MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current Atherosclerosis Reports' source. Mon, 15 Mar 2010 13:59:58 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3360430&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fml7552p72k32009r%2F Abstract  Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased propensity for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Low-grade inflammation is characteristic of metabolic syndrome. C-reactive protein, the best characterized biomarker of inflammation, is also an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events. This review outlines the role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome by inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and activating monocytes. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0098-3Authors Sridevi Devaraj, University of California Davis Medical Center Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research 4635 2nd Avenue, Research 1 Building, Room 3000 Sacramento CA 95817 USASimona Va... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3360430 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 18:32:20 +0100 3360430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3328432&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb208q18753674258%2F Abstract  Inflammation lies at the base of endothelial dysfunction, eventually leading to plaque formation. The degree of inflammation defines the “vulnerability” of plaque to rupture. Numerous strategies have been adopted to identify and eventually treat high-risk vulnerable plaque. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) has emerged as one such candidate marker of inflammation that may play a direct role in the formation of rupture-prone plaque. Epidemiologic studies have clearly demonstrated the prognostic ability of increased Lp-PLA2 levels and their association with increased risk of future coronary and cerebrovascular events. Moreover, Lp-PLA2 might have similar predictive power for both incident coronary heart disease in initially healthy individuals as we... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3328432 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:07:53 +0100 3328432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3328433&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa3047820857541v7%2F Abstract  Recent studies have failed to show an improvement in cardiovascular mortality with intensive glycemic control and aggressive glycated hemoglobin (A1c) targets less than 7.0%. Excessive hypoglycemic episodes with intensive glucose-lowering therapy are thought to be a major factor in the failure to show cardiovascular benefit in these trials. In this article, we review the physiology of glucose metabolism, the cardiovascular pathophysiology of hypoglycemia, and the trials with an intensive glucose-lowering strategy that have studied microvascular and macrovascular complications. We also review the current non-insulin drugs available for the treatment of diabetes and their potential hypoglycemic and cardiovascular impacts. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3328433 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:07:52 +0100 3328433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303855&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr733v13208234018%2F Abstract  Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are significant contributors to the burden of disease in both developed and developing countries. Although depression seems to be a marker of increased risk after the diagnosis of CHD, it is currently unclear whether depression can be considered as an independent risk factor and whether its treatment lowers the risk. We review the data from prominent trials and recent analyses in regard to the association of depression with CHD. We also review some of the mechanisms that might contribute to this association. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-010-0096-5Authors Faisal Mahmood Khan, University of Cincinnati Medical Center Division of Cardiovascular Diseases 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267 USABurak... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303855 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:07:53 +0100 3303855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303856&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh4k5100178227211%2F Abstract  Larger waist circumference or waist-hip ratio, as crude indicators of visceral fat mass, are associated with adverse metabolic profile, but their role in predicting future coronary heart disease (CHD) events has been less investigated. Recent epidemiologic findings suggest that these simple and inexpensive measures of abdominal fat distribution predict CHD independently of body mass index, and, to a certain extent, cardiovascular disease risk factors. The magnitude and shape of the association between abdominal adiposity and CHD have been shown to vary with age, gender, and ethnicity. Studies have also suggested that lower body fat is associated with reduced CHD risk, although the clinical relevance for this finding needs further elucidation. Assessing body fat di... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303856 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:07:50 +0100 3303856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303857&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F968864211n1m8184%2F Abstract  The incidence of HIV is on the rise. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, the average life expectancy of HIV patients has increased by several decades, but the increasing life expectancy has shifted the spectrum of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality away from opportunistic infections and toward chronic medical conditions. In fact, coronary artery disease has become the leading cause of mortality in patients with HIV. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV is very complex, including direct endothelial damage from viremia, a heightened overall state of inflammation from immune activation, higher prevalence and contribution from traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, and direct effects from antiretroviral therapy itself. This review ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303857 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:07:46 +0100 3303857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3295653&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm634285252u8164g%2F Abstract  Lowering blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk of major cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Current consensus targets for BP reduction are less than 140/90 mm Hg in uncomplicated hypertension and less than 130/80 mm Hg in those patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease or in those who are at high risk for developing coronary artery disease (defined as a Framingham risk score of ≥ 10%). There is solid epidemiologic evidence for lower BP targets, supported by some clinical studies with surrogate end points. On the other hand, there are meager data from clinical trials using hard end points, and there is a concern that overly aggressive BP lowering, especially of diastolic BP, may impair coronary perfusion, pa... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3295653 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:57:38 +0100 3295653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3295654&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv1760514303668tn%2F Abstract  Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptides resemble the physiochemical properties of the helices of apoA-I and show promise for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and other chronic inflammatory disorders. These peptides have numerous properties, such as the ability to remodel high-density lipoprotein, sequester oxidized lipids, promote cholesterol efflux, and activate an anti-inflammatory process in macrophages, any or all of which may contribute to their antiatherogenic properties. In murine models, the 4F peptide attenuates early atherosclerosis but seems to require the addition of statins to influence more mature lesions. A recently developed method for the oral delivery of the peptides that protects them from proteolysis will facilitate furth... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3295654 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:57:37 +0100 3295654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3256061&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8478784j31r1u513%2F Abstract  Coronary atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, accounting for close to 1 million deaths annually in the United States alone. The evaluation of coronary disease by CT-derived calcium scores is a rapidly evolving field of medical imaging. Furthermore, until recently, whether or not regression or progression of coronary disease could accurately be assessed by coronary calcium scores had been a question of considerable debate among experts in this field. If the medical treatment of coronary artery disease by statin pharmacotherapy could be accurately assessed by coronary calcium scoring, this would take much of the current guess work out of statin pharmacotherapy. Initial retrospective studies and observational data suggested ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3256061 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 18:14:19 +0100 3256061 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3190654&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffq722501664l0562%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0083-xAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island Vallejo CA 94592 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3190654 Mon, 18 Jan 2010 18:25:19 +0100 3190654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3168698&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh30885556752p828%2F Abstract  Current guidelines recommend statins as first-line therapy for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and preventing cardiovascular events. Patients taking statins frequently experience adverse effects during therapy. The first step is to determine whether the adverse effects are indeed related to statin therapy by statin dechallenge and rechallenge. Strategies for managing statin intolerance include changing statins, intermittent dosing, intensification of lifestyle modifications, and using other LDL-C-lowering agents such as ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants, and LDL apheresis in suitable patients. More controversial approaches include red yeast rice, coenzyme Q10, and vitamin D supplementation. New therapies for LDL-C lowering are in development. ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3168698 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 18:22:53 +0100 3168698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3165080&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6558j895441l4711%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0082-yAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island Vallejo CA 94592 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3165080 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 21:42:10 +0100 3165080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3165081&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F50k045078k935g24%2F Abstract  Considerable evidence has demonstrated that use of statins has a beneficial impact on both progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Accordingly, statins have been increasingly used in preventive strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk. More recent reports have demonstrated an incremental benefit with use of higher doses of statins and when used early in the setting of acute ischemic syndromes. Although lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is likely to underscore the majority of the clinical benefit, emerging evidence suggests that additional properties may also be important. In particular, a number of reports have demonstrated that modest elevations in levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are likely to contribute to th... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3165081 Thu, 07 Jan 2010 22:26:18 +0100 3165081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154382&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F50721p5m8gq45632%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0084-9Authors William B. Borden, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Division of Cardiology 1305 York Avenue, 8th Floor New York NY 10021 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154382 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 17:02:56 +0100 3154382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154383&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc327236649833t18%2F Abstract  Inflammation plays an important role in atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability. Inflammatory-type markers have been evaluated for their association with atherosclerotic vascular disease and their ability to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a vascular-specific inflammatory enzyme that increases the risk of CVD events and stroke approximately twofold. A consensus panel recently recommended the measurement of Lp-PLA2 in moderate-risk and high-risk patients for improved risk stratification and modification of low-density lipoprotein target levels. Lipid-lowering agents, particularly statins, lower Lp-PLA2 mass and activity; therefore, Lp-PLA2 may represent an important target of lipid-lowering... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154383 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 17:02:55 +0100 3154383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154384&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx81581637w575054%2F Abstract  Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations. Inflammation plays an increasingly important role in the cardiovascular disease process. Recent statin trials have demonstrated a correlation between the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cardiovascular risk. This review describes the results of changes in hsCRP in the major statin outcome trials and the concept of a “dual target” for both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hsCRP. The effect on hsCRP of combination statin therapy with ezetimibe, fenofibric acid, niacin, and colesevelam is reviewed. Although some statin combination therapies have additional effects on CRP and other atherogenic lipids, evidence for their eff... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154384 Mon, 04 Jan 2010 18:02:14 +0100 3154384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154385&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn04735123811625g%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0081-zAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island Vallejo CA 94592 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154385 Mon, 04 Jan 2010 18:02:13 +0100 3154385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154387&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fdk08463h12122011%2F Abstract  Despite a robust inverse association between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, the development of new therapies based on pharmacologic enhancement of HDL metabolism has proven challenging. Emerging evidence suggests that static measurement of HDL levels has inherent limitations as a surrogate for overall HDL functionality, particularly with regard to the rate of flux through the macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway. Recent research has provided important insight into the molecular underpinnings of RCT, the process by which excess cellular cholesterol is effluxed from peripheral tissues and returned to the liver for ultimate intestinal excretion. This review discusses the critical importa... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154387 Mon, 04 Jan 2010 18:02:08 +0100 3154387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154386&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd50302867x202477%2F Abstract  Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in youth is predicated on the knowledge that we can identify those youth with this atherosclerotic risk factor most likely to develop premature cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Before we can adequately address appropriate lipid-lowering therapies in this special population, we must address and resolve current barriers related to screening and diagnosis. In this article, we describe some of the opportunities and obstacles that clinicians and policy makers confront when applying the current pediatric guidelines focused on screening and treating hypercholesterolemia in the pediatric population. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0072-0Authors Catherine J. McNeal, Scott & White Departmen... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154386 Mon, 04 Jan 2010 18:02:08 +0100 3154386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3122771&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F457414498r12hk5w%2F Abstract  As new studies demonstrate that lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduce cardiovascular disease, and as goals for LDL-C in high-risk individuals are reduced further and further, reaching those goals becomes more difficult for a significant percentage of the population. New therapeutic approaches to lower LDL-C would, therefore, be advantageous, particularly in those who are most likely to suffer cardiovascular disease—associated morbidity and mortality. Mouse and human genetic models suggest that decreasing hepatic apolipoprotein B (apoB) production may be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Because antisense oligonucleotides naturally distribute to the liver and can specifically inhibit synthesis of proteins from ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3122771 Thu, 24 Dec 2009 19:49:35 +0100 3122771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3122770&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc7302xr261842170%2F This article reviews the most recent developments with Lp-PLA2 inhibitors. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0076-9Authors Ryan J. Chauffe, Pennsylvania Hospital 1 Pine West, 800 Spruce Street Philadelphia PA 19107 USARobert L. Wilensky, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania 9 Gates 3400 Spruce Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USAEmile R. Mohler, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania 4th floor Penn Tower, 3400 Spruce Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3122770 Thu, 24 Dec 2009 19:49:35 +0100 3122770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3122772&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb8v4871002j5u2j8%2F Abstract  Fish consumption and fish oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids were reported to be cardioprotective in both retrospective and prospective studies undertaken over the past two to three decades. In the past several years, there is mounting clinical trial data as well as basic science information supporting the use of fish oil supplements in both primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention. In addition, there appear to be additional benefits to the use of fish oil, including lowering significantly elevated triglyceride levels, preventing atrial fibrillation, reducing mortality rates in congestive heart failure patients, and perhaps stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. These data have led to specific recommendations for use of omega-3 fatty acids in several cardiovasc... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3122772 Thu, 24 Dec 2009 19:49:33 +0100 3122772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968572&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu148rx8h6j511027%2F Abstract  Consumption of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFA) is associated with substantial risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The magnitude of this relationship, as well as emerging associations with end points such as diabetes and sudden cardiac death, cannot be fully explained by the well-established adverse effects of TFA on serum lipids. We review the evidence for effects of TFA intake on nonlipid risk factors. Based on evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, animal experiments, and in vitro studies, these include effects on systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and arrhythmic risk. The types and strength of evidence for each of these nonlipid effects varies, but the overall conste... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968572 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:27:15 +0100 2968572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968573&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb6268427632755x3%2F This article reviews recent clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of n-3 PUFA in coronary heart disease, with particular attention on HF and its pathophysiologic mechanisms. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0066-yAuthors Roberto Marchioli, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud Via Nazionale 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro ItalyMaria Giuseppina SillettaGiacomo LevantesiRaffaella Pioggiarella Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968573 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:27:08 +0100 2968573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968574&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft350188206551216%2F Abstract  Eicosanoids, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and other oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have emerging roles in endothelial inflammation and subsequent atherosclerosis. Unlike eicosanoids in the prostanoid series, they are known to be esterified in cell lipids such as phospholipids and triglycerides; however, our understanding of these reservoirs is in its infancy. This review focuses on recent work identifying circulating oxylipins, primarily esterified with lipoprotein lipids, and their effects on markers of endothelial dysfunction. These oxylipins are known to be released by at least one lipase (lipoprotein lipase) and to mediate increased expression of inflammatory markers in endothelial cells, which coinci... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968574 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:27:01 +0100 2968574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968575&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fapq74098087557pl%2F Abstract  Blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids reflect the interplay of metabolism and the intake of omega-3-rich foods (eg, oily fish). Multiple lines of evidence link reduced tissue and/or blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, as reflected in the erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid level (ie, the omega-3 index), with increased risk for coronary heart disease, especially sudden cardiac death. The purpose of this review is to examine the extent to which biomarkers like the omega-3 index qualify as coronary heart disease risk markers and/or risk factors based on new criteria from the American Heart Association and older guidelines proposed in 1965 by Sir Austin Bradford Hill. These standards include consistency, strength of association, biological plaus... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968575 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:54 +0100 2968575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968576&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr880556614575jj4%2F Abstract  Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Many patients decline prescription lipid-lowering agents and opt instead for supplements. Before any supplement can be routinely recommended it is crucial to examine the types of clinical trials that have been performed, the mechanism by which a supplement is felt to alter lipids, the population studied, potential adverse effects, and the possibility that investigators might be biased. Clinical trial evidence strongly supports the notion that both red yeast rice and plant stanols and sterols effectively lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Preliminary evidence supports the possibility that green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins may lower LDL. Data do not support an LD... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968576 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:48 +0100 2968576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968577&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F940x32n841522g72%2F Abstract  Carotenoids are a class of natural fat-soluble pigments found principally in plants. They have potential antioxidant biological properties due to their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. The most abundant carotenoids in the diet are β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin. Numerous epidemiologic studies have supported the hypothesis that antioxidants could be used as an inexpensive means of prevention, and possibly treatment, of cardiovascular diseases, even though findings from interventional trials have been mixed, with some positive findings, many null findings, and some suggestion of harm in certain high-risk populations. Recent smaller interventional studies with carefully chosen populations, suc... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968577 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:41 +0100 2968577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968578&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq4258l37164t2095%2F Abstract  Recent studies indicate that deficient vitamin D status may increase risk of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiovascular diseases independently of established cardiovascular risk factors. The role of vitamin D in potentially regulating many functions in the cardiovascular system is just beginning to be understood. Among the potentially relevant mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases, vitamin D may influence blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system, parathyroid hormone levels, myocardial function, inflammation, and vascular calcification. Cardiovascular risk appears especially elevated at 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels below 10 or 15 ng/mL, and optimal levels may be at least 30 ng/mL. Among individuals who are not receiving substantial exposure to sun, int... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968578 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:34 +0100 2968578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968579&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F877221613833h691%2F This article reviews the evidence that specific receptors exist for fatty acids or their metabolites that are able to regulate gene expression and coordinately affect metabolic or signaling pathways associated with CVD. Four nuclear receptor subfamilies that respond to dietary and endogenous ligands and have implications for CVD are emphasized in this article: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, retinoid X receptors, liver X receptors, and the farnesoid X receptor. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0067-xAuthors John P. Vanden Heuvel, Penn State University Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis 325 Life Sciences Building University Park PA 16802 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis Rep... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968579 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:28 +0100 2968579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968580&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy0864165p27515w5%2F This article reviews the current evidence on the association between dietary cholesterol and the risk of CHD. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0063-1Authors Luc Djoussé, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Division of Aging, Department of Medicine 1620 Tremont Street, 3rd floor Boston MA 02120 USAJ. Michael Gaziano Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968580 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:22 +0100 2968580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968581&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff2337wj217835636%2F Abstract  Basic, clinical, and epidemiologic research on carbohydrate-restricted dietary patterns continues to grow, evaluating the impact of this way of eating on weight loss, obesity-associated comorbidities, and development of any adverse effects. Randomized, controlled, dietary weight loss trials conducted in adults in the past 2 years reinforce previous findings that carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs) promote weight loss while increasing serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lowering serum triglycerides, and improving glucose homeostasis. Studies showing that reduction of dietary carbohydrate leads to reduced postprandial serum glucose and insulin levels have spurred further research on CRDs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Emerging interest into the effect of... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968581 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:14 +0100 2968581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2968582&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxk4p832167g3k184%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0071-1Authors William S. Harris, Cardiovascular Health Research Center and the Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota South Dakota USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2968582 Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:26:07 +0100 2968582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661524&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy11t0323u7084403%2F Abstract  Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), CAD mortality, and incident heart failure (HF). Lipid-lowering therapy with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing HF in patients with CAD. However, in patients with chronic established HF, hypercholesterolemia has not been associated with an increased risk of mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that higher lipid and lipoprotein levels, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, are associated with significantly improved outcomes in HF of both ischemic and nonischemic etiologies. In light of the association between high cholesterol levels and improved ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661524 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:14:04 +0100 2661524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661523&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F811552r740637582%2F Abstract  Several retrospective and nonrandomized studies have indicated that lowering atherogenic lipoprotein, in particular low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, may retard the hemodynamic progression of aortic stenosis (AS). This valvular disease shares pathogenic and pathoanatomic similarities with atherosclerosis, at least in their early developments. Two randomized placebo-controlled studies researching the effect of lowering low-density lipoprotein on AS progression and its clinical consequences have been published recently—the Scottish Aortic Stenosis and Lipid Lowering Trial, Impact on Regression (SALTIRE) study and the Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Aortic Stenosis (SEAS) study. Both of these studies had neutral outcomes. The causes for the negative outcome may be ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661523 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:14:04 +0100 2661523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661525&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp005x34w34251610%2F This article gives an overview of the clinical evidence from trials and observational studies. As of now, the evidence is inconclusive, but there does not appear to be a reason for serious concern with short-term therapy. Whether statins and other lipid-lowering drugs will increase the risk of cancer when used over several decades is at present unknown. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0053-3Authors Terje R. Pedersen, Oslo University Hospital Center for Preventive Medicine Ullevål Kirkeveien 166, Building 19 N-0407 Oslo Norway Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661525 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:14:03 +0100 2661525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661526&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx88340323q228113%2F Abstract  Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) represent a major cardiovascular risk factor that is only modestly influenced by currently available drugs. Consequently, there has been interest in developing new therapeutic agents specifically targeting HDL-C to reduce risk in patients with coronary artery disease. One strategy involves the administration of therapies that mimic HDL-C or its properties, including reconstituted HDL, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apoA-I Milano, and apoA-I mimetic peptides. The atheroprotective effects of reconstituted HDL, apoA-I, and apoA-I Milano have been well documented in animal studies, and two recent clinical trials also provided encouraging results. The most investigated apoA-I mimetic peptide, D-4F, was shown to s... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661526 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:14:02 +0100 2661526 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661528&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe1236123255jh313%2F Abstract  A number of studies have raised the possibility of circulating plant sterols being a risk factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Evidence in support of this hypothesis comes mainly from observations in sitosterolemic patients, who hyperabsorb plant sterols and suffer premature atherosclerosis. Accordingly, the atherogenicity of plant sterols of dietary origin is currently under debate, in view of the widespread use of cholesterol-lowering functional foods enriched with these compounds. Although some reports have suggested the vascular perils of small increases in plasma plant sterol concentrations, other prospective and large population-based studies have indicated otherwise. Further, the potential risk of plant sterol-enriched foods may be counterbalanced... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661528 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:14:01 +0100 2661528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661527&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnj63081h3084811j%2F Abstract  Platelets are critical modulators of atherothrombotic events. In the acute setting, platelets are activated and aggregate on the surface of atherosclerotic plaque that has ruptured, fissured, or developed erosions. The overlying thrombus leads to sudden development of arterial luminal obstruction, inducing ischemia and cellular necrosis. Inhibiting platelet reactivity is an important therapeutic goal in patients at risk for acute cardiovascular events. The thienopyridines are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation and block the binding of adenosine 5′-diphosphate to purinergic receptors on the surface of the platelet membrane. The thienopyridine class includes ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel. Clopidogrel is the most intensively studied. In recent year... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661527 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:14:01 +0100 2661527 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661531&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl24463256810gj41%2F This article presents a series of examples from prominent published studies in which apoB and non-HDL-C differ so dramatically that diagnosis and therapy would truly differ depending on which index was used by the physician. These examples establish that apoB and non-HDL-C are not clinical equivalents. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0054-2Authors Allan Sniderman, Royal Victoria Hospital-MUHC Mike Rosenbloom Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Room H7.22 687 Pine Avenue West Montreal Quebec H3A 1A1 CanadaKen WilliamsChrista Cobbaert Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661531 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:59 +0100 2661531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661530&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5n390t261m686mv3%2F Abstract  Fibrates are a class of lipid-lowering medications primarily used as second-line agents behind statins. The adverse-effect profile of fibrates has been marked by a puzzling yet reversible rise in serum creatinine values with their use. It is not known whether this finding represents a true change in renal function. One proposed explanation for this phenomenon is that fibrates increase the production of creatinine, in which case a rise in serum creatinine values would not represent a true deterioration in renal function. An alternative theory is that fibrates reduce the production of vasodilatory prostaglandins, which would lead to a true change in renal function in patients who experience a rise in serum creatinine values. Routine serum creatinine monitoring is ad... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661530 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:59 +0100 2661530 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661529&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd7g5k4l186422366%2F This article describes these key studies and their outcomes and identifies critical issues that they raise for clinical practice in terms of choosing the most effective therapy for patients with existing CVD. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0056-0Authors Jan Basile, Medical University of South Carolina Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center 109 Bee Street Charleston SC 29401 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661529 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:59 +0100 2661529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661532&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu05545x610184x51%2F Abstract  Although aggressive control of hyperglycemia significantly reduces microvascular complications in patients with diabetes, there is no clear evidence that it improves macrovascular cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Data from recent studies suggest that intensive treatment of blood glucose has no significant effect on CVD outcomes and may even paradoxically increase cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially in older patients with longstanding type 2 diabetes and preexisting CVD. At present, it is prudent to aim for a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) target of 7%, provided this can be achieved without hypoglycemia and other adverse effects of antidiabetic treatment. Treatment of patients with diabetes should begin early and include intensive efforts to promot... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661532 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:57 +0100 2661532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661533&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbg487q3401g51123%2F Abstract  There is great interest in developing a reliable measure of atherosclerotic disease activity that can serve as an index of response to antiatherosclerotic therapies. The epidemiologic relationship between lipid measures, most notably low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and binary cardiovascular events has been confirmed in treatment trials reliably demonstrating a reduction in LDL-C translating into improved cardiovascular outcomes. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) is part of a family of lipases involved in the modification of lipids within the atheroma and may be a complimentary therapeutic target to the reduction of LDL-C in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Darapladib is an orally available, specific inhibitor of LpPLA2 activity a... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661533 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:56 +0100 2661533 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2661534&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj05255427874n077%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0060-4Authors Peter P. Toth, Sterling Rock Falls Clinic Sterling IL USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2661534 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:54 +0100 2661534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487185&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F93g2p1l047j51301%2F Abstract  The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study is a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that was designed to determine whether 80 mg/d of atorvastatin reduced the risk of fatal or nonfatal stroke in patients who had previously experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack. It is unique in that it is the only trial to study this cohort of patients with no known coronary heart disease. The review recaps the results of the primary SPARCL data and discusses the findings of subsequent analyses that extend the conclusions from the study. Atorvastatin reduced the risk of stroke to a clinically persuasive degree. This benefit was present despite a small increase in risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Factors were identif... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487185 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:28 +0100 2487185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487184&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F97972p3737u176w2%2F Abstract  Effective prevention of the current annual $400 billion losses from atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) will require preventing primary causes rather than just decreasing signs and symptoms (risk factors) produced by those causes. All CVD risk factors predict a likelihood of CVD, but not all are causes of CVD. As a result, reducing some health risk assessment biomarkers may not appreciably reduce CVD and death. Careful review of molecular events connecting diets to death identifies two modifiable food imbalances that cause major chronic diseases in Americans. They are 1) imbalance between ingestion and expenditure of food energy, and 2) imbalance between omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acid levels in ingested foods. Health insurers could reduce co... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487184 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:28 +0100 2487184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487186&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg58lg17l90772716%2F Abstract  Coronary heart disease (CHD) stems from the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. However, modifiable environmental factors, especially diet and lifestyle, are largely responsible for increased risk of CHD at population levels. Although cigarette smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity are well-established causes of CHD, the role of specific dietary factors has not been clearly defined until more recently. Cumulative evidence indicates that types of fats and carbohydrates are more important than total amounts in determining risk of CHD. Epidemiologic and clinical trial data strongly support that dietary patterns rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts can reduce risk of CHD. Diet and lifestyle modification, combined with pharmacologic t... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487186 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:27 +0100 2487186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487187&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0k851711875551r8%2F Abstract  The demonstration of a circadian variation in frequency of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke provides an opportunity to gain insight into the mechanism of transformation from chronic stable to acute unstable manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Contributing physiologic changes that exhibit a morning peak include arterial pressure, heart rate, and vascular tone, which promote plaque rupture, together with increased platelet reactivity and reduced fibrinolytic activity. The study of circadian rhythm also has implications for triggering of disease onset by external stressors. Further study of this area will provide insight into new approaches to prevent disease onset. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0044-4Author... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487187 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:26 +0100 2487187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487188&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp306612137158118%2F Abstract  The greatest clinical challenge in type 2 diabetes mellitus is the prevention of its long-term complications, many of which are of a cardiovascular nature. Despite the progress in cardiovascular risk management of diabetes patients using lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs, a substantial residual risk persists. Indeed, treated diabetes patients have a similar risk as untreated nondiabetic individuals. Although glycemic control through the use of antihyperglycemic agents improves microvascular complications, macrovascular disease risk is not reduced. These observations point to the need for additional therapeutic approaches in order to better control global cardiovascular risk. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family members play major ro... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487188 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:25 +0100 2487188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487191&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F67165284v2h74262%2F Abstract  The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to increase worldwide. Patients with CKD are at greater risk of mortality from cardiovascular events than end-stage renal disease. This review describes the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia in CKD patients and the role of statins in reducing coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. The major clinical trials with statins in CKD patients are reviewed along with a discussion of statin safety. Although statin dosing and safety in patients with early CKD (Stage I or II) are similar to those of the general population, dose adjustments are required in advanced CKD (Stages III–V) due to differences in statin pharmacokinetics and renal excretion. Although the use of statins to reduce cardiovascular events in patient... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487191 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:24 +0100 2487191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487190&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn57006l16714r114%2F Abstract  Cytoprotective or neuroprotective interventions would be of value if they could block the processes leading to delayed neuronal death or if they could delay the period between the onset of ischemia and irreversible necrotic injury, thereby lengthening the period for effective reperfusion therapy. Experimental studies in cell culture systems and laboratory animals show that statins have several potential cytoprotective actions, including promotion of angiogenesis, reduction of clot formation and facilitation of clot lysis, upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, reduction of excitotoxicity, and modulation of the inflammatory response. Clinically, statins appear to protect against vasospasm-related ischem... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487190 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:24 +0100 2487190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487189&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx0x1465008j23681%2F Abstract  Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has garnered considerable clinical and research interest as a potential target to reduce cardiovascular risk in addition to the classical risk factors. Whether it exists as a distinct clinical entity has become a subject of controversy and debate. This review appraises the evidence in support of or against recognizing metabolic syndrome as a clinical condition that requires therapeutic intervention. Proper evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk should start with consideration of traditional risk factors using validated tools, such as the short-term 10-year Framingham risk score. Individuals with abdominal obesity should be further assessed for associated card... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487189 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:24 +0100 2487189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487192&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw264263370h3165v%2F Abstract  Carotid disease may be evaluated by surrogate outcomes, such as intima-media thickness and carotid plaque features, and by clinical end points. Statins stop progression or may induce regression of intima-media thickness, and statins may also stop plaque growth or even induce reduction of plaque volume. Areas rich in lipids within plaques may be reduced in size and/or in number of inflammatory cells. Ultrasound reflectivity may be reduced by statin treatment, indicating less lipid/inflammatory content. Finally, statins appear to reduce the risk of all cardiovascular events (eg, stroke, myocardial infarction, need for revascularization) in patients with carotid stenosis. This review summarizes and discusses the existing data. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.100... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487192 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:23 +0100 2487192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487193&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F520n01j541727120%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0037-3Authors James K. Liao, Brigham & Women’s Hospital Vascular Medicine Research Department Boston USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487193 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:22 +0100 2487193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487194&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvl66867246154n36%2F Abstract  The recently completed study Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) demonstrates that statin therapy reduces vascular events in apparently healthy men and women with low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean, 104 mg/dL) who are at elevated risk due to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels greater than 2 mg/L. Among 17,802 trial participants, rosuvastatin resulted in a 44% reduction in the primary end point of all vascular events (P < 0.00001), a 54% reduction in myocardial infarction (P = 0.0002), a 48% reduction in stroke (P = 0.002), a 46% reduction in need for arterial revascularization (P < 0.001), and a 20% reduction in all-cause mortality (P = 0.02). All subgroups wit... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487194 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:21 +0100 2487194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2487195&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc952475r735wp017%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0038-2Authors James K. Liao, Brigham & Women’s Hospital Vascular Medicine Research Department Boston USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2487195 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 07:31:20 +0100 2487195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357684&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc670507644h7037m%2F Abstract  Twenty-five years have passed since Vane and colleagues proposed a prostacyclin and thromboxane balance as critical to cardiovascular homeostasis. Prostacyclin prevents platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilatation, opposing the effects of thromboxane. Possible compensation by redundant functions, such as nitric oxide, long prevented appreciation of this balance. Effective use of low-dose aspirin in the secondary prevention of atherothrombosis suggested a clinical importance for the balance. However, it was not until the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was withdrawn because of increased cardiovascular events that this critical balance was confirmed in humans. Moreover, clinical observations are supported by elegant animal receptor knockout experiments and ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357684 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:35 +0100 2357684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357689&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4622670170qu5616%2F Abstract  Mast cells (better known as allergy cells) are pro-inflammatory effector cells present in the human arterial intima and in evolving atherosclerotic lesions. Experiments in vitro, in vivo experiments in animals, and immunohistologic studies of human coronary samples have uncovered mechanisms by which activated mast cells could participate in the development of the lesions. When activated, mast cells acutely expel a fraction of their cytoplasmic granules, which are filled with a wide selection of heparin-bound preformed mediators. These include histamine, neutral proteases, growth factors, and proinflammatory cytokines. The microenvironmental targets of these effector molecules are various lipoprotein particles in the intimal fluid, components of the extracellular m... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357689 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:33 +0100 2357689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357697&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft427322l6k283766%2F Abstract  Lipid rafts (LRs) play essential roles in transmembrane signal transduction. Upon death factor stimulation, individual LRs cluster to recruit NADPH oxidase subunits and related proteins in vascular endothelial cells, forming LR redox signaling platforms, which ultimately results in increased production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells and impaired endothelial function. Mechanistically, ceramide generated from the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase spontaneously fuses to form ceramide-enriched macrodomains, which are critical contributors to the formation of LR redox signaling platforms. These LR signaling platforms play important roles in the development of endothelial dysfunction or injury upon pathologic insults. Con... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357697 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:31 +0100 2357697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357693&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb73548p007240423%2F This article reviews the three known members of the paraoxonase family and the evidence that supports their likely role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0029-3Authors David Seo, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1120 NW 14th Street Miami FL 33136 USAPascal Goldschmidt-Clermont Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357693 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:31 +0100 2357693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357704&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh75l264814565r47%2F Abstract  Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of severe long-term disability in developed countries. Despite significant progress in understanding the risk factors conferring disease predisposition, the genetic and molecular basis of stroke remains poorly understood. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of patterns of DNA sequence variation in human populations hold the promise that stroke genomics will offer significant insights into disease pathophysiology and open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic modalities. However, beyond single nucleotide polymorphisms, the emergence of additional sources of genomic variability as major factors in disease etiology is likely to transform our DNA-centric approaches t... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357704 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:30 +0100 2357704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357701&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr6p36831253272r0%2F Abstract  Although hypertriglyceridemia has repeatedly been implicated as an atherogenic condition, there are conflicting reports concerning the atherogenicity of products released from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase. The hydrolysis of triglyceride is a normal process by which chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins are metabolized and cleared from the circulation, which would suggest a beneficial role for lipoprotein lipase in reducing circulating levels of triglyceride and, therefore, reducing atherosclerotic burden. However, many in vitro studies have shown that lipolysis products such as fatty acids induce vascular cell inflammation, which can initiate or exacerbate atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the results and implications of rece... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357701 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:30 +0100 2357701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357699&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2016635523338249%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0026-6Authors Robert S. Rosenson Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357699 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:30 +0100 2357699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357708&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq76wx78566538xk7%2F Abstract  Osteopontin (OPN) was initially identified in osteoblasts as a mineralization-modulatory matrix protein. Recently, OPN has been studied as a multifunctional protein that is upregulated in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, such as wound healing, fibrosis, autoimmune disease, and atherosclerosis. OPN is highly expressed at sites with atherosclerotic plaques, especially those associated with macrophages and foam cells. In the context of atherosclerosis, OPN is generally regarded as a proinflammatory and proatherogenic molecule. However, the role of OPN in vascular calcification (VC), which is closely related to chronic and active inflammation, is that of a negative regulator because it is an inhibitor of calcification and an active inducer of de... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357708 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:29 +0100 2357708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357716&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy2617v6888188237%2F Abstract  Wnt proteins are members of the highly conserved wingless family of proteins responsible for cell differentiation and development and for neoplastic and degenerative processes. Recently, Toll-like receptor-mediated Wnt signaling was found to be associated with innate immunity in Drosophila. Upregulation of Wnt5A in human macrophages upon microbial challenge indicated a similar mechanism. Toll-like receptor-mediated Wnt5A expression is a key process for sustained inflammatory macrophage activation through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Downregulation of Wnt5A expression and subsequent attenuation of inflammatory macrophage responses by activated protein C supports the link between inflammation and coagulation, another highly conserved biologic system. Direct evi... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357716 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:27 +0100 2357716 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357712&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8qjl665766630k8p%2F Abstract  Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), such as unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death, are commonly associated with the presence of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries. Rupture or erosion of vulnerable plaques results in the formation of luminal thrombi due to the physical contact between platelets and thrombogenic elements within the atherosclerotic lesions. Considering the socioeconomic burden of ACS, it is imperative that the scientific community achieves a clear understanding of the multifaceted pathophysiology of vulnerable atheroma to identify accurate prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The analytical power of modern proteomic technologies could facilitate our understanding of vulnerable plaques and lead to the discov... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357712 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:27 +0100 2357712 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357723&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F770520187432v0l6%2F Abstract  Coronary artery disease (CAD) and its sequelae represent a significant health burden. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have attempted to link DNA sequence variation with the risk of CAD and related phenotypes. There has been significant evolution in technology from the early linkage studies within kindreds, and now we are able to use high-density genotyping to facilitate large-scale genome-wide association studies. The first novel genetic risk factor for CAD, 9p21.3, has been confirmed, and other loci are awaiting replication studies. The relative importance of each locus from a global standpoint and the incremental information conferred by testing for genetic variants remain to be determined. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0028-4A... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357723 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:26 +0100 2357723 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2357720&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff0861p7t71522647%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0025-7Authors Ali J. Marian Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2357720 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 04:32:26 +0100 2357720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191047&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fku4567174l273568%2F Abstract  Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease of pulmonary vasculature characterized by increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and elevated vascular resistance with normal left-sided pressures, differentiating it from left-sided heart disease. The pathogenesis involves thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and remodeling of small pulmonary arteries. It presents with common symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and decreased exercise tolerance. Left untreated, progressive increase in right ventricular overload leads to right heart failure and death. Over the course of the past decade, better understanding of the pathogenesis and an increasing number of treatment options have resulted in improved prognosis and quality of life. Content Type Journ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191047 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:41 +0100 2191047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191049&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faj71666m4227207j%2F Abstract  Dyslipidemia is central to the process of atherosclerosis. Modification of the lipid profile by diet, exercise, or pharmacologic therapy has been demonstrated to reduce the risk from atherosclerosis in clinical studies in primary and secondary prevention. Nicotinic acid has been in clinical use for over 50 years. The administration of nicotinic acid has been demonstrated to reduce apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (very low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein (a)). Nicotinic acid also exerts significant effects on high-density lipoprotein. In addition to improving dyslipidemia, nicotinic acid has been demonstrated to induce a number of nonlipid or pleiotropic effects. The recent discovery of the nic... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191049 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:39 +0100 2191049 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191048&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F253821m886355564%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0013-yAuthors John A. Farmer Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191048 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:39 +0100 2191048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191051&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9x824057724l4588%2F This article reviews the available data for possible early treatment of mildly obstructive coronary lesions with drug-eluting stents for prevention of ACS. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0023-9Authors Mehmet Cilingiroglu, University of Cincinnati Medical Center 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267 USAFaisal Khan Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191051 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:38 +0100 2191051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191050&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr637472w111q21w6%2F Abstract  Multislice CT coronary angiography (CTA) offers the opportunity to visualize the coronary arteries in a complete fashion, including the arterial wall, vessel dimensions and tortuosity, and calcified and noncalcified plaques. The ability of CTA to reliably rule out high-grade stenoses in patients with an intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease has been well established. Recently, CTA applications have been extended to interrogate coronary plaques in more detail. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, culprit plaques were observed to have a larger volume, less solid but spottier calcification, and an increased tendency for expansive (positive) remodeling. A number of prospective studies have suggested that the quantification of overall coronary atheros... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191050 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:38 +0100 2191050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191054&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F013767816p0427hr%2F Abstract  Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the United States and across the world, and better therapies are constantly being sought to improve patient outcomes. Recent studies have brought our attention to the mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Not only does it demonstrate beneficial effects in regard to cardiovascular risk factors (ie, diabetes, lipid management, and weight control), but it also has been shown in animal studies to have positive cardiac effects irrespective of its effects on glucose control and weight loss. This review discusses the biology of GLP-1 and its effects on cardiovascular risk factors, and it also elaborates on the positive direct cardiovascular outcomes of GLP-1 in animal studies. Content Type Journal ArticleDO... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191054 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:37 +0100 2191054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191053&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F04q928r04275n253%2F Abstract  3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are among the most commonly prescribed and studied drugs in modern medicine. Their proven benefit in prevention of cardiovascular events is driven by their ability to markedly reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Recent analyses have provided insight into the relationship between statin-induced reductions in LDL-C and risk of rhabdomyolysis, liver toxicity, and cancer. Risk of statin-associated elevated liver enzymes and rhabdomyolysis is not related to the magnitude of LDL-C lowering. Instead, drug- and dose-specific effects of statins are more important determinants of liver and muscle toxicity than magnitude of LDL-C lowering. Furthermore, although there is an inverse associatio... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191053 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:37 +0100 2191053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191052&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg17172760k388g31%2F This article reviews recent studies that address the relationship of CRP gene polymorphisms to inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0020-zAuthors Fadi G. Hage, University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Medicine 1024 Zeigler Research Building, 1530 3rd Avenue South Birmingham AL 35294 USAAlexander J. Szalai Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191052 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:37 +0100 2191052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191055&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp28q313742571214%2F Abstract  Aspirin resistance (AR) still lacks a universally accepted definition, but it may be discussed as either a laboratory phenomenon or a clinical presentation. Laboratory resistance is mainly defined as abnormal platelet response to aspirin, whereas the clinical manifestation is the failure of aspirin to prevent cardiovascular events. Although there is evidence of an association, it appears that a laboratory abnormality in platelet function is not the only risk factor for the clinical manifestation of AR. Therapies for primary and secondary prevention of AR still need to be elucidated, but there are some data to suggest that in an acute episode of aspirin failure because of AR, different therapeutic interventions need to be considered. Content Type Journal ArticleD... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191055 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:35 +0100 2191055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191056&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn67340732k028281%2F Abstract  The CC chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 is involved in the formation, progression, and destabilization of atheromatous plaques and plays an essential role in postinfarction remodeling. These properties generated significant interest in the potential significance of MCP-1 as a biomarker in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Emerging evidence suggests that MCP-1 plasma levels have prognostic value in the acute and chronic phase following ACS, providing information independent of standard clinical variables. The mechanisms responsible for adverse prognosis in patients with elevated plasma MCP-1 following ACS remain unknown. High plasma MCP-1 levels may reflect a higher burden of atherosclerotic disease, may exert prothrombotic effects resulting in... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191056 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:33 +0100 2191056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191058&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm888660815347964%2F Abstract  The non-lipid-lowering or pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have been hypothesized to beneficially alter mechanisms involved in heart failure. Retrospective analyses of heart failure trials as well as small prospective trials with nonmortality clinical and surrogate end points appeared to confirm this presumption. However, two recently published, large, prospective randomized trials did not demonstrate any significant clinical benefit of statins in heart failure patients. This review outlines the proposed biologic effects of statins in heart failure syndrome and clinical evidence of statin use in heart failure patients. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0019-5Authors Kumudha Ramasubbu, ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191058 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:32 +0100 2191058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191057&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm427743107420343%2F Abstract  Managing dyslipidemia is an important part of the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction remains the primary lipid goal. Patients who have experienced an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at very high risk of recurrent adverse cardiovascular events. A growing body of literature supports the concept that early and intensive treatment with statins after an ACS event decreases recurrent adverse cardiovascular events. We review available evidence pertaining to lipid alterations in ACS. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0024-8Authors Venkateshwar R. PolsaniSalim S. ViraniVijay Nambi, Baylor College of Medicine Department of Medicine 6565 Fannin, Suite B-160, M.S.A-601 Houston TX 7703... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191057 Sun, 15 Feb 2009 06:54:32 +0100 2191057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053269&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F76452ku122342213%2F Abstract  Statins reduce plasma plant sterol concentrations and, less consistently, their ratios to cholesterol in short-term studies. They most likely accomplish this by decreasing their transport protein levels. In long-term treatment with large doses of effective statins, serum plant sterol concentrations and frequently their ratios to cholesterol are consistently increased, especially with high, as opposed to low, baseline ratios. Enhanced intestinal absorption, decreased biliary secretion, and reversed cholesterol and plant sterol transport could explain these findings. However, statin treatment increases plant sterol ratios in serum and also in arterial plaques of endarterectomized patients. No trials of functional foods with plant sterols or stanols are available for... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053269 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:07 +0100 2053269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053273&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm3227p518770r776%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0001-2Authors Michael Clearfield Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 1 / January, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053273 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:06 +0100 2053273 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053272&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd80686g6r32q4145%2F Abstract  Recent publications reveal the mechanism of action of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptides to be the remarkable binding affinity that oxidized lipids have for these peptides compared with apoA-I. There was no difference in the binding affinity of oxidized lipids or in peptide efficacy in reducing inflammation and atherosclerosis in rabbits injected with peptides synthesized from all D- or all L-amino acids. The apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F increased the formation of pre-β high-density lipoprotein, increased cholesterol efflux, and reduced lipoprotein oxidation in vitro; it increased antioxidants and vascular repair in type 1 diabetic rats; it improved vasodilation, oxidative stress, myocardial inflammation, and angiogenic potential in a mouse model of sclero... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053272 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:06 +0100 2053272 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053271&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6684203267548208%2F Abstract  3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are safe and effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. As a result, they confer an all-cause mortality benefit across a wide range of patient groups. The utility of statins is limited by their adverse effects, including myalgias and rhabdomyolysis. These clinical events, plus other symptoms, constitute what is termed statin myopathy. This review summarizes current concepts of statin myopathy and presents strategies to minimize statinassociated myopathic complaints. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0002-1Authors Saadi A. SiddiqiPaul D. Thompson, Hartford Hospital Division of Cardiology 80 Seymour Street Hartford CT 06102 USA Journal Current At... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053271 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:06 +0100 2053271 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053270&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnm43148654562317%2F Abstract  Statins are a necessary component of a polypill. Almost all patients have the potential to benefit from low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with statins, although absolute benefits due to the reduction in coronary heart disease and stroke vary by risk level. The reduction in coronary heart disease and stroke from antihypertensive therapy is additive to the reduction in risk from statins. Used in combination with antihypertensive therapy, a moderate-dose statin would be expected to reduce cardiovascular risk by at least 50%, and a high-dose statin would be expected to reduce risk by at least 60% over an approximately 5-year period. A polypill containing aspirin in addition to a statin and antihypertensive therapy would be appropriate for most men over age... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053270 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:06 +0100 2053270 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053276&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk88n1jp572g73374%2F Abstract  Niacin has long been used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Recent research on niacin has been focused on understanding the mechanism of action of niacin and preparation of safer niacin formulations. New findings indicate that niacin does the following: 1) it inhibits hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, resulting in inhibition of triglyceride synthesis and decreased apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins; 2) it decreases the surface expression of hepatic adenosine triphosphate synthase β-chain, leading to decreased holoparticle high-density lipoprotein catabolism and increased high-density lipoprotein levels; and 3) it increases redox potential in arterial endothelial cells, resulting in inhibition of redox-sensitive genes. Flus... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053276 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:05 +0100 2053276 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053275&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4w4r3000521k1m1r%2F Abstract  Statins have proven benefit in preventing cardiovascular events and should be prescribed for almost all patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) or equivalent. However, evidence is lacking to support treating all such individuals. Potential exceptions include those in the initial days of acute coronary syndrome, those with symptomatic systolic heart failure, those with very low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetic patients without associated metabolic syndrome, and those with high CHD risk calculated mainly on the basis of advanced age. In these cases, the decision to prescribe statins depends on clinical judgment, and surrogate tests for CHD may be useful. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0005-yAuthors Peter Baginsky, Touro Univer... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053275 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:05 +0100 2053275 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053274&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcu0l05436j2184j7%2F Abstract  3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been shown to reduce cardiac events in different high-risk and medium-risk patient groups. Although there are other medications to lower cholesterol, evidence that these agents will provide protection from initial cardiac events is limited or does not exist. Also, although many physicians advocate combining second agents with statins to improve certain lipid fractions, evidence of improved reduction of initial cardiac events from these combinations is also lacking. Therefore, aggressive use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors remains the proven treatment to treat lipid abnormalities in primary patients. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0006-xAuthors Robert Guthrie, The Ohio ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053274 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:05 +0100 2053274 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053279&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F22r51871164654l5%2F Abstract  There remains an unmet need to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients who are maximized on current therapy or intolerant to statins. Several novel agents have been developed to lower LDL-C, either as monotherapy or in combination with statins. These novel therapies include squalene synthase inhibitors, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors, and antisense apolipoprotein B. Although each of these novel therapies effectively lowers LDL-C, challenges remain in the clinical development to assess long-term safety. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0011-0Authors Michael H. Davidson, Radiant Research 515 North State Street, Suite 2700 Chicago IL 60654 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnlin... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053279 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:04 +0100 2053279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053278&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft4x7w74377l12773%2F Abstract  Strategies to decrease the progression and burden of atherosclerosis by capitalizing on the protective effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and/or apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I) levels remain active. Although efforts to raise HDL through the administration of oral agents are still being pursued, the disappointing results demonstrated with torcetrapib, an agent that elevated serum HDL and apoA-I levels through the inhibition of cholesterol ester transfer protein, have raised questions regarding this approach. An alternate strategy that consists of short-term infusions of reconstituted HDL or apoA-I is currently under evaluation. Several infusion compounds have been evaluated in clinical trials that utilize cardiovascular imaging technologies and biomarkers to asses... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053278 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:04 +0100 2053278 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053277&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft327720208135n14%2F Abstract  Recently reported clinical trials raise doubts on the effectiveness of nonstatin lipid-lowering therapies in reducing the residual risk of cardiovascular events after statin monotherapy. Addition of torcetrapib to statin therapy increased overall mortality in coronary patients despite a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Combining ezetimibe with statin therapy neither further reduces carotid atherosclerosis nor slows aortic stenosis, and it has not been shown to be superior to statin monotherapy in reducing cardiovascular events. Clinical trials currently in progress will more clearly delineate the cardiovascular effects of adding either ezetimibe or extended-release niacin/laropiprant to statin therapy. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053277 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:04 +0100 2053277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053280&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh94n0268t2704574%2F Abstract  The reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at risk for acute cardiovascular events is the cornerstone of lipid management in both the primary and secondary prevention settings. Serum triglyceride levels exceeding 150 mg/dL are abnormal and confer increased risk for developing coronary artery disease in both men and women. Serum triglycerides are derived from both dietary and endogenous biosynthetic pathways. Triglyceride metabolism has a complex regulatory circuitry and intimately impacts the production and disposal of multiple lipoprotein species. Hypertriglyceridemia is highly prevalent and is associated with multiple forms of dyslipidemia but tends to be undertreated. Therapeutic intervention with fibric acid derivatives and omega-3 fish o... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053280 Wed, 17 Dec 2008 08:53:03 +0100 2053280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991642&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqq5n8h306r747311%2F Abstract  There is now a consensus about recommending the Mediterranean diet pattern for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer. The most important aspect of this treatment decision, in contrast with the pharmacologic prevention of CHD (including cholesterol lowering), is that the Mediterranean diet has a striking effect on survival. The main explanation for this is that the Mediterranean diet is protective not only against CHD and cancers but also against other various chronic diseases. Furthermore, the Mediterranean diet appears to be effective at reducing atherosclerosis and the risk of fatal complications (ie, sudden cardiac death and heart failure) of atherosclerosis. Finally, unlike drug therapies, no harmful side effect has been reported following ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991642 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:15 +0100 1991642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991641&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq8787401213k34t5%2F This article summarizes our current understanding of effective weight loss programs. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0076-1Authors Alison M. HillPenny M. Kris-Etherton, The Pennsylvania State University Department of Nutritional Sciences S-126 Henderson Building South University Park PA 16802 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 6 / December, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991641 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:15 +0100 1991641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991645&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F76180n30r2q12tr1%2F Abstract  Plant sterols are plant components that have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol except for the addition of an extra methyl or ethyl group; however, plant sterol absorption in humans is considerably less than that of cholesterol. In fact, plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and thus reduce circulating levels of cholesterol. Earlier studies that have tested the efficacy of plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents incorporated plant sterols into fat spreads. Later on, plant sterols were added to other food matrices, including juices, nonfat beverages, milk and yogurt, cheese, meat, croissants and muffins, and cereal and chocolate bars. The beneficial physiologic effects of plant sterols could be further enhanced by combining them with other benef... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991645 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:14 +0100 1991645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991644&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp6u645r44n9v4g01%2F Abstract  Strong epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that increasing dietary fiber may help to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. Recent studies have highlighted the role of dietary fiber, particularly water-soluble varieties, in decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Several types of soluble fiber, including psyllium, β-glucan, pectin, and guar gum, have been shown to decrease LDL-C in wellcontrolled intervention studies, whereas the soluble fiber content of legumes and vegetables has also been shown to decrease LDL-C. Current investigations continue to explore this area in depth and examine potential synergies between dietary fiber and other phytochemicals that may lower cholesterol. These st... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991644 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:14 +0100 1991644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991643&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F832324k045364262%2F Abstract  Numerous organizations and national health agencies have begun to recommend consumption of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA), respectively, in pill or fish form for general cardiovascular health. The purpose of this article is to present a rationale for an official target intake of 400 to 500 mg/d of EPA + DHA in the United States. Six epidemiologic studies reporting EPA + DHA intake and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) death have been conducted in the United States, and five studies reported statistically significant inverse trends. Meta-analysis of these data showed a significant dose-response relationship between risk for CHD death and intake (P = 0.03), with relative risk reductions of 37% ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991643 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:14 +0100 1991643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991650&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl48l3mh2015u6m81%2F Abstract  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of death worldwide. Dietary factors have an important role in influencing the outcome of this disease. Dietary guidelines around the world now recommend increased consumption of plant foods for the prevention of CHD. Epidemiologic and human intervention studies have documented an inverse relationship between the consumption of plant-based diets and deaths attributed to heart disease. Plant foods contain many beneficial compounds that, by acting through multiple mechanisms, provide protection against the disease. American and Canadian recommendations for the daily intake of fruits and vegetables provide a sound basis for a healthy diet and the prevention of CHD. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0075-... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991650 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:13 +0100 1991650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991649&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F544538t1jt1t3137%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0069-0Authors Francesco Visioli, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR 7079 7, quai St Bernard, Bat A 5 etage 75005 Paris FranceAndrea PoliDoriane RichardRodolfo Paoletti Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 6 / December, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991649 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:13 +0100 1991649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991648&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fmt171468n1203g06%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0070-7 Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 6 / December, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991648 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:13 +0100 1991648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991647&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe0537n124662r22h%2F Abstract  Dietary intake of both saturated and trans fatty acids has been associated with an increase in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Evidence comes mainly from controlled dietary experiments with intermediate end points, such as blood lipoproteins, and from observational studies. A few small, randomized controlled trials with clinical end points have been carried out in which saturated fat was replaced with polyunsaturated fat, leading to a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a reduction in CHD risk. However, no such studies exist for trans fatty acids. More high-quality, randomized controlled trials on fatty acids and CHD are required, but public health recommendations to reduce intake of both saturated and trans fatty acids are appropriate b... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991647 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:13 +0100 1991647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991646&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe2r6t2v50x370783%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0071-6Authors Neil J. Stone Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 6 / December, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991646 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:13 +0100 1991646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991655&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fau06673645600616%2F Abstract  Alcohol has had a long and complicated role in human society and health. Excessive use of alcohol causes enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide, but the health effects of alcohol use within recommended guidelines are diverse and complex. Established effects include increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and antithrombotic activity, providing plausible mechanisms for the observed association of moderate drinking with lower risk of coronary heart disease but higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke. However, moderate drinking increases sex steroid hormone levels and may interfere with folate metabolism, both of which are potential mechanisms for the observed associations of moderate drinking with several forms of cancer, particularly breast and colorectal. Gene... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991655 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:12 +0100 1991655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991654&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft63046467v32vt10%2F Abstract  The increasing trend of obesity has been associated with a greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and may lead to more vascular disease. Nuts, a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids and fiber, have been shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Numerous studies have demonstrated that nuts favorably affect serum lipids. They also exhibit a number of nonlipid benefits, including improved weight management, greater insulin sensitivity, and favorable endothelial effects, as well as having anti-inflammatory properties. Incorporating nuts into the diets of more people may lead to a variety of cardiovascular benefits. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0082-3Authors Stephen ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991654 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:12 +0100 1991654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991653&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft7553254666l6552%2F Abstract  Recent changes in lifestyle, including physical inactivity and unhealthy diets, are likely to have played an important role in the global epidemic of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Implementation of a healthier lifestyle, with an increase in physical activity and a reduction of body weight, based on the regulation of calories and fat intake, are the basis for the prevention and treatment of both type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Intervention studies based on changes in lifestyle in individuals at risk found that diabetes incidence was reduced by 42% to 63%. Similarly, intensive lifestyle changes in patients with the metabolic syndrome have been shown to reduce the prevalence of the syndrome by 20% to 48%. Reduction of body weight, improvem... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991653 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:12 +0100 1991653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991652&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk5502318kpv51150%2F Abstract  Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are divided into long-chain fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), which are found in fatty fish, and intermediate-chain FAs (α-linolenic acid), which are found in vegetable oils. Omega-3 FAs favorably modulate a variety of vascular risk factors and also exert antiarrhythmic effects. Epidemiologic data suggest that increased consumption of marine omega-3 FAs is associated with reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Randomized controlled studies also show that supplementation with EPA and DHA reduces CHD risk, primarily in the secondary prevention setting. Data are more limited on the efficacy of marine omega-3 FAs for the primary prevention of CHD and on the role of α-linolenic acid. Increased... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991652 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:12 +0100 1991652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1991651&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F40m55885859482ll%2F Abstract  The clinical application of the glycemic index (GI) to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases is controversial. No evidence exists for the implementation of low-GI diets for a reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, events, or morbidity. Observational studies report conflicting evidence on the role of low-GI diets in CHD and risk factors for CHD. Randomized clinical trials report a small reduction in total cholesterol (-6.6 mg/dL) from low-GI diets compared with high-GI diets, but no reduction in other risk factors, such as low-density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, insulin, or body weight. Currently, the research suggests a minimal role for the implementation of low-GI diets in the preve... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1991651 Tue, 25 Nov 2008 06:58:12 +0100 1991651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902096&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm641u1045720848w%2F Abstract  The influence of baseline stroke severity on outcome makes comparisons between nonrandomized studies of intravenous and intra-arterial (IA) therapy problematic. Using pooled data from the placebo arms of randomized trials in acute ischemic stroke, we derived predictive functions for outcome. We then compared the outcomes from published trials to these functions. Net benefit was calculated by comparison of the individual study with the predicted outcome based on the therapeutic time window. Similar net benefit for IA therapy and intravenous therapy was found at 3 hours and 6 hours; a slight advantage for IA therapy was mitigated by an increase in mortality at 6 hours and by publication bias. No net benefit for IA therapy was shown in the time window greater than 6 ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902096 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:49 +0100 1902096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902095&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6k66006h4qu777j3%2F Abstract  Over the past several years, active investigation into neuroimaging in the setting of acute ischemic stroke has improved our understanding of and ability to visualize the dynamic pathophysiology of acute cerebrovascular disease. Efforts surrounding the application of multimodal CT and MRI have resulted in a growing body of data from systematic evaluations of different parameters, experience in the use of these techniques in guiding clinical decision making, and clinical trials employing neuroimaging for patient selection, for proof of principle, and as a surrogate outcome measure. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0052-9Authors Amie W. Hsia, Washington Hospital Center, Stroke Center 110 Irving Street NW, East Building, Room 6126 Washington, DC ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902095 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:49 +0100 1902095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902094&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx5hwm631602m2554%2F Abstract  Women have a 20% lifetime risk of stroke. In addition, the majority of stroke-related deaths occur in women. Reducing the burden of stroke in women through prevention would positively affect public health. Unfortunately, most of the data used to develop specific evidence-based guidelines for stroke prevention in women were derived from coronary heart disease studies. Stroke was a secondary and less common outcome, if it was included at all. In addition, women have traditionally been underrepresented in stroke prevention trial cohorts. Stroke prevention in women offers many challenges, not only related to data extrapolated from clinical trials primarily composed of men, but also because physicians may underestimate cardiovascular risk in women, and therefore preven... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902094 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:49 +0100 1902094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902093&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F741385452876h578%2F Abstract  Permanent neurologic injury and death remain common outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although many sophisticated techniques are evolving for securing intracranial aneurysms to prevent rebleeding, progress is lagging in the management of posthemorrhagic complications, particularly cerebral vasospasm. Vasospasm can be defined either angiographically, by visible reduction in arterial lumen diameters, or clinically, with signs of focal or regional cerebral ischemia. The relationship between angiographic and clinical vasospasm is not straightforward. The most important known risk factors for developing posthemorrhagic vasospasm include volume and distribution of subarachnoid blood, and no preventive measures have proven effective. Established trea... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902093 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:49 +0100 1902093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902101&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F362307u17154638j%2F Abstract  The rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have decreased significantly for men over the past few decades, but similar reductions have not occurred in women. Consequently, CVD remains the leading killer of women in the United States. Men usually develop heart disease earlier than women, but women develop heart disease more rapidly once menopause has occurred. A review of risk factors that are common between men and women demonstrates some notable sex-dependent differences. Many of these changes appear related to the hormonal changes that occur in menopause, such as the development of hypertension, changes in lipid concentrations, and central adiposity. In addition, diabetes is a more significant risk factor for CVD in women than men. Sociologic and physiologic fact... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902101 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:48 +0100 1902101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902100&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk433287qju628h28%2F This article reviews the role of clopidogrel in the treatment of atherothrombotic diseases and after coronary intervention, as well as the current approach in the prevention of stent thrombosis. It also discusses experimental and upcoming drugs that may be superior to clopidogrel. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0047-6Authors Girish R. MoodAnthony A. BavryDeepak L. Bhatt, Cleveland Clinic Department of Cardiovascular Medicine 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk F25 Cleveland OH 44195 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 4 / August, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902100 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:48 +0100 1902100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902099&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl1m7452052831612%2F Abstract  Identification of high-risk patients presenting with chest pain remains challenging. The use of a single biomarker or a panel of biomarkers to detect occult plaque destabilization or rupture without frank infarction would allow for appropriate triage of such patients. Current data suggest that plaque vulnerability is determined by the relationship between forces that increase the size of the lipid core and destabilize the overlying thin fibrous cap. A variety of interrelated pathways are imputed to play important roles in this process of plaque evolution, destabilization, and rupture. These mechanisms include increased systemic and local inflammation, increased oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinase modulation, and hemodynamic variables related to altered shea... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902099 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:48 +0100 1902099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902098&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc106q5774658huw8%2F Abstract  Based on the findings of retrospective studies, there has been growing interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy in patients with heart failure. The first published prospective randomized study of statins in heart failure patients did not demonstrate improved clinical outcomes (death and nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke) after treatment with 10 mg daily of rosuvastatin when compared with placebo. However, use of rosuvastatin was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization when compared with placebo and was well tolerated. Until further information becomes available, routine use of statins is not recommended in the heart failure population. Content Type Journal Articl... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902098 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:48 +0100 1902098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902097&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5272038l665q5752%2F Abstract  Following quickly behind improvements in acute ischemic stroke care have been important advances in the understanding and management of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Among these are accurate diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) during life, recognition of the association between CAA and warfarin-related ICH, use of newer hemostatic treatments, and the combination of minimally invasive surgery with hematoma thrombolysis. Currently recommended management includes prompt evaluation of the patient at a facility with stroke and neurosurgical expertise, consideration of early surgery for patients with clinical deterioration or cerebellar hemorrhages larger than 3 cm, and early treatment of coagulopathies and other neurologic and medical complications. Over t... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902097 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:48 +0100 1902097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902105&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1661025600082008%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Web AlertDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0042-y Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 4 / August, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902105 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:47 +0100 1902105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902104&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh6080g4w083gp427%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0043-xAuthors James K. Liao Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 4 / August, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902104 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:47 +0100 1902104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902103&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2340034un00w4417%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0044-9Authors Larry B. Goldstein Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 4 / August, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902103 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:47 +0100 1902103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902102&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj74144205721n854%2F Abstract  The Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial has evoked renewed and intense discussion as to whether to recommend medical therapy or coronary revascularization for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), especially in those patients with stable CAD who are at low to intermediate risk for future cardiovascular events. The decision in regard to the timing and role of revascularization in patients with unstable CAD, although still evolving, is somewhat less controversial. The major focus of this discussion is, therefore, on the patient with stable CAD. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0045-8Authors Bertram Pitt, University of Michigan School of Medicine 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbo... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902102 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:47 +0100 1902102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1902106&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgu46j7l20w584878%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0041-zAuthors Michael Clearfield, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island Vallejo CA 94592 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 4 / August, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1902106 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 14:41:46 +0100 1902106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886802&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Frmku77110vv88ml0%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0057-4Authors Deepak L. Bhatt Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 5 / October, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886802 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:45 +0100 1886802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886801&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj00q64vt7315r576%2F Abstract  The role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the clinical benefit of lowering LDL-C in high-risk patients is well established. What remains controversial is whether we are using the best measure(s) of LDL characteristics to identify all individuals who are at CVD risk or if they would benefit from specific therapies. Despite the successful LDL-C reduction trials, substantial numbers of patients continue to have clinical events in the treatment groups. The size of LDL particles and assessment of the number of LDL particles (LDL-Num) have been suggested as a more reliable method of atherogenicity. Each LDL particle has one apoprotein B-100 measure attached; therefore, determination of whole plasma ap... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886801 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:45 +0100 1886801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886800&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faw635317315kx377%2F Abstract  Despite many post hoc analyses of cardiovascular databases in recent years suggesting a benefit of statins in the prevention and treatment of congestive heart failure (HF), a prospective study of statin therapy on two clinically relevant end points—HF morbidity and survival—had not been reported until 2007. However, a large-scale prospective trial, Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA), has just reported its primary results. These results somewhat surprisingly show no survival benefit in a group of patients with ischemic systolic HF given low-dose rosuvastatin. In addition to this uncertainty generated by the results of CORONA, there remains additional uncertainty in the existing, predominantly retrospective data on statins beca... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886800 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:45 +0100 1886800 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886799&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F31w24777x514t663%2F Abstract  Triglycerides (TGs) are now considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). When TGs are elevated, lipoprotein metabolism is altered, which increases CVD risk. Patients with elevated TGs and low high-density lipoprotein are at particularly high risk of CVD. TGs are often associated with other CVD risk factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, low HDL cholesterol, lifestyle factors, and changes in lipoprotein size and density. Elevated TGs remain an independent risk even when controlling for the other factors and are a greater risk for women than men. Treatment of elevated TGs in clinical trials has been shown to reduce CVD events, cardiac deaths, and total mortality. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-00... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886799 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:45 +0100 1886799 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886798&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk147372u0gr41u51%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0056-5 Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 5 / October, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886798 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:45 +0100 1886798 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886807&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F727h86m4423h1128%2F Abstract  3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are currently the drug of choice for the clinical management of elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Although statin treatment provides an overall improvement in outcomes, clinical trial data reveal a significant number of cardiac events despite reaching targeted LDL levels. A low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. Accordingly, there has been interest in determining whether HDL elevation, in addition to LDL lowering, further reduces risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Several commonly prescribed lipid-lowering therapies modestly raise HDL, but their use may be limited by the development of adverse re... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886807 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:44 +0100 1886807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886806&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy316421601360873%2F Abstract  The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) gene codes for a cellular phospholipid and cholesterol transporter that mediates the initial and essential step in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis: the formation of nascent HDL particles. Mutations at the ABCA1 gene locus cause severe familial HDL deficiency and, in the homozygous form, cause Tangier disease. Several studies have investigated the influence of ABCA1 variation on lipid metabolism and coronary heart disease, but they have resulted in controversial and inconsistent results. Genetic variability at the ABCA1 gene has also been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. In one study, this association was independent of HDL cholesterol levels, raising the possibility that the m... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886806 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:44 +0100 1886806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886805&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F816388328u095227%2F This article briefly summarizes the current trial data on CEA and CAS. More importantly, potential risk factors for CEA and CAS are reviewed and the complementary role of these techniques in the management of the individual patient is discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0061-8Authors Andreas Kastrup, University of Göttingen Department of Neurology Robert-Koch-Str. 40 37075 Göttingen GermanySonja SchnaudigelKatrin WasserKlaus Gröschel Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 5 / October, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886805 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:44 +0100 1886805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886804&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg32521021v45774t%2F Abstract  In patients with coronary artery disease, the need for more accurately defined treatment recommendations based on the distribution of atherosclerotic disease has given rise to multiple trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of medical therapy versus percutaneous coronary intervntion (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). To clarify these treatment recommendations, we reviewed relevant trials. Patients with chronic stable angina who have one-vessel or two-vessel coronary artery disease without involvement of the left main or left anterior descending coronary arteries fare similarly regardless of treatment modality. In contrast, patients with multivessel disease and inducible ischemia are better served by revascularization by either CABG or PCI. In patie... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886804 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:44 +0100 1886804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886803&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F14r3h4643681235r%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0055-6Authors Ali J. Marian, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital Center for Cardiovascular Genetic Research, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine 6770 Bertner Street, Suite C900A Houston TX 77030 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 5 / October, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886803 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:44 +0100 1886803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886811&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5t36665043511774%2F Abstract  Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that is responsible for most cardiovascular events and stroke. Epidemiologic studies and intervention trials based on the incidence of acute vascular disease end points require years of follow-up, the participation of large populations, or both. As a consequence, such studies consume considerable time and financial resources. The use of surrogate markers, therefore, is of paramount relevance because it allows researchers to have reliable data in less time and from reduced populations. Intima-media thickness (IMT) measured by B-mode ultrasound is the most studied surrogate marker and has been validated by official medical agencies. In this article, we review the most important technical considerations related to its measurement... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886811 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:43 +0100 1886811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886810&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fml67233vq5181871%2F Abstract  It has become commonplace to try to gear the intensity of preventive measures to the degree of risk. It is, however, problematic to merely use traditional risk factors to gauge risk in the individual patient because the tools currently in use are based on population estimates and they may not directly apply to the individual being assessed. Indeed, it is not unusual for patients at low to intermediate risk to suffer unexpected events, whereas some high-risk patients appear unusually healthy. Imaging for atherosclerosis may offer an alternative to this approach. Often, there is a large discrepancy between the burden of atherosclerosis estimated with coronary artery calcium or intima-media thickness and the risk of future cardiovascular events estimated with the Fra... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886810 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:43 +0100 1886810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886809&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F67508vxu06212867%2F Abstract  Migraine, cardiovascular disease, and stroke are three highly prevalent and disabling conditions that exert a significant socioeconomic impact. The association between migraine and a twofold risk of stroke and myocardial infarction has been the topic of much debate. The mechanism underlying this link is largely unknown but may be the result of an increased prevalence of other conditions such as vasculopathies, hypercoagulable states, and patent foramen ovale seen in migraine with aura. Although many prior studies have demonstrated increased risks in women with migraine with aura, an emerging body of evidence is showing similar risks in men. These risks are further compounded with increased migraine frequency, smoking, and the use of oral contraceptive pills. Becau... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886809 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:43 +0100 1886809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886808&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn921832300156724%2F Abstract  A meta-analysis of 42 clinical trials suggested that rosiglitazone, a widely used thiazolidinedione, was associated with a 43% greater risk of myocardial infarction (P = 0.03) and a 64% greater risk of cardiovascular death (P = 0.06). However, a number of criticisms have been raised that potentially undermine the conclusions of this analysis. In this article, we point out some of these limitations, summarize the currently available evidence concerning rosiglitazone and cardiovascular risk, share implications for drug safety evaluation, and offer practical recommendations to health care providers. We conclude that the data showing the increased risk for myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular disease for diabetic patients taking rosiglitazone are inconcl... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886808 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:43 +0100 1886808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449611&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgn1j3565x7g6811j%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0028-9 Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 3 / June, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449611 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:55:00 +0100 1449611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449612&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0wk2150338m1vr82%2F Abstract  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common complex trait consisting of the clustering of abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and dysglycemia. MetS is found in about 25% of the population in the United States and is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite research into possible genetic influences for MetS, no consistently reproducible genetic markers have been obtained, partially due to lack of agreement on the definition of the phenotype. Because phenotypic precision is essential for genomic interrogation, the evolving discipline of clinical phenomics, which uses objective and systematic acquisition of phenotypic data (ie, “deep phenotyping”), may help evaluate the genetic influences of MetS. This article re... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449612 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:59 +0100 1449612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449613&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp69112523147x481%2F Abstract  A full understanding of the molecular basis for genetically determined human traits, including susceptibility to disease, appears to be within reach following recent breakthroughs. How fully this promise will be realized, and by which combination of study designs, will depend to a large extent on the allelic architecture of each trait, which is still unknown in most cases. The prevailing belief that traits common in the general population must depend on common variants is challenged by theoretical predictions based on the mutation-selection model. This model states that if disease variants are subject to even weak purifying selection, their presence can be maintained only by new mutations, resulting in a multitude of rare alleles at each locus. Predictions favorin... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449613 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:58 +0100 1449613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449614&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff26632135746j24r%2F Abstract  Common multigene disorders account for 80% of deaths in the world and all have significant genetic predisposition. Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI) account for more than 40% of these deaths. The genetic component is due to multiple genes, each contributing only minimally to the phenotype. Linkage analysis, which has been successful in identifying rare disorders that cause MI, is not sensitive for multigene disorders. The recent candidate case-control approach has been equally unsuccessful. Multigene disorders require genome-wide association studies involving genotyping hundreds of thousands of DNA markers in thousands of individuals with replication in independent populations. Platforms with 500,000 and 1 million single nucleotide polymorphis... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449614 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:55 +0100 1449614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449616&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx366783j97081473%2F Abstract  The atherosclerotic lesion is a site of local production of the lipid-derived inflammatory mediators known as leukotrienes. This production leads to autocrine and paracrine activation of leukotriene receptors of the BLT and CysLT receptor subtypes expressed on leukocytes and structural cells within the vascular wall. Studies in mice, rats, and rabbits have revealed a key role for leukotriene signaling in atherosclerosis, abdominal aneurysms, and intimal hyperplasia. In addition, a major atherosclerotic immune activation may be leukotriene-dependent through mediation of leukocyte cross-talk within the atherosclerotic lesion. Furthermore, leukotrienes induce endothelium-dependent and independent vascular responses. Finally, recent findings indicate that leukotriene-... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449616 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:54 +0100 1449616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449615&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7l558265k7112128%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0029-8Authors Ali J. Marian Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 3 / June, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449615 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:54 +0100 1449615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449619&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6779856636n55707%2F Abstract  Autophagy is a catabolic pathway for bulk destruction of long-lived proteins and organelles via lysosomes. Basal autophagy represents a reparative, life-sustaining process, but unrestrained autophagic activity promotes cell death. A growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy occurs in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, or endothelial cells treated in vitro with proatherogenic stimuli reveal certain features typical of autophagy, such as LC3 processing, formation of myelin figures, and extensive vacuolization. However, despite the increasing interest in autophagy, its role in atherosclerosis remains poorly understood. Most likely, autophagy safeguards plaque cells against cellular distress, in particular oxidative inj... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449619 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:53 +0100 1449619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449618&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Feu048021m773704p%2F Abstract  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a biomarker that can be used to assess the risk for cardiovascular disease and events. In addition to being a useful marker of a risk factor, several studies suggest that Lp-PLA2 has a pathophysiologic role in the atherosclerotic disease process. In this article, we review this aspect and its therapeutic implications. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0036-9Authors Shahar LaviJoerg HerrmannRonit LaviJoseph P. McConnellLilach O. LermanAmir Lerman, Mayo Clinic Division of Cardiovascular Diseases Mary Brigh 4-523, 200 First Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 1... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449618 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:53 +0100 1449618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449617&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn322736j338n1578%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0027-xAuthors Patrick Duriez, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille 2 Faculté de Pharmacie, Physiologie 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse BP83 59006 Lille France Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 3 / June, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449617 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:53 +0100 1449617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449620&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw47p2p76707gjg5x%2F This article reviews differences and similarities between sPLA2-IIA, sPLA2-V, and sPLA2-X, all of which are members of this family of enzymes with reported potential proatherogenic features. Published data suggest that each of the enzymes has a distinct profile characterized by differences in tissue expression and localization, capacity to act on phospholipids of cell membranes and lipoproteins, and their interaction with arterial proteoglycans. In addition, the article discusses results from the authors’ laboratory showing that diet-induced or gene-induced hyperlipidemia in mice enhances the expression of sPLA2-V in different tissues, but not sPLA2-IIA. Such differences indicate that these enzymes may have different roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through their dist... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449620 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:52 +0100 1449620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449622&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd233k373810r627j%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0035-xAuthors Robert S. Rosenson Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 3 / June, 2008 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports) Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449622 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:49 +0100 1449622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449621&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm0m8k481n7735x45%2F Abstract  Atherothrombosis is the underlying cause of several clinical manifestations, such as acute coronary syndromes, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease, which together are the leading cause of death in the Western world. Proteins from vascular cells or atherosclerotic plaques that are present in plasma are modified along the different steps of atherosclerotic development and constitute target candidates for vascular research, particularly in the search for novel biological markers of cardiovascular risk. In this review, we summarize proteomic techniques and the most recent results obtained by application of these high-throughput strategies to cardiovascular samples. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-008-0033-zAuthors Roxana Martinez-... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449621 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:49 +0100 1449621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449624&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv55h15786p012004%2F Abstract  Inflammation is considered an important aspect in the development of atherosclerosis. Genetic manipulations of animal models susceptible to atherosclerosis have unraveled the contribution of various inflammatory pathways implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. These inflammatory pathways not only lead to the recruitment and entry of inflammatory cells into the arterial wall, they also modify the morphology and composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Certain inflammatory pathways, such as P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, appear to play an important role in lesion initiation, whereas others, such as interleukin-10 and CD40/CD40 ligand, seem to contribute to lesion progression and morphologic changes. An ... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449624 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:48 +0100 1449624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1449623&cid=s_35928_7_f&fid=35928&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F545q0w7324x42568%2F Abstract  Although the pathogenic role of T cells in atherogenesis is well established, the function of the various T-cell subsets is far from clear. Whereas activation of the T-helper type 1 (Th1) subset promotes inflammatory and proatherogenic responses and activation of Th2 cells mediates both proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects, the newly discovered regulatory T-cell subset seems to attenuate atherogenesis. However, the dynamics of T-cell response within the plaque are still poorly understood, and both antigen-dependent and antigen-independent stimuli may be involved in the expansion of T cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Nevertheless, the different nature of the various T-cell subsets and their complex role in atherogenesis underscore the need for future researc... Current Atherosclerosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1449623 Thu, 15 May 2008 05:54:48 +0100 1449623