MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current HIV Research' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 18:15:39 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626536&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264086%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Anton PA Abstract As 'proof of concept' has now been well validated for topical microbicides, the progress has, appropriately, refined the questions of who, how, when and at what risk and cost. These are welcome challenges require intensified, cross-disciplinary responses. This is especially true in the areas of adherence and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) sampling and modeling to optimize preventive trials measuring "efficacy", which is well known to reduce when measured as "effectiveness" in real-world use. Intensified exploratory and Phase 1 safety trials to investigate acceptability, adherence, PK and ex vivo efficacy with drug-exposed tissue biopsies/compartment fluids even though they are complex in design, management, assays and monitoring are moving forwa... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626536 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626550&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264039%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quiñones-Mateu ME, Vanham G PMID: 22264039 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626550 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626549&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264040%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tebit DM, Ndembi N, Weinberg A, Quiñones-Mateu ME Abstract Since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic, and following the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the etiological agent of the disease, it was clear that the virus gains access to the human host predominantly through the mucosal tissue after sexual exposure. As a consequence, the female genital tract (vaginal and cervical), as well as the rectal, penile, and oral mucosae have been extensively studied over the last thirty years towards a better understanding of - and to develop strategies to prevent - sexual HIV transmission. This review seeks to describe the biology of the events leading to HIV infection through the human mucosa and introduce some of the approaches attempted to prevent the sexual ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626549 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626549 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626548&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264041%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Romano JW, Robbiani M, Doncel G, Moench T Abstract Despite the identification of HIV-1 as the etiological agent responsible for AIDS nearly 30 years ago, a sterilizing vaccine capable of preventing transmission of the virus remains elusive. In response to struggles on the vaccine development front, significant effort has been devoted to preventing the transmission of HIV with alternative products, technologies, and strategies. One of the early alternative HIV prevention strategies was microbicides, which are topical products that can be used to prevent sexual transmission of HIV either vaginally or rectally. First generation microbicide products were designed to be simple gel formulations comprised of readily available active agents that were inexpensive and broadly active... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626548 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626548 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626547&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264042%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gibson RM, Arts EJ Abstract Preventing the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the main goal of numerous studies trying to develop an effective vaccine and microbicide agents. Here we review the use of antiretroviral drugs to inhibit viral entry as potential HIV microbicides. After the failure of nonoxynol-9 microbicide strategies shifted towards the use of compounds creating a physical barrier to virus attachment (e.g., surfactants) or inhibit the virus in the vaginal milieu (e.g., polyanions). These early, non-specific inhibitors showed promise in both in vitro and in vivo(non-human primates) studies but provided only modest protection from HIV transmission in clinical efficacy trials. The next generation of HIV entry microbicides was based on specifica... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626547 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626547 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626546&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264043%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lewi P, Heeres J, Ariën K, Venkatraj M, Joossens J, Van der Veken P, Augustyns K, Vanham G Abstract The CAPRISA 004 study in South Africa has accelerated the development of vaginal and rectal microbicides containing antiretrovirals that target specific enzymes in the reproduction cycle of HIV, especially reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI). In this review we discuss the potential relevance of HIV-1 RTIs as microbicides, focusing in the nucleotide RTI tenofovir and six classes of nonnucleoside RTIs (including dapivirine, UC781, urea and thiourea PETTs, DABOs and a pyrimidinedione). Although tenofovir and dapivirine appear to be most advanced in clinical trials as potential microbicides, several issues remain unresolved, e.g., the importance of nonhuman primates as a "ga... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626546 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626546 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626545&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264044%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crucittia GC, Botta M, Di Santoa R Abstract Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections including HIV-1. Despite more than two decades of HIV-1 research, there is still no efficacious HIV-1 vaccine, and the scientific community appears sceptical about the short or long-term feasibility of developing a vaccine that has the ability to induce sterilizing immunity against HIV-1. In this setting, microbicide research has been developed. Among the promising candidate microbicides, the integrase inhibitors are the most recently developed compounds. In fact, since the beginning reverse transcriptase, fusion and entry inhibitor... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626545 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626545 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626544&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264045%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Herrera C, Shattock RJ Abstract The new generation of microbicide candidates is based on the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. The first compounds tested were selected among ARV classes that block the early stages of viral replication cycle, either entry/fusion or reverse transcription. Recently, an additional class of ARVs acting on a later step of viral replication has entered the microbicide pipeline, the protease inhibitors (PIs). This class of ARVs has shown strong potency in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) against human immunodeficiency-1 virus (HIV-1) and lower levels of induced resistance compared to other ARV classes. As candidate microbicides, PIs will have to follow the guiding principles of microbicides being effective, safe, user-friendly and aff... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626544 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626543&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264046%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Balzarini J, Schols D Abstract Tenofovir, a highly prescribed drug for the treatment of HIV/AIDS infections, has recently also shown its effectiveness as a potential topical microbicide drug in the prevention of HIV transmission. Here, we discuss the combination of tenofovir with variousother antiretrovirals (ARV) highlighting the large class of carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) targeting the glycans on the viral envelope gp120 for their anti-HIV activity and their favorable combinatory potential.Thetenofovir/CBA and several other ARV combinations consistently showed synergistic antiviral activities. Also combinations of other classes of ARV such as receptor (i.e. CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5) inhibitors, various monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)directed against the HIV envelope gp120 ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626543 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626543 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626542&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264047%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eade CR, Wood MP, Cole AM Abstract Despite advances in the treatment of HIV infection, heterosexual transmission of HIV remains high, and vaccines to prevent HIV acquisition have been unfruitful. Vaginal microbicides, on the other hand, have demonstrated considerable potential for HIV prevention, and a variety of compounds have been screened for their activity and safety as anti-HIV microbicides. Among these are the naturally occurring host defense peptides, small peptides from diverse lineages with intrinsic antiviral activity. Naturally occurring host defense peptides with anti-HIV activity are promising candidates for vaginal microbicide development. Their structural variance and accompanying mechanistic diversity provide a wide range of inhibitors whose antiviral activ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626542 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626541&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264048%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ariën KK, Kyongo JK, Vanham G Abstract Here, we review the armamentarium on in vitro/ex vivo models of HIV sexual transmission and discuss how these models can be applied to study candidate microbicide. PMID: 22264048 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626541 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626540&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264049%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Veazey RS, Shattock RJ, Klasse PJ, Moore JP Abstract There have been encouraging recent successes in the development of safe and effective topical microbicides to prevent vaginal or rectal HIV-1 transmission, based on the use of anti-retroviral drugs. However, much work remains to be accomplished before a microbicide becomes a standard element of prevention science strategies. Animal models should continue to play an important role in pre-clinical testing, with emphasis on safety, pharmacokinetic and efficacy testing. PMID: 22264049 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626540 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626540 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626539&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264050%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Agashe H, Hu M, Rohan L Abstract The development of pre-exposure prophylactics or microbicide products for the reduction or elimination of the sexual transmission of HIV has numerous challenges or barriers to success. Historically traditional dosage forms such as gels have been developed in the field but more recently controlled release dosage forms such as vaginal rings and novel dosage forms such as polymeric thin films have been studied. Studies have begun to incorporate scientific strategies into the formulation design of microbicide products in order to develop safer and more effective products. In addition advanced drug delivery strategies to overcome barriers to delivery and specific drug targeting methods are being employed. In the present review, a comprehensive d... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626539 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626539 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626538&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264051%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Buckheit Jr RW, Buckheit KW Abstract Throughout the world, and especially in countries comprising the developing world, women are now bearing the brunt of the HIV pandemic, with over 50% living with HIV infection primarily contracted through sexual transmission in monogamous relationships Thus, effective chemical or physical means of preventing HIV transmission are urgently needed and in the absence of an approved and effective vaccine, microbicides have become the strategy of choice to provide women with the ability to prevent HIV transmission from their infected partners. Topical microbicides include agents specifically developed and formulated for use in either the vaginal or rectal environment to prevent the sexual transmission of infectious organisms, including pathog... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626538 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626537&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22264052%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gangestad AK, Salata RA Abstract Women account for half of new infections with HIV annually. Heterosexual transmission is the most common route of infection in resource limited settings (RLS). An effective microbicide would help decrease transmission of HIV and potentially enable women to have more control in sexual relationships. Research into microbicides is done predominantly in RLS. In addition, there will be different issues and challenges to consider with respect to rectal microbicide use in men. There exist several ethical issues around microbicide development and clinical research which we explore in this review. Respect for persons, including autonomy and protection of vulnerable populations, beneficence, and justice are explored as they relate to microbicide rese... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626537 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568304&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211654%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: AIDS causes alterations in the structure of the cervical epithelium and in its extracellular matrix, leading to alterations in the local and systemic immunity, and triggering signs and opportunistic infections in the uterine cervix in the course of the disease. PMID: 22211654 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568304 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568303&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211655%26dopt%3DAbstract We present the case of an HIV-infected patient who developed mutations of resistance to nevirapine although he always had an undetectable viral load and without context of inobservance. The concepts of undetectability and virological success in HIV infection must be balanced by the possible appearance of resistance under a treatment considered as effective. PMID: 22211655 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568303 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568302&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211656%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhou HZ, Xu HF, Xin XM, Guan XR, Zhou J Abstract Our goal in this study was to analyze position 22 of the V3 loop associated with co-receptor usage and disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B infection. Bioinformatics approaches were used to compare the amino acid sequence and secondary structure of the V3 loop of the CCR5-tropic virus and CXCR4-tropic virus in HIV-1 subtype B. HIV-1 subtype B V3 amino acid sequence files in the FASTA format were collected from the HIV Sequence Database. The amino acid sequences of different tropism were multiple-aligned with CLUSTAL W program, and the frequencies of the amino acids at each position of the V3 loop sequences of two groups were calculated and sorted in descending order. The secondary stru... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568302 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568299&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211657%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aghasadeghi MR, Salmani AS, Sadat SM, Javadi F, Memarnejadian A, Vahabpour R, Zabihollahi R, Moshiri A, Siadat SD Abstract Despite the worldwide efforts made in the field of HIV vaccine development, an efficient AIDS vaccine strategy is still vague. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are one of the introduced aspects for HIV vaccine development since the non-replicative nature of HIV VLPs, resulted from the lack of viral genomic RNA, makes them suitable for broad applications. We have previously designed and introduced non-infectious VLPs (mzNL4-3) by introduction of a deletion mutation in the reverse transcriptase and integrase coding regions of HV-1. There are evidences suggesting that an effective cellular immune response against HIV-1 is able to control and suppress viremia d... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568299 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568295&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pegu P, Helmus R, Gupta P, Tarwater P, Caruso L, Shen C, Ross T, Chen Y Abstract The lower gastrointestinal tract is a major mucosal site of HIV entry and initial infection. Thus, the induction of strong cellular immune responses at this mucosal site will be an important feature of an effective HIV vaccine. We have used a novel prime-boost vaccination approach to induce immune responses at mucosal sites. Orally delivered recombinant Clostridium perfringens expressing HIV-1 gag (Cp-Gag) was evaluated for induction of HIV-1 Gag specific T cell responses in a prime-boost model with intranasal inoculation of HIV-1 virus like particles (VLP). HIV-1 specific cellular immune responses in both the effector (Lamina propria) and inductive sites (Peyer's patches) of the gastrointesti... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568295 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568293&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211659%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Single drugs belonging to new antiretroviral classes did not correlate to viroimmunological success for any GSS. High frequency and recurrence over GRTs for specific mutations confirms their key role following the exposure to ARVs classes. A baseline HIV-RNA <50,000 cp/ml is a predictor of therapeutic success and a carefully selected HAART based upon the evaluation of GRTs can favorably influence the immunovirologic response. PMID: 22211659 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568293 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568292&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211660%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mbonye U, Karn J Abstract Intensive antiretroviral therapy successfully suppresses viral replication but is unable to eradicate the virus. HIV persists in a small number of resting memory T-cells where HIV has been transcriptionally silenced. This review will focus on recent insights into the HIV transcriptional control mechanisms that provide the biochemical basis for understanding latency. There are no specific repressors of HIV transcription encoded by the virus, instead latency arises when the regulatory feedback mechanism driven by HIV Tat expression is disrupted. Small changes in transcriptional initiation, induced by epigenetic silencing, lead to profound restrictions in Tat levels and force the entry of proviruses into latency. In resting memory T-cells, which carr... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568292 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568291&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211661%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Planelles V, Wolschendorf F, Kutsch O Abstract A curative therapy for HIV-1 infection will have to include measures to eliminate the reservoir of latently HIV-1 infected cells that allow the virus to persist despite otherwise successful therapy. To date, all efforts to deplete the latent reservoir by triggering viral reactivation have used preexisting drugs that are believed to potentially target molecular mechanisms controlling HIV-1 infection. These therapeutic attempts were not clinically successful. Only in the last few years have cellular models of latent HIV-1 infection suitable for high throughput screening been developed and concerted drug discovery effortswere initiated to discover new HIV-1 reactivating drugs. We here providea historic overview about the developm... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568291 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568290&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211662%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tyagi M, Romerio F Abstract The limitations of current anti-retroviral therapies (ART) and the lack of a valid anti-HIV-1 vaccine candidate underscore the need for new therapeutic concepts aiming at the eradication of HIV-1, which represents at the same time an ideal goal and a major challenge for AIDS research. At present, this aim is unattainable due to the existence of cellular and anatomical reservoirs of persistent infection. Memory CD4+ T cells comprise the largest pool of cells harboring silent, stably integrated HIV-1, which remains undetected by the immune system and refractory to conventional anti-retroviral drugs. The eradication of latent HIV-1 reservoirs will require new, potent and specific therapeutic strategies, which in turn must rely upon a deeper underst... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568290 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568284&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211663%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ajamian L, Mouland AJ Abstract HAART treatment has greatly improved life expectancy of HIV-1-infected individuals. Unfortunately, latency still remains the major barrier towards HIV-1 eradication. Efforts to identify viral and host cell proteins involved in latency remain important research areas to win this war against HIV-1. Here, we review the contributions of several factors in the establishment of latently infected cells. In addition, we also raise the possibility that RNA helicases, while playing important roles at almost every step of the HIV-1 replication cycle, could be implicated in the processes governing the establishment of these latent reservoirs. PMID: 22211663 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568284 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5568254&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211664%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duyne RV, Narayanan A, Kehn-Hall K, Saifuddin M, Shultz L, Kashanchi F Abstract The existence of long-lasting cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 is one of the major hurdles in developing effective anti-retroviral therapies. These latently infected cells and tissues efficiently evade immune responses and remain dormant until activated, upon which they can generate a productive HIV-1 infection. This classic scenario of viral latency becomes even more difficult to study and model due to the extreme complexity of translating in vivo virus-cell interactions into a controlled in vitro system. The recent developments and constant improvements upon hematopoietic engraftment of human cells and tissues onto recipient immunocompromised murine scaffolds have made it possible to model comple... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5568254 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5568254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446538&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103831%26dopt%3DAbstract THE NEF-INFECTIVITY ENIGMA: MECHANISMS OF ENHANCED LENTIVIRAL INFECTION. Curr HIV Res. 2011 Nov 18; Authors: Vermeire J, Vanbillemont G, Witkowski W, Verhasselt B Abstract The Nef protein is an essential factor for lentiviral pathogenesis in humans and other simians. Despite a multitude of functions attributed to this protein, the exact role of Nef in disease progression remains unclear. One of its most intriguing functions is the ability of Nef to enhance the infectivity of viral particles. In this review we will discuss current insights in the mechanism of this well-known, yet poorly understood Nef effect. We will elaborate on effects of Nef, on both virion biogenesis and the early stage of the cellular infection, that might be involved in infectivity enhancement. In addi... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446538 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446537&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103832%26dopt%3DAbstract ROLE OF THE CD4 DOWN-MODULATION ACTIVITY OF NEF IN HIV-1 INFECTIVITY. Curr HIV Res. 2011 Nov 18; Authors: Doria M Abstract The regulatory Nef protein of HIV-1/2 and SIV is required for high viral replication and disease progression, thus represents a very attractive therapeutic target. Because of the multi-functional nature of the Nef protein, it is unclear which of the several Nef activities are most crucial in vivo for the outcome of viral infection. Some findings indicate that the CD4 down-regulation activity of Nef is critical for viral infectivity as well as for progression to immunodeficiency. On the other hand, more recent evidences suggest that CD4 targeting and stimulation of infectivity are two separate functions of Nef. This controversial issue will be discussed ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446537 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446536&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103833%26dopt%3DAbstract ONE PROTEIN TO RULE THEM ALL: MODULATION OF CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS AND MOLECULES BY HIV NEF. Curr HIV Res. 2011 Nov 18; Authors: Landi A, Iannucci V, Nuffel AV, Meuwissen P, Verhasselt B Abstract The HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV Nef protein is known to modulate the expression of several cell surface receptors and molecules to escape the immune system, to alter T cell activation, to enhance viral replication, infectivity and transmission and overall to ensure the optimal environment for the outcome of infection. Consistent and continuous efforts have been made during the years to characterize the down-regulation of each of these molecules, in the hope that a better understanding of these processes essential for HIV infection and/or pathogenesis will eventually highlight new therapeu... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446536 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446535&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103834%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ghiglione Y, Turk G Abstract Following transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into a new host, cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage play a central role in host invasion and viral replication. In particular, macrophages survive infection and support long-standing viral replication, contributing to viral persistence within the host and representing a viral reservoir in vivo. On the other hand, HIV Nef protein is a small though versatile molecule that plays an unquestioned key role in viral pathogenesis. In macrophages, Nef is able to modulate cell surface receptor expression, to intersect intracellular signaling pathways and to augment the release of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. In addition, Nef can alter macrophage phagocytic capacity, autopha... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446535 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446534&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103835%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sauter D, Kirchhoff F Abstract The multifunctional Nef protein of primate lentiviruses is commonly considered an early viral factor that down-modulates various receptors from the cell surface and modulates several signaling pathways to facilitate viral immune evasion and to render the cell conducive for viral replication. However, Nef also acts during the late stages of infection, e.g. by increasing the infectivity of progeny virions. Just recently, it has become clear that many primate lentiviruses that have been detected in about 40 different monkey and ape species also use Nef to antagonize tetherin (BST2/CD317), a cellular factor that inhibits virus release by tethering nascent viral particles to the cell surface. Exceptions are some simian immunodeficiency viruses (SI... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446534 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446533&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103836%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jolicoeur P Abstract CD4C/HIVNef Tg mice express HIV-1 Nef in relevant target cells through the regulatory sequences of the human CD4 gene. These mice develop a severe disease showing many characteristics of human AIDS. A summary of the results obtained with these Tg mice is presented. PMID: 22103836 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446533 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446533 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446532&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103837%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saksela K Abstract A bewildering number of host cell proteins associated with Nef can be found in the literature and in the public protein interaction databases. However, only in a few of these cases, including binding of Nef to certain Src homology-3 (SH3) domain proteins, is the interaction understood in any molecular detail or even known to be direct. Indeed, SH3 binding capacity by Nef is required for many of the other protein interactions to take place, suggesting that a large proportion of the latter is indirectly coupled to Nef via an SH3 protein. Accordingly, the proline-rich SH3 binding site, the "PxxP motif", is one of the key functional determinants of Nef. It is highly conserved among the lentiviral Nef proteins, and mutations disrupting it abrogate the majorit... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446532 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5446531&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103838%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lülf S, Horenkamp FA, Breuer S, Geyer M Abstract The HIV-1 Nef protein is an accessory protein of 24-27 kDa mass that mediates a multitude of effector functions in infected cells. Although not essentially required for viral replication, HIV-1 Nef exhibits stimulating potential towards disease progression to AIDS and is therefore considered a pathogenic factor in retroviridae. Here we correlate sequence conservation in HIV-1 Nef with surface hydrophobicity and functionality in protein-protein interaction to identify accessible substructures on the surface of Nef that might be suitable as pharmacological target sites. Recent advances in targeting of Nef by small molecular compounds that interfere with SH3 domain binding or MHC class I down-regulation are discussed. Similarl... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5446531 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5446531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332601&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999771%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Granich R, Lo YR, Suthar A, Vitoria M, Baggaley R, Mahklouf-Obermeyer C, McClure C, Souteyrand Y, Perriens J, Kahn JG, Bennett R, Smyth C, Williams B, Montaner J, Hirnschall G Abstract After 30 years we are still struggling to address a devastating HIV pandemic in which over 25 million people have died. In 2010, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV, around 70% of these in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, in 2009 there were an estimated 1.2 million new HIV-associated TB cases, and TB accounted for 24% of HIV-related deaths. By the end of 2010, 6.6 million people were taking antiretroviral therapy (ART), around 42% of those in need as defined by the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO). Despite this achievement, around 9 million people were eligible and still ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332601 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332600&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999772%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Williams B, Lima V, Gouws E Abstract Thirty years after HIV first appeared it has killed close to 30 million people but transmission continues unchecked. In 2009, an estimated 1.8 million lives were lost and 2.6 million more people were infected with HIV [1]. To cut transmission, many social, behavioural and biomedical interventions have been developed, tested and tried but have had little impact on the epidemic in most countries. One substantial success has been the development of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) that reduces viral load and restores immune function. This raises the possibility of using ART not only to treat people but also to prevent new HIV infections. Here we consider the impact of ART on the transmission of HIV and show how it could help to con... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332600 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332599&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999773%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wood R, Lawn SD Abstract Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been remarkably effective in ameliorating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated morbidity and mortality. The rapid decline in viral load during ART also presents an opportunity to develop a "treatment as prevention" strategy in order to reduce HIV transmission at a population level. Modelling exercises have demonstrated that for this strategy to be effective, early initiation of ART with high coverage of the HIVinfected population will be required. The HIV epidemic has fueled a resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) particularly in sub- Saharan Africa and widespread early initiation of ART could also impact this epidemic via several mechanisms. The proportion of patients with low CD4 cell counts who are at high ris... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332599 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332598&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Volkow ND, Baler RD, Normand JL Abstract The stubbornly high incidence of new HIV infections belies the overwhelming evidence showing that sustained highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has the power to dramatically reduce the spread of HIV infection and forever change the face of this devastating epidemic. One of the main contributors to this public health paradox is the ongoing HIV epidemic among substance users who contribute significantly to HIV infection rates through injection drug use and high-risk sexual behaviours. Current evidence clearly shows that, in order to fill this gap, we need to integrate substance abuse treatment with HIV treatment programmes and provide substance abusers with universal access to HIV treatment through a focussed effort to seek, ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332598 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332597&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barr D, Amon JJ, Clayton M Abstract Since the beginning of the epidemic, the protection of human rights has been an integral component in the response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The high degree of stigma and discrimination associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has made human rights protection not only a priority to ensure the rights of people living with and at-risk for HIV, but to address public health goals as well. Advances in understanding the impact of antiretroviral treatment on HIV prevention provide exciting opportunities and even a paradigm shift in terms of AIDS prevention. However, this potential cannot be reached unless the advancement of human rights is a primary component of treatment and prevention programme and policy develo... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332597 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332596&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999776%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe critical issues in the epidemic impact of ART, such as suppression of transmission and the role of the acute phase of infection. We then present a conceptual model for conducting and interpreting cost-effectiveness analyses of ART as prevention, and review the existing preliminary estimates in this area. We end with a discussion of future directions for programmatic demonstrations and evaluation. PMID: 21999776 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332596 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332595&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jones L, Akugizibwe P, Clayton M, Amon JJ, Sabin M, Bennett R, Stegling C, Baggaley R, Kahn JG, Holmes CB, Garg N, Makhlouf-Obermeyer C, Defilippo Mack C, Williams P, Smyth C, Vitoria M, Crowley S, Williams B, McClure C, Granich R, Hirnschall G Abstract Expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has both individual health benefits and potential to decrease HIV incidence. Ensuring access to HIV services is a significant human rights issue and successful programmes require adequate human rights protections and community support. However, the cost of specific human rights and community support interventions for equitable, sustainable and non-discriminatory access to ART are not well described. Human rights and community support interventions were identified using the li... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332595 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332594&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999778%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hayes R, Sabapathy K, Fidler S Abstract Achieving high coverage of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-poor settings will become increasingly difficult unless HIV incidence can be reduced substantially. Universal voluntary counselling and testing followed by immediate initiation of ART for all those diagnosed HIV-positive (universal testing and treatment, UTT) has the potential to reduce HIV incidence dramatically but would be very challenging and costly to deliver in the short term. Early modelling work in this field has been criticised for making unduly optimistic assumptions about the uptake and coverage of interventions. In future work, it is important that model parameters are realistic and based where possible on empirical data. Rigorous research evidence is n... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332594 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332593&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999779%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Granich R, Gupta S, Suthar AB, Smyth C, Hoos D, Vitoria M, Bavicchi Simao M, Hankins C, Schwartlander B, Ridzon R, Bazin B, Williams B, Lo YR, McClure C, Montaner J, Hirnschall G, Abstract There is considerable scientific evidence supporting the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections. The complex nature of the HIV and TB prevention responses, resource constraints, remaining questions about cost and feasibility, and the need to use a solid evidence base to make policy decisions, and the implementation challenges to translating trial data to operational settings require a well-organised and coordinated response to research in this area. To this end, we aimed to catalogue the ongoing and planne... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332593 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332593 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332592&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999780%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sidibé M Abstract Antiretroviral therapy (ART), for those who have access, has revolutionised the morbidity and mortality consequences of HIV infection. By the end of 2010, 6.6 million people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries were receiving ART, a dramatic 20-fold increase since 2001, saving millions of lives. In addition to the impact of ART on the health of those living with HIV, recent randomised controlled trials demonstrate the additional impact of ART in reducing HIV transmission. With this double effect, ART can be a game changer in the response to AIDS. Science has seen dramatic advances over the past year. We have a set of effective tools to stop the transmission of the virus and to keep people living with HIV healthy and productive. It is now t... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332592 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234963&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21916838%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Although P. marneffei has a reduced susceptibility in in vitro to fluconazole, our study has demonstrated that once-weekly fluconazole is at least as effective as once-daily itraconazole as primary prophylaxis for systemic fungal infections in AIDS patients in northern Thailand. PMID: 21916838 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234963 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234962&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21916839%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: The shedding of genital HIV was increased in pregnant compared to non pregnant subjects, even in patients with undetectable viremia. In this low-risk HIV-positive population the risks of vertical or horizontal transmissions should not be underestimated. PMID: 21916839 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234962 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234961&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21916840%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ferrando-Martínez S, Ruiz-Mateos E, Romero-Sánchez MC, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Viciana PP, Genebat M, Leal M Abstract Premature immunosenescence has been reported in different HIV scenarios. However, how premature is the HIV-related immunosenescent phenotype is still unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the immunosenescent status of young viraemic naive HIV-infected individuals, with less than four years from infection. To this end, replicative senescence, activation and proliferation T-cell levels were analyzed in chronically HIV-infected young individuals and both, elderly and young healthy controls. We show that young HIV-infected viraemic patients, with less than four years from infection, have early immune exhaustion leading to a premature immunosenesce... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234961 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234960&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21916841%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saracoglu M, Kandemirli SG, Ba Aran MA, Sayiner H, Kandemirli F Abstract The relationship between chemical structure and CCR5 anti HIV-1 activity was investigated in the series of 1-[N-(Methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-2-(phenyl)-4-[4-(substituted) piperidin-1-yl]butanes derivatives including 114 molecules by using the Electron-Topological Method (ETM). In the frameworks of this approach, its input data were taken as the results of conformational and quantum-mechanical calculations. Conformational analysis and quantumchemical calculations were carried out for each molecule. Then molecular fragments being specific for active molecules and non-active molecules were revealed by using ETM. The result of testing showed the high ability of ETM in predicting the activity and inac... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234960 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160344&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21861823%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Durudas A, Chen HL, Gasper MA, Sundaravaradan V, Milush JM, Silvestri G, Johnson W, Giavedoni LD, Sodora DL Abstract Mucosal transmission of HIV predominately occurs during sexual intercourse or breast-feeding and generally results in a successful infection from just one or few founder virions. Here we assessed the impact of viral inoculum size on both viral and immune events within two groups of Rhesus macaques that were non-traumatically, orally inoculated with either multiple low (1000 to 4000 TCID(50)) or high (100,000 TCID(50)) doses of SIV. In agreement with previous studies, more diverse SIV variants were observed in macaques following infection with high dose oral SIV compared to a low dose challenge. In peripheral blood cells, the immune gene transcript levels of ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160344 Tue, 23 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5160344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142750&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827382%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we investigated such relationship in analyzing the Vpr genes of HIV-1 viruses isolated from 208 HIV-1 infected patients from different regions in China. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR were used to amplify HIV-1 Vpr gene extracted from plasma of 208 HIV-1 infected patients and 153 isolates displayed the target gene sequences. Biological analysis software analyzed the deduced amino acid sequence, and identified the characteristics of the polymorphism of HIV-1 Vpr gene and its clinical significance. Results show the sequence subtypes as follows: CRF01-AE is 51.63%, subtype C is 24.84%, subtype B is 17.65%, CRF03-AB is 3.92% and CRF08-BC is 1.31%.This paper revealed for the first time the HIV-1 Vpr gene polymorphism in HIV-1 positive indiv... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142750 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142750 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142749&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827383%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: HIV-HCV-coinfected women have more favorable HCV virological and clinical profile than men and, particularly, lower degrees of fibrosis. Alcohol abuse seemed to result more deleterious in women than in men. The reportedly poorer outcomes of liver disease in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients, as compared with their HCV-monoinfected counterparts, could be ameliorated by addressing these cofactors, some of them preventable or treatable. PMID: 21827383 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142749 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142749 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142748&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827384%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions. The results of our study show that in the assessment of subtle subcutaneous fat changes ultrasound is more accurate than clinical evaluation and confirm the usefulness of ultrasound imaging technique in identifying lipoatrophy at an early stage. PMID: 21827384 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142748 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142747&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827385%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Viganò A, Zuccotti GV, Cerini C, Stucchi S, Puzzovio M, Giacomet V, Mora S Abstract Alterations of fat distribution and insulin resistance are associated with increased risk of metabolic derangements and cardiovascular disease. HIV-infected adult patients on antiretroviral treatment often show lipodystrophy, insulin resistance and hypoadiponectinemia, but data in children are controversial. We investigated serum adiponectin concentration in a cohort of HIV-infected youths, and we assessed the relationships with lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. We studied 36 HIV-infected patients (aged 5.0 - 19.4 years), and 171 healthy subjects (aged 4.9 - 17.9 years) for adiponectin measurements. All patients underwent body composition assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry,... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142747 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142747 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142746&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827386%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Even if the results of this pilot study are preliminary, they show that HIV positive and negative women have a relatively similar desire for children, even though seropositive women seem to want fewer children than their uninfected counterparts. Most of the reasons which reduce HIV positive women's desire to have children are directly linked to HIV. This is why getting these women informed about materno-fetal transmission risks and existing treatments is really important to give them the opportunity to make a conscious choice. PMID: 21827386 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142746 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142746 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4971398&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21675942%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Estimation of liver fibrosis using serum markers may help with clinical decisions to facilitate access to treatment of chronic hepatitis C in this population. PMID: 21675942 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4971398 Tue, 14 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4971398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4971373&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21675943%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a strategy for using ATP therapeutically along with background evidence to substantiate the importance of using ATP in the treatment of HIV infection. PMID: 21675943 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4971373 Tue, 14 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4971373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4971421&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21671883%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aghasadeghi MR, Bahramali G, Sadat SM, Farahani A, Mohraz M, Davar Siadat S, Mostafavi E, Memarnejadian A, Ardestani MS, Vahabpour R, Saraji AA, Delbaz SA PMID: 21671883 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4971421 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4971421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4971408&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21671884%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kort JJ, Aslanyan S, Scherer J, Sabo JP, Kohlbrenner V, Robinson P The use of HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) as part of antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-1 infection may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. This prospective, randomized, open-label trial in healthy volunteers compared the effects of tipranavir/ritonavir (TPV/r), darunavir/ ritonavir (DRV/r), and ritonavir (RTV) alone on platelet aggregation after a single dose and at steady-state concentrations. Subjects were selected on the basis of normal platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation inhibition after administration of a single 325-mg dose of aspirin. All 3 PI therapies were administered twice daily for 10 days. In some but not all subjects, TPV/r inhibite... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4971408 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4971408 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4971407&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21671885%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gras A, Schneider S, Karasi JC, Ternes AM, Sauvageot N, Karasi-Omes C, Henry AP, Schmit JC, Seguin-Devaux C, Arendt V Saliva may provide interesting advantages as matrix for compliance measurements, pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring in resource limited countries. We investigated the feasibility of using saliva for compliance monitoring of zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP) in 29 HIV-1 infected patients from Rwanda. ZDV, 3TC and NVP drug levels were quantified by an LC/MS-MS method in plasma and stimulated saliva samples and compared using Bland-Altman analysis. Seven patients demonstrated undetectable saliva ZDV levels while five out of these seven also showed no 3TC salivary concentrations. For the other samples, we observed a good a... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4971407 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4971407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4922803&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631425%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: This novel approach demonstrates that a proactive method for addressing barriers to long-term medication adherence yields improved patient understanding and preservation of treatment regimens. PMID: 21631425 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4922803 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4922803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4922802&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631426%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Vertebral Kaposi's sarcoma is a rare diagnosis but can be accurately diagnosed with CT or MRI imaging in conjunction with a histological diagnosis. An immunosuppressed patient presenting with bone pain should be thoroughly investigated for Kaposi's sarcoma as modern chemotherapeutic agents alongside anti-retroviral therapy may delay or prevent further devastating complications such as spinal cord compression. PMID: 21631426 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4922802 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4922802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4922801&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631427%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Julius H, Basu D, Ricci E, Wing J, Basu JK, Pocaterra D, Bonfanti P South Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the world. The improved life expectancy, due to the recent introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), may lead to an increased health burden related to metabolic disorders, resulting in an increased pressure on health-care services. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia in a sample of HAART-treated HIV infected patients, attending an HIV clinic in the Gauteng province. This was a cross-sectional study of 304 HIV positive patients enrolled between January 2009 and March 2009, including patients aged 18 to 45 years, on HAART f... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4922801 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4922801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4922800&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631428%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lin S, Zhang Y, Ying H, Zhu H The existence of stable, transcriptionally silent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in latently infected cells represents a major obstacle to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapy. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) can inhibit histone acetylation, resulting in HIV-1 provirus transcription silence. Apicidin, a widely used antiparasitic drug, exhibits antiparasitic activity by inhibiting HDAC. Using the latently infected A10.6 cell line, we describe the dose- and time-dependent manner in which Apicidin reverses HIV-1 latency. We found that Apicidin can synergize with trichostatin A (TSA) to activate HIV-1 gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay further indicates that Apicidin induces HIV-1 reactivation by increasing the ac... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4922800 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4922800 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4922799&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631429%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, a previous diagnosis of TB or another ADI before HAART did not compromise short-term virological and immunological response to treatment. A prior diagnosis of an ADI different to TB significantly increased all cause mortality. PMID: 21631429 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4922799 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4922799 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4877094&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21585332%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: He M, Zheng YH, Zhou HY, Mamadou D, Chen Z, Chen X, Yao YH, He Y To prospectively observe the efficacy, tolerability, immune reconstitution and toxicity of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Chinese patients infected HIV. 437 cases originally received two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) during a mean period of 4.3 years (3.1-7.3). Patients were followed up by HIV RNA levels, T lymphocyte subsets, blood routine test, and biochemical parameters. If active opportunistic infections, apparent side effects or virological failure appeared, appropriate treatment would be taken immediately. 30 patients (6.86%) died, most in the first 6 months of HAART. The proportion of subjects wi... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4877094 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4877094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4877093&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21585333%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: In our experience, despite the high prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency, HIV and HCV-infection did not seem to influence vitamin D status. The role of HIV, HCV and cART on hypovitaminosis D needs further validation in larger cohorts that account for the vitamin levels in general populations and for seasonal and regional variability. PMID: 21585333 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4877093 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4877093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4877092&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21585334%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: SIL is prevalent among women on antiretroviral therapy and is associated with immunosuppression, low income, and less frequent condom use. Cervical cancer screening and counseling on condom use should be routinely offered to HIV-infected women in antiretroviral treatment clinics in Africa. PMID: 21585334 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4877092 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4877092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4877091&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21585335%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pérez-Matute P, Pérez-Martínez L, Blanco JR, Oteo JA Raltegravir (RAL) has been shown to be virologically effective in both treatment naive and triple class resistant patients. A more favourable metabolic profile associated with RAL in comparison with other antiretroviral drugs has also been observed. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that could explain the lack of toxicity of this drug in metabolism. Thus, the effects of RAL on adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism were analyzed using 3T3-L1 cells, a very adequate and convenient cell culture model for the investigation of adipose differentiation and metabolism. The effects of RAL on adipogenesis were evaluated by the Oil Red O staining after 8 days of induction of differentiation. Several ad... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4877091 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4877091 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4824246&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457131%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: d'Ettorre G, Paiardini M, Zaffiri L, Andreotti M, Ceccarelli G, Rizza C, Indinnimeo M, Vella S, Mastroianni CM, Silvestri G, Vullo V We investigated the relationship between viral persistence in the gut, microbial translocation, and T cell activation during chronic HIV infection. Plasma levels of LPS, fraction of circulating CD8+CD38+ T cells, and levels of HIV-DNA in rectosigmoid biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined in 22 HIV-infected individuals and 10 healthy controls. We found that in untreated HIV-infected individuals, HIV-DNA load was higher in the gut mucosa than in the blood. Also, ART-treated patients exhibited lower levels of LPS and CD8+CD38+ T cells than untreated patients, but higher levels than controls. In ART-treated individuals, the ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4824246 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4824246 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4824245&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457132%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Lessons from the 2000-2004 era of transition focus on strategic investments, the inextricable connection between HIV and development and strategy coherence. These results highlight that it is more constructive to ensure that Canadian development responses in all areas engage with both the upstream drivers of HIV as well as the impacts of the epidemic itself in order to achieve the greatest results from international investment and the most effective contributions to the lives of the people that these endeavours seek to support. PMID: 21457132 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4824245 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4824245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4824244&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457133%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we searched for antiretroviral drug resistance mutations at the end of five viral rebounds of two children with HIV and a chronically undetectable viral load (VL) who underwent an STI program. The HAART was interrupted for 4 weeks and then restarted and continued for 12 weeks for three cycles. VL, CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes, and clinical status were evaluated at the end of each STI and at 6 and 12 weeks after HAART was resumed. Treatment of both the patients based on zidovudine+lamivudine+ritonavir remained identical during the study. The reverse transcriptase (RT)- and protease (PR)-coding regions were sequenced at the end of each viral rebound. One patient experienced progressively lower viral rebounds (269000-31300 at the first and third rebounds, respectively), while the othe... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4824244 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4824244 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4668249&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443516%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maserati R, Brandolini M, Cattelan A, Orani A, Sighinolfi L, Andreoni M, Uglietti A, Guaraldi G, Sotgiu G, To assess the efficacy and the tolerability of once-daily (QD) versus twice-daily (BID) nevirapine (NVP)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in virologically suppressed, HIV-positive patients switched from protease inhibitor (PI)-based HAART. Eligible patients were enrolled in the multicenter trial if HIV RNA levels were <50 copies/mL for ³6 months prior. Patients were switched from a PI to NVP 200 mg BID for 2 months, and then randomized to continue with that regimen (group A) or NVP 400 mg QD (group B) for a further 10 months. Virological efficacy (primary endpoint) and tolerability/toxicity were evaluated according to an intention-to-treat analysis.... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4668249 Mon, 28 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4668249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4668248&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443517%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sadat SM, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Vahabpour R, Siadat SD, Memarnejadian A, Azadmanesh K, Parivar K Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a worldwide health problem and a protective vaccine is desperately needed to control the AIDS pandemics. To address this concern, we previously constructed single-cycle replicable (SCR) HIV-1 virions, which completely maintained the antigenic structures of HIV-1. Herein, to optimize a vaccination strategy, we studied the immunogenicity of produced SCR virions and adjuvant-formulated HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) in homologous and heterologous prime-boosting regimens. Accordingly, BALB/c mice received three doses of immunogens in 3-week intervals and their immune responses were evaluated using ELISA, cytokine and IFN-γ ELISpot ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4668248 Mon, 28 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4668248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4668250&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21434863%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arendt BM, Mohammed SS, Ma DW, Aghdassi E, Salit IE, Wong DK, Guindi M, Sherman M, Heathcote EJ, Allard JP Hepatic fatty acid (FA) composition, especially a reduction in n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) may contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is common in HIV-infection.. In a cross-sectional study we compared hepatic FA composition between 20 HIV-infected men with NAFLD (HIV/NAFLD), 21 HIV-negative men with NAFLD (NAFLD), and 7 healthy controls. Within HIV/NAFLD we compared simple steatosis (HIV/SS) to steatohepatitis (HIV/NASH). FA composition in liver and erythrocytes, oxidative stress, diet, and exercise were assessed. Major findings (P<0.05) were: 1) higher hepatic n-6/n-3 ratio in HIV/NAFLD [median (range)] [8.08 (1.08-21.52)... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4668250 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4668250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4607107&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21410431%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zanet E, Berretta M, Martellotta F, Cacopardo B, Fisichella R, Tavio M, Berretta S, Tirelli U Anal cancer represents an increasing health problem, especially in immune-compromised patients, as HIV-positive patients. Notably, a significant higher incidence rate is reported among HIV infected patients with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). To date, no randomised trial supports the correlation between existing screening strategies and reduced progression of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) to anal cancer or improved survival. Nevertheless, screening and treatment of AIN by topical agents should be implemented in high risk population. Data on invasive anal cancer treatment show that combined modality treatment (CMT) is the treatment of choice. Early r... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4607107 Tue, 15 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4607107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4356731&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21222618%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tavio M, Grossi P, Baccarani U, Scudeller L, Pea F, Berretta M, Adani G, Vivarelli M, Riva A, Tirelli U, Bresadola V, Viale P, Risaliti A Well into the 25th year of the HIV pandemics, and into the 15th year of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, liver transplantation (LT) in the HIV population might be viewed as both a problem and an opportunity. It is still a problem when we consider that only a small proportion of all HIV-infected patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD) will have access to this precious and limited resource. But, in the face of the continuous HAART refinements, that will probably expand in the future the pool of potential HIV- organ recipients, LT is also an opportunity. Considering the poor results observed in a subset of HIV/HCV coin... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4356731 Tue, 11 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4356731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419756&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21214507%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: There is a significant decrease in aminotransferase serum levels following the initiation of antiretroviral treatment in HIV infected patients. PMID: 21214507 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419756 Wed, 05 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419756 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419764&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198427%26dopt%3DAbstract This study revealed that HIV infection was able to induce morphometrical changes on the oral epithelial cells. PMID: 21198427 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419764 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419763&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198428%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maselko M, Ward C, Pastey M RhoA-derived peptides have been shown to have antiviral activity against both human respiratory syncytial virus and human parainfluenza virus-3. The present study investigates the toxicity, anti-HIV-1 activity and mechanism of action of a RhoA-derived peptide (RhoA 77-95). The efficacy of this peptide was compared to a scrambled peptide of the same amino acid composition and Enfuvirtide, a HIV entry inhibitor. Our data show that this RhoA-derived peptide is a non-toxic and effective inhibitor of a CXCR4 tropic strain of HIV-1. We also demonstrate that the mechanism of entry inhibition is likely mediated by polyanionic properties and is dependent on the dimerization of peptides. PMID: 21198428 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419763 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419762&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198429%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gotti D, Focà E, Albini L, Mendeni M, Vavassori A, Roldan EQ, Torti C Liver injury in the HIV-positive population has been classically associated with hepatitis B or C viruses (HBV and HCV). While HBV or HCV co-infections have represented "Pillars of Hercules" for hepatic disease (not further beyond), it is now time to move forward and shed light on liver disease in HIV-infected patients without HBV or HCV co-infections. Indeed, over the last years, liver disease in HIV-mono-infected patients has emerged and fated to become one of the main non AIDS-related complications. Although several cases have specific etiologies (e.g., alcohol abuse), other cases are most challenging for the clinicians because the actual causes are only hypothesized, such as it is difficult to treat the... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419762 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419761&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198430%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, compliance with hepatitis B serology screening was relatively low and late. Educational program regarding hepatitis B serology screening, identification of barriers, and interventions to eliminate these barriers in resource-limited settings are crucial to improve HIV care. PMID: 21198430 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419761 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419761 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419760&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198431%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kolta S, Flandre P, Van PN, Cohen-Codar I, Valantin MA, Pintado C, Morlat P, Boué F, Rode R, Norton M, Knysz B, Briot K, Roux C, Delfraissy JF Given the decline in mortality among HIV-infected patients, it has become increasingly important to consider delayed disease-related and/or anti-HIV therapy-related adverse effects, such as lipodystrophy, when choosing initial therapy. Data from the MONARK trial allowed for comparison of the potential lipodystrophic effects of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy with those of triple therapy with LPV/r plus zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC). This was a randomized, open-label, multinational study that included 136 antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients. A portion of study patients underwent evaluations of limb and trunk fat t... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419760 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419760 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419759&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198432%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Long-term data from the phase III clinical trials demonstrate that raltegravir was generally well-tolerated in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients with HIV infection. PMID: 21198432 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419759 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419758&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198433%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Trøseid M, Sönnerborg A, Nowa P Chronic immune activation driven by microbial translocation from a damaged gut plays a fundamental role in HIV-1 progression. However, the exact link between a leaky gut and immune activation remains to be established. A growing body of evidence suggests that high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1) may be involved in this process. HMGB1 is a DNA binding protein present in every nucleated cell, which might be actively secreted to the extracellular milieu by activated cells or passively released from damaged or dying cells. The biological effect depends on its ability to form complexes: HMGB1 alone signals through the receptor of advanced glycosylated end products (RAGE) and promotes regeneration and repair, whereas HMGB1 in complex with bacte... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419758 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419757&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198434%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paolucci S, Gulminetti R, Maserati R, Dossena L, Baldanti F Viral population in a long term non progressor carrying CRF02-AG HIV-1 virus variants with a truncated RT gene and attenuated virus replication was analyzed. The proportion of mutant and wild-type RT sequences was determined by clonal analysis of HIV-1 DNA and RNA from blood samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants. Recombinant HIV-1 strains were generated by reverse genetics to evaluate the replicative capacity of RT variants in PBMC cultures. HIV-1 RNA and DNA sequences in PBMC cultures showed a mixture of stop codons (RT(STOP)), recombinant forms, (RT(RF)), and full length (RT(FL)) strains. In plasma, proportion of HIV-1 RNA sequences with a truncated RT gene fluctuated over time (0... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419757 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4419757 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419767&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21187005%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ferraioli G, Cavanna C, Ricciardi M, Daffara S, Sangiovanni L, Filice C, Barbarini G Cryptococcoma is a rare entity, characterized by solid, space-occupying masses, usually found in the brain. It has been reported in the setting of "paradoxical" immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. A case of retroperitoneal cryptococcoma in a HIV-infected woman with a clinical history of disseminated cryptococcosis on antifungal maintenance therapy is described. PMID: 21187005 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419767 Fri, 24 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4419767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419766&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21187006%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vallecillo G, Sanvisens A, Martinez E, Torrens M, Bolao F, Tor J, Muga R Substance abuse greatly impacts the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We analyzed antiretroviral use in drug users positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that sought substance abuse treatment. PMID: 21187006 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419766 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4419766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4419765&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21187007%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Martin LJ, Houston S, Yasui Y, Wild TC, Saunders LD To compare rates of initial virological suppression and subsequent virological failure by Aboriginal ethnicity after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). PMID: 21187007 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4419765 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4419765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4356713&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21229664%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thomson MM PMID: 21229664 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4356713 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4356713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159612&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21067513%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lamers SL, Fogel GB, Huysentruyt LC, McGrath MS This letter refers to the recent demonstration that HIV-1 infected macrophages form specialized conduits that connect to B-cells (1). The conduit selectively transports the HIV-1 nef protein, providing nef with numerous means to interfere with cellular processes. Currently, no consideration of the connection between the conduit and the development of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) has been offered. ARL is one of the primary causes of death in the HIV-infected population and is related to B-cell proliferation and activation. In this letter we discuss several studies that link HIV-infected macrophages and specific forms of the nef protein to the development of ARL. The conduits discovered by Xu et al. [1] may lead to a better understa... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159612 Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159618&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21054250%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu S, Wang S, Grimes Serrano JM A major hurdle in the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine is viral diversity. For close to three decades, HIV vaccine development has focused on either the induction of T cell immune responses or antibody responses, and only rarely on both components. After the failure of the STEP trial, the scientific community concluded that a T cell-based vaccine would likely not be protective if the T cell immune responses were elicited against only a few dominant epitopes. Similarly, for vaccines focusing on antibody responses, one of the main criticisms after VaxGen's failed Phase III trials was on the limited antigen breadth included in the two formulations used. The successes of polyvalent vaccine approaches against other antigenically variable pathoge... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159618 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159617&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21054251%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McKinnon LR, Kaul R, Herman M, Plummer FA, Ball TB HIV vaccine development faces many hurdles, including the failure of empirical approaches, an incomplete understanding of protective immunity, and the extreme genetic diversity of HIV-1. HIV is a moving target in at least two key ways: 1) within an infected individual, years of evolution lead to the formation of quasispecies, and selection of variants with increased fitness, and 2) during the course of the pandemic, subtypes change in frequency as they are transmitted from host to host. In spite of this, CD8+ T cells are often able to overcome HIV diversity, leading to relatively high levels of cross-reactive and cross-clade responses. Recent research suggests that the cross-reactivity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses sho... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159617 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159616&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21054252%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chohan BH, Piantadosi A, Overbaugh J HIV-1 superinfection, which refers to a subsequent HIV-1 infection from a different source partner after the first HIV-1 infection is established, has now been well documented in multiple populations. Some studies suggest that the risk of superinfection may be close to that of initial infection, suggesting that the immunity induced by chronic HIV-1 infection may not be adequate to confer protection from another HIV-1 strain. Detailed studies that examined immune responses in individuals who became superinfected generally support this hypothesis, but such studies have been limited. Indeed, superinfection represents one of the few settings, apart from vaccine trials, where there is an opportunity to gain insights into the role of HIV-specific... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159616 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159615&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21054253%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: González N, Alvarez A, Alcamí J Despite extensive efforts, a preventive HIV vaccine has not yet been obtained and remains the main challenge in the field of AIDS research. Empirical approaches which have proved successful for many vaccines are not sufficient to tackle HIV-1 and new strategies to design effective preventive AIDS vaccines are critical. To this aim, further understanding of the mechanisms of action of neutralizing antibodies is required. In this review we summarize our current knowledge on the structure of the gp160 viral envelope and the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response in HIV-infected patients and the mechanisms of viral escape. Finally, we describe the few neutralizing antibodies with activity against a broad spectrum of circulating... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159615 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159614&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21054254%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Gils MJ, Schuitemaker H The correlates of protection against HIV-1 infection or disease progression are still unknown which causes an immense challenge for HIV-1 vaccine design. Existing effective vaccines against other viruses generate antibodies that either block the initial infection or contribute to the eradication of the virus before it can cause disease. For HIV-1, a protective vaccine capable of eliciting protective neutralizing antibodies does not exist and the difficulties for the generation of such a vaccine are multiple. Conserved elements on the viral envelope glycoprotein, the target of HIV-specific neutralizing antibodies, seem to be poorly immunogenic and attempts to generate an immunogen that can elicit broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies have remained... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159614 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4159613&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21054255%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arenas M, Posada D The extreme genetic diversity of the HIV-1 remains as a daunting challenge for the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. One strategy for creating a single vaccine that protects against the HIV-1 expanding population is to reconstruct centralized immunogenic sequences that minimize the genetic distance to circulating strains that the vaccine is targeting. Such centralized genes can be estimated with inferred consensus, ancestral and center-of-tree sequences. Although the increased breadth of antibody and T-cell responses induced by the centralized vaccines to date are encouraging, they are modest and may only be partly effective in combating HIV-1. One of the reasons of this limited success might be that several features of HIV-1 molecular evolution have... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4159613 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4159613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4082832&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946092%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kelly A, Worth H, Man N, Nosi S, Emori R, Mek A, Akuani F, Kupul M, Kepa B, Walizopa L, Pirpir L, Cangah B, Siba P, Frankland A, Rawstorne P Papua New Guinea (PNG) is in a phase of scaling up access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and adherence to the newly available drug therapy is becoming an important issue. This paper examines adherence to ART in a sample of 374 HIV-positive people in six provinces in PNG. Participants were recruited to the study using non-probability sampling. Sixty-two % of participants reported complete adherence (no missed or late doses in the past week) and 79% reported not missing any doses in the last week. Revival church members were significantly more likely to report having missing a treatment dose(s) (66%). Those living in the Highlands and tho... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4082832 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4082832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4082831&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946093%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Repeat HIV-1 testing in early postpartum was highly acceptable and resulted in detection of substantial HIV-1 incidence during pregnancy and postpartum period. Within prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission programs strategic approaches to prevent maternal HIV-1 acquisition during pregnancy are urgently needed. PMID: 20946093 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4082831 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4082831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4082830&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Filho JR, de Sousa Falcão H, Batista LM, Filho JM, Piuvezam MR Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most important public health problems, affecting many people every day. This syndrome is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the HIV-1 protease plays an essential role by promoting virus maturation and thus infecting new cells. The HIV-1 protease is one of the main targets for anti-HIV drug therapy. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts whose activity has been studied on HIV-1 protease. Here we list 275 species of medicinal plants, distributed in 99 families, with their place of origin, part used, type of extract, concentration and activity. We aim with this work to provide data that could be used in the research and devel... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4082830 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4082830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4082829&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946095%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this review is to summarize the last ten years of registry-based and clinical research into the impact of HAART on human papillomavirus (HPV) related cervical disease. Relevant Findings: Compared to their HIV-uninfected counterparts, HIV-infected women have an increased prevalence of HPV infection, increased risk of progression of HPV-related cervical disease, and an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer. While the partial immune reconstitution afforded by HAART might be expected to decrease susceptibility to HPV infection and cervical disease, the local effects of improved immunosurveillance on the cervix are uncertain and the increased longevity of patients on HAART may increase risk of exposure to HPV and provide the time required for progression of cervical diseas... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4082829 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4082829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4082828&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946096%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: The response to HAART among immigrant patients was similar to that of autochthonous patients, although they had a higher rate of losses to follow-up. Sub-Saharan Africans and immigrant females may need particular measures to avoid barriers hindering antiviral efficacy. PMID: 20946096 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4082828 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4082828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4082827&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946097%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yeni P, Mills A, Peeters M, Vingerhoets J, Kakuda TN, De Smedt G, Woodfall B Current HIV treatment guidelines emphasize the importance of using an active antiretroviral therapy regimen that produces full virologic suppression and immunologic competence, while at the same time providing patients with a favorable safety profile and limited risk for development of drug resistance. Etravirine (TMC125), a recently approved, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), has shown durable, superior virologic efficacy over placebo in the Phase III, randomized, double-blind DUET trials in 1,203 treatment-experienced, NNRTI-resistant, HIV-1-infected patients. Statistical significance of responses with etravirine over placebo was maintained through Week 24, 48 and 96, regardles... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4082827 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4082827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768122&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636274%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, CD57+CD28- phenotype, T-cell activation and levels of proliferating T-cells in elite-controllers were studied in relation to spontaneous virus control. In HIV-controllers, 9% were AIDS-diagnosed and there was a high proportion of women. In elite-controllers, high T-cell CD57+CD28- phenotype and activation levels were found and, interestingly, there was a low proliferation of total and naïve T-cells and a high proliferation of the CD4+ TEMRA subset. Low T-cell proliferation and preferential expansion of terminally differentiated effector T-cell subsets could be an important factor for virus control in elite-controllers. PMID: 20636274 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768122 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768121&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636275%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: SQV/r as monotherapy has proven to be a valid, safe, and economical option for virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients, especially in those who experience intolerance or toxicity with nucleoside analogs. PMID: 20636275 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768121 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768120&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636276%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions. Yellow fever vaccination was safe and effective in a large majority of this cohort of stable, HIV-infected patients. PMID: 20636276 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768120 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768119&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636277%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, primary PI-RAMs are observed exclusively among PI-experienced patients whereas secondary PI-RAMs are equally found in both PI-naïve and PI-experienced patients. Further studies to define virologic response of HIV-1 subtype A/E to various PIs and clinical validation of PI-RAMs in HIV-1 subtype A/E are essentially needed. PMID: 20636277 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768119 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768118&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636278%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ameen M Skin and mucosal diseases can be the first manifestation of asymptomatic HIV infection, may indicate advancing immunodeficiency, or may represent systemic opportunistic infections or neoplasms. Mucocutaneous diseases are highly prevalent in the HIV-infected population and multiple pathologies are common particularly with advanced immunosuppression. The dominant HIV-associated skin diseases are infectious and inflammatory and they can cause significant morbidity. Although skin cancers are less common their prognosis is often worse. Clinical presentations are often atypical and may vary depending on the level of immunosuppression. Managing skin disease in the context of advanced immunosuppression is challenging and they often respond poorly to conventional therapies. Thi... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768118 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768117&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636279%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Benmira S, Bhattacharya V, Schmid ML The development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine remains the best hope to control the global HIV epidemic. So far, the different strategies tried for vaccine development have led to disappointing results. The first attempted strategy involved trying to raise neutralizing antibodies to inactivate the virus and prevent infection. Both of Vaxgen's VAX004 and VAX003 phase 3 trials made use of this approach but ultimately failed. Given the difficulties encountered, the focus then shifted to the cell mediated arm of the immune system, the T lymphocytes. However, the phase 2 STEP study, which was aimed to stimulate cell-mediated immunity, was halted in 2007 because it failed to prevent infection and there was an increased incidence of HIV infec... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768117 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768116&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636280%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Matovu JK Most new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa now occur in married and cohabiting couples, many of whom do not realize that only one of them may be infected with HIV. HIV-negative individuals living in stable HIV-discordant partnerships (in which one partner is HIV-infected while the other one is not) are twice as likely to get infected with HIV as those living in concordant HIV-negative relationships. Since HIV transmission occurs mainly from HIV-infected persons who are unaware of their status, a combination of interventions including behavioral and biomedical interventions is urgently needed to increase knowledge of HIV status as well as reduce the risk of HIV transmission within married and cohabiting couples. Behavioral interventions include promotion of couples... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768116 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3768115&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636281%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pérez M, de Vinuesa AG, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Marquez N, Bellido ML, Muñoz-Fernandez MA, Moreno S, Castor TP, Calzado MA, Muñoz E The persistence of latent HIV-infected cellular reservoirs represents the major hurdle to virus eradication on patients treated with HAART. It has been suggested that successful depletion of such latent reservoirs will require a combination of therapeutic agents that can specifically and efficiently act on cells harboring latent HIV-1 provirus. Using Jurkat-LAT-GFP cells, a tractable model of HIV-1 latency, we have found that bryostatin -1 reactivates HIV-1 through a classical PKC-dependent pathway. Bryostatin-1 also activates MAPKs and NF-kappaB pathways and synergizes with HDAC inhibitors to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. Bryostatin-1 downr... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3768115 Sun, 18 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3768115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3567140&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20462398%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Buonaguro L PMID: 20462398 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3567140 Sun, 16 May 2010 04:45:28 +0100 3567140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516240&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20426755%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: HIV infection and longer duration of cART are associated with higher CCIMT in adolescents and young adults. PMID: 20426755 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516240 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3516240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516239&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20426756%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: The main results of this study are that HIV positive subjects cART treated with "high" CVR have increased plasma levels of leptin, IL-6, IL-18 and cystatin C and hypoadiponectinemia. Moreover, the positive correlation between CVR and cystatin C found in this study for the first time in HIV positive patients, indicates that cystatin C could serve as early marker of enhanced CVR in the HIV-infected population. PMID: 20426756 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516239 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3516239 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516238&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20426757%26dopt%3DAbstract Enhancing the Delivery of Anti Retroviral Drug "Saquinavir" Across the Blood Brain Barrier using Nanoparticles. Curr HIV Res. 2010 Apr 29; Authors: Mahajan SD, Roy I, Xu G, Yong KT, Ding H, Aalinkeel R, Reynolds J, Sykes D, Nair BB, Lin EY, Prasad PN, Schwartz SA Antiretroviral drugs are ineffective at treating viral infection in the brain because they cannot freely diffuse across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, HIV-1 viral replication persists in the central nervous system (CNS) and continues to augment the neuropathogenesis process. Nanotechnology can play a pivotal role in HIV-1 therapeutics as it can increase drug solubility, enhance systemic bioavailability, and at the same time offer multifunctionality. Moreover, following conjugation with transferrin (Tf), thes... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516238 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3516238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516237&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20426758%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: FLA treatments for PLWH enhance QALYs and meet conventional cost-utility thresholds. The incremental cost per QALY for Polyalkylimide gel was lower than that for Poly-l-lactic acid. PMID: 20426758 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516237 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3516237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516236&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20426759%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Mitochondrial function improved during a prolonged antiretroviral treatment interruption despite a decrease in mtDNA levels in PBMCs, probably because of the existence of a mitochondrial transcriptional and translational upregulation mechanism or the reversion of mitochondrial toxicity by a mechanism that is independent of DNA polymerase gamma. The reduction in virus-related mitochondrial damage should be considered another relevant benefit of antiretroviral therapy. PMID: 20426759 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516236 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3516236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429989&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353387%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Overall, 59% of TEPs failing a PI-based regimen had HIV-1 with PI resistance. The majority of these patients' viruses remained sensitive to either tipranavir or darunavir. Investigators used results from resistance assays to construct a new regimen, frequently with newer agents. In PI-experienced patients, tipranavir and darunavir remain the most likely available active PIs. PMID: 20353387 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429989 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429988&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353388%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: The observed improvements in HRQOL demonstrate that positive treatment outcomes can be achieved in CBART programs in rural Uganda. However, some patients appear to experience declines in their overall well-being, despite achieving virological suppression. HRQOL surveys can be useful in identifying these patients, who may require additional attention and support to achieve the full benefits of ART. PMID: 20353388 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429988 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429987&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353389%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vassimon HS, Deminice R, Machado AA, Monteiro JP, Jordao AA The aim of this study was to describe the status of oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers and their association with metabolic and body composition components of HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome. In a cross-sectional study of blood samples from HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy syndrome (HIV+LIPO+ = 10), HIV-infected men without lipodystrophy syndrome (HIV+LIPO- = 22), and healthy subjects (control = 12), the following oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed: total hydroperoxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). In addition, antioxidant biomarkers, including total glutathione, uric acid, alpha-tocopherol, and metabolic components were tested. Dual-ene... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429987 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429986&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353390%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bernardes SS, Borges IK, Lima JE, de Azevedo Oliveira Milanez P, Costa IC, Felipe I, Saridakis HO, Ehara Watanabe MA Recently, a mechanism of negative regulation of immune responses by a specialized population of so-called regulatory T cells (Tregs) has become a focus of intense investigation. Through the discovery of transcription factor Foxp3 as a central molecular determinant of Tregs differentiation and function, the complex biology of these cells, including maintenance of immunological tolerance to "self" and regulation of immune responses to pathogens, commensals, and tumors, has become the focus of intense investigation. The ability to control the infection and to delay the progression of the infection to AIDS and/or death is probably regulated by a balance between host... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429986 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429985&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Andrea C, Simona G, Luca B, Guido S, Pietro L, Maria M HIV-1 infection is associated with hematologic abnormalities including defective myelopoiesis. Most studies of myelopoiesis during HIV-1 infection were performed using unfractionated bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells, thus resulting in significant inter-individual variability in the numbers of cultured precursors. Here we evaluated the myelopoietic potential of circulating CD34+ progenitors by conducting a longitudinal analysis of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced changes of colony forming units-granulocyte and monocyte (CFU-GM) growth. Twelve HIV-infected individuals were studied longitudinally before and after initiation of ART (i.e. at a time when plasma HIV-RNA levels had become undetectable); thirty-one HIV-uni... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429985 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429984&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353392%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rozmyslowicz T, Wroblewski K, Moodley J, Gaulton GN The ability to detect HIV-1 in tissues that are not readily amenable to biopsy greatly limits the diagnosis and control of HIV infection, and ultimately, our ability to understand HIV-induced disease pathology. In view of this, we explored the utility of diagnostically measuring HIV-1 infection using (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR). (31)P-NMR enables the correlation of infection to changes in the concentration of specific intracellular metabolites, macromolecules and of bioenergetic parameters that are key to mammalian cell physiology. Examples include primary components of biological membranes such as phosphomonoester (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE) lipids. Using (31)P-NMR we found that changes in the ratio of PD... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429984 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429983&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353393%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Van Gulck E, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN, Vanham G, Van Gulck E HIV remains one of the most important deadly infections today, due to the lack of a preventive vaccine and limited access to medical care in developing countries. In developed countries, antiretroviral therapy is available, but it can not eliminate the virus, implying that life-long therapy is necessary. Therefore, it is important that other strategies such as therapeutic vaccination will be developed to control virus replication or even eliminate the virus. The major obstacles towards such a strategy are the huge variability of the virus and the profound HIV-induced immune dysfunction. In this review we focus on dendritic cell based immunotherapies against HIV. PMID: 20353393 [PubMed - as supplied by publish... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429983 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429982&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353394%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mohamadzadeh M Efficient vaccines combined with adjuvants potentiate and enhance antibody avidity and increase T cell longevity, particularly in individuals with compromised immunity. The efficacy of a novel vaccine can be improved by specifically targeting its immunogenic subunits and expressing it in live probiotic vector (i.e. Lactobacillus acidophilus) that protects its bioavailability and induces not only mucosal but also systemic immunity against microbes. Accordingly, our data clearly show that specific Lactobacillus species (i.e. L. gasseri) not only optimally activate DCs but also deliver targeted antigens to mucosal DCs via 12-mer peptides derived from a phage display library resulting in robust humoral and T cell immunity against microbial challenge. This effort is ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429982 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429981&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353395%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harandi AM, Medaglini D The vast majority of pathogens invade the body through or establish infections in the mucosal tissues. Development of vaccines to combat mucosal infections represents a top priority. Mucosal immunization has recently attracted much interest as a means of generating protective immunity against mucosal pathogens. Conversely, only very few mucosal vaccines are presently approved for human use. The development of a broad range of mucosal vaccines will necessitate the development of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems. Over the past decade, a number of immunomodulatory agents, including toxin based adjuvants, Toll like receptor (TLR) mimetics and non TLR-targeting immunostimulators as well as delivery systems have shown promise for muco... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429981 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429980&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353396%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Negri DR, Michelini Z, Cara A Genetic immunization with lentiviral vectors is under evaluation as a means for induction of sustained immune response. Lentiviral vectors showed reduced antivector immune responses and efficiently transduce post-mitotic cells in vivo, including antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, thus providing a significant benefit over other vector-based antigen delivery platforms. Several evidences indicate that a single immunization with lentiviral vectors induces strong and sustained effector and memory T-cell immune responses, as well as antibody production. New generation of lentiviral vectors with improved biosafety profile are also under development. In particular, integration defective lentiviral vectors have been generate... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429980 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429979&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353397%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chapman R, Chege G, Shephard E, Stutz H, Williamson AL HIV-1 has resulted in a devastating AIDS pandemic. An effective HIV/AIDS vaccine that can be used to either, prevent HIV infection, control infection or prevent progression of the disease to AIDS is needed. In this review we discuss the use of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the tuberculosis vaccine, as a vaccine vector for an HIV vaccine. Numerous features make BCG an attractive vehicle to deliver HIV antigens. It has a good safety profile, elicits long-lasting cellular immune responses and in addition manufacturing costs are affordable, a necessary consideration for developing countries. In this review we discuss the numerous factors that influence generation of a genetically stable recombinant BCG vaccine for HIV. PMID: 20... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429979 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3429978&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20353398%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM Particulate structures hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable recombinant prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccines. Different types of particulate structures, including virus-like particles (VLPs) and virosomes, have been developed depending on the nature of the viral pathogen to be targeted and the type of immune response (humoral vs cellular) to be elicited. Particulate structures allow the insertion or fusion of foreign antigenic sequences, resulting in chimeric particles delivering foreign antigens on their surface. Similarly, they are used as carriers for foreign antigens, including non-protein antigens, via chemical conjugation. Particulate structures, indeed, represent a very efficient system for d... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3429978 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3429978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3375021&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20226000%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: We describe an independent association between TLR4 Asp299Gly SNP and active TB in Caucasian Mediterranean HIV-infected patients. PMID: 20226000 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3375021 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3375021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3359288&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20214658%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lau KA, Wang B, Miranda-Saksena M, Boadle R, Kamarulzaman A, Ng KP, Saksena NK, Soriano-Sarabia N In Malaysia, co-circulation of CRF01_AE and subtype B has resulted in the emergence of the second generation derivative; CRF33_01B in approximately 20% of its HIV-1 infected individuals. Our objective was to identify possible biological advantages that CRF33_01B possesses over its progenitors. Biological and molecular comparisons of CRF33_01B against its parental subtypes clearly show that CRF33_01B replicated better in activated whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but not monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Also, its acquired fitness was greater than CRF01_AE but not subtype B. Moreover, CRF33_01B has higher rate of apoptotic cell death and s... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3359288 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3359288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338878&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20201792%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruiz A, Guatelli JC, Stephens EB Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and several simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) encode for a transmembrane protein known as Vpu (viral protein U). While one of the smallest of the HIV-1 proteins, it has two important functions within virus-infected cells. The first of these functions is the down-regulation of the CD4 receptor to prevent its interaction with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Vpu interacts with the CD4 receptor in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), resulting in its re-translocation across the RER and subsequent degradation via the proteasomal pathway. The second major function of the Vpu protein is to facilitate release of virus from infected cells. Previous studies have shown that virus release is cell type spec... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338878 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338876&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20201793%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: We describe an independent association between TLR4 Asp299Gly SNP and active TB in Caucasian Mediterranean HIV-infected patients. PMID: 20201793 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338876 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338876 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288619&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163340%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: Etravirine has compromised activity in approximately half of the patients failing nevirapine-based first-line treatment in this cohort, which supports guidelines that caution against using it with NRTIs alone in such patients. PMID: 20163340 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288619 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288618&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163341%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bonfanti P, De Socio GL, Marconi P, Franzetti M, Martinelli C, Vichi F, Penco G, Madeddu G, Orofino G, Valsecchi L, Vitiello P, Menzaghi B, Magni C, Ricci E HERMES is a prospective study including all treatment-naïve patients attending scheduled visits at hospitals in the CISAI group in 2007. The present cross-sectional analysis aims to assess the baseline prevalence and characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in a population of HIV-positive treatment-naïve patients. MS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definitions. A total of 292 subjects were enroled, median age was 37 years, 75% of them were males. The prevalence of MS was 12.3%. The most frequent trio of abnormalities that led to the diagnosis of MS was high blood pressure, ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288618 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288617&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163342%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: A blunted early immune recovery was observed in HCV infected patients, compared with HCV negative subjects, while late immune recovery was not different among HCV infected as a whole and not infected subjects; only the subgroup of subjects infected with genotype 3 showed an impaired late immune recovery. PMID: 20163342 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288617 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288616&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163343%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hearps AC, Ryan CE, Morris LM, Plate MM, Greengrass V, Crowe SM The wide scale application of dried blood spots (DBS) as a collection tool for low-cost HIV drug resistance testing requires a greater understanding of the accuracy of DBS for genotype analysis and the stability of DBS under various environmental conditions. Analysis of a 50microl DBS via a single amplicon, nested PCR-based in-house assay (the Burnet genotyping assay) showed an average nucleotide concordance of 98.9% with plasma samples, although only 65% of nucleotide mixtures detected in plasma were also detected within DBS. The analysis of three DBS resulted in the detection of a greater number of nucleotide mixtures (72 and 109 mixtures detected within one and three DBS, respectively, n=10). Two DBS extraction... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288616 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288615&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163344%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Helmus RA, Poonam P, Caruso L, Gupta P, Chen Y A vaccine-induced cellular immune response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the gut mucosal tissue may prevent the establishment or severity of new SIV infection. An oral Clostridium perfringens expressing SIV p27 (Cp-p27) vaccine that delivers SIV p27 to the gut was evaluated for its ability to prime multifunctional cellular immunity in the gut mucosa. Gut Peyer's patches dendritic cells matured in response to in vitro exposure to Cp-p27 and stimulated production of p27-specific IFN-gamma. In mice, the oral vaccination with the Cp-p27 vaccine and systemic immunization with adenovirus expressing SIV p27 (Ad-p27) induced robust systemic and mucosal immune responses. Furthermore, the prime-boost regimen induced p27-specific... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288615 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288614&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bostan A, Demeestere I, Vanderwinden JM, Devreker F, Englert Y Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the basis of antiretroviral treatment of HIV-positive patients. Several studies have shown decreased fertility and fecundity among HIV-positive women under antiretroviral treatment. Oocyte impaired competence has been hypothesized to be one of the main mechanisms underlying of this decreased fertility. NRTI side effects are thought to be due to the induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Stavudine, a widely used NRTI, causes persistent mitochondrial damage in various tissues. In order to gain insights into possible mechanisms of HIV-related diminished fertility, we studied the effects of stavudine on mouse oocyte mitochondria. Mitochondrial volume, protein assay an... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288614 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288613&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163346%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusions: Voluntary counseling and testing resulted in changes in some self-reported risk behaviors, but only among HIV positive subjects. On nearly all measures men report riskier behavior than women. Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in this population and is often used with sex. PMID: 20163346 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288613 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288612&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163347%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aghdassi E, Arendt BM, Salit IE, Mohammed SS, Jalali P, Bondar H, Allard JP Chromium is an essential micronutrient; chromium deficiency has been reported to cause insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The aim was to investigate the effect of chromium supplementation on insulin-resistance, other metabolic abnormalities, and body composition in people living with HIV. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fifty-two HIV-positive subjects with elevated glucose, lipids, or evidence of body fat redistribution, and who had insulin-resistance based on the calculation of homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA-IR >/= 2.5) were assessed. Subjects who were on insulin or hypoglycemic medications were excluded. Subjects were randomized to receive e... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288612 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288611&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163348%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bermúdez MP, Castro A, Gude F, Buela-Casal G The goal of this work is to determine whether relationship power in couples and sexual double standard can predict the risk of sexually transmitted infections/human immunodeficiency virus (STI/HIV) as a function of cultural and gender differences. The sample was made up of 689 adolescents living in Spain, of both sexes, aged between 14 and 19 years, who were sexually active in the past six months and who had a stable partner. Of them, 58.9% were native Spaniards and 41.1% were immigrants of Latin American origin. The results show that origin, age, double standard and the control over decision-making in the couple can predict the risk of STI/HIV; thus, the immigrants, the older participants, those who scored higher in double sta... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288611 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288610&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163349%26dopt%3DAbstract Conclusion: The findings show that outcomes of a CBART intervention in a rural area compare favorably to outcomes of hospital-based care. If the study results are sustainable over a longer time period, this model could be considered for ART roll-out to impoverished rural/remote populations in Uganda and elsewhere. PMID: 20163349 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288610 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288609&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mounier N, Spina M, Spano JP Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) represents one of the most common types of a non-AIDS-de fi ning tumour that occurs in the HIV population, and its incidence is increasing in the post Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) era. Despite the aggressiveness of that disease, the outcome of patients with HIV-HL has improved with better, combined antineoplastic and antiretroviral approaches. New and effective antiretroviral drugs, in conjunction with nucleoside analogs, improve the control of the underlying HIV infection when used during treatment of HL with chemotherapy. The inclusion of hematopoietic growth factors in the treatment of patients with HIV-HL may allow for the administration of higher dose-intensity chemotherapy and the prolonged use of antire... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288609 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288608&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Caroline L, Juliano C, Minardi C, Jean-François M Lentiviruses from distinct animal species have in common their genomic organization, the induction of slowly progressive diseases over months or years, the large spectrum of induced symptoms and concerned organs, the frequent inapparent infection without any detectable clinical signs, their ability to persist into their hosts despite an often strong and mature immune response.... Lentiviruses are also characterized by their genomic plasticity and the rapid evolution of the viral species. SRLVs infecting goats and sheep follow a genomic evolution pattern similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Based on limited number of complete sequences, they have been initially described as two distinct genetic groups e... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288608 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288607&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carpenter S, Dobbs D Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is one of the most divergent members of the lentivirus subfamily of 3 retroviruses and is considered a useful comparative model for molecular studies of lentivirus replication. The 4 Rev protein of EIAV is functionally homologous with other lentiviral Revs and facilitates export of 5 incompletely spliced viral mRNAs through a Crm1-dependent pathway. The trans- and cis-acting elements 6 that mediate EIAV Rev function are similar to, but distinct from, the well-characterized elements in human 7 immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), the prototypical Rev protein. In addition, the EIAV rev sequence is highly 8 variable in vivo, and changes in Rev phenotype correlate with changes in clinical stages of EIAV infection. 9 This review... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288607 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288606&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163353%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Craigo JK, Montelaro RC Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and its associated disease have presented a considerable challenge to veterinary medicine worldwide ever since its identification in the 19(th) century. Furthermore EIAV, along with its fellow animal lentiviruses, has been utilized as an animal model of HIV-1/AIDS research since the latters identification in the late 20(th) century. Like all lentiviruses, EIAV has been shown to have a high propensity for genomic sequence and antigenic variation, principally in its envelope (Env) proteins. However, unlike other lentiviruses, EIAV possesses a unique and dynamic disease presentation that enables consummate analyses of the interactions between a virus, host immune system, and the effects of viral evolution on vaccine ef... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288606 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288605&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163354%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elder JH, Lin YC, Fink E, Grant CK FIV is a significant pathogen in the cat and is, in addition, the smallest available natural model for the study of lentivirus infections. Although divergent at the amino acid level, the cat lentivirus has an abundance of structural and pathophysiological commonalities with HIV and thus serves well as a model for development of intervention strategies relevant to infection in both cats and man. The following review highlights both the strengths and shortcomings of the FIV/cat model, particular as regards development of antiviral drugs. PMID: 20163354 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research) Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288605 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288604&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163355%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Payne SL, Fuller FJ Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a macrophage-tropic lentivirus that rapidly Induces disease in experimentally infected horses. Because EIAV infection and replication is centered on the monocyte/macrophage and has a pronounced acute disease stage, it is a useful model system for understanding the contribution of monocyte/macrophages to other lentivirus-induced diseases. Genetic mapping studies utilizing chimeric proviruses in which parental viruses are acutely virulent or avirulent have allowed the identification of important regions that influence acute virulence. U3 regions in the viral LTR, surface envelope (SU) protein and the accessory S2 gene strongly influence acute disease expression. While the chimeric proviruses provide insight into genes ... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288604 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288603&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163356%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Desport M, Lewis J Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is the most recently discovered member of the lentivirus family and causes an acute clinical disease in Bali cattle with a fatality rate of approximately 15%. It is genetically related to bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) to the extent that infections cannot yet be differentially diagnosed using serological assays due to cross-reacting epitopes. Despite their close genetic relationship the pathogenesis of JDV infection in Bali cattle is very different to that of BIV in cattle and is unusual for a member of this virus family. The dynamics of JDV replication and clearance during the acute stage of Jembrana disease, the viral tropism, molecular analysis of the viral genome and mRNA transcripts, and the current status of vaccine de... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288603 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3288602&cid=s_37271_20_f&fid=37271&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163357%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blacklaws B, Harkiss GD Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are related retroviruses that cause multisystem disease usually over a long period of time. The viruses show similarities and differences in biological and pathogenic features. The basic retroviral genomic organization is complicated by the presence of a variable number of accessory genes in both viruses, though the structure is more complex in HIV. Both are mucosal pathogens, and infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The main difference in cell tropism is that, unlike HIV, SRLV do not infect lymphocytes. A major feature of both pathogens is restricted replication and virus latency, which are partly responsible for the establishment of chronic infection usually lastin... Current HIV Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3288602 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3288602