MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current HIV Research' source. Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:35:19 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375021&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226000%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: We describe an independent association between TLR4 Asp299Gly SNP and active TB in Caucasian Mediterranean HIV-infected patients. PMID: 20226000 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375021 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3359288&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20214658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lau KA, Wang B, Miranda-Saksena M, Boadle R, Kamarulzaman A, Ng KP, Saksena NK, Soriano-Sarabia N In Malaysia, co-circulation of CRF01_AE and subtype B has resulted in the emergence of the second generation derivative; CRF33_01B in approximately 20% of its HIV-1 infected individuals. Our objective was to identify possible biological advantages that CRF33_01B possesses over its progenitors. Biological and molecular comparisons of CRF33_01B against its parental subtypes clearly show that CRF33_01B replicated better in activated whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but not monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Also, its acquired fitness was greater than CRF01_AE but not subtype B. Moreover, CRF33_01B has higher rate of apoptotic cell death and s... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3359288 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3359288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338878&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20201792%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruiz A, Guatelli JC, Stephens EB Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and several simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) encode for a transmembrane protein known as Vpu (viral protein U). While one of the smallest of the HIV-1 proteins, it has two important functions within virus-infected cells. The first of these functions is the down-regulation of the CD4 receptor to prevent its interaction with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Vpu interacts with the CD4 receptor in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), resulting in its re-translocation across the RER and subsequent degradation via the proteasomal pathway. The second major function of the Vpu protein is to facilitate release of virus from infected cells. Previous studies have shown that virus release is cell type spec... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338878 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338876&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20201793%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: We describe an independent association between TLR4 Asp299Gly SNP and active TB in Caucasian Mediterranean HIV-infected patients. PMID: 20201793 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338876 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338876 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288619&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163340%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Etravirine has compromised activity in approximately half of the patients failing nevirapine-based first-line treatment in this cohort, which supports guidelines that caution against using it with NRTIs alone in such patients. PMID: 20163340 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288619 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288618&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163341%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bonfanti P, De Socio GL, Marconi P, Franzetti M, Martinelli C, Vichi F, Penco G, Madeddu G, Orofino G, Valsecchi L, Vitiello P, Menzaghi B, Magni C, Ricci E HERMES is a prospective study including all treatment-naïve patients attending scheduled visits at hospitals in the CISAI group in 2007. The present cross-sectional analysis aims to assess the baseline prevalence and characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in a population of HIV-positive treatment-naïve patients. MS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definitions. A total of 292 subjects were enroled, median age was 37 years, 75% of them were males. The prevalence of MS was 12.3%. The most frequent trio of abnormalities that led to the diagnosis of MS was high blood pressure, ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288618 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288617&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163342%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: A blunted early immune recovery was observed in HCV infected patients, compared with HCV negative subjects, while late immune recovery was not different among HCV infected as a whole and not infected subjects; only the subgroup of subjects infected with genotype 3 showed an impaired late immune recovery. PMID: 20163342 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288617 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288616&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163343%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hearps AC, Ryan CE, Morris LM, Plate MM, Greengrass V, Crowe SM The wide scale application of dried blood spots (DBS) as a collection tool for low-cost HIV drug resistance testing requires a greater understanding of the accuracy of DBS for genotype analysis and the stability of DBS under various environmental conditions. Analysis of a 50microl DBS via a single amplicon, nested PCR-based in-house assay (the Burnet genotyping assay) showed an average nucleotide concordance of 98.9% with plasma samples, although only 65% of nucleotide mixtures detected in plasma were also detected within DBS. The analysis of three DBS resulted in the detection of a greater number of nucleotide mixtures (72 and 109 mixtures detected within one and three DBS, respectively, n=10). Two DBS extraction... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288616 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288615&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163344%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Helmus RA, Poonam P, Caruso L, Gupta P, Chen Y A vaccine-induced cellular immune response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the gut mucosal tissue may prevent the establishment or severity of new SIV infection. An oral Clostridium perfringens expressing SIV p27 (Cp-p27) vaccine that delivers SIV p27 to the gut was evaluated for its ability to prime multifunctional cellular immunity in the gut mucosa. Gut Peyer's patches dendritic cells matured in response to in vitro exposure to Cp-p27 and stimulated production of p27-specific IFN-gamma. In mice, the oral vaccination with the Cp-p27 vaccine and systemic immunization with adenovirus expressing SIV p27 (Ad-p27) induced robust systemic and mucosal immune responses. Furthermore, the prime-boost regimen induced p27-specific... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288615 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288614&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bostan A, Demeestere I, Vanderwinden JM, Devreker F, Englert Y Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the basis of antiretroviral treatment of HIV-positive patients. Several studies have shown decreased fertility and fecundity among HIV-positive women under antiretroviral treatment. Oocyte impaired competence has been hypothesized to be one of the main mechanisms underlying of this decreased fertility. NRTI side effects are thought to be due to the induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Stavudine, a widely used NRTI, causes persistent mitochondrial damage in various tissues. In order to gain insights into possible mechanisms of HIV-related diminished fertility, we studied the effects of stavudine on mouse oocyte mitochondria. Mitochondrial volume, protein assay an... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288614 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288613&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163346%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Voluntary counseling and testing resulted in changes in some self-reported risk behaviors, but only among HIV positive subjects. On nearly all measures men report riskier behavior than women. Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in this population and is often used with sex. PMID: 20163346 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288613 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288612&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163347%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aghdassi E, Arendt BM, Salit IE, Mohammed SS, Jalali P, Bondar H, Allard JP Chromium is an essential micronutrient; chromium deficiency has been reported to cause insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The aim was to investigate the effect of chromium supplementation on insulin-resistance, other metabolic abnormalities, and body composition in people living with HIV. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fifty-two HIV-positive subjects with elevated glucose, lipids, or evidence of body fat redistribution, and who had insulin-resistance based on the calculation of homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA-IR >/= 2.5) were assessed. Subjects who were on insulin or hypoglycemic medications were excluded. Subjects were randomized to receive e... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288612 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288611&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163348%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bermúdez MP, Castro A, Gude F, Buela-Casal G The goal of this work is to determine whether relationship power in couples and sexual double standard can predict the risk of sexually transmitted infections/human immunodeficiency virus (STI/HIV) as a function of cultural and gender differences. The sample was made up of 689 adolescents living in Spain, of both sexes, aged between 14 and 19 years, who were sexually active in the past six months and who had a stable partner. Of them, 58.9% were native Spaniards and 41.1% were immigrants of Latin American origin. The results show that origin, age, double standard and the control over decision-making in the couple can predict the risk of STI/HIV; thus, the immigrants, the older participants, those who scored higher in double sta... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288611 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288610&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163349%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: The findings show that outcomes of a CBART intervention in a rural area compare favorably to outcomes of hospital-based care. If the study results are sustainable over a longer time period, this model could be considered for ART roll-out to impoverished rural/remote populations in Uganda and elsewhere. PMID: 20163349 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288610 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288609&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mounier N, Spina M, Spano JP Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) represents one of the most common types of a non-AIDS-de fi ning tumour that occurs in the HIV population, and its incidence is increasing in the post Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) era. Despite the aggressiveness of that disease, the outcome of patients with HIV-HL has improved with better, combined antineoplastic and antiretroviral approaches. New and effective antiretroviral drugs, in conjunction with nucleoside analogs, improve the control of the underlying HIV infection when used during treatment of HL with chemotherapy. The inclusion of hematopoietic growth factors in the treatment of patients with HIV-HL may allow for the administration of higher dose-intensity chemotherapy and the prolonged use of antire... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288609 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288608&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Caroline L, Juliano C, Minardi C, Jean-François M Lentiviruses from distinct animal species have in common their genomic organization, the induction of slowly progressive diseases over months or years, the large spectrum of induced symptoms and concerned organs, the frequent inapparent infection without any detectable clinical signs, their ability to persist into their hosts despite an often strong and mature immune response.... Lentiviruses are also characterized by their genomic plasticity and the rapid evolution of the viral species. SRLVs infecting goats and sheep follow a genomic evolution pattern similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Based on limited number of complete sequences, they have been initially described as two distinct genetic groups e... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288608 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288607&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carpenter S, Dobbs D Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is one of the most divergent members of the lentivirus subfamily of 3 retroviruses and is considered a useful comparative model for molecular studies of lentivirus replication. The 4 Rev protein of EIAV is functionally homologous with other lentiviral Revs and facilitates export of 5 incompletely spliced viral mRNAs through a Crm1-dependent pathway. The trans- and cis-acting elements 6 that mediate EIAV Rev function are similar to, but distinct from, the well-characterized elements in human 7 immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), the prototypical Rev protein. In addition, the EIAV rev sequence is highly 8 variable in vivo, and changes in Rev phenotype correlate with changes in clinical stages of EIAV infection. 9 This review... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288607 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288606&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163353%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Craigo JK, Montelaro RC Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and its associated disease have presented a considerable challenge to veterinary medicine worldwide ever since its identification in the 19(th) century. Furthermore EIAV, along with its fellow animal lentiviruses, has been utilized as an animal model of HIV-1/AIDS research since the latters identification in the late 20(th) century. Like all lentiviruses, EIAV has been shown to have a high propensity for genomic sequence and antigenic variation, principally in its envelope (Env) proteins. However, unlike other lentiviruses, EIAV possesses a unique and dynamic disease presentation that enables consummate analyses of the interactions between a virus, host immune system, and the effects of viral evolution on vaccine ef... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288606 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288605&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163354%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elder JH, Lin YC, Fink E, Grant CK FIV is a significant pathogen in the cat and is, in addition, the smallest available natural model for the study of lentivirus infections. Although divergent at the amino acid level, the cat lentivirus has an abundance of structural and pathophysiological commonalities with HIV and thus serves well as a model for development of intervention strategies relevant to infection in both cats and man. The following review highlights both the strengths and shortcomings of the FIV/cat model, particular as regards development of antiviral drugs. PMID: 20163354 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288605 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288604&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163355%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Payne SL, Fuller FJ Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a macrophage-tropic lentivirus that rapidly Induces disease in experimentally infected horses. Because EIAV infection and replication is centered on the monocyte/macrophage and has a pronounced acute disease stage, it is a useful model system for understanding the contribution of monocyte/macrophages to other lentivirus-induced diseases. Genetic mapping studies utilizing chimeric proviruses in which parental viruses are acutely virulent or avirulent have allowed the identification of important regions that influence acute virulence. U3 regions in the viral LTR, surface envelope (SU) protein and the accessory S2 gene strongly influence acute disease expression. While the chimeric proviruses provide insight into genes ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288604 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288603&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163356%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Desport M, Lewis J Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is the most recently discovered member of the lentivirus family and causes an acute clinical disease in Bali cattle with a fatality rate of approximately 15%. It is genetically related to bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) to the extent that infections cannot yet be differentially diagnosed using serological assays due to cross-reacting epitopes. Despite their close genetic relationship the pathogenesis of JDV infection in Bali cattle is very different to that of BIV in cattle and is unusual for a member of this virus family. The dynamics of JDV replication and clearance during the acute stage of Jembrana disease, the viral tropism, molecular analysis of the viral genome and mRNA transcripts, and the current status of vaccine de... