MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current Infectious Disease Reports' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 18:15:39 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5668198&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw017hr1273017178%2F Abstract  Women who have sex with women (WSW) comprise a diverse group of people who evidence a spectrum of sexual identity, sexual behaviors, sexual practices, and risk behaviors. WSW are at risk of acquiring a diversity of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from current and prior partners, both male and female. Notably, human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted between female partners, and Pap smear guidelines should be followed in this group. Bacterial vaginosis is common among WSW. WSW should not be presumed to be at low or no risk for STIs based on sexual orientation, and reporting of same sex behavior by women should not deter providers from considering and performing screening for STIs, including Chlamydia trachomatis, according to current guidelines. Eff... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5668198 Thu, 02 Feb 2012 18:14:13 +0100 5668198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5668197&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6ln21017m01v01lt%2F Abstract  Otitis media (OM) is one of the most frequent diseases in young children, causing to visit a physician, and also the most common indication for antibiotic prescription. The peak incidence and prevalence of OM is 6 to 18 months of age. In children, second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, such as acute otitis media (AOM), pneumonia, and bronchitis. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the role of SHS exposure on infant health, a very high proportion of children still continue to be exposed. This important relationship between all kinds of smoking and poor health may not be appreciated universally. With this article, we aim to review tobacco smoke exposure and OM connection. How this exposure may cause OM... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5668197 Thu, 02 Feb 2012 18:14:13 +0100 5668197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5660611&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Frru2527758269r62%2F Abstract  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), one of the most common infections in non-pregnant women of reproductive age, remains an important public health problem. It is associated with major long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. In addition, treatment of acute PID and its complications incurs substantial health care costs. Prevention of these long-term sequelae is dependent upon clinicians having a high index of suspicion in order to make an early diagnosis and development of treatment strategies based on knowledge of the microbiologic etiology of acute PID. It is well accepted that acute PID is a polymicrobic infection. The sexually transmitted organisms, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, are pr... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5660611 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:11:35 +0100 5660611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5649451&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9759511158968425%2F The objective of this paper is to review the main findings of the largest studies on the etiopathogenesis and microbiology of the development of dacryocystitis and to formulate clinical and surgical guidelines based on said studies and on our experience at Cruces Hospital, the Basque Country, Spain. The most common sign of this entity is the distal nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and this should be treated to prevent clinical relapse. The time when surgery should be indicated mainly depends on the clinical signs and symptoms, age and general status of a patient. Given the germs isolated in cases of dacryocystitis, antibiotic therapy against Gram positive (S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis) and Gram negative bacteria (H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa) should be administered, orally i... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5649451 Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:36 +0100 5649451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5649450&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fjv0h03217232h2x8%2F Abstract  It has been recognized for many years that leukotrienes play an important role in mediating various effects of the allergic reaction. Recent evidence has shown that they play a role in other diseases including chronic sinusitis, particularly those sub-types involving eosinophils. Leukotrienes can be separated into the fairly well characterized cysteinyl leukotrienes and less well characterized leukotriene B4. Effects of the leukotrienes are mediated through receptors that are expressed on a variety of cell types and can be modulated based on the inflammatory environment present. The pharmaceutical industry has long been interested in blocking leukotriene action and as such, two approaches have been developed that led to drugs approved for treatment of allergic dise... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5649450 Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:36 +0100 5649450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5649452&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Flq2n3371745u827g%2F Abstract  Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressing and life-threatening soft tissue infection that often affects the abdominal wall, perineum, or extremities following surgery or trauma. It predominantly occurs in elderly and immunocompromised patients. It is rarely seen in the head and neck region. Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck carries high rates of morbidity and mortality. Symptoms usually develop quickly and well-timed diagnosis is critical to optimizing outcome. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical history, Gram staining and culture, imaging and surgical exploration. Early and aggressive surgical management and urgent parenteral antibiotic therapy are critical to optimizing outcome. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Upper Respiratory... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5649452 Fri, 27 Jan 2012 06:53:37 +0100 5649452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5620966&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4545065500un212h%2F Abstract  Oseltamivir and Zanamivir are the two main Neuraminidase inhibitors used for the treatment of Influenza. Oseltamivir resistance has been identified in non-pandemic influenza viruses, as well as H1N1 pandemic Influenza A viruses. Resistance is associated with increased morbidity, and poorer outcomes in severely immunocompromised hosts. Newer neuraminidase inhibitors, increased vaccination and combination therapy may be alternatives for the treatment of Influenza in this setting. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Upper Respiratory, Head, and Neck Infections ( I. Brook, Section Editor)Pages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11908-012-0236-xAuthors Shivanjali Shankaran, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, 1201 Broad rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USAGonzalo M. L. Bearm... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5620966 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 07:14:02 +0100 5620966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5553106&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe03265h73t7u0344%2F Abstract  Though HIV-1 is a sexually transmitted infection, the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that houses about 60% of the body’s total immune cells is unequivocally the earliest and most important target of HIV-1. In this review we summarize recent data regarding the early events in HIV-1 pathogenesis, with special emphasis on pathogenic effects on the GALT. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory HIV/AIDS (RD MacArthur, Section Editor)Pages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0235-3Authors Basile Siewe, 1735 W. Harrison St. Cohn Research Building, Chicago, IL 60612, USAAlan Landay, 1735 W. Harrison Professional Building, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Rep... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5553106 Tue, 27 Dec 2011 16:50:17 +0100 5553106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5545260&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffr13255g47181164%2F Abstract  Kidney disease is more prevalent among persons living with HIV, and may arise from a combination of comorbidities, co-infections, and medication-associated toxicities. Additional effects of HIV-1 viral replication, immunodeficiency and genetic factors also contribute to kidney disease. As is true in the general population, persons of African descent exhibit a disproportionate risk for severe kidney disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) modifies the natural history of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and renal benefits of ART may not be limited to persons with HIVAN. Robust associations between proteinuria and cardiovascular disease imply that common mechanisms of vascular endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both processes. Content Type Journal Article... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5545260 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 20:06:20 +0100 5545260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5526350&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd772184810317526%2F Abstract  Cholera is an acute, severe diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people each year. Without prompt rehydration, death can occur within hours of the onset of symptoms. In October 2010, cholera emerged in Haiti, and the resulting large epidemic continues today. As of August 29, 2011, more than 439,000 cases have been reported in Haiti, with over 6,200 deaths. This review covers important features of epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of cholera, with a focus on the ongoing epidemic in Haiti. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Intra-abdominal Infections, Hepatitis, and Gastroenteritis (DA Bobak, Section Editor)Pages 1-8DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0221-9Authors Ana A. Weil, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5526350 Mon, 19 Dec 2011 06:31:20 +0100 5526350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5516102&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F962xkh88701t4722%2F Abstract  Zinc has caught wide scientific attention for the conceptual promise it has to offer for prevention, control and treatment of acute diarrhea. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which zinc might contribute to the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea and the degree of success achieved in diarrhea control and treatment by zinc supplementation. Animal and in vitro studies have continued to fascinate the scientific fraternity and form a solid basis for the potential use of zinc supplementation against diarrhea. However, emerging evidence in terms of controlled studies in humans beckons a more complete understanding of the mechanistic basis for zinc supplementation. Current evidence indicates that studies specifically addressing the variability in response to zinc suppl... