithrombotic treatment for TIA is being intensively studied. New guidelines for prevention of non-cardioembolic stroke in patients with stroke or TIA recommend the use of antiplatelet agents rather than oral anticoagulation. New antiplatelet drugs are being used in cardiovascular patients, and their role in cerebrovascular patients is being studied. The impact of genetic CYP2C19 polymorphisms is becoming clarified in cardiovascular patients and it is likely these polymorphisms will affect the management of cerebrovascular patients. The results of trials of clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with lacunar... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4842757 Mon, 16 May 2011 15:48:08 +0100 4842757 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4842758&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F67g327657533152n%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0184-1Authors Jassim Al Suwaidi, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) and Weill Cornell Medical School, P.O Box 3050, Doha, Qatar Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4842758 Mon, 16 May 2011 08:43:08 +0100 4842758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4782366&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F366339v7t7447153%2F Abstract  Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are common neurologic events characterized by stroke-like symptoms that completely resolve. They were previously thought to be benign but research over the past decade has revealed the high risk of further neurologic and cardiac events following TIA. With the knowledge of prognosis following TIA, the need for more urgent diagnostic workup and treatment has become clear, and several tools for identifying patients at the highest risk have been developed. In this review, we discuss appropriate diagnostic testing, acute management, and long-term management for preventing stroke after TIA, current research in progress, as well as areas of need for future research. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0181-4Au... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4782366 Mon, 02 May 2011 14:58:56 +0100 4782366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4771854&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4733tkx2t752h7r5%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0182-3Authors Ada M. Cuevas, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, ChileAlfredo M. Germain, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for High Risk Pregnancy Surveillance (CEVIM), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4771854 Mon, 25 Apr 2011 16:38:59 +0100 4771854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4745127&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqwt1889r44u7x180%2F Abstract  Identifying atrial fibrillation (AF) as the cause of stroke is important because it may trigger a change from therapy with antiplatelet agents to proven superior therapy with anticoagulants. Ischemic stroke due to chronic AF is readily diagnosed, but if patients with intermittent AF remain in sinus rhythm throughout their hospitalization, they will likely be discharged on inferior treatment. Numerous monitoring techniques can identify intermittent AF, and the available evidence suggests that prolonging the duration of monitoring increases the likelihood of detecting AF, which supports the use of monitoring beyond the currently recommended 24 h. Further research is required to definitively establish the utility of cardiac monitoring and identify the optimum me... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4745127 Sat, 16 Apr 2011 05:53:39 +0100 4745127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4725515&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr5654n5661486427%2F Abstract  Recent genome-wide association studies have demonstrated that common genetic variants in a region of chromosome 9p21 confer risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and other atherosclerotic conditions. Although the absolute increase in risk is small (some 20–30% increase in risk of CAD per copy of the deleterious alleles), the common occurrence of the variants means that their effect on the population risk of disease is estimated to be substantial. Studies investigating the relationship between risk variants and both “classical” and “emerging” atherosclerotic risk factors have found no evidence of association. This suggests that the effect of the 9p21 locus on atherosclerotic risk is mediated via a hitherto unknown pathway potentially amenable to therapeut... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4725515 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 21:29:54 +0100 4725515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4710149&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm3627l06716l6400%2F Abstract  Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by statin therapy has only modestly decreased coronary heart disease (CHD)-associated mortality in developed countries, which has prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies for CHD. Epidemiologic and interventional studies have clearly established an inverse association between plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and incidence of atherosclerosis. The atheroprotective benefits of HDL are not only dependent on HDL concentrations (quantity), but also on HDL function (quality). Therefore, several techniques have been recently developed to assess the different properties of HDL. Because reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is considered a key player in the beneficial action of HDL, ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4710149 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 15:52:06 +0100 4710149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4686183&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj7102k1u211207jl%2F Abstract  Decreased level of high density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a rigorous predictor for future cardiovascular events. Much effort is being made to develop HDL-C–raising pharmacotherapies in the attempt to avert the pandemic of atherosclerotic disease. Important properties by which HDL-C–raising compounds are effective involve improvement of cholesterol uptake from macrophages in plaque for transport back to the liver, improvement of endothelial function, and anti-inflammatory effects. Vascular imaging can aid in the determination which HDL-C–raising compounds are effective. Ultrasound and MRI have proved suitable for assessment of structural changes of the vessel wall. Ultrasound can also be used or assessment of endothelial function. 18F-fluordeoxygluco... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4686183 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:07:14 +0100 4686183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4686184&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9333v15k7184t620%2F Abstract  Defects in homeostatic regulation of cholesterol and fatty acids are associated with major cardiometabolic risk factors that are prevalent in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Regulatory input is found at many levels; however, recent findings have revealed pivotal roles for small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) of the endogenous RNA interference pathway in post-transcriptional control of major regulatory mechanisms underpinning cholesterol and energy homeostasis. In addition, aberrant expression of microRNAs has been implicated in marked pathophysiologic events contributing to the progression and development of atherosclerosis, including loss of endothelial integrity, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, neointimal hyperplasia, and foam... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4686184 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 05:54:43 +0100 4686184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4632275&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm0n11j08613j41q6%2F Abstract  Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) constitutes a key part of the atheroprotective properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Hepatic lipase (HL) and endothelial lipase (EL) are negative regulators of plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Although overexpression of EL decreases overall macrophage-to-feces RCT, knockout of both HL and EL leaves RCT essentially unaffected. With respect to important individual steps of RCT, current data on the role of EL and HL in cholesterol efflux are not conclusive. Both enzymes increase hepatic selective cholesterol uptake; however, this does not translate into altered biliary cholesterol secretion, which is regarded the final step of RCT. Also, the impact of HL and EL on atherosclerosis is not clear cut; rather it depends on respec... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4632275 Mon, 21 Mar 2011 18:57:26 +0100 4632275 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4566972&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv35j5p3771831220%2F Abstract  Increasing evidence points to dietary lipids and their derivates as dynamic modulators of pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression pathways via their ability to interact with nuclear receptors that are central to the regulation of numerous biological functions, including lipid metabolism, inflammatory mediator production, and vascular homeostasis. The biological effects of these receptors are the result of a finely tuned equilibrium between gene activation and repression, resulting from their ability to switch between chromatin-remodelling co-repressor and co-activator partners. The aim of this review is to discuss the concept that selected dietary components induce an atherosclerotic cellular phenotype, at least in part, by imposing epigenetic marks that shift t... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4566972 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 17:02:21 +0100 4566972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4566973&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F050446588867404n%2F Abstract  High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is classified as a negative risk factor due to the inverse relationship between elevated levels of HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis. The mechanism by which HDL can mediate protection from atherosclerosis is complex and multifactorial. The primary role of reverse cholesterol transport in the reduction of risk for coronary artery disease is supported by a considerable amount of experimental data. HDL is able to interact with and remove cholesterol from the lipid-laden foam cells in the peripheral vasculature with subsequent transportation to the liver for excretion. However, HDL has multiple other physiologic effects that may play a significant role in protection from atherosclerosis. HDL has been demonstrated to exhibit multiple be... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4566973 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 06:39:03 +0100 4566973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4566974&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp0086763u6769281%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0162-7Authors John A. Farmer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4566974 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 06:39:01 +0100 4566974 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4566975&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F76vh346755338044%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0163-6Authors John A. Farmer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4566975 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 06:39:00 +0100 4566975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4561619&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F958q01718p6q1611%2F Abstract  As atherosclerosis is still one of the major causes of death in Western populations, it is important to identify those individuals who are at increased risk for the disease so that aggressive treatment may be administered as early as possible. Following the understanding that oxidative stress has a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, many polymorphisms in genes that are related to redox systems were examined for their association with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although many polymorphisms were studied, only a handful showed consistent relevance to CVD in different trials. This article focuses on six of these polymorphisms, examining their effect on the risk for CVD as well as their effect on protein expression ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4561619 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 11:07:32 +0100 4561619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4561620&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F832m404gx60r4350%2F Abstract  Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Its pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Because the phenotype of cardiovascular disease often shows a marked heritable pattern, it is likely that genetic factors play an important role. In recent years, large genome-wide association studies have been conducted to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying this heritable and prevalent phenotype. The emphasis of this review is on the recently identified 17 susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Implications of their discovery for biology and clinical medicine are discussed. A description of the landscape of human genetics in the near future in the context of next-generation sequence technologies is provided at... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4561620 Thu, 03 Mar 2011 08:47:09 +0100 4561620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4550234&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu36731519v5850j7%2F Abstract  Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) describes the process whereby cholesterol in peripheral tissues is transported to the liver where it is ultimately excreted in the form of bile. Given the atherogenic role of cholesterol accumulation within the vessel intima, removal of cholesterol through RCT is considered an anti-atherogenic process. The major constituents of RCT include cell membrane– bound lipid transporters, plasma lipid acceptors, plasma proteins and enzymes, and lipid receptors of liver cell membrane. One major cholesterol acceptor in RCT is high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Both the characteristics and level of HDL are critical determinants for RCT. It is known that phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) impacts both HDL cholesterol level and biological qu... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4550234 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 07:46:09 +0100 4550234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502691&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx485778734nv1u3j%2F Abstract  Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but its role in atherosclerosis is not clearly established. Studies of various animal models have yielded conflicting results, but studies done in rabbits and non-human primates, which more closely simulate human lipoprotein metabolism, indicate that LCAT is likely atheroprotective. Although suggestive, there are also no biomarker studies that mechanistically link LCAT with cardiovascular disease. Imaging studies of patients with LCAT deficiency have also not yielded a clear answer to the role of LCAT in atherosclerosis. Recombinant LCAT, however, is currently being developed as a therapeutic product for enzyme replacement th... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502691 Thu, 17 Feb 2011 17:03:40 +0100 4502691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4460804&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2l352888084245nj%2F Abstract  Efflux is central to maintenance of tissue and whole body cholesterol homeostasis. The discovery of cell surface receptors that bind high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with high specificity and affinity to promote cholesterol release has significantly advanced our understanding of cholesterol efflux. We now know that 1) cells have several mechanisms to promote cholesterol release, including a passive mechanism that depends on the physico-chemical properties of cholesterol molecules and their interactions with phospholipids; 2) a variety of HDL particles can interact with receptors to promote cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver for excretion; and 3) interactions between HDL and receptors show functional synergy. Therefore, efflux efficiency depends both on ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4460804 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 22:03:55 +0100 4460804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4442707&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm9x113401mh5260t%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0168-1Authors Ali J. Marian, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6770 Bertner Street, DAC 900, Houston, TX 77030, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4442707 Thu, 03 Feb 2011 07:08:19 +0100 4442707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4442708&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd204014525x66413%2F This article reviews the premise that anti-diabetes therapy (type 2 diabetes) with insulin causes vascular impairment that leads to atherothrombosis and compromises vascular integrity, which may further potentiates cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Underlying mechanisms are discussed, including metabolic derangements (blood pressure, lipids, body weight, and glucose) and how these factors trigger insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors, leading to cancer. Cellular and molecular mechanisms are discussed, as well as whether the negative results seen in recent glucose trials support this premise. As with most drug therapy, aggressive therapies designed to reach glucose control targets trigger multiple and inter-related mechanisms that, in many cases, go far beyond the pre-deter... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4442708 Thu, 03 Feb 2011 07:08:18 +0100 4442708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4429683&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3h2905p30573715v%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0167-2Authors Robert S. Rosenson, Mount Sinai Heart, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1031, New York, NY 10029, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4429683 Sat, 29 Jan 2011 17:20:28 +0100 4429683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4429684&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fquv566n352000700%2F This article provides a comprehensive review of data regarding hs-CRP as a risk marker for CV disease in the context of these AHA criteria. The impact of the JUPITER trial on the utility of hs-CRP as a risk marker is emphasized. The review concludes with an evidence-based statement regarding the current role of hs-CRP in CV risk prediction. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0164-5Authors Thura T. Abd, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USADanny J. Eapen, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USAAmbareesh Bajpai, Piedmont Heart Institute, 275 Collier Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309, USAAbhinav Goyal, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiolo... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4429684 Fri, 28 Jan 2011 06:55:30 +0100 4429684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4415402&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb0214h7681280192%2F Abstract  The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes is involved in arterial wall extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling. The latter activities have been implicated in a number of normal and pathologic processes, such as atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression, plaque destabilization and rupture, but also in plaque stabilization and healing. As a result, the MMPs have been explored as both therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools for the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize experimental findings, genetic associations, and the biomarker potential of MMPs in atherothrombosis. In addition, the regulation and expression of MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques is discussed, with an emphasis on the... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4415402 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 01:08:37 +0100 4415402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4400824&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn31285551815q410%2F Abstract  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder with major neurocognitive and cardiovascular sequelae. It is estimated that more than one quarter of the population is at risk for OSA, with increased prevalence noted in populations with hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. A number of epidemiologic and mechanistic studies have recently generated interest in the role of OSA in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, a link that continues to require extensive investigation. This chapter reviews these epidemiologic studies, the current understanding of the mechanisms by which OSA may contribute to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, and the effects of OSA treatment on cardiovascular disease outcomes. Content Typ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4400824 Fri, 21 Jan 2011 15:29:46 +0100 4400824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4362457&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh123740232444007%2F Abstract  Diabetes and its micro- and macrovascular complications represent a worldwide epidemic that will place an enormous financial burden on poorer countries in the years to come. In patients with diabetes and hypertension, the main determinant of the cardiovascular and renal benefits of antihypertensive drugs is the blood pressure (BP) level achieved under treatment. Quite recently, the paradigm of a BP target < 130/80 mm Hg in these patients has been questioned by a number of trials, including data from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) blood pressure–lowering arm and from the diabetic cohort of International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST). At the same time, even if the key role of BP control is unquestionable, a growi... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4362457 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:57:12 +0100 4362457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4327282&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd56g26620316q123%2F Abstract  The common belief that signs of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are clinically relevant only during adult and elderly age is gradually changing. Increasing evidence supports the concept that CVD is initiated through developmental in utero processes beginning before birth. Epigenetic and other unknown mechanisms underlying these developmental events are yet to be elucidated. The clinical implications of such theories for the primary prevention of CVD are intuitive and logical, but clinical prospective studies and translational approaches are still warranted. The evolution of CVD is usually characterized by a long lag time between onset and clinical manifestation, thereby providing a relevant opportunity for its early non-invasive detection during c... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4327282 Fri, 07 Jan 2011 14:51:45 +0100 4327282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4319241&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd31u502n63819574%2F Abstract  National and international guidelines still recommend β-blockers (BBs) as first-line agents in uncomplicated prevention of hypertension. However, it has been shown that BBs reduce blood pressure less than other drugs, specifically with regard to central aortic pressure. More importantly, recent meta-analyses have highlighted that in primary prevention BBs are associated with a relatively weak effect in reducing stroke compared to placebo or no treatment and, compared with other drugs, show evidence of a worse cardiovascular outcome. Several reasons might explain their mild cardioprotective effect, such as their unfavorable metabolic properties, a lack of efficacy on left ventricular hypertrophy regression and endothelial dysfunction, and reduced patient complianc... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4319241 Tue, 04 Jan 2011 17:55:11 +0100 4319241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4319242&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5543444125qm6564%2F Abstract  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an enzyme that generates inflammatory mediators within atherosclerotic plaques. In epidemiologic studies there is an association between higher plasma Lp-PLA2 activity and myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular mortality. In animal models, darapladib, a specific inhibitor of Lp-PLA2, decreases the size of the atheroma necrotic core and plaques with thin fibrous caps. Early clinical trials suggest darapladib effectively and safely inhibits Lp-PLA2 activity both in plasma and in carotid atheroma. Two large phase III clinical trials that are currently in progress will determine whether darapladib will reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death by stabilizing atherosclerotic ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4319242 Tue, 04 Jan 2011 17:55:10 +0100 4319242 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4302378&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Frmm7g7w021x66h81%2F This article summarizes the limited amount of literature that has been published in this area and highlights what we believe to be a missing key element that will guide our own future research in this area. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0154-zAuthors Michael Greenage, Virginia Tech School of Medicine Psychiatry Residency Program, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA USABurak Kulaksizoglu, Antalya Research and Training Hospital, Antalya, TurkeyMehmet Cilingiroglu, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL USARizwan Ali, Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem VA, Virginia Tech—Carilion, Blacksburg, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4302378 Thu, 30 Dec 2010 06:52:30 +0100 4302378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4300998&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq88868gpn7w30q02%2F Abstract  Exogenous cholesterol uptake involves a complex process in the intestines for the absorption of cholesterol and bile acids. This process is regulated by intestinal nuclear transcription factors such as LXR that affect sterol transporters NPC1L1, ABCG5/G8, and ABCG1, and enzymes such as ACAT-2. Plant sterol/stanols, ezetimibe, and bile acid sequestrants have a variety of effects on these various transporters, and new insights into their mechanism(s) of action have provided a plethora of exciting targets for metabolic diseases, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0151-2Authors Michael H. Davidson, Clinical Professor, Director of Preventive Cardiology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 515 No... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4300998 Tue, 28 Dec 2010 15:15:48 +0100 4300998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4289152&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F03043160762n1266%2F Abstract  There is a significant prevalence (20%–80% depending on the population and the study) of lipid disorders and other cardiovascular risk factors in people living with HIV infection. This review focuses on HIV and HIV treatment–associated metabolic and cardiovascular concerns, including dyslipidemias, lipodystrophy syndromes, endothelial dysfunctions, and associated metabolic events such as insulin resistance. Emerging hypotheses of the underlying pathophysiology of these issues, with impact on selection of specific antiretroviral treatment (ART) strategies, therapy, and preventive approaches to decreasing cardiovascular risk and other problems associated with these syndromes are discussed. Screening for cardiovascular risk as part of the decision of starting ant... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4289152 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 20:23:52 +0100 4289152 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4272832&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq8322023w35170v3%2F Abstract  The health burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to increase worldwide. A substantial portion of this burden is due to the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Recent failures of clinical trials of intensive glucose control to reduce macrovascular events, coupled with reports of potential harm of certain diabetic therapy, have led to increased scrutiny as new diabetic therapies are developed. Incretin peptides are a group of gastrointestinal proteins that regulate glucose metabolism through multiple mechanisms, and incretin-based therapies have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes. These agents include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors. In addition to effects on glucose homeostasis... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4272832 Fri, 17 Dec 2010 17:42:00 +0100 4272832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4203746&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F441h817j71487810%2F Abstract  The latest recommended goals for blood lipid levels may require multiple lipid drugs. Lower doses in combination may render more efficacy and safety than highest doses of single agents. Except for isolated hypoalphalipoproteinemia (a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), therapies will start with a statin. All marketed statins are acceptable. The choice may be based on dose- efficacy and patient’s tolerability. High-potency statins (eg, atorvastatin, simvastatin, or rosuvastatin) are often chosen. Currently, generic statins, such as simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin, offer cost benefits. The choice of added agent depends on the “residual lipoprotein abnormalities” after statin therapy, efficacy, compliance issues, and cost. ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4203746 Tue, 23 Nov 2010 18:17:00 +0100 4203746 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4203745&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F473w66026k46p413%2F Abstract  Angina pectoris resulting from myocardial ischemia afflicts half of all patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Chronic angina remains a major public health burden despite state-of-the-art therapies, and improvement in survival from myocardial infarction and CHD has only increased its prevalence. There is growing experimental and clinical evidence pointing to the anti-ischemic and anti-anginal properties of statins. Some data suggest that the degree of anti-ischemic efficacy of statins may be comparable to the current standard pharmacologic and mechanical strategies. The pleiotropic effects of statins are postulated to be primarily responsible for their anti-ischemic and anti-anginal properties. These include improvement of endothelial function, enhancement of... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4203745 Tue, 23 Nov 2010 18:17:00 +0100 4203745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4197832&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9432554386227064%2F Abstract  Statins reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality over a wide range of patients. The Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) in subjects with elevated C-reactive protein, without vascular disease and below average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed a 50% reduction in LDL-C with 20 mg/d of rosuvastatin and a reduction in cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 0.56 [95% CI, 0.46–0.69]; P < 0.00001), and a reduction in total mortality (20%;P < 0.02). Recent commentary has criticized perceived JUPITER design flaws and inappropriate influence. However, the Canadian 2009 guidelines cite JUPITER as class I evidence for statin benefit. Although the Cholest... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4197832 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 16:47:04 +0100 4197832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4197834&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp12816t40g763585%2F Abstract  Studies in vascular cells in culture and in laboratory animals revealed that statin discontinuation triggers a rebound deterioration of vascular function. Retrospective studies of patients admitted with an acute coronary syndrome revealed that stopping statins during the first days of admission was associated with worse outcomes. In a prospective, randomized controlled trial in patients with a hemispheric ischemic stroke, stopping statins for 3 days was associated with a 4.7-fold increase in the risk of death or dependency, greater neurological deterioration, and a larger infarct volume. Discontinuing statins during the post-operative period following major vascular surgery was associated with a higher incidence of myocardial ischemia, nonfatal myocardial inf... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4197834 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 13:22:33 +0100 4197834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4197833&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F063t12rl31k74277%2F Abstract  Various alterations of lipid homeostasis have a significant role in the pathophysiology of the artherosclerotic process. The effects of usual lipid-lowering agents such as statins, fibrates, or niacin are well known, but other endocrine therapeutic agents could also affect the blood levels of various lipoproteins and, in turn, influence atheroma formation. In this review, we attempt to summarize the effect of several hormonal and non-hormonal endocrine agents on lipid metabolism, including insulin, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, glucocorticoids, growth hormone, and several anti-diabetic agents. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0146-zAuthors Dan V. Mihailescu, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1819 W. Polk Street, M/C... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4197833 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 13:22:33 +0100 4197833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4187376&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy85t0427037j26p2%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0139-yAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4187376 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 20:58:24 +0100 4187376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4176153&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F563326j283292762%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0142-3Authors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4176153 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 18:07:46 +0100 4176153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4152730&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2307wu6657465528%2F Abstract  Red yeast rice is an ancient Chinese dietary staple and medication used by millions of patients as an alternative therapy for hypercholesterolemia. In recent years, the use of red yeast rice has grown exponentially due to increased public interest in complementary and alternative medications and the publication of several randomized, controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety in different populations. The most promising role for red yeast rice is as an alternative lipid-lowering therapy for patients who refuse to take statins because of philosophical reasons or patients who are unable to tolerate statin therapy due to statin-associated myalgias. However, there is limited government oversight of red yeast rice products, wide variability of active ingre... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4152730 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 19:19:56 +0100 4152730 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4144776&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnk015680k6730371%2F Abstract  High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has emerged as a biomarker of residual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in high-risk patients treated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapies inclusive of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. The evidence for increasing low levels of HDL-C is sparse, and the available data are confounded by metabolic interactions between elevated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL particle concentrations. Despite these limitations, there has been widespread interest in novel strategies that target HDL. One such path has been the development of recombinant HDL formulations that mimic the pre-beta fraction of native HDL, which is the main HDL subclass that mediates cholesterol efflu... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4144776 Sat, 06 Nov 2010 20:22:37 +0100 4144776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4141081&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd85251203rw06628%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0144-1Authors William B. Borden, Division of Cardiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1305 York Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4141081 Thu, 04 Nov 2010 17:51:30 +0100 4141081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4141082&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv13x5q74x6075035%2F Abstract  The role of statins in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, diabetes, or stroke, is well established. However, there are still some questions regarding the role of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dyslipidemia is a known cardiovascular risk factor in individuals without CKD. In these patients, however, the relation of dyslipidemia to cardiovascular risk is complex, and the underlying pathobiological mechanisms are complex. Statins have proven to be highly effective in patients with initial stages of CKD; however, their effects in patients with advanced-stage CKD have been neutral despite a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–lowering effect. In this review, we su... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4141082 Thu, 04 Nov 2010 17:51:29 +0100 4141082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4135385&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F365x245137w74682%2F Abstract  Much evidence supports a pivotal role for inflammation in atherosclerosis. C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypic marker of inflammation in humans, is a cardiovascular risk marker and may also promote atherogenesis. CRP levels are increased in metabolic syndrome and hypertension and confer increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients in these subgroups. Statins have been shown to lower low-density lipoproteins and CRP independently, and reduce cardiovascular events in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome and hypertension. In this review, we focus on the results from the primary prevention statin trial, Justification for the Use of statins in Primary prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER), which showed reductions in LDL... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4135385 Tue, 02 Nov 2010 17:34:40 +0100 4135385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3978040&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw645k5879226pw6k%2F Abstract  There is a continuing debate regarding the most effective strategy for treating stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Conflicting data have emerged from several small, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses regarding the benefits of early revascularization in SIHD. Two recent multicenter, randomized trials, the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial and the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes (BARI-2D) trial, compared two management strategies in SIHD—an initial conservative approach with optimal medical therapy (OMT) versus a strategy of early revascularization in combination with OMT. COURAGE randomized SIHD patients who were candidates for percutaneous coronary int... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3978040 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 16:58:53 +0100 3978040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3947881&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcn747568447483m3%2F We examined the evidence for cardiovascular effects of fish consumption, particularly effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids, methylmercury, and selenium. Compelling evidence indicates that modest fish consumption substantially reduces cardiovascular risk, in particular cardiac mortality, related at least partly to benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. In contrast, observational studies and (for selenium) clinical trials demonstrate mixed and inconclusive results for cardiovascular effects of methylmercury and selenium. Net health benefits of overall fish consumption in adults are clear. Quantitative risk-benefit analyses of cardiovascular effects of consuming specific fish species, based on joint contents of fatty acids, methylmercury, and selenium, cannot currently be performed until the... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3947881 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:33 +0100 3947881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3947883&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk37t3534x61v3156%2F Abstract  Characterizing which types of carbohydrates, including whole grains, reduce the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) is challenging. Whole grains are characterized as being high in resistant carbohydrates as compared with refined grains, meaning they typically are high in fiber, nutrients, and bound antioxidants. Whole grain intake consistently has been associated with improved cardiovascular disease outcomes, but also with healthy lifestyles, in large observational studies. Intervention studies that assess the effects of whole grains on biomarkers for CHD have mixed results. Due to the varying nutrient compositions of different whole grains, each could potentially affect CHD risk via different mechanisms. Whole grains high in viscous fiber (oats, barley) decrease... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3947883 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:32 +0100 3947883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3947882&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu91hkr7788423141%2F Abstract  Nuts are nutrient-dense foods with complex matrices rich in unsaturated fatty acids and other bioactive compounds, such as L-arginine, fiber, minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenols. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to beneficially impact heart health. Epidemiologic studies have associated nut consumption with a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease in both genders and diabetes in women. Limited evidence also suggests beneficial effects on hypertension and inflammation. Interventional studies consistently show that nut intake has a cholesterol-lowering effect and there is emerging evidence of beneficial effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular reactivity. Blood pressure, visceral adiposity, and glycemic contr... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3947882 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:32 +0100 3947882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3939359&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb687222161168074%2F Abstract  There is a large body of scientific evidence that has been confirmed in randomized controlled trials indicating a cardioprotective effect for omega-3 fatty acids from fish. For alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the omega-3 fatty acid from plants, the relation to cardiovascular health is less clear. We reviewed the recent literature on dietary ALA intake, ALA tissue concentrations, and cardiovascular health in humans. Short-term trials (6–12 weeks) in generally healthy participants mostly showed no or inconsistent effects of ALA intake (1.2–3.6 g/d) on blood lipids, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoproteins A-I and B. Studies of ALA in relation to inflammatory markers and glucose metabolism yielded conflicting results. W... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3939359 Fri, 03 Sep 2010 16:53:48 +0100 3939359 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3886581&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc1014qg508n61724%2F This article reviews the clinical and biochemical features of statin-induced myopathy, the inter-relationship between statins and the concentration of CoQ in plasma and tissues, and whether there is a role for supplementation with CoQ to attenuate statin-induced myopathy. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0134-3Authors Emilie Mas, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Medical Research Foundation Building Level 4, Rear 50, Murray Street, Perth, WA 6847, AustraliaTrevor A. Mori, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Medical Research Foundation Building Level 4, Rear 50, Murray Street, Perth, WA 6847, Australia Journal Current Atherosclerosis R... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3886581 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 16:48:55 +0100 3886581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3886582&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F43860w03347q2081%2F Abstract  Dietary interventions have been consistently proposed as a part of a comprehensive strategy to lower the incidence and severity of coronary heart disease (CHD), in the process providing long-term cardioprotection. Replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with higher intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been reported to be inversely associated with risk of CHD. The observed lower incidence of CHD among populations consuming a Mediterranean-type diet, mainly enriched in MUFA from olive oil, has long supported the belief that MUFA are an optimal substitution for SFA. However, both epidemiologic and interventional studies suggest that although substituting MUFA-rich foods for SFA-rich foods in the diet can ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3886582 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 16:48:52 +0100 3886582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3865955&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff711762755301456%2F Abstract  Despite the well-established observation that substitution of saturated fats for carbohydrates or unsaturated fats increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in humans and animal models, the relationship of saturated fat intake to risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in humans remains controversial. A critical question is what macronutrient should be used to replace saturated fat. Substituting polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat reduces LDL cholesterol and the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. However, replacement of saturated fat by carbohydrates, particularly refined carbohydrates and added sugars, increases levels of triglyceride and small LDL particles and reduces high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, effect... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3865955 Fri, 13 Aug 2010 17:43:51 +0100 3865955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3865956&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff1k6036471375267%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0129-0Authors William S. Harris, Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD and Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1100 E. 21st Street / Suite 700, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3865956 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 19:40:20 +0100 3865956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3818097&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0ml5027045n1k473%2F This article presents recent evidence from human studies documenting the lack of effect of DC on CHD risk, suggesting that guidelines for DC should be revisited. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0130-7Authors Maria Luz Fernandez, the University of Connecticut Department of Nutritional Sciences 3624 Horsebarn Road Extension Storrs CT 06269 USAMariana Calle, the University of Connecticut Department of Nutritional Sciences 3624 Horsebarn Road Extension Storrs CT 06269 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3818097 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 17:28:29 +0100 3818097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3785076&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn8w114q172x32n6t%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0127-2Authors David Seo, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1501 NW 10th Ave, 809 Biomedical Research Building Miami FL 33136 USAPascal Goldschmidt-Clermont, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1600 NW 10th Ave, Rosensteil Medical Science Building Miami FL 33136 USAOmaida Velazquez, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 3016 Holtz Center Miami FL 33136 USAGary Beecham, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1501 NW 10th Ave, 809 Biomedical Research Building Miami FL 33136 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3785076 Fri, 23 Jul 2010 12:09:55 +0100 3785076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3785077&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F65262w2j1720l477%2F Abstract  The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the Diabetes Chronic Complications Trial (DCCT) are two landmark trials that convincingly demonstrated that tight glycemic control has beneficial effects on microvascular end points. These studies also revealed a “legacy effect,” which is a sustained benefit with respect to cardiovascular disease outcomes seen long after the conclusion of the trial. We discuss possible molecular mechanisms that could play a role in causing the legacy effect. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0128-1Authors Patrick Murray, Scott and White/Texas A&M Health Sciences Center CardioMetabolic and Lipid Clinic Services Temple TX USAGary W. Chune, Scott and White/Texas A&M Health Sciences Center Division of ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3785077 Fri, 23 Jul 2010 12:09:54 +0100 3785077 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3773710&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff6r3138541733236%2F Abstract  Statin-associated muscle symptoms are a relatively common condition that may affect 10% to 15% of statin users. Statin myopathy includes a wide spectrum of clinical conditions, ranging from mild myalgia to rhabdomyolysis. The etiology of myopathy is multifactorial. Recent studies suggest that statins may cause myopathy by depleting isoprenoids and interfering with intracellular calcium signaling. Certain patient and drug characteristics increase risk for statin myopathy, including higher statin doses, statin cytochrome metabolism, and polypharmacy. Genetic risk factors have been identified, including a single nucleotide polymorphism of SLCO1B1. Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin D have been used to prevent and treat statin myopathy; however, clinical trial evidence demonstra... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3773710 Wed, 14 Jul 2010 23:29:00 +0100 3773710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3773711&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn334r03723441942%2F Abstract  Technological advances have enhanced our ability to visualize the entire extent of atherosclerosis within the artery wall. Intravascular ultrasound has enabled characterization of the impact of medical therapies on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Despite use of established anti-atherosclerotic therapy, cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is an ongoing need to develop new therapeutic strategies to achieve more effective reduction in cardiovascular risk. Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol continues to receive attention as a therapeutic strategy. The relationship between high-density lipoprotein and progression of atherosclerosis and its implications for clinical practice are reviewed here. ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3773711 Wed, 14 Jul 2010 23:28:58 +0100 3773711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3747830&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F108127t177383187%2F Abstract  Mixed dyslipidemia is a complex clinical entity that contributes significantly to the increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is associated with reduced serum lipoprotein lipase activity, increased serum levels of very low-density lipoproteins and triglyceride, low serum high-density lipoproteins, and increased concentrations of small, dense low-density lipoproteins. Combinations of medications are frequently required in order to achieve guideline-specified goals for the various lipid fractions of diabetic patients. The fibric acid derivatives (fibrates) are effective agents for raising serum levels of high-density lipoproteins and decreasing levels of triglycerides. A... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3747830 Sun, 11 Jul 2010 12:18:20 +0100 3747830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3747831&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8k002704m3w64405%2F Abstract  Pro-protein-convertase-subtilisin-kexin-9 (PCSK9) enhances the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) that plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis. Recent advances have revealed a large number of genetic variants of PCSK9 that may modulate plasma cholesterol levels either positively or negatively, therefore influencing the risk of atherosclerosis. Recognition of these mutants may have clinical implication in assessing severity of disease, prognosis, or response to drug therapy. PCSK9’s expression, secretion, and plasma levels maybe modulated by the proprotein convertase furin, by natural inhibitors (annexin-A2), or influenced by lipid-altering agents such as statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, and berberine. It is now a prime target for thera... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3747831 Sun, 11 Jul 2010 12:18:19 +0100 3747831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3747832&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk4p28446p747v541%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0124-5Authors Peter P. Toth, Sterling Rock Falls Clinic Sterling IL 61081 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3747832 Sat, 10 Jul 2010 06:52:23 +0100 3747832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3741610&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe6873630231g17m1%2F Abstract  Particulate matter (PM) air pollution less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), which is now an all-pervading element of modern-day society, is associated with heightened cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Not only can short-term PM2.5 exposure trigger acute cardiovascular events, but longer-term exposure over years augments cardiovascular risk to an even greater extent. One biological mechanism capable of explaining this observation is that chronic exposure may promote the progression and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the presence or extent of atherosclerosis in humans. Several animal experiments have provided corroborating evidence that chro... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3741610 Thu, 08 Jul 2010 16:22:06 +0100 3741610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3734785&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr4g77k731v6h4rq2%2F Abstract  Stroke is a common and disabling condition. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administered within 3 h of symptom onset is the standard therapy for eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, because of the time limitation, very few patients with ischemic stroke actually receive this treatment. In order to increase the number of patients who may benefit from acute treatment, recent research has focused on expanding the time window for thrombolysis and improving its efficacy to ultimately improve patient outcome. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0121-8Authors Lucas Elijovich, St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center 1000 10th Avenue New York NY 10019 USAJi Y. Chong, St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center 1111 A... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3734785 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 17:07:05 +0100 3734785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3715542&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0pq00hg716348t53%2F Abstract  Despite the publication of two randomized controlled trials of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest showing a clear benefit in neurologic outcome and mortality nearly a decade ago, the use of therapeutic hypothermia after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation remains low. This lag in converting clinical research into practice is likely due in part to a lack of familiarity with a relatively new technology and the need for many providers in the chain of care to understand and feel comfortable with its application, from doctors and nurses in the emergency room, to those in the catheterization laboratory, and ultimately to the staff of the intensive care unit. This review summarizes the physiologic consequences of hypothermia as well as the current literatu... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3715542 Tue, 29 Jun 2010 16:34:43 +0100 3715542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3626906&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr4286770738830l0%2F Abstract  The effective optimization of the modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis is the cornerstone preventive cardiology. Risk factor clustering has been demonstrated to occur in a higher prevalence than would be expected by chance alone. The common cardiovascular risk factors frequently share metabolic pathways. Inflammation and oxidative stress are demonstrable in the major cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension and dyslipidemia frequently co-exist in an individual. The advent of statin therapy has allowed optimization of the lipid profile and achievement of therapeutic goals advocated by the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Statin therapy has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide variety of nonlipid or pleio... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3626906 Sat, 29 May 2010 16:56:20 +0100 3626906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3611042&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F55816174qm617547%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0087-6Authors John A. Farmer, Baylor College of Medicine Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine One Baylor Plaza, Room 525D Houston TX 77030 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3611042 Thu, 27 May 2010 11:03:07 +0100 3611042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3611041&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5x63p1845g011601%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0088-5Authors John A. Farmer, Baylor College of Medicine Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine One Baylor Plaza, Room 525D Houston TX 77030 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3611041 Thu, 27 May 2010 11:03:07 +0100 3611041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3611040&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm2634k71627018j0%2F Abstract  High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is well established as a negative risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic, pathologic, and experimental studies have demonstrated a role for HDL in protection from coronary artery disease. HDL has been demonstrated to reduce the risk from atherosclerosis by multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. Low-density lipoprotein is a metabolic end product that can be recognized and cleared by specific hepatic receptors with excretion into the bile. However, low-density lipoprotein may also be scavenged in the periphery by the monocyte-macrophage system, with subsequent generation of lipid-laden foam cells. HDL may reduce the atherosclerotic burden by multiple potential mechanisms. HDL can interact with the foam cell to... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3611040 Thu, 27 May 2010 11:03:07 +0100 3611040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3600755&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff71441011164046m%2F Abstract  Stroke is one of the leading causes of death. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for stroke. The United States Preventive Service Task Force defines lipid screening guidelines. Treatment options of hyperlipidemia include lifestyle modifications and medical management. Statins have been shown to decrease lipids and exert a pleiotropic effect on intracranial vasculature and inflammatory modulators, leading to neuroprotection. Lower low-density lipoprotein and higher high-density lipoprotein levels are associated with decreased risk of stroke. Despite screening guidelines and evidence of the efficacy of statins, there are numerous barriers to maintaining adequate control of lipids. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0117-4Authors Ariane Lewis... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3600755 Fri, 21 May 2010 21:17:25 +0100 3600755 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3587053&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F85m5155623540m61%2F Abstract  Stroke, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population, varies in incidence in men and women of different age groups: more boys than girls have strokes; the incidence of stroke is greater in men in their 60s and 70s; and stroke is more common in women after age 80 years. These differences are attributed to hormonal (sex-related) changes and variable risk factors in women, as well as lifestyle and environmental (gender-related) co-morbid conditions. A woman, who is more likely to have a stroke in her lifetime than a myocardial infarction, has a different response to primary and secondary prevention as compared with a man. Although response to thrombolysis is similar, older age and more severe strokes in women lead to poorer outcomes in fema... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3587053 Thu, 20 May 2010 14:03:08 +0100 3587053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3570797&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa8155x7gt4271227%2F Abstract  Although many underlying diseases have been reported in the setting of childhood arterial ischemic stroke, emerging research demonstrates that non-atherosclerotic intracerebral arteriopathies in otherwise healthy children are prevalent. Minor infections may play a role in arteriopathies that have no other apparent underlying cause. Although stroke in childhood differs in many aspects from adult stroke, few systematic studies specific to pediatrics are available to inform stroke management. Treatment trials of pediatric stroke are required to determine the best strategies for acute treatment and secondary stroke prevention. The high cost of pediatric stroke to children, families, and society demands further study of its risk factors, management, and outcomes. This ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3570797 Sat, 15 May 2010 08:16:42 +0100 3570797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3564889&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg530h813133pn332%2F Abstract  Metabolites reflect the dynamic processes underlying cellular homeostasis. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and molecular biology have set the stage for metabolite profiling to help us understand complex molecular processes and physiology. Metabolomics is the comparative analysis of metabolite flux and how it relates to biological phenotypes. As an intermediate phenotype, metabolite signatures capture a unique aspect of cellular dynamics that is not typically interrogated, providing a distinct perspective on cellular homeostasis. To date, there have been only a few metabolomics studies investigating cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we explore the principles of metabolomics and how it can provide further insight into the mechanisms of cardiovascular ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3564889 Thu, 13 May 2010 08:58:55 +0100 3564889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3561397&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj7t71lq352905543%2F Abstract  Since initial reports of its association with ischemic stroke appeared in 1988, there has been continued controversy regarding the existence and strength of the association between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and ischemic stroke. Many case-control studies have reported an association between incident cryptogenic ischemic stroke and PFO, yet population-based studies have failed to confirm this association. Studies of the risk of recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke with or without PFO have not shown an increased risk of recurrent stroke in patients with PFO. Meanwhile, use of devices to close PFOs and atrial septal defects percutaneously has increased dramatically since their introduction. Completion of the randomized clinical trials of PFO closure c... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3561397 Wed, 12 May 2010 07:04:14 +0100 3561397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3561396&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft762n252m697305t%2F This article summarizes findings from recent clinical trials and presents evidence-based guidelines for endovascular interventions in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0115-6Authors Geoffrey Appelboom, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Interventional Neuroradiology, Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery New York NY USADorothea Strozyk, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Interventional Neuroradiology, Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery New York NY USAPhilip M. Meyers, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Interventional Neuroradiology, Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery New York NY USARandall T. Higashida, University of California... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3561396 Wed, 12 May 2010 07:04:14 +0100 3561396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3553631&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F67682866g0557xv7%2F Abstract  With the advent of new therapeutic options for acute ischemic stroke, expeditious evaluation of patients with suspected stroke has become imperative. Goals of the initial evaluation are to determine the time of symptom onset, severity of the neurologic deficit, and to exclude intracranial hemorrhage and other mimics of acute ischemic stroke. CT and MRI perfusion studies may demonstrate the presence of an ischemic penumbra and aid in identification of patients who may benefit from thrombolysis. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rtPA) remains the gold standard for acute ischemic stroke treatment, and the therapeutic time window recently has been extended to 4.5 h in certain patients. Catheter-based intra-arterial thrombolysis is being use... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3553631 Sat, 08 May 2010 10:03:30 +0100 3553631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3543837&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj2332v5033u7717t%2F Abstract  Aortic aneurysms occur in the thoracic and abdominal sections of the aorta and are a deadly late-age-at-onset disease with complex pathobiology. Currently, the number of published genome-wide analyses including microarray-based expression profiling, DNA linkage studies, and genetic association studies is still limited and it is difficult to make generalizations about the disease pathogenesis or genetic risk factors contributing to aortic aneurysms, but it appears that thoracic aortic aneurysms differ in many ways from abdominal aortic aneurysms. Characterization of diseases at the molecular level is likely to lead to more accurate diagnoses and the use of “genomic nosology” of disease. The biggest future challenge will be to translate the genomic information t... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3543837 Thu, 06 May 2010 08:03:47 +0100 3543837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516562&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8tv441167j157238%2F Abstract  Lipids, abundant constituents of both the vascular plaque and lipoproteins, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of lipids, called lipidomics, presents a number of opportunities not only for understanding the cellular processes in health and disease but also in enabling personalized medicine. Lipidomics in its most advanced form is able to quantify hundreds of different molecular lipid species with various structural and functional roles. Unraveling this complexity will improve our understanding of diseases such as atherosclerosis at a level of detail not attainable with classical analytical methods. Improved patient selection, biomarkers for gauging treatment efficacy and safety, and translational models will be facilitated by ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516562 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 08:31:09 +0100 3516562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3469173&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb3j04r9138h372ql%2F Abstract  Like many eicosanoids, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have multiple biological functions, including reduction of blood pressure, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in multiple species. Hydration of EETs by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is the major route of their degradation to the less bioactive diols. Inhibition of the sEH stabilizes EETs, thus, enhancing the beneficial effects of EETs. Human data show an association of sEH (Ephx2) gene polymorphisms with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. These data suggest a potential therapeutic effect of sEH inhibitors (sEHI) in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Indeed, two laboratories reported independently that using different sEHIs in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice significantly atten... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3469173 Mon, 12 Apr 2010 17:59:07 +0100 3469173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3469174&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb04j1l68v63q77jn%2F This article covers in detail the evolving concepts in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0107-6Authors C. Venkata S. Ram, Dallas Nephrology Associates Texas Blood Pressure Institute 1420 Viceroy Drive Dallas TX 75235 USAThomas D. Giles, Tulane University Medical School Heart and Vascular Institute New Orleans LA USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3469174 Sun, 11 Apr 2010 05:51:58 +0100 3469174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3450717&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh455770v76044016%2F Abstract  Although technologies for lipidomic and proteomic investigations have developed very recently, lipidomic and proteomic studies of plasma lipoproteins have already provided several impressive examples of detailed characterization of distinct metabolic pathways potentially involved in lipoprotein metabolism in both health and disease states (obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease) as well as under lifestyle and dietary modification (fish consumption, carbohydrates, probiotics) and lipid-modifying treatments (statins, low-density lipoprotein apheresis). Available lipidomic methodologies have facilitated detailed characterization of lipid classes and molecular species present in plasma as well as in lipoprotein fractions. Together with emerging proteomic tec... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3450717 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:23:58 +0100 3450717 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3469175&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq4877r8l62g44450%2F Abstract  Smoking (tobacco addiction) is the most significant of the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Mistakenly described as a “habit” or “behavioral choice,” the onset of tobacco addiction quickly follows the acquisition of an ability to inhale cigarette smoke and is reflected in a transformation of neurophysiologic function and nicotine-receptor density. Thereafter, comfort and a degree of neurophysiologic “equanimity” require the regular administration of nicotine. Smokers inhale thousands of other chemicals, many of which play critical roles in the initiation and accentuation of atherosclerosis by influencing vasomotor activity, vascular dysfunction, oxidation of lipids, atheroma development, and thrombosis. Smoking cessation is a priority in the man... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3469175 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:23:54 +0100 3469175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3450718&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw068u2462p73114l%2F Abstract  Thrombosis in the arterial or venous vascular systems is preceded by a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors, and it is the underlying cause of several common complex diseases. The genome-wide association approach has proved successful in identifying loci associated with cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. However, much work remains to define the culprit genes and causal variants as well as the mechanisms whereby they influence disease development and progression. In-depth studies of previously identified disease-associated loci are expected to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and identify novel targets for treatment. Here, we review the advances made in the past year in the field of athe... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3450718 Mon, 05 Apr 2010 21:36:27 +0100 3450718 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3430519&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2641137742811841%2F Abstract  The renin angiotensin system (RAS) has profound effects on atherosclerosis development in animal models, which is partially complimented by evidence in the human disease. Although angiotensin II was considered to be the principal effector of the RAS, a broader array of bioactive angiotensin peptides have been identified that have increased the scope of enzymes and receptors in the RAS. Genetic interruption of the synthesis of these peptides has not been extensively performed in experimental or human studies. A few studies demonstrate that interruption of a component of the angiotensin peptide synthesis pathway reduces experimental lesion formation. The evidence in human studies has not been consistent. Conversely, genetic manipulation of the RAS receptors has demo... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3430519 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 05:56:49 +0100 3430519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3405366&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0m21j06257nk4u22%2F Abstract  A developing forefront in vascular disease research is the application of nanotechnology, the engineering of devices at the molecular scale, for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in atherosclerosis. Promising research in this field over the past decade has resulted in the preclinical validation of nanoscale devices that target cellular and molecular components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including one of its prominent cell types, the macrophage. Nanoscale contrast agents targeting constituents of plaque biology have been adapted for application in multiple imaging modalities, leading toward more detailed diagnostic readouts, whereas nanoscale drug delivery devices can be tailored for site-specific therapeutic activity. This review highlights recent progre... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3405366 Wed, 24 Mar 2010 17:59:57 +0100 3405366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3405367&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F787624448r108374%2F This article reviews genomic investigations of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arteries. In this review, we have tried to restrict the discussion to studies of premature atherosclerosis, particularly those using non-biased genomic techniques. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0104-9Authors David Seo, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1501 NW 10th Ave, 809 Biomedical Research Building Miami FL 33136 USAPascal Goldschidt-Clermont, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1600 NW 10th Ave, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building Miami FL 33136 USAOmaida Velazquez, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 3016 Holtz Center Miami FL 33136 USAGary Beecham, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3405367 Wed, 24 Mar 2010 17:59:55 +0100 3405367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3396462&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F684g863688515102%2F Abstract  Atherothrombosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. The underlying processes associated with clinical expression of atherothrombosis include oxidative stress and proteolysis in relation to neovascularisation and intraplaque hemorrhages, leading to immuno-inflammatory response, cell death, and extracellular matrix breakdown. The complex biological multifactorial nature of atherothrombosis requires the development of novel technologies that allow the analysis of cellular and molecular processes responsible for the transition to disease phenotypes and the discovery of new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In the present article, we have reviewed recent advances in the application of proteomic and metabolomic techniques to the s... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3396462 Mon, 22 Mar 2010 17:51:18 +0100 3396462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3396463&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr340506060614672%2F Abstract  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized societies [10]. Efforts to reduce cardiovascular events in “high-risk” individuals or recurrent events in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease emphasize broad-based implementation of guideline-directed therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. Despite successful implementation of these evidence-based strategies, many individuals are not properly identified before their first event or they continue to experience cardiovascular events despite “optimal” levels of biomarkers. The application of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics provides opportunities to improve our understanding of the complex process of atherosc... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3396463 Mon, 22 Mar 2010 05:34:11 +0100 3396463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3371413&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F50t3293q13r87853%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0099-2Authors Ali J. Marian, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital 6770 Bertner Street, DAC 900 Houston TX 77030 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3371413 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 18:00:08 +0100 3371413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3360430&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fml7552p72k32009r%2F Abstract  Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased propensity for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Low-grade inflammation is characteristic of metabolic syndrome. C-reactive protein, the best characterized biomarker of inflammation, is also an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events. This review outlines the role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome by inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and activating monocytes. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0098-3Authors Sridevi Devaraj, University of California Davis Medical Center Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research 4635 2nd Avenue, Research 1 Building, Room 3000 Sacramento CA 95817 USASimona Va... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3360430 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 18:32:20 +0100 3360430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3328432&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb208q18753674258%2F Abstract  Inflammation lies at the base of endothelial dysfunction, eventually leading to plaque formation. The degree of inflammation defines the “vulnerability” of plaque to rupture. Numerous strategies have been adopted to identify and eventually treat high-risk vulnerable plaque. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) has emerged as one such candidate marker of inflammation that may play a direct role in the formation of rupture-prone plaque. Epidemiologic studies have clearly demonstrated the prognostic ability of increased Lp-PLA2 levels and their association with increased risk of future coronary and cerebrovascular events. Moreover, Lp-PLA2 might have similar predictive power for both incident coronary heart disease in initially healthy individuals as we... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3328432 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:07:53 +0100 3328432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3328433&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa3047820857541v7%2F Abstract  Recent studies have failed to show an improvement in cardiovascular mortality with intensive glycemic control and aggressive glycated hemoglobin (A1c) targets less than 7.0%. Excessive hypoglycemic episodes with intensive glucose-lowering therapy are thought to be a major factor in the failure to show cardiovascular benefit in these trials. In this article, we review the physiology of glucose metabolism, the cardiovascular pathophysiology of hypoglycemia, and the trials with an intensive glucose-lowering strategy that have studied microvascular and macrovascular complications. We also review the current non-insulin drugs available for the treatment of diabetes and their potential hypoglycemic and cardiovascular impacts. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3328433 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:07:52 +0100 3328433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303855&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr733v13208234018%2F Abstract  Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are significant contributors to the burden of disease in both developed and developing countries. Although depression seems to be a marker of increased risk after the diagnosis of CHD, it is currently unclear whether depression can be considered as an independent risk factor and whether its treatment lowers the risk. We review the data from prominent trials and recent analyses in regard to the association of depression with CHD. We also review some of the mechanisms that might contribute to this association. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0096-5Authors Faisal Mahmood Khan, University of Cincinnati Medical Center Division of Cardiovascular Diseases 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267 USABurak... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303855 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:07:53 +0100 3303855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303856&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh4k5100178227211%2F Abstract  Larger waist circumference or waist-hip ratio, as crude indicators of visceral fat mass, are associated with adverse metabolic profile, but their role in predicting future coronary heart disease (CHD) events has been less investigated. Recent epidemiologic findings suggest that these simple and inexpensive measures of abdominal fat distribution predict CHD independently of body mass index, and, to a certain extent, cardiovascular disease risk factors. The magnitude and shape of the association between abdominal adiposity and CHD have been shown to vary with age, gender, and ethnicity. Studies have also suggested that lower body fat is associated with reduced CHD risk, although the clinical relevance for this finding needs further elucidation. Assessing body fat di... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303856 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:07:50 +0100 3303856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303857&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F968864211n1m8184%2F Abstract  The incidence of HIV is on the rise. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, the average life expectancy of HIV patients has increased by several decades, but the increasing life expectancy has shifted the spectrum of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality away from opportunistic infections and toward chronic medical conditions. In fact, coronary artery disease has become the leading cause of mortality in patients with HIV. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV is very complex, including direct endothelial damage from viremia, a heightened overall state of inflammation from immune activation, higher prevalence and contribution from traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, and direct effects from antiretroviral therapy itself. This review ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303857 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:07:46 +0100 3303857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3295653&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm634285252u8164g%2F Abstract  Lowering blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk of major cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Current consensus targets for BP reduction are less than 140/90 mm Hg in uncomplicated hypertension and less than 130/80 mm Hg in those patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease or in those who are at high risk for developing coronary artery disease (defined as a Framingham risk score of ≥ 10%). There is solid epidemiologic evidence for lower BP targets, supported by some clinical studies with surrogate end points. On the other hand, there are meager data from clinical trials using hard end points, and there is a concern that overly aggressive BP lowering, especially of diastolic BP, may impair coronary perfusion, pa... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3295653 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:57:38 +0100 3295653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3295654&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv1760514303668tn%2F Abstract  Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptides resemble the physiochemical properties of the helices of apoA-I and show promise for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and other chronic inflammatory disorders. These peptides have numerous properties, such as the ability to remodel high-density lipoprotein, sequester oxidized lipids, promote cholesterol efflux, and activate an anti-inflammatory process in macrophages, any or all of which may contribute to their antiatherogenic properties. In murine models, the 4F peptide attenuates early atherosclerosis but seems to require the addition of statins to influence more mature lesions. A recently developed method for the oral delivery of the peptides that protects them from proteolysis will facilitate furth... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3295654 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:57:37 +0100 3295654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3256061&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8478784j31r1u513%2F Abstract  Coronary atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, accounting for close to 1 million deaths annually in the United States alone. The evaluation of coronary disease by CT-derived calcium scores is a rapidly evolving field of medical imaging. Furthermore, until recently, whether or not regression or progression of coronary disease could accurately be assessed by coronary calcium scores had been a question of considerable debate among experts in this field. If the medical treatment of coronary artery disease by statin pharmacotherapy could be accurately assessed by coronary calcium scoring, this would take much of the current guess work out of statin pharmacotherapy. Initial retrospective studies and observational data suggested ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3256061 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 18:14:19 +0100 3256061 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190654&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffq722501664l0562%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0083-xAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island Vallejo CA 94592 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190654 Mon, 18 Jan 2010 18:25:19 +0100 3190654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3168698&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh30885556752p828%2F Abstract  Current guidelines recommend statins as first-line therapy for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and preventing cardiovascular events. Patients taking statins frequently experience adverse effects during therapy. The first step is to determine whether the adverse effects are indeed related to statin therapy by statin dechallenge and rechallenge. Strategies for managing statin intolerance include changing statins, intermittent dosing, intensification of lifestyle modifications, and using other LDL-C-lowering agents such as ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants, and LDL apheresis in suitable patients. More controversial approaches include red yeast rice, coenzyme Q10, and vitamin D supplementation. New therapies for LDL-C lowering are in development. ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3168698 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 18:22:53 +0100 3168698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3165080&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6558j895441l4711%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0082-yAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island Vallejo CA 94592 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3165080 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 21:42:10 +0100 3165080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3165081&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F50k045078k935g24%2F Abstract  Considerable evidence has demonstrated that use of statins has a beneficial impact on both progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Accordingly, statins have been increasingly used in preventive strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk. More recent reports have demonstrated an incremental benefit with use of higher doses of statins and when used early in the setting of acute ischemic syndromes. Although lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is likely to underscore the majority of the clinical benefit, emerging evidence suggests that additional properties may also be important. In particular, a number of reports have demonstrated that modest elevations in levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are likely to contribute to th... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3165081 Thu, 07 Jan 2010 22:26:18 +0100 3165081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154382&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F50721p5m8gq45632%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0084-9Authors William B. Borden, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Division of Cardiology 1305 York Avenue, 8th Floor New York NY 10021 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154382 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 17:02:56 +0100 3154382