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288603 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288602&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163357%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blacklaws B, Harkiss GD Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are related retroviruses that cause multisystem disease usually over a long period of time. The viruses show similarities and differences in biological and pathogenic features. The basic retroviral genomic organization is complicated by the presence of a variable number of accessory genes in both viruses, though the structure is more complex in HIV. Both are mucosal pathogens, and infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The main difference in cell tropism is that, unlike HIV, SRLV do not infect lymphocytes. A major feature of both pathogens is restricted replication and virus latency, which are partly responsible for the establishment of chronic infection usually lastin... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288602 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288601&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163358%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamamoto JK, Sanou MP, Abbott JR, Coleman JK Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) discovered in 1986 is a lentivirus that causes AIDS in domestic cats. FIV is classified into five subtypes (A-E), and all subtypes and circulating intersubtype recombinants have been identified throughout the world. A commercial FIV vaccine, consisting of inactivated subtype-A and -D viruses (Fel-O-Vax FIV, Fort Dodge Animal Health), was released in the United States in 2002. The United States Department of Agriculture approved the commercial release of Fel-O-Vax FIV based on two efficacy trials using 105 laboratory cats and a major safety trial performed on 689 pet cats. The prototype and commercial FIV vaccines had broad prophylactic efficacy against global FIV subtypes and circulating intersubt... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288601 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288600&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163359%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Corredor AG, St-Louis MC, Archambault D The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was isolated in 1969 from a cow, R-29, with a wasting syndrome suggesting bovine leucosis. The virus, first designated bovine visna-like virus, remained unstudied until HIV was discovered in 1983. Then, it was demonstrated in 1987 that the bovine R-29 isolate was a lentivirus with striking similarity to the human immunodeficieny virus (HIV). Moreover, BIV has the most complex genomic structure among all identified lentiviruses shown by several regulatory/accessory genes encoding proteins, some of which are involved in the regulation of virus gene expression. This manuscript aims to review biological and molecular aspects of BIV, with emphasis on regulatory/accessory viral genes/proteins which are i... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288600 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3060063&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19954415%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iannello A, Samarani S, Debbeche O, Boulassel MR, Tremblay C, Toma E, Routy JP, Ahmad A IL-18 is a pleiotropic and multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that is often produced in response to a viral infection. The biological activities of the cytokine are tightly controlled by its natural antagonist, IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), as well as by activation of caspase-1, which cleaves the precursor form of IL-18 into its biologically mature form. The cytokine plays an important role in both innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. Depending upon the context, it can promote TH1, TH2 and TH17 responses. Increased serum concentrations of IL-18 and concomitantly decreased concentrations of its natural antagonist have been described in HIV-infected persons as compared to ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3060063 Thu, 03 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3060063 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028201&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929791%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Corona A, Raimondi F The use of intensive care units (ICU) resources for HIV-Infected patients has been controversial since the first reported cases, raising practical ethical and economic issues about aggressive treatment. The aim of this review of the literature is to provide current information on the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients admitted to ICU during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to highlight issues related to HAART that are relevant to the intensivist. Overall mortality of critically ill HIV-infected patients in ICU has decreased in the HAART era and patients are more commonly admitted with non-HIV-related illnesses. Use of HAART in ICU is problematic, however it may be associated with improved outcome... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028201 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028200&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929792%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lyons MS, Lindsell CJ, Ruffner AH, Trott AT, Fichtenbaum CJ Screening everyone for HIV at least once is estimated to be cost-effective. Screening in health care settings is recommended to help achieve that goal. Health care settings often encounter the same patient repeatedly, and it is unknown if limited resources are better allocated to conduct repeat screening, or to screen patients not yet tested. We reviewed data for a targeted ED based HIV screening program for 2003-2007. The role of prior testing history as a predictor of undiagnosed HIV positivity was assessed using a negative binomial model adjusted for demographics and risk behaviors. HIV testing was provided to 8,450 unique patients. There were 5,781 (70%) self-reporting a prior HIV test. Compared with patients repo... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028200 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028199&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929793%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cicalini S, Chinello P, Grilli E, Petrosillo N Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening complication of HIV infection. The prevalence of HIV-associated PAH (HIV-PAH) seems not to be changed over time, regardless of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV-PAH treatment is similar to that for all PAH conditions and includes lifestyle modifications, general treatments, and disease-specific treatments. We reviewed the cases of HIV-PAH reported in the Literature in order to evaluate the role of HAART and specific PAH therapy in the prognosis and outcome of HIV-PAH. The research was performed through the PubMed database, by using the following key words: human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS, pulmonary hypertension, antiretroviral, and t... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028199 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028198&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929794%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the elder population infected with HIV-1 is likely being diagnosed late and at lower CD4+ counts and is frequently affected by comorbidities and co-medication. Based on our findings, we suggest some recommendations regarding the management of this growing population. PMID: 19929794 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028198 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028197&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929795%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan KY, Yang Y, Li ZR, Stoové MA, Reidpath DD Stigma within health care settings poses a considerable barrier to the provision of treatment and care for patients with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Southern China is located in a region with one of the world's fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemics. Attitudes towards PLWHA amongst health workers are currently under-researched in this region. This paper examines the inter-relationships between prejudicial attitudes among Chinese medical students towards HIV/AIDS and attitudes towards three risk behaviors: injecting drug use (IDU), commercial sex (CS) and commercial blood donation (CBD). Medical students (N = 352) in Guangzhou were presented with two random vignettes; each describing a hypothetical male that was identical, except for the di... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028197 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028196&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929796%26dopt%3DAbstract We described differential selective pressures along codon sites of the RT and PR genes of HIV-1 from HAART-failing and naïve-treated individuals, through the comparison of the ratio of non-synonymous mutations (d(N)) to synonymous mutations (d(S)) substitution per site. Resistance-associated mutations were found in 1/71 (1.4%) and 109/117 (93.1%) samples from naïve-treated and HAART-failing individuals, respectively, although most of positively selected codons represented polymorphisms in positions 123, 211, 245, 297 in RT and 37, 63 in PR of naïve-treated samples and positions 122, 123, 245, 272, 277, 286, 297 in RT and 10, 15, 20, 35, 37, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 77, 93 in PR of HAART-failing samples, except by ARV-resistance codons 74, 184, 215 in RT and 90 in PR exclusively f... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028196 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028195&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929797%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pacheco YM, Jarrín I, Del Amo J, Moreno S, Iribarren JA, Viciana P, Parra J, Gomez-Sirvent JL, Gutierrez F, Blanco JR, Vidal F, Leal M, A proportion of HIV-patients does not normally restore their CD4 counts despite virological response to HAART. Those whose CD4 counts persistently remain closed to the critical threshold for opportunistic infections deserve special interest. To study the risk factors, the long-term CD4 counts evolution, and the risk of death of patients who persistently maintain low CD4 counts, despite virological response to HAART, within a multicenter, hospital-based cohort study. A total of 147 patients were selected from CoRIS-MD and classified into a "Low-Group" or a "High-Group", depending on their CD4 counts after two-years of effective HAART (thr... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028195 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028194&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929798%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ivanovic J, Nicastri E, Anceschi MM, Ascenzi P, Signore F, Pisani G, Vallone C, Mattia E, Notari S, Tempestilli M, Pucillo LP, Narciso P, Although it is well known that antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) across the placenta in different extents, few data are available concerning the impact of the transplacental passage of ARVs on newborn outcome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the transplacental diffusion of ARVs and the clinical assessment of the newborn. Mother and cord lopinavir, nelfinavir, atazanavir and nevirapine plasma levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Newborn gestational age, weight, and Apgar score were recorded. Cord-to-mother ratio (C:M) was calculated to estimate the placental passage of ARVs. Preterm birth was defined as delivery a... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028194 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028193&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929799%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe using exploratory focus groups to determine a sampling strategy to investigate disability from the perspective of adults living with HIV. We conducted 4 focus groups with 23 men and women and asked participants to describe their health-related challenges and impact on their overall health. We analyzed data to determine whether health-related challenges differed based on age, gender, ethnocultural background, length of time since HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral use and if these characteristics should be considered when sampling. Participants described seven health-related challenges that appeared not to vary based on demographic or disease characteristics. Variations emerged in the way health-related challenges manifested and the strategies participants used to deal with these ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028193 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028192&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929800%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Martellotta F, Berretta M, Vaccher E, Schioppa O, Zanet E, Tirelli U In the HAART era Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) remains the second most frequent tumor in HIV-infected patients worldwide, and it has become the most common cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In western countries the risk for KS in men having sex with men (MSM) is 5 to 10 times higher compared to other groups of individuals practicing other HIV-risk behaviors. Patients with KS in Sub-Saharan Africa have very high tumor burdens and rapid disease progression with a diminished life expectancy of less than 6 months. KS lesions are comprised of both distinctive spindle cells of endothelial origin and a variable inflammatory infiltrate, which suggests that KS may result from reactive hyperproliferation induced by chronic inflamm... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028192 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028191&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929801%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alt C, Harrison T, Dousman L, Fujita N, Shew K, Tran TT, Shayesteh S, Matsukawa A, Mirsalis J, D'Andrea A Despite availability of successful prevention strategies, HIV continues to spread at alarming rates, especially among women in developing countries. Vaginal microbicides offer a promising approach for blocking transmission of HIV when condom use cannot be negotiated with male partners. A major problem in the development of vaginal microbicides is chemically induced vaginal irritation, which can enhance the risk of HIV transmission. Evaluation of vaginal irritation prior to clinical trials typically uses an expensive and animal-intensive rabbit vaginal irritation model, which could be supplemented by measuring additional inflammatory biomarkers. We studied several immunolog... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028191 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3028190&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19929802%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: D'Agostino C, Lichtner M, Mastroianni CM, Ceccarelli G, Iannetta M, Antonucci S, Vullo V, Massetti AP alpha-defensins are reported to be a soluble component of innate immunity actively participating in host defense against HIV. In order to further investigate the role of alpha-defensins in innate immunity during HIV infection, we analyzed CD8+ T lymphocytes and neutrophils obtained from 34 HIV-infected and 14 uninfected subjects. CD8+ T cells and neutrophils were labelled for evaluating alpha-defensin expression by flow cytometric analysis using a dual laser FACScalibur. Culture supernatants and plasma were also collected for ELISA quantification of alpha-defensins. The results showed a significantly increased production of alpha-defensins in plasma, neutrophils and CD8 T-lymp... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3028190 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3028190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2946969&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19863480%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: The GEC is likely to have a modest impact on HIV epidemics. However, there are plausible conditions under which the economic downturns can noticeably influence epidemic trends. This study highlights the high importance of maintaining funding for HIV programs. PMID: 19863480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2946969 Sat, 19 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2946969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2808201&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19754362%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was performed to explore the feasibility of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gag gene via oocyte. The recombinant plasmid (pIRES2-EGFP-gag) was injected into mouse ovaries to transfect germ cells. Induction of superovulation and then animal mating were performed to collect oocytes and two-cell embryos. Positive FISH signals for HIV-1 gag DNA were detected in the nuclei of oocytes and embryos, and in chromosomes of mature oocytes, indicated integration of the gene into the oocyte genome and gene replication in the embryo. HIV-1 gag cDNA positive bands detected by RT-PCR in oocytes and embryos indicated successful gene transcription, while positive immunofluorescence signals for HIV-1 gag protein indicated successful translation in both oocytes and e... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2808201 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2808201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533842&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534661%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was performed to explore the feasibility of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gag gene via oocyte. The recombinant plasmid (pIRES2-EGFP-gag) was injected into mouse ovaries to transfect germ cells. Induction of superovulation and then animal mating were performed to collected oocytes and two-cell embryos. Positive FISH signals for HIV-1 gag DNA were detected in the nuclei of oocytes and embryos, and in chromosomes of mature oocytes, indicated integration of the gene into the oocyte genome and gene replication in the embryo. HIV-1 gag cDNA positive bands detected by RT-PCR in oocytes and embryos indicated successful gene transcription, while positive immunofluorescence signals for HIV-1 gag protein indicated successful translation in both oocytes and... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533842 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:22 +0100 2533842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533841&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534662%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: PPARgamma Pro12Ala SNP has no effect on the risk of developing lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART. PPARgamma mRNA SAT expression appears decreased in lipodystrophy. PMID: 19534662 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533841 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:19 +0100 2533841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533840&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534663%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Monsuez JJ, Goujon C, Wyplosz B, Couzigou C, Escaut L, Vittecoq D Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has early been recognized in HIV-infected patients, including infectious arteritis, inflammatory vasculitis, aneurismal and small-vessel arteriopathy, to which adds now the premature atherosclerotic cerebral arteriopathy associated with the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced metabolic disorders. As a result of the increased life-expectancy associated with HAART, HIV patients grow older and are exposed to the combined vascular risk of antiviral-induced metabolic changes and advancing age. Several studies have documented subclinical cervical artery atherosclerosis, as assessed by intima-media thickness, ultrasound detection of carotid artery plaques and intracerebral... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533840 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:17 +0100 2533840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533839&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534664%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cotter EJ, Doran PP, Powderly WG HIV-1 exerts its most profound effects through destruction of the host's immune responses specifically through targeting of the T-lymphocyte populations. In addition to its primary immune target, HIV-1 also targets cells of the nervous, skeletal and vascular system. There is emerging evidence to suggest that HIV-1 may, in part at least, affect these diverse tissues by impairing the homeostatic production of terminally differentiated cells from stem and progenitor cell populations. The interaction between HIV-1 and stem cell populations may serve to underpin the diverse non-immunological effects of HIV-1 . This review deals with the effect of HIV-1 infection on a number of progenitor cell types, with emphasis on delineating mechanisms of HIV's d... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533839 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:15 +0100 2533839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533838&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534665%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Parsons MS, Grant M In the absence of effective treatment, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ultimately leads to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many attempts have been made to prevent and attenuate HIV infection. While antiretroviral therapies for infected individuals have had great success, preventative and therapeutic vaccines focused on both humoral and cellular-mediated immunity have failed. Recently, several natural killer cell receptor (NKR) genotypes, in concert with certain class I human histompatibility-linked antigens (HLA) were found to be associated with protection from HIV infection and/or disease progression. These receptors are expressed on both natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T lymphocytes. As HIV infection is often... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533838 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:12 +0100 2533838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533837&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534666%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Lipid reporting approaches vary considerably among published ART trials. Implementing a standard approach to reporting lipids including use of NCEP Guidelines and the Framingham risk-prediction model may provide more useful data for clinicians. PMID: 19534666 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533837 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:10 +0100 2533837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533836&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534667%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Supplements are frequently used by people living with HIV without consulting their doctors. Current research has not shown a clear benefit from micronutrient supplementation and with the possible potential drug interactions, people living with HIV will need nutrition education regarding supplement usage and should report their use to their physicians. PMID: 19534667 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533836 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:08 +0100 2533836 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533835&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19534668%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maggi P, Perilli F, Lillo A, Volpe A, Pastore G, Regina G Several reports have indicated that patients with low CD4+ cell count could be at a higher risk for arterial lesions or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, current use of abacavir has been associated with an excess risk of CVD. High sensitivity-C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels were high for patients receiving the drug. These data lead to the hypothesis that alternative mechanisms may be at work other that those linked to lipid changes and "classic" risk factors for atheroma. Consequently, we investigated the ultrasound characteristics of carotid plaques in HIV-positive patients comparing the results with those obtained from patients affected by atherosclerosis and patients with arteritis. The study popula... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533835 Sat, 27 Jun 2009 17:17:05 +0100 2533835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533857&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442119%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cvek B PMID: 19442119 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533857 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533856&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442120%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beloukas A, Paraskevis D, Psichogiou M, Hatzakis A After the infusion of HIV-1 virus into a host cell, RNA is reverse transcribed to dsDNA, which persists intracellular to the infected cell in a variety of forms. Numerous in-house assays have been developed for the quantification of the different cellular HIV-1 DNA forms; these implement conventional or real-time PCR methodology. In this review we discuss recent findings about the longitudinal monitoring of cell-associated HIV-1 DNA in naïve and pre-treated patients, as a marker for clinical progression, treatment initiation and long-term success of HAART. These findings underline the importance of monitoring HIV-1 DNA in clinical practice, in addition to HIV-RNA and CD4(+) T Cell counts, for the better assessment of HIV-... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533856 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533855&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442121%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Simone R, Piatti G, Saverino D The functional impairment of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells during chronic HIV infection is thought to be closely linked to viral replication and to T cell exhaustion. T cell exhaustion in the presence of ongoing antigen exposure is a common feature of chronic viral infection, in which dysfunctional T cells fail to eliminate the virus. Otherwise, antiviral T cell function impairment is a poorly understood mechanism. Increasing evidences show that HIV-specific T lymphocytes up-regulated inducible co-receptors, such as the Cytoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4, (CTLA-4, or CD152) and Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and that blockade of the CD152 or PD-1 pathway restores HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell function in HIV infection. This review will focus on finding a possi... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533855 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533854&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442122%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S Antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS patients are used globally including in resource-limited settings. Successful outcomes are not always observed and HIV resistance to antiretroviral agents is a major cause of treatment failure. Both primary and secondary drug resistance have been described and reported worldwide. Primary resistance, which presumably means that individuals are infected with drug-resistant virus and secondary resistance typically, means a result of treatment failure. Pathogenesis of resistance of each antiretroviral drugs class differs and depends on the mechanism of action of the drugs. Three main laboratory investigations for diagnosis of treatment failure and HIV drug resistance are HIV RNA level, CD4 cell count, and HIV r... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533854 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533853&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442123%26dopt%3DAbstract This article is presented here as an overview of the various HIV transmission and prevention methods, microbicide development pipeline and other important aspects concerned with it. PMID: 19442123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533853 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533852&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442124%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jevtović D, Salemović D, Ranin J, Brmbolić B, Djurković-Djaković O To determine the outcome of HIV infection in children in a resource-limited setting, a retrospective analysis of a series of 51 pediatric cases from the Serbian cohort of HIV infected patients was performed. Twenty seven patients died in the pre-HAART era, but mono/dual antiretroviral treatment had significantly (p=0.046) prolonged survival. Of the total of 24 HAART-treated patients, 10 had clinical AIDS before HAART initiation. The mean baseline CD4 cell count was 193.9 +/- 170.0/mm(3). After a mean follow-up of 72.6 +/- 44 months, a favorable response was recorded in 62.5%, treatment failure (defined as non-achievement of undetectable viremia) in 20.8%, and a discrepant virologic... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533852 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533851&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442125%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Uglietti A, Ravasi G, Meroni V, Narciso P, Ladisa N, Martini S, Perini P, Testa L, Masala A, Malicarne L, Occhino C, Donadel E, Genco F, Chichino G, Maserati R Virakinetics II was designed as an observational, multicenter cohort study conducted in HIV-positive patients treated with NFV-based combinations. Trough (pre-dose) concentrations of NFV+M8 in plasma were determined using a novel ELISA test (NFV TDM-ELISA) and analyzed using clinical and laboratory parameters. Drug levels were sorted as below, within or above a given interval (<0.8 microg/mL, 0.8-3.5 microg/mL and >3.5 microg/mL, respectively). Longitudinal analysis was performed in a subset of patients who underwent two or more determinations. Ninety patients on NFV-containing HAART were enrolled and 43 were coin... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533851 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533850&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442126%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paolucci S, Foli A, Gulminetti R, Calarota SA, Maserati R, Baldanti F, Gerna G During replication, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase lacks proof reading activity and is error prone. In addition APOBEC-driven hypermutation of HIV-1 Gag and Pol genes may generate replication-deficient viral variants with in-frame stop codons. Virus variants with several stop codons in the RT gene were identified in a subject with residual HIV-1 replication during antiretroviral treatment. A role for the T-cell response in the selection of replication-deficient variants was hypothesized. Clonal analysis of HIV-1 DNA and RNA sequences from three sequential blood samples was performed. Moreover, the HIV-1-specific memory CD8(+) T-cell response was investigated using a peptide-based cultured ELISPOT assay... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533850 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533849&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442127%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Fulgaro C, Bon I A reversal of key HIV protease mutations against tipranavir has been observed in a patient undergoing a late salvage antiretroviral therapy. Our patient initially introduced tipranavir/ritonavir in absence of an optimized background and novel drug classes, and nevertheless he experienced a virological-immunological benefit. Our report is a contribution to the present debate around the role of each single HIV protease mutation, and the validation of mutational "scores" (like the so-called tipranavir weighted score), to be applied to last-generation protease inhibitor compounds initially targeted on patients with limited, residual therapeutic options. PMID: 19442127 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533849 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533848&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442128%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arnaiz-Villena A, Martín-Villa JM, Amador JT, Cendoya-Matamoros A, Tomé MI, Rivera JM, Martinez-Quiles N Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy provides a unique system for studying the correlation between HLA phenotype and susceptibility to HIV infection. We studied this relationship in a Spanish cohort. We determined frequencies of HLA class I and II alleles in 120 infants born to HIV-infected mothers and 67 HIV-infected mothers. Although there was no statistical difference in the frequency of HLA-B35 between transmitting and non-transmitting mothers, the allele was more frequent in infected children than in uninfected children. HLA-B35 has been consistently reported as a risk factor in the progression to AIDS. In addition, it has been proposed that whether ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533848 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533847&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442129%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Patients heavily pre-treated with nucleoside analogues may show response to mono-class tenofovir+ zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir therapy despite having a history of failure with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Lower baseline viral load, higher baseline CD4 count were significant predictors for response. Archived 41L+210W+215Y/F mutational pattern was significantly associated with non-response. PMID: 19442129 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533847 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533846&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442130%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Souza TM, Rodrigues DQ, Ferreira VF, Marques IP, da Costa Santos F, Cunha AC, de Souza MC, de Palmer Paixão Frugulhetti IC, Bou-Habib DC, Fontes CF We recently described that the chloroxoquinolinic ribonucleoside 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (compound A) inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), and its replication in primary cells. Based on these findings, we performed kinetic studies to investigate the mode of inhibition of compound A and its aglycan analog (compound B). We found that both molecules inhibited RT activity independently of the template/primer used. Nevertheless, compound A was 10-fold more potent than compound B. Compound A inhibited the RNA-dependent DNA ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533846 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533845&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442131%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sternfeld T, Lorenz A, Schmid M, Schlamp A, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Bogner JR An increase of the mean corpuscular volume of the red blood cells has been repeatedly described in antiretroviral treated patients. Most commonly macrocytosis was associated with the use of certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The aim of this study was to analyse if macrocytosis might be a marker of mitochondrial toxicity in antiretrovirally treated HIV-infected patients. Using the (13)C-methionine breath test we analysed the hepatic mitochondrial function in vivo in antiretrovirally treated HIV-infected patients with macrocytosis. MCV was significantly negatively correlated to the breath test results. For the first time we could show a significant association between an increase of... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533845 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533844&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442132%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chaiwarith R, Salee P, Kotarathitithum W, Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K CD4 T cell recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been reported mostly from developed countries. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among naïve HIV-infected patients initiating HAART between July 1, 2001 and December 31, 2004 at Chiang Mai University, Thailand. We evaluated the CD4 cell count recovery over 4 years among patients initiated HAART at low (CD4 count 51-200 cells/mm(3)) and very low (CD4 count < or = 50 cells/mm(3)) CD4 counts. Of 287 patients, 153 and 134 had low and very low baseline CD4 count, respectively. There were 126 men (43.9%), and the mean age was 34.2 +/- 7.9 years. The median baseline CD4 count was 50 cells/mm(3) (IQR 25, 104). GPO-VIR (a ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533844 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2533843&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442133%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: England K, Thorne C, Castelli-Gattinara G, Vigano A, El Mehabresh MI, Newell ML Shared transmission routes of HCV and HIV mean parenteral HIV/HCV coinfection still occurs, often in resource-limited settings. The extent to which coinfection and treatment impact on morbidity and mortality in HIV/HCV coinfected children remains unknown thus optimal management and treatment is difficult to achieve. Using data from a unique, large, prospective cohort of parenterally HIV/HCV coinfected children in Libya we determine the immunological, virological and clinical profiles of HIV/HCV coinfected children documenting the natural and treated history of parenterally acquired coinfection for the first time in such a large group. 160 parenterally HIV/HCV coinfected children were analysed. Thir... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2533843 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2533843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264267&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275579%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakai-Murakami C, Minemoto Y, Ishizaka Y We focus on the role of Vpr in inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the host cell. Based on the summarized findings of Vpr-induced DSBs and the finding of Vpr in the plasma of HIV-1-positive patients, we discuss the roles of Vpr in viral infection, especially viral infection of resting macrophages. We also describe the possible involvement of Vpr in non-AIDS-defining cancers, which represent an emerging crisis in HIV-1-positive patients. PMID: 19275579 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264267 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264263&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275580%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pandey RC, Datta D, Mukerjee R, Srinivasan A, Mahalingam S, Sawaya BE The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein plays multiple roles in HIV-1 replication. In early infection, Vpr provides help in the nuclear localization of pre-integration complex. Subsequently, Vpr induces cell cycle arrest of infected cells at G2/M phase. Cell cycle arrest facilitates higher rate of viral gene transcription. Vpr is also capable of activating transcription of viral and heterologous genes. Vpr induces apoptosis in infected cells leading to loss of immune cells and onset of clinical AIDS. Interestingly, Vpr is also considered as a passenger protein in the virus particles as it is incorporated into the virus particles through interaction with Gag. The structure of full length Vpr ha... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264263 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264260&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275581%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Snyder A, Ross MJ HIV viral protein r (Vpr) exerts a variety of cellular effects, including modulation of transcription and cytokine production, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Vpr induces these affects by mechanisms that include inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, inducing mitochondrial injury, and promoting proteasomal degradation of cellular factor(s) leading to cell cycle arrest. Murine models have provided invaluable contributions to our understanding of HIV pathogenesis, however many of the HIV-1 proteins, including Vpr, differ in their cellular effects depending upon cell type and species-specific factors. Since the majority of in vivo studies elucidating the role of Vpr in disease pathogenesis have utilized murine models, it is critical to understand the species-spec... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264260 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264257&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275582%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aida Y, Matsuda G The replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in non-dividing cells, such as terminally differentiated macrophages, critically depends on the import of the viral pre-integration complex (PIC) into the nucleus. Vpr, one of the accessory gene products of HIV-1, plays a key regulatory role in PIC nuclear import in macrophages, although its role in the PIC entry mechanism remains to be clarified. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the nuclear-entry step of HIV-1 replication, mainly focusing on how Vpr functions as the main regulator of HIV-1 nuclear import and how it could facilitate the development of novel inhibitors of this process. PMID: 19275582 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264257 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264254&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275583%26dopt%3DAbstract In this report, we summarize the evidence supporting this hypothesis. PMID: 19275583 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264254 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264251&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275584%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thieu KP, Morrow MP, Shedlock DJ, Schoenly KA, Mallilankaraman K, Choo AY, Fagone P, Weiner DB, Muthumani K The HIV-1 Vpr protein is a viral accessory protein that plays a number of important roles during HIV infection. The activities of Vpr are numerous and include the induction of apoptosis, the modulation of cell cycle arrest, as well as control of viral transcription. Study of HIV clones lacking Vpr in vitro and analysis of HIV variants isolated from long-term nonprogressors in vivo highlight the importance of Vpr for viral replication as well as immune suppression and cell death. Vpr may therefore be considered among the most important accessory proteins encoded by HIV. PMID: 19275584 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264251 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264248&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275585%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang X, Aida Y Pre-mRNA splicing is a critical step in gene expression for metazoans. Several viral proteins regulate the splicing of pre-mRNAs through complex interactions with the host cell RNA splicing machinery. Here, we focus on a novel function of HIV-1 Vpr, which selectively inhibits cellular and viral pre-mRNA splicing via interactions with components of the spliceosome complex. This review discusses our current knowledge of how RNA splicing regulation is accomplished by Vpr-host factor interactions. PMID: 19275585 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264248 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264245&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275586%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Majumder B, Venkatachari NJ, Srinivasan A, Ayyavoo V HIV-1 exploits the cellular machinery to replicate in the host cells by targeting a wide range of host factors at different stages of its life cycle. HIV-1 also induces detrimental effects in the infected and uninfected bystander cells resulting in dysregulation including interference in immune effector functions. The latter is specifically linked to the immune evasion strategies of the virus. In addition to the essential roles of structural proteins (Gag, Pol & Env), HIV-1 encoded auxiliary proteins such as Nef, Vif, Vpu, and Vpr through their interaction with the host cellular partners facilitate viral replication and dissemination. HIV-1 Vpr, a virion-associated molecule, has been implicated to play a role in the earl... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264245 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264242&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275587%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li G, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is engaged in dynamic and antagonistic interactions with host cells. Once infected by HIV-1, host cells initiate various antiviral strategies, such as innate antiviral defense mechanisms, to counteract viral invasion. In contrast, the virus has different strategies to suppress these host responses to infection. The final balance between these interactions determines the outcome of the viral infection and disease progression. Recent findings suggest that HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) interacts with some of the host innate antiviral factors, such as heat shock proteins, and plays an active role as a viral pathogenic factor. Cellular heat stress response factors counteract Vpr activities and inhibit HIV replicat... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264242 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264242 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264238&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275588%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morellet N, Roques BP, Bouaziz S Vpr, incorporated into the HIV-1 virion, shows multiple activities including nuclear transport of the preintegration complex to the nucleus, activation of the transcription, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition and induction of apoptosis. Vpr controls many host cell functions through a variety of biological activities and by interaction with cellular biochemical pathways. Nuclear import of Vpr may be due to its interaction with nuclear transport factors and components of the nuclear pore complex. Cell cycle arrest has been correlated with the binding to DCAF1, a cullin 4A-associated factor and apoptosis may be facilitated by interaction with mitochondrial proteins, in a caspase-dependent mechanism. The structure of Vpr(1-96) and various fra... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264238 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264234&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275589%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pornprasert S, Mary JY, Faye A, Leechanachai P, Limtrakul A, Rugpao S, Sirivatanapa P, Gomuthbutra V, Matanasaravoot W, Le Coeur S, Lallemant M, Barré-Sinoussi F, Menu E, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Placental cytokine balance may be critical for the control of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. We assessed whether the type and duration of antiretrovirals used for prevention of HIV-1-MTCT modified the inflammatory cytokine profile. We investigated the levels of cytokine expression in the placentas of 61 HIV-1-infected women who received zidovudine (ZDV) plus single dose nevirapine (SD-NVP) or ZDV only for prevention of MTCT. Placentas of 38 HIV-1-uninfected women were included as controls. All placentas were obtained after vaginal delivery. Levels of mRNA and cytokine exp... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264234 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264230&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275590%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Horcajada JP, Lozano F, Muñoz A, Suarez B, Fariñas-Alvarez C, Almela M, Smithson A, Martínez E, Mallolas J, Mensa J, Gatell JM Some deficient genetic polymorphisms of the innate immune system have been correlated to a higher susceptibility to different infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The possible association between an increased incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia in HIV-infected patients, and deficient polymorphisms of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL), MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2), and toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 is analyzed by means of a case-control study. Cases: HIV-infected patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Controls: HIV-infected patients without previous pneumococcal bacteremia matched with cases by sex and CD... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264230 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264227&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sobrino-Vegas P, García-San Miguel L, Caro-Murillo AM, Miró JM, Viciana P, Tural C, Saumoy M, Santos I, Sola J, del Amo J, Moreno S, To study the prevalence of Delayed HIV Diagnosis (DHD) and its associated risk factors, to evaluate the effect of DHD on virological and immunological responses to HAART and to estimate the impact of DHD on all-causes mortality. Prospective cohort of 2, 564 HIV-positive HAART-naïve subjects attending 19 hospitals in Spain, 2004-2006. Estimations were made by logistic regression and survival analyses by Cox regression models. Prevalence of DHD was 37.3% (35.0-39.6). DHD was related to low educational level (OR:1.31, 95% CI:1.0-1.7). Compared to men who have sex with men (MSM), DHD was more frequent in heterosexuals (OR:1.9 95% CI:1... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264227 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264224&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275592%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan DJ, Begley K, Smith DE To explore the hypotheses that HIV-1 infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy believe that they cannot transmit their virus, that this translates to increasing rates of unprotected anal intercourse and new infections, and that sexual practice may be influenced by the HIV-1 serostatus of one's sexual partner. We developed a Bernoulli model for HIV-1 transmission amongst a cross-sectional cohort of 119 HIV-1 positive treated and untreated men having sex with men attending a metropolitan HIV-1 clinic. The model included transmission probabilities for different types of anal intercourse, the local HIV-1 seroprevalence rate, and behavioural data from a validated sexual practice questionnaire and scales of treatment optimism-sceptici... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264224 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264221&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275593%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carnicer-Pont D, de Olalla PG, Caylă JA, The study goal is to identify predictors of HIV infection late detection in an European city with increased immigration, and determine the effects of HAART era in HIV infection detection. We used Barcelona city AIDS registry (1987-2006). Late testers were those diagnosed of AIDS defining illness within less than 3 months from time of testing positive for HIV infection. Independent variables were: date of birth, sex, country of origin, HIV transmission category, prison history, city district of residence, AIDS diagnostic disease and HAART era when diagnosed. The statistical methods were based on logistic regression (Odds Ratio, OR and 95% confidence interval, CI). Among the 6186 AIDS patients, 43.9% (n=2741) were late testers. Bei... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264221 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2264218&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19275594%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, patients harbouring the changes of E1143 in the catalytic site of POLG exhibit a 4-fold increased risk to develop lipodystrophy than HIV-1 treated patients who do not have changes in E1143 and this risk can increase if the patient presenting the SNP received D4T. These could be due to decreased content of mtDNA in PBMC in these patients. Therefore, the toxicity of NRTIs leading to lipodystrophy in some HIV-1 infected patients could be explained in part by the occurrence of POLG polymorphisms. PMID: 19275594 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2264218 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2264218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117062&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149548%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sodora DL, Ross TM PMID: 19149548 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117062 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117062 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117061&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149549%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abel K Worldwide, the AIDS pandemic continues almost relentlessly. Women are now representing the fastest growing group of newly infected HIV-1 infected patients. The risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 increases proportionally as many of these women are of childbearing age. The screening of pregnant women, the early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, and the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have helped to reduce MTCT significantly. However, this holds true only for developed countries. In many resource-poor countries, access to ART is limited, and breastfeeding, a major route of HIV-1 transmission, is essential to protect the infant from other infectious diseases preponderant in those geographic regions. HIV-1 infected children, in contrast to adult ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117061 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117061 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117060&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149550%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pereira LE, Ansari AA Natural or experimental infection of the African sooty mangabey (SM) with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) results in chronic high levels of virus replication but is associated with none of the debilitating immunopathology, including the marked CD4 T-cell depletion, persistent cell activation and acquired immunodeficiency, that afflicts non-natural hosts such as SIV-infected Asian rhesus macaques (RM) and HIV-infected humans. Although SIV-infected RM have served as important models of AIDS given their remarkably similar course of disease to HIV-infected humans, deciphering the immune mechanisms that enable SIV-infected SM to resist disease development despite high viremia has yet to be defined. Intense studies for the past two decades using these n... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117060 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117060 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117059&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149551%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wijewardana V, Brown KN, Barratt-Boyes SM Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) play a key role in antiviral immunity through their immense capacity to produce type I interferons (IFN) and other cytokines and through induction of antigen-specific T cell responses. Several reports have documented decreased numbers and reduced function of pDC in the circulation of HIV patients associated with progression to disease, indicating that pDC are likely to be important in control of HIV infection. The mechanism of pDC loss has not been determined and is difficult to address in natural infection of humans. As highlighted in this brief review, the study of pDC dynamics in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of nonhuman primates paves the way to understanding the complex biology of... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117059 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117059 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117058&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149552%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cheng-Mayer C, Tasca S, Ho SH The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters target cells via interaction of the viral glycoprotein with the cellular receptor CD4 and two principal coreceptors, CCR5 (R5 viruses) and CXCR4 (X4 viruses). Most HIV-1 transmissions result in a predominantly R5 virus infection. With time, X4 variants arise and coexist with R5 virus variants in approximately 50% of subtype B infected individuals. The underlying basis for virus coreceptor switch late in infection remains an enigma, but will be important to understand given that the appearance of X4 virus in HIV-1 infected patients inevitably heralds an unfavorable clinical outcome. Recently, emergence of X4 viruses was observed in rhesus macaques experimentally infected with a CCR5-tropic simian-human ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117058 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117057&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149553%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liovat AS, Jacquelin B, Ploquin MJ, Barré-Sinoussi F, Müller-Trutwin MC African non human primates are natural hosts of SIV. The infection is generally non-pathogenic despite high steady-state levels of plasma viral RNA that in HIV-1 and SIVmac infections are associated with progression towards AIDS. The viral loads in the gut also are as high as in pathogenic HIV-1/SIVmac infections; but replication levels are lower in peripheral lymph nodes of chronically infected African green monkeys. There is a transient loss of CD4(+) T cells in the blood in SIVagm and SIVsm infections and an early dramatic and more persistent decrease in the gut. Although SIV in natural hosts is thus cytopathic, the continuous viral replication is not associated with immunopathology. T CD4(+) ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117057 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117056&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149554%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Burwitz BJ, Greene JM, O'Connor DH An HIV vaccine remains elusive despite the concerted efforts of investigators and clinicians over the past two decades. Animal models are regularly used to obtain new insights on disease pathogenesis and have become invaluable tools in the translation of treatments from basic research laboratories to the clinic. Vaccination of macaques with live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus is currently the most effective method of garnering protection against subsequent pathogenic SIV challenge. However, immunization of humans with live, attenuated HIV is not feasible due to safety concerns. Therefore, clues to an effective and safe vaccine against HIV may be found by studying immune correlates of protection in the live, attenuated, vaccinated m... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117056 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117055&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149555%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pandrea I, Silvestri G, Apetrei C It is generally considered that African nonhuman primates (NHPs) do not progress to AIDS. In the wild, due to either a shorter life span or an insufficient follow-up of the animals, no AIDS cases were described to date. However, in captivity, at least one case of immunodeficiency was reported for each of the currently available models of natural infection (African green monkey, sooty mangabey and mandrill). Furthermore, experimental infection of three other African NHP species, the black mangabey (BkM), the chimpanzee and the baboon with heterologous viruses, such as SIVsmm, HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively also resulted in progression to AIDS. Here, we present the clinical, pathologic and virologic findings of these cases of progressive disease ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117055 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117054&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149556%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reinhart TA, Qin S, Sui Y Chemokines are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in homeostatic and inflammatory immune cell migration. These small proteins have multiple functional properties that extend beyond their most recognized role in controlling cellular migration. The complex immunobiology of chemokines, coupled with the use of subsets of chemokine receptors as HIV-1 and SIV entry co-receptors, suggests that these immunomodulators could play important roles in the pathogenesis associated with infection by HIV-1 or SIV. This review provides an overview of the effects of pathogenic infection on chemokine expression in the SIV/macaque model system, and outlines potential mechanisms by which changes in these expression profiles could contribute to development of disease.... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117054 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117053&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149557%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leone A, Picker LJ, Sodora DL While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens have proven to be effective in controlling active HIV replication, complete recovery of CD4+ T cells does not always occur, even among patients with high level virologic control. Recent advances in understanding the biology of T cell production and homeostasis have created the potential to augment anti-viral therapies with immunotherapies designed to facilitate recovery of the HIV-damaged immune system, in particular, the recovery of CD4+ T cell populations. The common gamma-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 are primary regulators of T cell homeostasis and thus have been considered prime candidate immunotherapeutics, both for increasing T cell levels/function and for augmenting vaccine... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117053 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117052&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149558%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Suhasini M, Reddy TR The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) differentially controls viral protein expression at the level of splicing as well as nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral RNA. This process, mediated by the Rev protein, interfaces with cellular components involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. While a number of reviews have focused on the host proteins (i.e., Crm1, importin-beta and nucleoporins) that specifically regulate shuttling of Rev between the nucleus and cytoplasm, we could find no systematic review of other cellular proteins implicated in Rev function. Therefore, we will here focus on other Rev cofactors (eIF5a, hRIP, Sam68, RNA helicases, etc) and the role they play in Rev/RRE function and HIV-1 replication. PMID: 19149558 [PubMed ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117052 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2117051&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19149559%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cao Y, Liu X, De Clercq E The HIV-1 Rev protein, which traffics through nucleolus and shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm, facilitates export of unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts containing RRE RNA by the CRM1 export pathway. Inhibitions of the various stages of Rev-mediated RNA transport can arrest HIV-1 transcriptional process. The current understanding to the mechanism of Rev function, Rev-RRE interaction, as well as inhibitors hereof is reviewed. PMID: 19149559 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2117051 Thu, 01 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2117051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1992856&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991621%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lehmann C, Jung N, Hofmann A, Cornely OA, Wyen C, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P Antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection is occasionally associated with poor immunologic responses despite full suppression of viral replication. As some combinations of nucleoside analogues (NA) have been associated with paradoxical depletion of CD4(+) T- cells, we postulated that depleting the antiretroviral regimen of NAs would improve quantitative immunological parameters. In a longitudinal prospective study we quantified CD4(+) T-cells after removing NAs from antiretroviral therapy. The NA for regimen consisted of atazanavir (300 mg qd), saquinavir (1000 mg bid), and ritonavir (100mg qd) in 14 patients with immunologic failure despite undetectable plasma HIV-RNA (CD4(... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1992856 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1992856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953183&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991614%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Egusa H, Soysa NS, Ellepola AN, Yatani H, Samaranayake LP Oral candidosis (syn. Oral candidiasis; OC), is a collective term given to a group of oral mucosal disorders caused by the fugal pathogen belonging to the genus Candida. The association of OC with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been known since the advent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. OC is one of the earliest manifestations of HIV disease in high risk individuals not undergoing chemotherapy and is also a strong predictor of the subsequent risk of AIDS-related illness or death. With the advances in HIV therapy, such as highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), the prevalence and presenting features of OC have changed in HIV-infected individuals, especially those i... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953183 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953182&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991615%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reyes-Darias JA, Sánchez-Luque FJ, Berzal-Herranz A The major etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which belongs to the family of human retroviruses. This pandemic infection affects millions of people worldwide. The most efficient current treatment regimen for HIV-infected individuals combines two or more drugs targeting different HIV-specific enzymes. However, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant HIV-1 strains and the side effects of drug-based therapies make alternative approaches for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS necessary. RNA-based antiviral approaches are among the most promising for developing long-term anti-HIV therapies. Anti-HIV-1 RNA-based strategies include ribozymes,... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953182 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953181&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991616%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chung A, Rollman E, Johansson S, Kent SJ, Stratov I Simple antibodies or vector-induced T cell immunity are unable to provide broad immunity to HIV. Although broadly reactive neutralising antibodies are a goal of vaccination, this remains elusive. There is growing evidence that HIV-specific antibodies that mediate their activity via the Fc-receptor, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), have an important role in controlling HIV infection. Newer assays are being developed that enable HIV-specific ADCC responses to be finely mapped. In turn, this should allow a more definitive analysis of the effectiveness of HIV-specific ADCC antibodies. However, progressive dysfunction of effector cells that mediate ADCC responses, such as NK cells, combined with immune esca... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953181 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953180&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991617%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kosub DA, Durudas A, Lehrman G, Milush JM, Cano CA, Jain MK, Sodora DL The oral and esophageal mucosa have been identified as possible sites of HIV/SIV entry following oral infection. Here, gamma/delta (gammadelta) T cells, a multi-functional T cell subset, were assessed at oral/esophageal mucosa and lymphoid sites at the earliest times (1-14 days) post-oral SIV inoculation utilizing quantitative RT-PCR. During these earliest times post-infection, decreased gammadelta TCR mRNA levels were observed at the oral gingiva and esophageal mucosa, while increased levels were observed within regional lymph nodes (cervical and retropharyngeal). Higher lymph node gammadelta TCR levels were associated with increased mRNA expression of the lymphoid homing chemokine/receptor (CCL21/CCR7) pa... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953180 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953179&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991618%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zapata W, Rodriguez B, Weber J, Estrada H, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Zimermman PA, Lederman MM, Rugeles MT Protection against HIV-1 infection in exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals likely involves natural resistance mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Human beta defensins (HBD) are antimicrobial peptides found primarily in mucosae, the main ports of HIV entry. HBD-2 and 3 mRNA are induced by HIV-1 in human oral epithelial cells and exhibit strong anti-HIV-1 activity; in addition, polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene, which encodes HBD-1, have been associated with resistance/susceptibility to different infections, including HIV-1. Here, we have assessed the association of HBD expression with the ESN phenotype. Peripheral blood and vaginal/endocervical and oral mucosal s... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953179 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953178&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991619%26dopt%3DAbstract This study determined the CCR5 and CXCR4 expression on T cells in HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART. The successfully treated group (plasma viral load <400 copies/mL), when compared with the failure group (plasma viral load >400 copies/mL), had higher median CD4(+) T cells count (583 and 245 cells/mm(3); respectively, p< 0.0001). The failure patients had higher numbers and intensity of CCR5 and CXCR4-expressing T cells. Successfully treated patients were able to normalize the co-receptors expression-over on T cells. The viremic group showed higher CCR5 expression on CD4(+) T cells and lower number of cells; CCR5 expression was normalized in the aviremic group; the naïve group showed lower CCR5 expression and higher numbers of CD4 T cells; all groups showed normal CXC... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953178 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953177&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991620%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tozzi V, Libertone R, Liuzzi G It has long been recognized that drug metabolism and drug toxicity may vary greatly between individuals, affecting both efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacogenetics could benefit HIV therapeutics because of the high prevalence of drug-related adverse events and the long term nature and complexity of combination therapy. In recent years a number of associations between human genetic variants and predisposition to drug toxicity and risk of virologic failure have been described. This review summarizes the existing literature on pharmacogenetic determinants of antiretroviral drug exposure, toxicity, and activity. Studies across the world have consistently demonstrated that HLA-B*5701 predicts the likelihood of hypersensitivity reactions to abacavir. As a ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953177 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953176&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991621%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lehmann C, Jung N, Hofmann A, Cornely OA, Wyen C, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P Antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection is occasionally associated with poor immunologic responses despite full suppression of viral replication. As some combinations of nucleoside analogues (NA) have been associated with paradoxical depletion of CD4(+) T- cells, we postulated that depleting the antiretroviral regimen of NAs would improve quantitative immunological parameters. In a longitudinal prospective study we quantified CD4(+) T-cells after removing NAs from antiretroviral therapy. The NA for regimen consisted of atazanavir (300mg qd), saquinavir (1000mg bid), and ritonavir (100mg qd) in 14 patients with immunologic failure despite undetectable plasma HIV-RNA (CD4(+)... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953176 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953175&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991622%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe the case of a young HIV-positive man on effective HAART with excellent viro-immunological control who presented a massive cardiac infarction. Despite the presence of clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the patient had normal arterial carotid IMT values, known to be strong predictors of atherosclerosis and stroke. Interestingly, parameters of T-cell activation (CD8+CD38+) were shown to increase just before the onset of myocardial infarction. As T-cell activation is known to mediate atherosclerosis, the authors suggest that surrogate immunologic markers should be identified to better assess cardiovascular risk in the setting of HIV infection. PMID: 18991622 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953175 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953174&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991623%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: De Baets AJ, Lepage P, Ramet J, Mujuru H, Savadogo LG, Van der Linden D, Bulterys M The decentralization of pediatric HIV/AIDS-treatment programs to primary health care centers in rural Africa has lagged behind. In order to guide an analysis of current access to care, a sociological conceptual framework was developed. This framework focused on conditions of seeking pediatric HIV care among community members and initiating pediatric HIV care by primary health care workers (PHCWs). The use of the sociological conceptual framework helped in determining basic research questions and current gaps in knowledge (e.g. the effectiveness and long-term impact of Western counseling models in rural African settings), exploring the need for healthcare level specific research and policy (e.g.... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953174 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953173&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991624%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Calza L, Manfredi R, Colangeli V, Pocaterra D, Pavoni M, Chiodo F Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) including protease inhibitors (PIs) has been independently associated with an abnormal lipid profile, and recent studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with prolonged exposure to HAART. Aim of our open-label, randomized, prospective study is to evaluate the role of different statins in the management of PI-associated hypercholesterolaemia. Ninety-four adult patients on a stable PI-based antiretroviral therapy since at least 12 months, and presenting hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol level >250 mg/dL) of at least 3-month duration and unresponsive to a hypolipidaemic diet and physical exercise, were randomized to a hyp... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953173 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953172&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991625%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the impact of cognitive and biomedical variables on unprotected anal intercourse between HIV-1 infected men and casual sexual partners in a Sydney-based cohort. Participants answered questionnaires examining insertive and receptive intercourse with and without ejaculation. They completed a modified optimism-scepticism scale, a sexual beliefs scale and a clinical/demographics questionnaire. CD4 count, blood and semen VL were assessed. 43 of 109 reported anal intercourse with HIV+ partners, 33 with HIV- partners and 38 with partners of unknown status. With HIV+ partners past sexually transmittable infections were associated with receptive intercourse without ejaculation (p = 0.03) and insertive intercourse without ejaculation (p = 0.06) while sexual beliefs were associated with i... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953172 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1953171&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18991626%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gulzar N, Diker B, Mihowich J, Deschatelets J, Arsenault ME, Lamoureux N, Cameron DW, Kim JE, Copeland KF The proportion and significance of HIV-1 infection of CD8+ T-cells was examined in a patient cohort of HIV-1 seropositive (n=28) and seronegative individuals (n=4). It was hypothesized that irrespective of the clinical status of the patients, productively HIV-1 infected CD8+ T-cells would be found and these cells would contribute to the plasma viral load in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, RT-PCR analysis using HIV-1(pol) specific primers, and quantification of HIV-1 viral transcripts by ex vivo culture of isolated CD8+ T-cells were employed. In 22 of the 28 patient samples analyzed, a significantly higher proportion of cells with ex... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1953171 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1953171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880988&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855649%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alexaki A, Liu Y, Wigdahl B A major obstacle in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) eradication is the ability of the virus to remain latent in a subpopulation of the cells it infects. Latently infected cells can escape the viral immune response and persist for long periods of time, despite the presence of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Given the appropriate stimulus, latently infected cells can reactivate and start producing infectious virions. The susceptibility of these cell populations to HIV-1, their life span, their proliferative capacity, and their ability to periodically produce infectious virus subsequent to alterations in cellular physiology and/or immunologic controls are critical issues which determine the contribution of these cel... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880988 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880987&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855650%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Endsley AN, Salama NN, Ho RJ According to the World Health Organization's 2007 estimates, close to 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding HIV pathogenesis and disease progression, which has allowed the identification of a multitude of drug and vaccine targets. Although currently available drug therapies have greatly increased the time from HIV infection to development of AIDS, drug resistance is an inevitable consequence that limits the duration of successful treatment. Consequently, a preventative vaccine remains the top priority; however, no vaccine trial performed to date has shown efficacy in human trials. Therefore, we must use all of our current resources in new creative therapi... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880987 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880986&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855651%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Torre D, Pugliese A In this review we summarize the data on interaction of platelets with HIV-1 infection. Thrombocytopenia is a common finding among HIV-1 infected patients; several combined factors contribute to low peripheral platelet counts, which are present during all the stages of the disease. In addition, a relationship between platelet count, plasma viral load and disease progression has been reported, and this shows the potential influence platelets may have on the natural history of HIV-1 disease. Several lines of evidence have shown that platelets are an integral part of inflammation, and can be also potent effector cells of innate immune response as well as of adaptive immunity. Thus, we rewieved the role of inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines as activators of ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880986 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880985&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855652%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh HK, Gupta A, Siberry GK, Gupte N, Sastry J, Kinikar A, Shah I, Gangakhedkar RR, Bollinger RC, Kulkarni V Despite an estimated 70,000 Indian children living with HIV infection, little is known about India's pediatric HIV epidemic. Generalizations about epidemiology, natural history, and treatment outcomes from other resource-limited settings (RLS) may be inaccurate for several biologic and social reasons. A review of the Indian literature is needed to optimize country-specific HIV management and examine these generalizations. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for articles published in English by November 2007 on HIV-infected, Indian children (0-18 years) that detailed epidemiology, natural history, or treatment. Articles with original, extractable data were selected and su... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880985 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880984&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855653%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: De Maria A, Moretta L The parallel development of precise knowledge on NK cell receptors and on their function has considerably supported our understanding of the extension of their involvement during HIV-1 infection. The relevant reduction of NK cell function is dependent on well-described perturbations of their expression of specific receptors, leading not only to inhibition of their patrolling activity against invading pathogens, but also to alterations of their crosstalk with other cells of the immune system. With NK cell failure, boosted viral replication reduces immune surveillance towards opportunistic neoplasm and impaired control of adaptive responses prevails. NK cell function in human and animal models showing efficient control of disease progression may offer new i... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880984 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880983&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855654%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: D'Agaro P, Burgnich P, Comar M, Dal Molin G, Bernardon M, Busetti M, Alberico S, Poli A, Campello C, Intrauterine transmission of HHV-6 is well established in immunocompetent women while few data are available on infections in babies born to HIV-positive mothers. To assess the rate of HHV-6 vertical transmission in comparison to CMV, we analyzed cord blood spots dried on cards (Dried Blood Spots, DBS) collected during a multi-center study on HIV congenital infections in Italy. DBS were tested by PCR for HHV-6 and CMV footprints. HHV-6 amplimers were sequenced and characterized. As control group, cards taken from babies born to HIV-negative mothers were analyzed. DBS of 187 babies born to HIV-positive and 372 to HIV-negative mothers were analyzed. The prevalence of HHV-6 was 3... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880983 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880982&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855655%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shahar E, Pollack S, Kedem E, Hassoun G, Nagler R Although it has been widely suggested that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV infection, salivary composition and its oxidative related aspects have never been studied in HIV patients, both HAART-treated and untreated. Human saliva and serum were collected and analyzed for various biochemical, redox related and immunological parameters from 43 consenting HIV-infected patients (20 untreated and 23 treated with HAART) and 20 healthy controls, age and gender matched. Saliva composition of HIV infected patients was completely altered but returned to normal following HAART. HIV patients had significantly-increased levels of oxidative stress damaging markers, compared to healthy controls. Carbonyl levels increase... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880982 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880981&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855656%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iglesias E, García D, Carrazana Y, Aguilar JC, Sánchez A, Gorobaya L, Blanco A The cell-mediated immune response to HIV-1 is an essential element of the mechanisms for viral replication control. Currently, most of the vaccine candidates in clinical trials were developed to stimulate HIV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic (CTL) and CD4+ T helper (Th) lymphocytes. We have been working on a novel approach to develop a vaccine formulation for HIV-1 using a recombinant multiepitopic protein (named CR3), which comprises CTL and Th epitope-rich regions of HIV-1 from several subtype B isolates, co-inoculated with the hepatitis B virus surface (HBsAg) and core (HBcAg) antigens of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) as adjuvant. According to our studies in mice, the nasal-subcutaneous co-admin... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880981 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880980&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855657%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bostan A, Vannin AS, Emiliani S, Debaisieux L, Liesnard C, Englert Y The serodiscordant couples, where the male is HIV-positive, are treated in fertility clinics, using the sperm washing technique by gradient centrifugation. This protocol cannot be carried out in oligo-azoospermic patients, where spermatozoa retrieval from the epididymis and testis must be performed. We developed a single sperm washing technique, where the spermatozoa, after the retrieval, are washed with the aid of a micromanipulator, to obtain virus decontamination and then used for the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The experiment was performed by using sperm samples containing three different viral loads. After one hour of incubation, spermatozoa were taken one by one from the HIV loaded drop and... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880980 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880979&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rigato PO, Hong MA, Casseb J, Ueda M, de Castro I, Benard G, Duarte AJ Polymorphisms of chemokines and chemokine-receptors genes have been shown to influence the rate of progression to AIDS; however, their influence on response to HAART remains unclear. We investigated the frequency of the SDF-1-3'A, CCR2-64I, CCR5-D32 and CCR5-Promoter-59029-A/G polymorphisms in Brazilian HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals and their influence on CD4+ T-cell evolution HIV-1 infected individuals before and during HAART. Polymorphism detection was done in a transversal study of 200 HIV-1-infected and 82 uninfected individuals. The rate of CD4+ T cell increase or decrease was studied in a cohort of 155 HIV-1 infected individuals on pre and post-HAART. Polymorphisms were determined by PCR a... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880979 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880978&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855659%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed to evaluate the role of etravirine in the second regimen in a resource-limited setting. Genotype resistance assay was conducted in a cohort of HIV-infected patients who experienced virological failure from an initial NNRTI-based regimen. We focused on etravirine-RAMs previously described: V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E/P, V106I, V179D/F, Y181C/I/V, and G190A/S. Frequency and predicting factors for </=2 etravirine-RAMs were evaluated. There were 158 patients with a median duration of ART prior to failure of 22 months. The median CD4 cell count and HIV-1 RNA at the time of virological failure were 173 cells/mm(3) and 4.1 log copies/mL, respectively. Of all, 75.3% of patients were predicted to have </=2 etravirine-RAMs. From logistic regression, there was no clinical factor t... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880978 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1880977&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18855660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan DJ, Ray JE, McNally L, Batterham M, Smith DE To assess the correlation between HIV-1 RNA load in blood and semen by antiretroviral therapy status and the relative penetration of antiretroviral drugs in seminal plasma. We performed a cross-sectional cohort study of 119 HIV-1 subjects divided into three groups according to treatment status. Blood and semen were collected concurrently. Seminal viral load determined by NucliSens((R)) HIV-1 QT PCR (BioMerieux). Viral suppression over time was assessed in a second semen sample collected from 10 treated subjects. Antietroviral plasma concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and recovery experiments were performed on semen samples to validate quantitation in this matrix. All subjects taking non nucle... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1880977 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1880977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697310&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691025%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: US shows low intra observer variability and good inter observer reliability in the assessment of body fat changes related to the HARS. The different degree of consistency by the workers and the improvement of interobserver agreement, suggest to stating a well defined period of training to obtain better US reliability. PMID: 18691025 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697310 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697309&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691026%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dorrington R, Moultrie TA An article recently published in this journal argues that the life expectancies (and other mortality statistics) produced by models of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Africa are inconsistent, and questions their reliability. To demonstrate the argument, the author of that paper derived empirical estimates of several mortality statistics from three different sources of data and, on the grounds that the estimates of life expectancy for 2001 and 2006 are somewhat higher than is typically estimated by projection models, concludes that the empirical evidence supports the theoretical view outlined in that paper. If correct, the reasoning (and its empirical demonstration) could be construed as a strong challenge to a dominant orthodoxy surrounding the esti... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697309 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697308&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691027%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sadowski I, Lourenco P, Malcolm T Transcription of the integrated HIV provirus is subject to regulation by chromatin organization and must employ host cell transcription factors and chromatin modifying complexes to promote the formation of latency, and then reverse this process to replicate in response to T cell activation. The repressed latent HIV-1 proviral 5' LTR is organized into a defined structure where two de-acetylated and positioned nucleosomes flank the enhancer region, presumably imposing a block to transcriptional initiation and elongation. LTR-associated nucleosomes undergo further histone H3 K9 trimethylation, to cause silencing by recruitment of HP1. In this article, we review current understanding of how the transcriptionally silenced provirus might be establis... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697308 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697307&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691028%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Huang Z, Chou A, Tanguay J, Shen S, Mboudjeka I, Chou TH, Lu S, Wang S A good understanding about the structure and function of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) from primary human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) isolates is important in facilitating the development of effective neutralizing antibody responses as a component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. In the current study, the antigenicity of a panel of diverse HIV-1 primary Env from different clades of HIV-1 Group M was analyzed using rabbit sera produced by either 3- or 9-valent gp120 DNA vaccine formulations. Both the 3- and 9-valent gp120 DNA vaccine formulations elicited HIV-1 gp120-specific antibodies in immunized rabbits. However, we observed two levels of primary envelope antigenicity to the same set of rabbit immun... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697307 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697306&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691029%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, tipranavir is the first FDA-approved non-reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1 to show anti-FIV properties. The tipranavir response by FIV may 1) support the idea of using FIV as a small animal model for PI-resistant HIV-1, thus expanding access to animal AIDS models; and 2) pave the way for development of novel broad-based inhibitors for treatment of drug resistant HIV-1. PMID: 18691029 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697306 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697305&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691030%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mamikonyan G, Kiyatkin A, Movsesyan N, Mkrtichyan M, Ghochikyan A, Petrushina I, Hwang J, Ichim TE, Keledjian H, Agadjanyan MG VGV-1, a clinical-grade formulation of bovine thymus nuclear protein (TNP) has been demonstrated to possess anti-viral activity in HIV-1 patients in five clinical trials, one of which was placebo controlled double-blinded. However, to date molecular mechanisms remain to be identified. Using surface plasmon resonance we observed TNP components bind with high affinity to HIV-1 proteins involved in viral entry, gp41 and pg120, as well as the T cell HIV-1 receptor CD4. To identify protein components of TNP, gel electrophoresis was performed followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Searching of bovine protein databases revealed the presence of numerous... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697305 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697304&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691031%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holguín A, de Mulder M, Yebra G, López M, Soriano V Although HIV-1 clade B variants are predominant in Western Europe, non-B subtypes are rapidly spreading, mainly due to immigration from endemic regions. All newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected individuals at a HIV/AIDS clinic in Madrid from 2000 to 2007 were identified. Subtype assignment was based on phylogenetic analysis of pol sequences from plasma specimens collected at first visit. A total of 1,430 newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals were identified: 902 Spaniards, 232 South Americans, and 162 Africans, among others. The proportion of South-Americans and Africans among diagnosed HIV-1 patients increased from 2000 to 2007 (from 17% to 22% and from 4% to 21%, respectively). Half of diagnosis of HIV-1 in 2007 was in fore... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697304 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697303&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691032%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhai S, Zhuang Y, Song Y, Li S, Huang D, Kang W, Li X, Liao Q, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Lu Y, Sun Y To assess the immunodominance patterns of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and the contribution of these responses against the peptides scanning optimal epitopes in chronic infection, we test the HIV-1-specific CTL responses against a panel of 413 overlapping peptides spanning HIV-1 Asian B sequence, including 147 peptides corresponding to optimal clade B epitopes in 49 chronically HIV-1 infected individuals by interferon-gamma Elispot assay. A large variation in the recognition of peptides restricted by the same HLA class I allele is presented. Some epitopes are targeted frequently by individuals while other epitopes restricted by the same allele are rarely recognize... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697303 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697302&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691033%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: De Baets AJ, Ramet J, Msellati P, Lepage P In order to adapt African programs for antiretroviral treatment (ART) to children's needs, a good understanding of the unique features of pediatric HIV in Africa and realistic expectations of the results of such programs are crucial. We compared pediatric HIV in African settings to pediatric HIV in Western settings and to adult HIV in African settings. As an illustration, we also compared baseline characteristics and ART-outcomes from 15 African pediatric studies, 11 Western pediatric studies and 15 studies of African adults. Several differences in diagnostic, clinical, immunological and virological characteristics were identified, as well as variations in the most influential factors for disease progression and response to ART. Envir... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697302 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697301&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691034%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cappuccio A, Castiglione F, Piccoli B, Tozzi V The extent of immune restoration in HIV-1 patients on antiretroviral therapy is an important marker of disease progression. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of immune reconstitution and address the question of whether the early response to antiretroviral treatments allows to predict the late immune restoration. We select a cohort of twelve patients on GRT-HAART who achieve virological suppression, but show variable recovery of immune competence. HIV-RNA and CD4+ T cell assessments are used for estimation of the dynamic parameters of an established mathematical model of the viral-immune system interactions. We find that failure in immune reconstitution is associated with an abnormal increase of the death rate of uninfected... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697301 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697300&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691035%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liang B, Luo M, Ball TB, Yao X, Van Domselaar G, Cuff WR, Cheang M, Jones SJ, Plummer FA As the number of HIV-1 sequences has increased in the public database and new tools of immunological bioinformatics have become available, making it possible to better understand at a population level how host immune response drives the evolution of HIV-1 envelope (Env). We analyzed 1100 unique full-length envelope sequences and systematically determined positive selection (PS) sites by QUASI analysis and found that PS sites were widely dispersed across Env. The frequency of Env PS sites appears to be relatively stable over time. Moreover, between 25% and 61% of PS sites are shared between subtypes A, B, C, and D, suggesting that host immune responses target the same regions of Env gene ac... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697300 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1697299&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18691036%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bedoya VI, Jaimes FA, Delgado JC, Rugeles C, Usuga X, Zapata W, Castaño ME, Boasso A, Shearer G, Rugeles MT The incidence of maternal-to-fetal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is 25-30% in absence of antiretroviral therapy, and is inversely associated with Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class-I discordance. Based on our earlier report that mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) induce a ribonuclease (RNase) that inhibits HIV-1 replication, we proposed that maternal-fetal alloantigen stimulation activates factors that protect the fetus against vertically-transmitted infections. We investigate here whether the degree of mother-infant HLA discordance associates with the ability to produce anti-HIV-1 alloantigen-stimulated factor (ASF), and affects placental... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1697299 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1697299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568815&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473781%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chan DJ, McNally L Techniques for the quantification of HIV-1 load in semen include culture and nucleic acid amplification techniques. The latter tend to be used in the reproductive, public health and research settings due to speed, throughput, sensitivity and capacity to eliminate and control for contamination or inhibitory substances from semen. Commercially-available assays such as nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction are equivalent in yielding more reliable and reproducible results than in-house, non-commercial assays, and should be used for the determination of HIV-1 load in semen. Sensitivity is increased when silica extraction methods are used. PMID: 18473781 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568815 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568814&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473782%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marchetti G, Tincati C, Monforte A, Gori A The perception of HAART failure in achieving broadest immune reconstitution has further strengthened the rationale to widely explore new adjuvant immunotherapy. Most work has been performed on IL-2, given its potential to correct HIV-driven immune defects, possibly translating in enhanced immune competency. This is a literature review report reviewing different trials on IL-2 immunotherapy in HIV/AIDS in the past ten years through the Cochrane and NIH review database. IL-2 can benefit severely compromised patients, either HAART-naïve or lacking HAART-driven immune rescue. Furthermore, by sparing HAART-related toxicity, IL-2 is indicated within treatment interruptions or immunization protocols. Important clinical insights stem fro... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568814 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568813&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ariën KK, Verhasselt B Conserved in all primate lentivirus genomes, Nef promotes viral replication and infectivity, influences the trafficking of a large number of surface receptors and interferes with TCR signalling, consequently modulating T-cell activation. In vivo observations with Long Term Non-Progressors harbouring a Nef-defective HIV and vaccination studies with Nef-deleted SIV in Rhesus macaques have shown a prominent role for Nef in lentiviral pathogenesis. Here we review the functions of Nef involved in viral replication and infectivity and speculate on a possible role for Nef in HIV fitness. PMID: 18473783 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568813 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568812&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473784%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe in this paper that the chloroxoquinolinic ribonucleoside 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (compound A) inhibits the HIV-1 replication in human primary cells. We initially observed that compound A inhibited HIV-1 infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in an EC(50) of 1.5 +/- 0.5 microM and in a selective index of 1134. Likewise, compound A blocked HIV-1(BA-L) replication in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, with an EC(50) equal to 4.98 +/- 0.9 microM. The replication of HIV-1 isolates from subtypes C and F was also inhibited by compound A with the same efficiency. Compound A inhibited an early event of the HIV-1 replicative cycle, since it prevented viral DNA synthesis in ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568812 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568811&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473785%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matoba N, Griffin TA, Mittman M, Doran JD, Alfsen A, Montefiori DC, Hanson CV, Bomsel M, Mor TS CTB-MPR(649-684), a translational fusion protein consisting of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and residues 649 684 of gp41 membrane proximal region (MPR), is a candidate vaccine aimed at blocking early steps of HIV-1 mucosal transmission. Bacterially produced CTB MPR(649-684) was purified to homogeneity by two affinity chromatography steps. Similar to gp41 and derivatives thereof, the MPR domain can specifically and reversibly self-associate. The affinities of the broadly-neutralizing monoclonal Abs 4E10 and 2F5 to CTB MPR(649-684) were equivalent to their nanomolar affinities toward an MPR peptide. The fusion protein's affinity to GM1 ganglioside was comparable to that of native CTB... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568811 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568810&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473786%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nowroozalizadeh S, Jansson M, Adamsson J, Lindblad M, Fenyö EM, Holmgren J, Harandi AM Administration of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG motifs generates a rapid and potent response of CC-chemokines, known as ligands of the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5, in the murine female genital tract. The present study explored the potential HIV inhibitory activities of different human CpG prototypes either alone or conjugated to the non-toxic subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). Results showed that in vitro replication of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 can be suppressed by different human CpG prototypes. Importantly, the conjugation of CpG ODN to CTB (CTB-CpG) enhanced the antiviral activity of CpG against primary HIV-1 isolates of both R5 and X4 phenotypes in peripheral blood mononuclear cel... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568810 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568809&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473787%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhuang Y, Sun Y, Zhai S, Huang D, Zhao S, Wang S, Kang W, Li X, Walker BD, Altfeld M, Yu XG Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses provide an important defense in controlling HIV-1 replication, but they fail to control the progression of AIDS in advanced HIV-1 infection. To uncover the situation of these responses in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection, we assessed HIV-1-specific CTL responses in 20 individuals with advanced HIV-1 infection using 407 overlapping peptides spanning all expressed HIV-1 proteins using a gamma interferon-enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. In comparison to 20 individuals with moderately advanced HIV-1 infection, HIV-1-specific CTL responses were significantly decreased (P=0.044) and les... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568809 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568808&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473788%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vermeire K, Brouwers J, Van Herrewege Y, Le Grand R, Vanham G, Augustijns P, Bell TW, Schols D The cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) compounds are a new class of specific CD4-targeted HIV entry inhibitors. The in vitro anti-HIV activity of CADA was shown to correlate with its ability to specifically downmodulate cell surface expression of the CD4 receptor in human cells. Here, we evaluated its potential as an anti-HIV microbicide. CADA exerted a clear CD4 receptor downregulating effect in dendritic cells (DC) and subsequently inhibited HIV-1(BaL) replication in DC/T cell co-cultures. The compound proved to be active against a variety of clinical isolates belonging to the HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, AE and O. Furthermore, it prevented human T cells from being infected wit... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568808 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568807&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473789%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Panos G, Samonis G, Alexiou VG, Kavarnou GA, Charatsis G, Falagas ME HAART has substantially decreased mortality and morbidity among HIV-infected patients. We retrospectively analyzed morbidity and mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected adult patients with prolonged and frequent follow up (1987-2006). The study was divided in pre-HAART and HAART period for comparative reasons. In total, 615 HIV-infected patients (54 females) were included in our study. 144 died during the pre-HAART period (51.4 deaths per 100 patients). During the HAART period only 38 patients died from a total of 335 patients receiving HAART (11.3 deaths per 100 patients); the follow up in this part of the cohort was 2139 persons-years and the death incidence 1.77 deaths/per 100 person-years. The subanalysis e... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568807 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568806&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473790%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nicastri E, Palmisano L, Sarmati L, D'Ettorre G, Parisi S, Andreotti M, Buonomini A, Pirillo FM, Narciso P, Bellagamba R, Vullo V, Montano M, Di Perri G, Andreoni M Low levels of plasma viremia (below 50 copies/ml of HIV-1 RNA) can be detected in the majority of HIV+ subjects successfully treated with HAART. Aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of different antiretroviral regimens on this residual viremia and on proviral HIV-1 DNA in HAART-treated subjects with plasma HIV RNA <400 cp/ml and no history of virological failure. To this purpose, a cross-sectional analysis of 319 HIV-positive patients on HAART with plasma HIV RNA <400 cp/ml was performed. Subjects had been on HAART for a median of 3.6 years: the current regimen included two nucleoside reverse transcrip... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568806 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568805&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473791%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gaona-Flores V, García-Elorriaga G, Valerio-Minero M, González-Veyrand E, Navarrete-Castro R, Palacios-Jiménez N, Del Rey-Pineda G, González-Bonilla C, Monasta L Atherosclerosis is a multifactor disease. Lately, infectious factors such as C. pneumoniae have been found to be involved. To determine whether the infection by C. pneumoniae is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients with AIDS. Case-control study on 43 patients with AIDS under HAART (16 cases and 27 controls). To document atherosclerosis, a carotid and transcranial Doppler ultrasound was performed. Anti-C pneumoniae antibodies were searched using a microimmunofluorescence test for IgM and IgG levels. To study the associations with risk of atherosclerosis, Odds Ratios were calculated for each... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568805 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568804&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18473792%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cherry CL, Hoy JF, Rowe JS, Krum H, Mills J, Lewin SR DG17 is an orally available prodrug of DG35 (a novel HIV protease inhibitor with variable pharmacokinetics). These studies aimed to optimize DG17 pharmacokinetics by gastric acid neutralization and ritonavir pharmacoenhancement. Both studies were conducted using a randomized, cross-over design in which 6 healthy individuals were administered a single dose of 100mg or 200mg DG17, half with the study intervention (sodium bicarbonate solution in the first study, low dose ritonavir in the second). After a one week washout period, each subject was then administered a second dose of DG17, with the study intervention only administered to the other half. Cmax and AUC increases with gastric acid neutralization were greatest in those... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568804 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1568804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568826&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336256%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barraud P, Paillart JC, Marquet R, Tisné C The multidomain HIV-1 Vif protein recruits several cellular partners to achieve neutralization of the antiviral activity of APOBEC3 proteins. Vif neutralizes APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F predominantly by forming an E3 ubiquitin ligase with Cullin5, ElonginB and ElonginC that targets these proteins for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Vif associates with the Cullin5-ElonginB-ElonginC complex by binding directly to ElonginC via its SOCS-box motif and to Cullin5 via hydrophobic residues within a zinc-binding region formed by a conserved HCCH motif. The HIV-1 Vif-Cullin5-ElonginBC complex is then able to ubiquitinate the APOBEC3G factor bound to Vif by its N-terminal domain. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568826 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568825&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336257%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gutiérrez F, Padilla S, Masiá M, Iribarren JA, Moreno S, Viciana P, Hernández-Quero J, Alemán R, Vidal F, Salavert M, Blanco JR, Leal M, Dronda F, Perez Hoyos S, del Amo J, To describe characteristics and prognosis of patients with suboptimal immunological response to combined antiretroviral therapy (CART). Using data from a multicenter cohort study, we selected patients who initiated CART and showed suboptimal CD4-T cell response (defined as <50 cells/L increase) after 1 year of therapy, despite sustained virological suppression. Characteristics of those patients were compared with subjects who showed optimal immunological response. Of 650 patients with virological suppression, 108 (16.6%) showed suboptimal CD4-T cell response. Independent predictors o... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568825 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568824&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336258%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lau KA, Wang B, Kamarulzaman A, Ngb KP, Saksena NK The Asian HIV epidemic appears to be complex, characterized by the prevalence of multiple subtypes and circulating recombinant forms with gradual replacement of pure HIV-1 subtypes in several geographical regions. The main objectives of the present study are to identify and analyse the full-length viral genomes of three unique recombinant forms (URFs); the HIV-1 isolates 07MYKLD47, 07MYKLD48 and 07MYKLD49 from Malaysia. Long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of seven overlapping reading frames was used to derive near full-length HIV-1 genomes. Detailed phylogenetic and bootscanning analyses were performed to determine phylogenetic associations and subtypic assignments. We further confirmed the mosaic composit... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568824 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568823&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336259%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Herbein G, Varin A, Larbi A, Fortin C, Mahlknecht U, Fulop T, Aggarwal BB The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Nef protein is myristoylated and plays a critical role in AIDS pathogenesis by enhancing viral replication, survival of the virus within infected cells and by facilitating its spread in vivo. We observed that, in the promonocytic cell line U937, myristoylated exogenous Nef protein activates NF-kappaB and AP-1, whereas unmyristoylated exogenous Nef protein does not. Using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaC) treatment, we observed that the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 by exogenous Nef protein is mediated primarily via lipid rafts both in U937 cells and in primary human macrophages. In agreement with this observation, exogenous Nef protein colocalized with GM1 gangli... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568823 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568822&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336260%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Figueiredo A, Zelina S, Sluis-Cremer N, Tachedjian G Previous studies have demonstrated that nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) act as chemical enhancers of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT dimerization. In the current study, we sought to define the role of key residues (101, 103, 108, 181, 188, 190, 225 and 318) in the NNRTI-binding pocket on HIV-1 RT heterodimer stability. Thirteen mutant RTs were constructed and evaluated for p66/p51 RT heterodimer formation using the well-established yeast two-hybrid assay. We found that the mutations K101A, P225H, Y318F and Y318W decreased RT heterodimer stability whereas K103N, V108I, V108W, Y181C, Y188L, G190A, G190E, G190W and P225W increased RT heterodimer stability. While these results demonstr... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568822 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568821&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336261%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, asymptomatic STIs had no effect on BPVL or SPVL in either treated group and SPVL remains undetectable over time. STIs minimally increase, or do not increase, SPVL in untreated patients. Our data supports the role of ART in lowering the risk of sexual transmission of HIV-1. PMID: 18336261 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568821 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568820&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336262%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Udjo EO Since the outbreak of the HIV epidemic in the 1980s, various organisations and researchers have produced statistics on HIV/AIDS including HIV prevalence, incidence, number of AIDS cases, AIDS-related mortality as well as life expectancy at birth in the context of HIV/AIDS. Until recently HIV-prevalence statistics as well as models projecting the impact of HIV/AIDS utilised HIV-prevalence statistics based on women attending antenatal clinics as population-based prevalence statistics were non-existent. Among others, the extrapolation of HIV-prevalence statistics from surveillance sites to the general population has been questioned. Recent statistics on HIV-prevalence from population-based surveys strongly suggest that HIV-prevalence in many countries may not be as high a... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568820 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568819&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336263%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bernstein ZP, Dougherty T, Gollnick S, Schwartz SA, Mahajan SD, Kepner J, Sumlin A, Stewart C, Wallace P, Adal A, Walder H, Poiesz B An ex vivo trial utilizing photopheresis with Benzoporphyrin Derivative as the photoactive compound, identified the minimum energy levels of light and concentrations of BPD that eradicated both cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 infectivity without destroying the virus particles or infected leukocytes. Leukocytes remained viable with altered chemokine/cytokine expression. Apoptosis was induced in a minority of CD4 but not CD8 positive cells with a statistically significant increase in cytolytic T-cell activity. In the 24 week clinical trial in 7 HIV-1 infected patients, three who had rapidly rising viral loads prior to initiating therapy stabili... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568819 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568818&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336264%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Inés SM, Moralejo L, Marcos M, Fuertes A, Luna G Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been scarcely studied in correctional settings. Our study aims to evaluate the relationship between adherence and virological outcome and to determine factors related to adherence in correctional settings. A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in Topas prison (Salamanca, Spain). 50 inmates starting HAART were studied. Adherence was estimated through a self-report questionnaire and variables related to adherence (covering individual factors, the illness itself and the therapeutic regimen) were recorded. HIV-RNA levels and CD4 lymphocyte count were measured before starting therapy and six months after. Statistical analysis was performed using univaria... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568818 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1568817&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18336265%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Manfredi R, Sabbatani S, Calza L Aim of our report is to discuss some key adherence features in the real world, by reporting two exceptional patients, who deliberately took all antiretroviral medications at half-dosage compared with standard prescriptions, and maintained a fully stable and sustained virological and immunological response after 6-10 consecutive years. The potential causes and consequences of this apparent misconduct of our patients on drug tolerability, resistance development, compliance monitoring, direct drug delivery, and health care providers behavior, are discussed. PMID: 18336265 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1568817 Sat, 01 Mar 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1568817