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5516102 Tue, 13 Dec 2011 17:04:30 +0100 5516102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5495600&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F14g646715x53471w%2F Abstract  Selecting the primary endpoint is one of the most important decisions in designing clinical trials. Many HIV trials are powered for surrogate markers, often virologic suppression. Among 49 recently published Phase 3 or higher randomized HIV trials only 14% were powered for clinical outcomes such as the progression to AIDS, death, or serious non-AIDS diseases. We provide two examples where interventions modified the targeted surrogate markers but failed to provide clinical benefit. We review the use of surrogate and clinical endpoints, discuss the composition of clinical endpoints, and the need for endpoint verification. In HIV-infected individuals with CD4 cell counts above 200 cells/mm3 serious non-AIDS conditions such as cardiovascular, renal, hepatic diseases an... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5495600 Thu, 08 Dec 2011 18:24:05 +0100 5495600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5488028&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl77k067118064r55%2F Abstract  Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a unique human virus, showing similarities with plant viroids. Although impressive knowledge on virus structure and replication has been achieved, several questions like HBV/HDV interaction and post translational modifications of HD antigens remain to be answered. Potential targets for therapeutic strategies are now emerging. To date, eight major genotypes of the HDV have been identified. The HDV-1 is the prevailing genotype in Europe, but migration phenomena may change this profile. Immune response is likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HDV-induced liver disease; few data are available on T cells response either during infection and therapy. HDV usually suppresses HBV replication; recent studies show as viral dom... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5488028 Wed, 07 Dec 2011 10:47:51 +0100 5488028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5488029&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj2706663q4372816%2F Abstract  Africa carries a disproportionate burden of the global HIV endemic, accounting for two thirds of the global 33.3 million people living with HIV. While tremendous advances have been made in addressing the HIV epidemic in Africa, considerable challenges remain. Testing for HIV increased by 86% from 2007 to 2009 but more than 75% of people 15–49 years remain unaware of their HIV status. CD4 count at diagnosis tends to be low and linkage to care and treatment is suboptimal. The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy is ongoing but is hampered by the lack of diagnostic capability to monitor response to therapy and a substantial healthcare workforce shortage. Prevention strategies such as male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and antiretroviral therapy for pre... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5488029 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 17:41:42 +0100 5488029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5488030&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6m9840x2w258w675%2F Abstract  Eradication of infectious disease is our global health challenge. After encountering intestinal infection with a bacterial pathogen, the host defense program is initiated by local antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that eliminate invading pathogens by phagocytosis and establish localized inflammation by secreting cytokines and chemokines. These pathogen-experienced APCs migrate to the mesenteric lymph nodes, where host immune responses are precisely orchestrated. Initiation and regulation of this defense program appear to be largely dependent on innate immunity which is antigen non-specific and provides a rapid defense against broader targets. On the other hand, many bacterial enteropathogens have evoked abilities to modify the host defense program to their advantage... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5488030 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 06:33:11 +0100 5488030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5477505&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj877l63v407r4170%2F Abstract  The clinical issues affecting women with HIV/AIDS differ little from those affecting men. However, current research shows that treatment and outcome disparities affect many women with HIV, hypothesized to result from a complex interplay of socioeconomic and gender role influences. These disparities are also a reflection of racial/ethnic differences in treatment and outcome, since 80% of women with HIV/AIDS are black or Hispanic. Women have unique needs for HIV prevention — both prevention of sexual transmission to or from sexual partners and prevention of perinatal transmission. Racial/ethnic minorities continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the U.S. Minorities are less likely to be in care and on HAART than others with HIV/AIDS. ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5477505 Fri, 02 Dec 2011 18:09:44 +0100 5477505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5469917&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn682177u2322401h%2F Abstract  Advances in antiretroviral therapy have turned HIV into a chronic, manageable disease. Patients often require treatment for co-morbid conditions as well as HIV, and consequently, pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and other drug classes are an increasing concern. Protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are involved in the CYP450 or other transporter systems, and may be associated with higher risk of clinically significant drug interactions. One reverse transcriptase inhibitor, abacavir, has demonstrated weak inhibition of CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2C9 in vitro, but is not associated with any clinically significant interactions involving the CYP450 system. The integrase inhibitor raltegravir is not involved in the CYP4... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5469917 Tue, 29 Nov 2011 22:20:04 +0100 5469917 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5469918&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe50207q7h4787436%2F Abstract  Rare in the general population, anal cancer has reached epidemic proportions among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). These cancers are human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated, usually HPV type16, and are analogous to cervical cancer. At present, the rates of anal cancer in this group are 10-fold higher than that of cervical cancer occurring in women in the general population. Although there are no national guidelines for screening for anal intraepithelial dysplasia (AIN), many large HIV clinics are now performing anal cytologic screening in their at-risk patients. This paper outlines the current approach to screening for AIN and its management. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory HIV/AIDS (RD MacArthur, Section Editor)Pages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11908-011... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5469918 Tue, 29 Nov 2011 22:20:03 +0100 5469918 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5459043&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9820h412735r06u7%2F Abstract  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common manifestation of tissue-invasive CMV disease, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipient. In addition to the direct effects of the infection, its indirect effects on allograft function, risk for other opportunistic infections, and mortality are significant in this population. The most common clinical syndromes are esophagitis, colitis, and hepatitis; however, infection can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosis is usually by histopathology or viral culture of tissue specimens; molecular assays also often have a role. Antivirals are the cornerstone of therapy for gastrointestinal tract CMV disease and compli... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5459043 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 16:58:13 +0100 5459043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5450125&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc462754330jp1612%2F Abstract  Determining the microbiologic etiology of enteric infection remains an elusive goal. Conventional approaches, including culture, microscopy, and antigen-based tests have significant limitations such as limit of detection and the need for multiple procedures. Molecular diagnostics, especially PCR based tests, are rapidly changing research and practice in infectious diseases. Diarrheal disease, with its broad range of potential infectious etiologies, is well suited for multiplex molecular testing. This review highlights examples of currently employed molecular tests, as well as ways in which these tests can be applied in the future. The absence of a gold standard for the microbiologic cause of diarrhea means that the clinical significance of detected organisms may n... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5450125 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 06:44:41 +0100 5450125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5450126&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk3162606ugx8kg78%2F Abstract  Gastrointestinal illness following natural disasters is a common occurrence and often results from the disruption of potable water supplies. The risk for outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness is higher in developing countries because of fewer available resources and poorer infrastructure. But industrialized countries are not immune from this problem, as demonstrated by an outbreak of gastroenteritis from norovirus that followed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Rates of gastrointestinal illness following natural disasters are influenced by the endemicity of specific pathogens in the affected region before the disaster, the type of disaster itself, the availability of health care resources, and the response by public health personnel after the disaster. Ens... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5450126 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 06:44:40 +0100 5450126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324752&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgh30g732765hp298%2F Abstract  Skin toxicity due to voriconazole is well recognized. Recently, several series have reported skin cancer, particularly cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (C-SCC), following photosensitivity reactions among patients receiving long-term voriconazole (>12 months). Almost all patients were immunosuppressed, including stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients. A case-control study of lung transplant recipients identified long-term voriconazole (median cumulative dose: 76 grams) and residence in areas of strong sun exposure as independent risk factors for C-SCC. The mechanism(s) by which voriconazole may predispose to skin cancer is not clear. Moreover, the relative contribution of voriconazole and other factors such as immunosuppression, ultraviolet e... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324752 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 15:48:45 +0100 5324752 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5286848&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg31498271jl37787%2F Abstract  Pulmonary infiltrates develop in up to 25% of febrile neutropenic patients and are frequently refractory to broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. Etiologically, Aspergillus spp., Pneumocystis jiroveci, multi-resistant Gram-negative rods as well as mycobacteria and respiratory viruses may be involved. Taking into account the predominant role of fungal pathogens, typically without microbiological proof, prompt addition of mold-active systemic antifungal therapy improves clinical outcome, while other microorganisms should typically be targeted based upon microbiological test results only. Microbial isolates from blood cultures, bronchoalveolar lavage or respiratory secretions must be critically interpreted with respect to their etiological relevance for pulmonary infi... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5286848 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 06:17:31 +0100 5286848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5275005&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fup4p8tv4kj4g2500%2F This article will discuss recent trials of primary, salvage, empiric, and prophylactic antifungal therapy with specific attention to the design of these antifungal therapy trials and how their designs influence their interpretation. The potential role of surrogate markers, such as the galactomannan index, fungal deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction assay, and (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in establishing the early diagnosis of IFD, as well as enhancing the ability to assess outcomes to antifungal therapy, and thereby the optimal duration of antifungal therapy, will be discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Fungal Infections (Andreas H. Groll, Section Editor)Pages 1-12DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0217-5Authors Baldeep Wirk, Bone Marrow... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5275005 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 05:50:53 +0100 5275005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5261950&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Frk8482706008235m%2F Abstract  Echinocandins are parenteral antifungals with a unique site of action targeting the cell wall synthesis. There are three molecules available, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin, which have fungicidal and fungistatic activity against Candida and Aspergillus, respectively, and an excellent safety profile. There is consistent proof of clinical activity against Aspergillus for caspofungin, while less is known for micafungin and even lees for anidulafungin. Micafungin and caspofungin have been successfully used in targeted treatment of aspergillosis, prophylaxis, and empirical therapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with other antifungals. Caspofungin is approved for empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia and salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis,... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5261950 Sat, 24 Sep 2011 15:44:18 +0100 5261950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251640&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F38367h1467777866%2F Abstract  The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFI) has increased substantially and the epidemiology has changed dramatically in recent years. Candida albicans is still most important, but non-albicans species, Aspergillus species, Glomeromycota (formerly Zygomycetes) and Fusarium species are an increasing cause of IFIs. Due to this growing diversity, the identification of the causative organism to genus and species level is important to perform best and adequate treatment. The early, sensitive and specific detection of IFIs remains challenging and current conventional methods are limited. The golden standard for the definite diagnosis of proven pulmonary infection remains either histopathologic, cytopathologic or direct tissue examination. Invasive procedures ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251640 Fri, 23 Sep 2011 15:51:33 +0100 5251640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5239199&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5412n101975700m7%2F Abstract  Oral triazole therapy is well established for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IPA), allergic aspergillosis (ABPA), and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), and is often long-term. Resistance to triazole azole antifungal drugs in Aspergillus fumigatus is now a major clinical problem in a number of European locations, in China, Canada and the USA with particularly high frequencies from the north-west of the UK, and The Netherlands. A number of centers are reporting the continuing increasing frequency and evolution of resistance mechanisms in A. fumigatus, in both azole-naïve and patients treated with azoles. The increasing rate of resistance is of concern. A number of resistance mechanisms have been found. The biofilm modality of Aspergillus growth may hav... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5239199 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 15:40:36 +0100 5239199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5239200&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6062157828735677%2F Abstract  In this review, the role of secondary antifungal prophylaxis (SAP) in prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in patients with leukemia and in those receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is discussed. A history of IFI is not an absolute contraindication for allo-HSCT or continuation of cytotoxic chemotherapy, provided that SAP is administered. We suggest that the last antifungal drug successfully used for treatment of the previous IFI is also used for SAP; during SAP, we propose an algorithm of thorough clinical, radiological and microbiological monitoring with monthly CT scan and twice weekly galactomannan assays. However, the optimal preventive strategy for patients with a prior IFI has not been defined and concerted ef... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5239200 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 13:44:14 +0100 5239200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5227412&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fagp82j76357p86l4%2F Abstract   Trichomonas vaginalis, a common pathogen, remains widely unknown to the public. Its clinical consequences include upper genital tract infection, increased risk of preterm delivery, and increased risk of HIV transmission. Diagnostic tests, especially in men, have historically had low sensitivity, but the recent development of rapid, reliable point-of-care testing is a step toward improved detection. Reliable treatments for trichomoniasis are limited to the nitroimidazoles, and options for cases with either hypersensitivity or resistance remain limited. In select resistant cases, alternatives, most notably paromomycin, may play a role. A complex interaction exists between T. vaginalis and HIV, whereby women with trichomoniasis are at increased risk for HIV and vice... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5227412 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 06:01:09 +0100 5227412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5210292&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F86g6x50745385901%2F Abstract  Urinary tract infection remains a common problem for many populations. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the host innate immune response and its role in the familial association observed for recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection in healthy women. Therapeutic management for uncomplicated infection has been compromised by increasing antimicrobial resistance, particularly global dissemination of the CTXM-15 extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli ST-131 strain. Prevention strategies exploring non-antimicrobial approaches continue to show limited promise, and approaches to limit empiric antimicrobials are now being explored. For complicated urinary tract infection, increasing antimicrobial resistance limits therapeutic... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5210292 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 16:14:59 +0100 5210292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5197105&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr2p8451423854423%2F Abstract  Clostridial toxic shock, caused by Clostridium sordellii or Clostridium perfringens, is a rare and largely fatal syndrome among reproductive-aged women with genital tract infection, and may occur following various pregnancy outcomes or without pregnancy. Clinicians should be aware of common clinical features of this very rapidly-progressing syndrome including abdominal pain, tachycardia, hypotension, third-space fluid accumulations, hemoconcentration, and marked leukemoid response, often with lack of fever. In this review, we summarize known cases through mid-2011 and information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and results of recent investigations regarding pathogenesis, including germination, toxins, and host response that may have important implic... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5197105 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 06:16:01 +0100 5197105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5197104&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr227j73286137r28%2F Abstract  Although febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs) are relatively common in adults, data on optimal treatment duration are limited. Randomized controlled trials specifically addressing the elderly and patients with comorbidities have not been performed. This review highlights current available evidence. Premenopausal, non-pregnant women without comorbidities can be treated with a 5–7 day regimen of fluoroquinolones in countries with low levels of fluoroquinolone resistance, or, if proven susceptible, with 14 days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Oral β-lactams are less effective compared with fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In men with mild to moderate febrile UTI, a 2-week regimen of an oral fluoroquinolone is likely sufficient. Alt... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5197104 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 06:16:01 +0100 5197104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5170992&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7272727q53702781%2F Abstract  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infectious complication after kidney transplantation (KT). Recurrent UTIs after KT can contribute to increased morbidity and may also be associated with graft loss and mortality. Though several risk factors like female gender, diabetes mellitus, presence of ureteric stents, native kidney disease with urological malformations and re-transplantation have been associated with recurrent UTIs after KT, vesicoureteric reflux appears to be a unique risk factor in this patient population. The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens as causative agents for post-transplant recurrent UTIs poses a significant therapeutic challenge. The use of pathogen-specific antibiotic therapy guided by culture and sensitivity data is warran... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5170992 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 15:49:09 +0100 5170992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5163708&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2j83108588748452%2F Abstract  Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease that is frequently undiagnosed. Viral shedding occurs frequently and often without symptoms facilitating transmission to sex partners. Genital herpes may impact HIV transmission, and may be transmitted to neonates at the time of birth. Primary prevention of genital herpes is needed to lower the burden of disease. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Urinary Tract Infections (Jack D. Sobel, Section Editor)Pages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0209-5Authors Carolyn Gardella, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5163708 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 15:58:35 +0100 5163708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5163709&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1426222l207561k8%2F Abstract  Spinal cord injuries (SCI) result in different lower urinary tract dysfunctions. Because of both the disease and the bladder drainage method, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most frequent conditions seen in SCI patients. Diagnosis is not always easy due to lack of symptoms. Asymptomatic bacteriuria needs no treatment. If symptoms occur, antibiotherapy is indicated. Duration depends mainly on severity of illness and upper urinary tract or prostatic involvement. Choice of antibiotherapy should be based on local resistance profiles, but fluoroquinolones seems to be an adequate empirical treatment. Prevention of UTI is important, as lots of complications can be foreseen. Catheter care, permanent low bladder pressure and clean intermittent catheterizatio... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5163709 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 06:23:16 +0100 5163709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5110693&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcnnw31n7t1r45g6x%2F Abstract  Severe sepsis and septic shock are conditions that pose difficult challenges to physicians and the health care system. In the past 10 years, a number of retrospective and prospective observational studies have shed light on the importance of a rapid and systematic approach to treatment of these conditions. A key component is early and appropriate use of antibiotics. Delay of even 6 h can dramatically increase hospital mortality. In addition, multivariate analyses have demonstrated that inappropriate initial antibiotics lead to worse outcomes. The treating physician can rapidly identify risk factors for initial inappropriate antibiotics at the bedside, such as recent antibiotic therapy or recent hospitalization. Organized antibiotic order sets have been s... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5110693 Sat, 06 Aug 2011 05:58:43 +0100 5110693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5089225&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh3862236l1775475%2F Abstract  Antibiotic treatment of critically ill patients remains a significant challenge. Optimal antibacterial strategy should achieve therapeutic drug concentration in the blood as well as the infected site. Achieving therapeutic drug concentrations is particularly difficult when infections are caused by some pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative rods, because of their low susceptibility to antimicrobials. In sepsis, pharmacokinetics (PKs) of antibiotics are profoundly altered and may result in inadequate drug concentrations, even when recommended regimens are used, which potentially contribute to increased mortality and spread of resistance. The wide inter-individual PK variability observed in sept... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5089225 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 16:04:17 +0100 5089225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5089226&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7px8w675u8122u1m%2F Abstract  In the 80s and 90s, increasing antibiotic resistance was met by the introduction of new effective agents with broader antibacterial spectra for the empirical treatment of severe infections. In recent years, however, few novel antimicrobials have been developed, and this has critically weakened our strength in the fight against resistant bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacilli. It has been well proven that mortality increases if initial empirical antibiotic treatment for severe infection is inappropriate due to resistance of the pathogen. Physicians are already faced with the increasing challenge of untreatable or almost untreatable Gram-negative infections due to antibiotic resistance. Empirical treatment with broader spectra and high antibiotic pressure both i... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5089226 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 05:55:29 +0100 5089226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5081014&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa22qx564632rw111%2F Abstract  With four types of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) now recognized, the diagnosis and management of NF becomes more challenging as physicians face more unusual pathogenic and atypical presentations. With few published guidelines and little evidence base to justify therapies, much of the literature is pragmatic or provides limited evidence with small underpowered studies and disparate case reports. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0205-9Authors Marina S. Morgan, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5081014 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 15:51:30 +0100 5081014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5081015&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl24x13j3mu281246%2F Abstract   Candida species remain the most frequently isolated fungi in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Delayed antifungal therapy in these patients is a recognized risk factor for mortality. However, the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis remains difficult and is frequently delayed. Clinical scores have been proposed to assess the risk of development of invasive candidiasis or candidemia. Laboratory tools for early diagnosis are disappointing or still under development. Triazoles, polyenes, and echinocandins are the key drugs used to treat invasive candidiasis in ICU patients with similar efficacy, but very variable tolerability. The increasing incidence of fluconazole-resistant and susceptible-dose dependent strains and the safety pr... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5081015 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 15:48:46 +0100 5081015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5070734&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl37921rj610645n8%2F Abstract  Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is a common disease that affects previously healthy children of all age groups. Despite its importance, there are limited data in the current literature to guide many aspects of the diagnosis and therapy of this infection. Over the last decade, our understanding of the etiology of this infection has changed, with increased recognition of Kingella kingae and the dramatic increase in community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections. There is a need for the optimization of diagnostic strategies, such as MRI and serum inflammatory markers. Several recent studies have examined treatment strategies, including a rapid transition to oral antimicrobial therapy and a shortened overall course of therapy. Man... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5070734 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 15:44:52 +0100 5070734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5064426&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl038x776u1215153%2F Abstract  Septic arthritis is a common rheumatological emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment, since delays in management can lead to high morbidity and mortality. In this review article, we discuss the epidemiology and recent advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of septic arthritis, with a special emphasis on various bacterial and host factors involved in mediating the inflammatory process and the potential for targeted therapy to modulate the immune response. Recent advances in laboratory and imaging techniques are reviewed along with treatment and potential new therapies. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0201-0Authors Sumeet Chander, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South London Healthcare NHS Trust, Stadium Road, London, SE18 4Q... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5064426 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 17:04:54 +0100 5064426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5064427&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu305376722651846%2F Abstract  Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are one of the most common infection syndromes and may be caused by a large number of microorganisms. Some principles of aquatic injuries are different than those of land-based trauma. Wounds sustained in marine environment are exposed to a milieu of bacteria rarely encountered in different settings. These include Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycobacterium marinum, Streptococcus iniae, and other microbes. Failure to recognize and treat these uncommon pathogens in a timely manner may result in significant morbidity or death. These infections are frequently contracted as a result of recreational swimming, fishing injuries, or seafood handling. The spectrum of manifestations is wide,... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5064427 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 17:04:52 +0100 5064427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5064428&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxmu3707171110276%2F Abstract  Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was a rare phenomenon until the past decade; now CA-MRSA is endemic in many communities and is the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections presenting to emergency rooms. CA-MRSA is distinct from its hospital-acquired counterpart, and has caused devastating infections in many healthy individuals. The epidemiology of CA-MRSA continues to evolve, and the challenge is to use the most appropriate and effective therapeutic and preventative strategies against this pathogen. This article reviews the current epidemiology of CA-MRSA, its definitions, and common clinical manifestations in the community. The article also summarizes current therapeutic options for CA-MRSA as well as strategies... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5064428 Tue, 19 Jul 2011 23:37:39 +0100 5064428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5010662&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft16kmk636n124q0n%2F Abstract  Severe sepsis accounts for nearly 4,500 deaths (mortality rate 10%), and is responsible for nearly $2 billion annual healthcare expenditure in the United States. Early and speedy treatment of critically ill septic patients can halt or reduce the likelihood of physiologic progression to multi-system organ failure. A cornerstone of this therapeutic strategy is antibiotic administration. In this review, we discuss the empirical treatment strategies for the treatment of early and late neonatal sepsis, along with pediatric sepsis. Furthermore, we discuss the rationale that underlies the adoption of such treatment strategies. The present article also discusses the emergence of multi-drug organisms as the causative agents for sepsis, i.e. methicillin-resistant Staphyloco... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5010662 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 05:54:26 +0100 5010662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4947094&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu0719575746030q0%2F This article reviews the evidence for and against the association of the 1976 influenza vaccines and subsequent seasonal influenza vaccines with the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-12DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0194-8Authors James J. Sejvar, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333, USADina Pfeifer, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Division of Communicable Diseases, Health Security and Environment, Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Immunization, 8 Scherfigsvej, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, DenmarkLawrence B. Schonberger, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens an... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4947094 Fri, 17 Jun 2011 10:58:37 +0100 4947094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4855040&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc5k7gv5x85975753%2F Abstract  During the past decade, monovalent serogroup C and quadrivalent (serogroups A, C, W135, Y) meningococcal vaccination programs have been introduced in multiple industrialized countries. Many of these programs have been successful in reducing the burden of disease due to vaccine-preventable serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis in target age groups. As a result, disease burden in these countries has decreased and is primarily serogroup B, which is not vaccine preventable. Despite the success of these programs, meningococcal disease continues to occur and there is always concern that serogroup C organisms will adapt their virulence mechanisms to escape pressure from vaccination. This review highlights the current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Europe and Unit... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4855040 Fri, 20 May 2011 16:10:22 +0100 4855040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4855041&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F47624w7318l1pvt2%2F Abstract  Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but devastating neurologic disease that affects the immunosuppressed population. The etiologic agent is a polyomavirus, JC virus—a double-stranded DNA virus with a high prevalence of infection globally. PML is believed to occur from reactivation of the latent virus infection caused by immunosuppression. After 1980, a dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of PML was attributed to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, with a decline noted after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Newer populations are being added to the risk pool for the development of PML with the introduction of biologic agents that target specific arms of the immune system. Natalizumab and efalizumab seem to... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4855041 Fri, 20 May 2011 16:10:21 +0100 4855041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4814768&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa354w1128m5g168w%2F Abstract  Central line–associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) are among the most common, lethal, and costly health care–associated infections. Recent large collaborative quality improvement efforts have achieved unprecedented and sustained reductions in CLABSI rates and demonstrate that these infections are largely preventable, even for exceedingly ill patients. The broad acceptance that zero CLABSI rates are an achievable goal has motivated and stimulated diverse groups of stakeholders, including public and private groups to develop policy tools and to mobilize their local constituents toward achieving this goal. Nevertheless, attributing reductions in CLABSI rates achieved by multifaceted quality improvement efforts solely to the use of checklists to ensure adher... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4814768 Tue, 10 May 2011 06:01:18 +0100 4814768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4790897&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F033823u217761313%2F Abstract  West Nile virus (WNV), first recognized in North America in 1999, was responsible for the largest arboviral epidemic of human encephalitis in history and continues to be the most frequent cause of epidemic meningoencephalitis in North America. WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) occurs in fewer than 1% of infected individuals, with presentations including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis. Between 1999 and 2009, over 12,000 cases of WNND were reported in the United States, with the peak annual incidence occurring in epidemics of 2002 and 2003. In this review, we first summarize the epidemiology of WNV over the past decade and the salient clinical features of WNND, including a discussion of laboratory and radiographic findings, risk factors, morbidit... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4790897 Wed, 04 May 2011 14:53:25 +0100 4790897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4783489&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe8857q6l80403k56%2F Abstract  Pericarditis, the most common disease of the pericardium, may be isolated or a manifestation of a systemic disease. The etiology of pericarditis is varied and includes infectious (especially viral and tuberculosis) and noninfectious causes (autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, pericardial injury syndromes, and cancer [especially lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphomas]). Most cases remain idiopathic with a conventional diagnostic evaluation. A targeted etiologic search should be directed to the most common cause on the basis of the patient’s clinical background, epidemiologic issues, specific presentations, and high-risk features associated with specific etiologies or complications (fever higher than 38°C, subacute onset, large pericardial effusion, card... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4783489 Mon, 02 May 2011 05:43:52 +0100 4783489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4783490&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8130671576j9n8p0%2F Abstract  Healthcare-associated bacterial meningitis may occur after neurosurgical procedures, head trauma, and following placement of external or internal ventricular catheters. The likely microorganisms that cause meningitis in this setting (ie, staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli) are different from those that cause meningitis in the community setting. Any clinical suspicion of healthcare-associated bacterial meningitis should prompt a diagnostic evaluation (neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis) and appropriate management. Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be directed toward the likely infecting pathogen; based upon clinical response, intraventricular administration of specific agents may be required. With the emergence of resistant gram-negative bacilli ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4783490 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 16:31:04 +0100 4783490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4783491&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd012517h2r003241%2F Abstract  Improvements in manufacturing and implantation techniques, coupled with an increasing prevalence of atherosclerosis in an aging population, have led to increased utilization of prosthetic vascular grafts. The infection rates of vascular grafts are low. However, when they do occur, high rates of morbidity and mortality can be expected. The purpose of this article is to review the published literature regarding epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of prosthetic vascular graft infections. Moreover, we provide a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of these complicated infections based on empirically grounded evidence. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0191-yAuthors Avish Nagpal, Division o... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4783491 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 08:45:15 +0100 4783491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4768905&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F31172418t56757p1%2F Abstract  Infection is the most challenging and life-threatening complication of vascular access and causes significant morbidity, loss of access, and mortality. The aims of this review are to determine the magnitude of the infection problem, identify possible factors, and provide an update on the management of vascular access infections. Infections account for approximately 15% to 36% of all deaths in dialysis patients (the second leading cause after cardiovascular events) and for about 20% of admissions. Several studies demonstrate a hierarchy of infection risk from temporary catheter, tunnelled cuffed catheter, arteriovenous grafts, to arteriovenous fistula in decreasing order. Suspicion of infection must be followed by appropriate blood cultures, including possible simul... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4768905 Mon, 25 Apr 2011 16:41:08 +0100 4768905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749395&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd1348847u0632m65%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0188-6Authors Karen C. Bloch, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2582, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749395 Thu, 21 Apr 2011 06:13:43 +0100 4749395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4726690&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvv28656106nt53g5%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0185-9Authors Donald P. Levine, Chief, Division of General Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine, Suite 5C, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4726690 Thu, 14 Apr 2011 05:51:39 +0100 4726690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4710902&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr4838qjnj75ww4xx%2F Abstract   Borrelia burgdorferi infection, the tick-borne spirochetosis known as Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis, involves the nervous system (neuroborreliosis) in 10% to 15% of patients. Common manifestations include lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, mononeuropathy multiplex, and painful radiculoneuritis. Rare patients develop inflammation in the brain or spinal cord. Regardless of the form of involvement, neuroborreliosis can be microbiologically cured in virtually all patients using standard 2- to 4-week antimicrobial regimens. Oral regimens appear to be as effective as parenteral ones in most instances. Although patients ill with Lyme disease may have concomitant cognitive or memory difficulty, these symptoms are not specific to neuroborreliosis and, when prese... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4710902 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 15:47:17 +0100 4710902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4710903&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F11498207r402t30k%2F Abstract  As life expectancy continues to increase and biotechnology advances, the use of cardiovascular implantable devices will continue to rise. Unfortunately, despite modern medical advances, the infection and mortality rates remain excessively elevated. This article reviews the pathophysiology and general concepts of cardiac device–related infections, including the physical and chemical characteristics of the medical device, host response to the medical device, and the microbiologic virulence factors. Infections of the most commonly utilized cardiovascular implantable devices, including cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, bioprosthetic and mechanical valves, ventricular assist devices, total artificial hearts, and coronary artery stents, are reviewed in de... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4710903 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 15:47:13 +0100 4710903 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4687382&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg50r4472245732u0%2F Abstract  Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. After half a century of focal outbreaks of acute febrile polyarthralgia in Africa and Asia, the disease unexpectedly spread in the past decade with large outbreaks in Africa and around the Indian Ocean and rare autochthonous transmission in temperate areas. This emergence brought new insights on its pathogenesis, notably the role of the A226V mutation that improved CHIKV fitness in Ae. albopictus and the possible CHIKV persistence in deep tissue sanctuaries for months after infection. Massive outbreaks also revealed new aspects of the acute stage: the high number of symptomatic cases, unexpected complications, mother-to-child transmission, and low lethal... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4687382 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 09:47:48 +0100 4687382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4687383&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F70055772768x763t%2F Abstract  Hookworms are bloodsucking nematodes that afflict up to 740 million persons in tropical and subtropical regions, with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting particularly high infection rates. Prevalence, intensity, and pathology often vary considerably at both the regional and local level, and may be influenced by coinfection with other parasitic infections such as malaria. Immunoepidemiological studies suggest that hookworms manipulate the host immune response and may provide some protection from allergy and asthma. There has been substantial progress in elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of hookworm disease, with anticoagulants, protease inhibitors, digestive proteases, and novel excretory/secretory proteins being of particular interest. Mass chemotherapy re... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4687383 Mon, 04 Apr 2011 05:39:27 +0100 4687383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4687384&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0376x51vr0637372%2F Abstract  Over the previous decade, we observed the emergence of the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus gattii, as a cause of disease in humans and animals in a temperate climate. This outbreak, first documented on Vancouver Island, has since expanded throughout Western North America, with non–travel-associated cases now in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Additionally, a secondary outbreak, originating in and still restricted to Oregon, has also occurred. During the past several years, several studies detailing molecular typing, virulence, antifungal susceptibilities, epidemiology, and clinical issues have been published. These studies begin to address the complex dynamics of this novel emergence of a rare and fatal fungus, outline clinical characteristics... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4687384 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 05:54:06 +0100 4687384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4687385&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F18wn507071q3v076%2F Abstract  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists have proven to be very effective in the treatment of several autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The two classes of TNF antagonists—soluble TNF receptors and TNF monoclonal antibodies—have several important structural, pharmacokinetic, and functional differences. TNF antagonists interfere at different steps in the immune response to infections and vaccines. The immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines is impaired in patients treated with methotrexate with some additional immunosuppressive effect of TNF antagonists. The secondary immune responses to inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, such as yellow fever vaccine, during treatment with TNF antagonists is mostly adequate despite significantly low... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4687385 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 17:40:11 +0100 4687385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4617400&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe45964x261553m1w%2F Abstract  Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine-preventable infection in travellers. The incidence of hepatitis A for travellers ranges from 3.0 to 11.0 per 100,000 person-months and the case-fatality rate is as high as 2 per 100,000 in non-immune travellers. Hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection, significantly reducing the incidence of hepatitis A in travellers, and an important preventative intervention for the “last-minute” traveller. Hepatitis E virus is an important cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis in developing countries. The overall risk of hepatitis E in travellers visiting endemic countries is relatively low compared to hepatitis A. The majority of cases have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. The case fatality rate... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4617400 Fri, 18 Mar 2011 16:45:25 +0100 4617400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4602161&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl96j5m11203274m1%2F Abstract  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most important cause of death from infectious diseases in the developed world and is associated with a high economic burden. Researchers have therefore sought ways to improve CAP outcomes while reducing costs. In this review, we highlight the current evidence supporting modern approaches to CAP management, including the use of severity indices to safely increase the proportion of patients treated at home, the use of procalcitonin to decrease antibiotic use, early intravenous to oral switch of antibiotic therapy, streamlining antimicrobials, and approaches to shorten antibiotic treatment duration. Although promising evidence exists for these modern strategies, there is still a considerable lack of high-quality evidence prov... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4602161 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 06:40:31 +0100 4602161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582026&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgk024v72um517036%2F Abstract  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains one of the most important nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit and has been the focus of much recent research. New evidence on VAP preventive measures includes evidence for the efficacy of changes in endotracheal tube cuff design and materials, drainage of subglottic secretions, saline instillation prior to tracheal suctioning, patient positioning, oral decontamination, aerosolized antibiotics, and probiotic use. In the absence of a clinical reference standard, the diagnosis of VAP remains problematic. Although extensive research on invasive sampling techniques for microbiological confirmation has been conducted, current evidence suggests that endotracheal aspirates are equivalent. Promising new diagnostic ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582026 Fri, 11 Mar 2011 18:11:55 +0100 4582026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4578699&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa537k7kw6363rr72%2F Abstract  Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at an increased risk of infections such as pneumonia. Pneumonia among patients with COPD carries a higher risk of mortality. Inhaled corticosteroids are among the most widely used agents in patients with COPD. They are usually indicated in patients with severe COPD in combination with a long-acting β-agonist to reduce the frequency of exacerbations. Apart from their local effects in the lungs, inhaled corticosteroids may be systemically absorbed and have immunosuppressive effects. Although, the strength of the association between inhaled corticosteroids and pneumonia is modest (≈ 60% increased relative risk), this effect is consistent across clinical trials, meta-analyses of clinical trials, and obs... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4578699 Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:11:54 +0100 4578699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4578700&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F91615081171689g8%2F Abstract  Antipsychotics are generally distinguished as atypical and typical agents, which are indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses and other psychiatric disorders. In April 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about the increased risk of all-cause mortality associated with atypical antipsychotic use in elderly patients with dementia. Pneumonia was one of the most frequently reported causes of death. The same warning was extended to typical antipsychotics in June 2008. In recent years, several observational studies have further explored the association between antipsychotic use, mainly in elderly patients, and the risk of fatal/nonfatal community-acquired pneumonia. The aim of this review is to revise and discuss the scientific evi... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4578700 Thu, 10 Mar 2011 17:11:52 +0100 4578700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4562249&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp3k5q5ru720g5742%2F Abstract  Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is one of the most feared and fatal forms of mediastinitis, occurring as a complication after odontogenic or cervicofascial infections or after cervical trauma. Delayed recognition, underestimation of the extent of disease, and insufficient therapy promote spread of infection. Primary treatment of DNM includes surgical eradication of the pharyngeal or odontogenic infection focus, and a concomitant major drainage applied to the neck and the mediastinum. However, the mortality rate of DNM remains high, even with the routine use of CT scanning, antibiotics, advancements in anesthesia and intensive care, and immediate surgical drainage. The present state of the optimal management of DNM is discussed controversially, in partic... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4562249 Thu, 03 Mar 2011 08:51:58 +0100 4562249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4562248&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy685q24588876276%2F Abstract  Clinical toxinology is a specialized area of clinical medicine focused on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases caused by animal, plant, and fungal toxins. This review focuses on recent developments in snakebite. Snakebite is newly recognized as a Neglected Tropical Disease by the World Health Organization (WHO), reflecting the large human and economic cost of this disease. New WHO guidelines on antivenom production are available. The methods of producing antivenom and dosing are changing as understanding of envenoming improves. Lower antivenom doses in some regions are delivering equal outcomes, but antivenom cannot fully treat all envenoming types. Early antivenom treatment may reduce local tissue damage in some types of snakebite... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4562248 Thu, 03 Mar 2011 08:51:58 +0100 4562248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4513818&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff386tn4450kgn8gj%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0171-2Authors Lin H. Chen, Mount Auburn Hospital, 330 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4513818 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 06:36:16 +0100 4513818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4484963&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F36p1665311844j08%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0170-3Authors Janet R. Maurer, Health Dialog Services Corporation, 16425 North Pima Road, Suite 300, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4484963 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 14:33:07 +0100 4484963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4471214&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk08u7h5n27638156%2F Abstract  Tuberculosis (TB) infection is relatively frequent among travellers to high incidence-countries, especially in long-term travellers and those involved in health work. It is important to diagnose recent infection, both for the affected individual and to prevent further transmission. Based on published literature, we assess the value of interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) as a complement to or replacement of the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of latent TB infection in the setting of a travel clinic. A comparison of available IGRAs with the TST in terms of operating characteristics and practical considerations is presented. We conclude that IGRAs offer some practical advantages that may benefit certain well-defined patient groups of a travel clinic, bu... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4471214 Thu, 10 Feb 2011 19:59:30 +0100 4471214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4442984&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Frp75081211466383%2F Abstract  Conjunctivitis is a common problem in primary health care. Inflammation of the conjunctiva may result from infection or noninfectious causes. Microbial conjunctivitis may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Although usually a benign, self-limited disease in healthy individuals, serious complications (eg, keratitis) may be sight-threatening. Accurate diagnosis and specific treatment of conjunctivitis remain challenging. History taking and physical examination are occasionally insufficient for correct diagnosis, thus laboratory testing may play a vital role in identification of specific pathogen(s). However, diagnostic testing has several limitations, including time-consuming methods, increased cost, and requirement for expertise in performance and interpr... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4442984 Fri, 04 Feb 2011 09:34:06 +0100 4442984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4442985&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc27v85027n771p1x%2F Abstract  In clinical practice, a rapid and accurate identification of pathogens causing viral respiratory tract infections can be problematic because of nonspecific clinical presentations, lack of rapid and sensitive tests, and the emergence of new and mutating viral pathogens. Nucleic acid-targeted molecular techniques are increasingly being used to provide high sensitivity and specificity, short test turnaround time, and automatic and high-throughput processing. In-house and commercially available molecular methods have been developed to qualitatively and quantitatively detect and identify a single or a panel of clinically encountered respiratory tract viruses in a single reaction. Molecular techniques are being gradually introduced in routine laboratory diagnosis of vir... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4442985 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 08:39:32 +0100 4442985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4442986&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F42kw30529r81n871%2F This article provides a review of global trends in cephalosporin susceptibility among gonococcal isolates, recent findings that deepen our understanding of genetic mechanisms of resistance, and the public health and clinical implications of the potential emergence of cephalosporin-resistant gonorrhea. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s11908-011-0169-9Authors Robert D. Kirkcaldy, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333, USARonald C. Ballard, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333, USADeborah Dowell, ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4442986 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 08:39:31 +0100 4442986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4430069&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe685732p57480828%2F Abstract  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent health condition characterized by sinonasal mucosal inflammation lasting at least 12 weeks. Heterogeneous in clinical presentation, histopathology, and therapeutic response, CRS represents a spectrum of disease entities with variable pathophysiology. Increased knowledge of cellular and molecular derangements in CRS suggests potential etiologies and targets for therapy. Microbial elements including fungi, staphylococcal enterotoxin, and biofilms have been implicated as inflammatory stimuli, along with airborne irritants and allergens. Defects in innate immunity have gained increased attention as contributors to the chronic inflammatory state. A combination of host susceptibility and environmental exposure is widely b... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4430069 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 07:31:52 +0100 4430069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4430070&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk24452220314n260%2F Abstract  Involvement of the soft tissues of the face and neck by Nocardia spp. is uncommon. We review the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of such infections in the setting of primary cutaneous nocardiosis and disseminated disease. Although immune compromise is an important risk factor for these infections, they also occur in healthy individuals. Infection may arise through direct inoculation following injury or by hematogenous spread from a primary site, usually the lung. The rare variant of lymphocutaneous disease—cervicofacial nocardiosis—typically affects children, but can occur in adults. The diagnosis is made by conventional microscopy and culture, but radiological imaging is useful to delineate disease extent, and molecular methods are i... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4430070 Fri, 28 Jan 2011 20:44:13 +0100 4430070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4401508&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw255vv5747660284%2F Abstract  In this article, we review recent evidence indicating that people over the age of 50 years are increasingly at risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, and that—thanks to the success of highly active antiretroviral therapies—those infected with HIV are now living into older age. We show that health professionals and society in general have been reluctant to acknowledge sexuality in older adults. Sexuality until recently has been regarded as merely a matter of male potency and sexual function, whereas older women’s sexuality and desires have been ignored. Changing patterns of sexual practices, including high rates of divorce and partner change in the older age groups, indicate that focus and concern with sex and sexuality in later life will becom... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4401508 Wed, 19 Jan 2011 13:43:26 +0100 4401508 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4379014&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fchq52277176v0u1p%2F Abstract  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an extremely prevalent sexually transmitted infection that is typically acquired soon after onset of sexual activity. The burden of HPV-related malignant and nonmalignant disease is high in men and women. High-risk or oncogenic types of HPV cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer in women. These types have also been shown to cause penile cancer in men and a substantial proportion of oropharyngeal and anal malignancy in men and women. Low-risk types of HPV cause anogenital warts. Prevention of penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital warts represents potential benefits of the HPV vaccine in men. This review focuses on HPV disease in men, existing data on HPV vaccination in men, and various factors associated with the d... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4379014 Mon, 17 Jan 2011 20:40:27 +0100 4379014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4356963&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp566177526212071%2F Abstract  Mucormycosis of the head and neck is the most common form of infection by the order Mucorales, accounting for up to half of all cases. About 70% of rhinocerebral cases develop in diabetic patients. Less often, rhinocerebral mucormycosis occurs in solid organ transplant recipients, those with prolonged neutropenia, and those on deferoxamine therapy. Recently, rhinocerebral disease has been increasingly recognized in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A growing number of cases have presented as breakthrough infection in patients receiving voriconazole. The mortality rate of rhinocerebral mucormycosis has remained at 30% to 70% despite aggressive therapy. Early initiation of treatment substantially improves outcome, underscoring the need to ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4356963 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 17:09:29 +0100 4356963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4356962&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy48478392m34lr33%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0161-9Authors Laura H. Bachmann, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 25174, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4356962 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 17:09:29 +0100 4356962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4346151&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7r4u837627315223%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0160-xAuthors Itzhak Brook, 4431 Albemarle St NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4346151 Tue, 11 Jan 2011 18:05:22 +0100 4346151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4323153&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2844765030506qp4%2F Abstract  To date, seven randomized trials have evaluated the efficacy of expedited partner treatment (EPT). These trials have included heterosexual men and women and examine EPT for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Trichomonas vaginalis. These studies demonstrated either superiority for percentage of partners being treated, for a reduction in repeat infections, or cost benefit for EPT compared to the standard partner referral method and reported no adverse events. In the United States, although the number of states where EPT is legal continues to grow, adoption of EPT remains low. Provider concerns about liability and payment issues continue to be a barrier to implementation of EPT. More translational research is needed to improve adoption by the players inv... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4323153 Wed, 05 Jan 2011 16:52:40 +0100 4323153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4301178&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftt725341045l3411%2F Abstract  The worldwide incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing. The head and neck is a primary site for numerous manifestations of HIV disease, and it is clear that one or more of these processes will eventually affect most patients. HIV-infected patients are susceptible to all of the usual problems encountered in the head and neck, and the disease poses unique and significant problems rarely encountered in the non–HIV-infected patient. These problems include otolaryngic infections, inflammatory processes, and malignancies. The institution of highly active antiretroviral medications has significantly decreased the mortality and morbidity of this disease, and has resulted in significant improvements in quality of life. However, antiretroviral therapy ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4301178 Tue, 28 Dec 2010 15:15:52 +0100 4301178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4289270&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr100111205m20141%2F Abstract   Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections and the most important cause of health care-associated diarrhea worldwide. Standard treatment of CDI consists of modifying underlying antibiotic exposure, aggressive supportive measures, and therapy with specific antibiotics, most commonly metronidazole or vancomycin. This general approach to CDI has remained largely unchanged for decades. In an effort to improve outcomes and reduce recurrences of CDI, interest has been renewed in the development of nonantibiotic and adjunct approaches to therapy. In this review, we highlight some of these recent, resurrected, and novel nonantibiotic treatments. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0155-7Authors Nuntra Suwantara... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4289270 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 20:23:54 +0100 4289270 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4289271&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhv68454k44m30372%2F Abstract  Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Although the pathogenesis of NEC remains unclear, abnormal bacterial colonization has been postulated as playing a central role. Various factors impact bacterial colonization following delivery. Compared to term infants, the bacterial colonization pattern in prematurely born infants is markedly different, with a greater predilection for colonization with pathogenic bacteria. Probiotic and prebiotic administration offers the opportunity to manipulate the intestinal bacterial environment, favoring the growth of commensal bacteria. Experimental data from animal studies and data from human trials suggest that probiotics decrease the incidence of NEC. These pr... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4289271 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 20:23:53 +0100 4289271 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4286172&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4562q53k1860222g%2F Abstract  The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) was responsible for the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. The virus— a previously unknown triple-reassortant virus containing segments of avian, human, and swine origins— generally caused mild disease. Unlike seasonal influenza, 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) primarily affected adults 18 to 64 years of age. During the course of the pandemic, public health officials tried to facilitate diagnostic procedures and share information about treatment modalities globally. Efforts to contain the spread of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) included personal protective mechanisms and the 2009 H1N1 vaccine, which was not produced quickly enough or in large enough quantities. The lessons learned from this pandemic shou... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4286172 Tue, 21 Dec 2010 07:21:34 +0100 4286172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4268167&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk25172w020484251%2F Abstract  Antiretrovirals perform superbly in combating HIV infection. But when to initiate therapy in asymptomatic, nonpregnant, hepatitis-free, HIV-infected persons is not securely established. Of two completed randomized trials using modern therapy, a Haitian trial demonstrated a benefit to initiating therapy between 200 and 350 CD4 cells/mm3 as compared with less than 200 CD4 cells/mm3 and an international trial demonstrated a benefit to starting at greater than 350 CD4 cells/mm3 as compared with less than 250 CD4 cells/mm3. Many observational cohorts support initiating treatment at less than 350 CD4 cells/mm3. Of these, three large studies supported initiation at less than 350 cells/mm3, less than 450 CD4 cells/mm3, and less than 500 CD4 cells/mm3, respectively, but only t... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4268167 Tue, 14 Dec 2010 04:20:24 +0100 4268167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4243062&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq327748657580x0v%2F Abstract  Hepatitis B is a necroinflammatory liver disease manifested with subacute to acute symptoms, liver cirrhosis, and mortality. Parenteral alum-adsorbed hepatitis B surface antigenic (HBsAg) vaccination, although available, poses serious concerns regarding inability to induce both cell-mediated and mucosal immune response. In this context, oral delivery may be a prospective solution to the issues associated with conventional vaccination. However, the strategy is detrimental to the antigenic substances, suffers various physical/chemical barriers, and impedes poor transcytosis via mucosal route. Therefore, surface-engineered novel carrier-based approaches are reportedly promising for effective HBsAg oral vaccine delivery. This review focuses on the efforts for developi... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4243062 Mon, 06 Dec 2010 15:22:53 +0100 4243062 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4226882&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy821806348366464%2F Abstract  For every two people starting on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), five become infected with HIV. Current prevention strategies are inadequate, and it has been hypothesized that cART itself could be used as a tool for prevention, in combination with enhanced testing and access to treatment—the “seek and treat” approach. Ecologic and modeling data support this strategy, but many questions remain: how to optimize HIV testing, cART uptake and adherence, how to deal with treatment failure and toxicity, and how to implement integrated prevention strategies and deal with key comorbidities. Pilot studies (eg, HIV Prevention Trials Network 065) are underway to validate the approach under controlled circumstances before it is integrated into public health po... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4226882 Tue, 30 Nov 2010 17:55:21 +0100 4226882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4226885&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw271q5217p0538r7%2F This article reviews the current understanding of biomarkers of inflammation associated with the development of CHD in the setting of HIV infection and the use of antiretroviral therapy. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0153-9Authors Carl J. Fichtenbaum, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, PO Box 670560, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4226885 Tue, 30 Nov 2010 17:55:19 +0100 4226885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4226884&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F681744512m810705%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0148-6Authors Rodger D. MacArthur, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine, UHC 7D, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4226884 Tue, 30 Nov 2010 17:55:19 +0100 4226884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4226883&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn4073j7177741505%2F Abstract  Immunocompromised persons are the most vulnerable population at risk for developing life-threatening clinical syndromes associated with strongyloidiasis, such as hyperinfection syndrome (HS) or dissemination. This review focuses on describing Strongyloides infection in the immunocompromised host, including immune response against this infection, analyzing the cases with HS published during the past 4 years in the United States, and describing the most sensitive diagnostic tools and the most effective treatment for each clinical syndrome. Strongyloidiasis is becoming an important parasitic disease in the United States, especially in the immunocompromised immigrant population. Because the transplant population is particularly at risk for developing HS, both reci... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4226883 Tue, 30 Nov 2010 17:55:19 +0100 4226883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4206572&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy3943015q02m6406%2F Abstract  The intersection of chronic HIV infection, its treatment, and lifestyle with aging has become a topic of considerable fascination during this, the third decade of the AIDS epidemic. An understanding of the pathophysiology of this intersection may provide valuable insights into our general understanding of human aging. This review summarizes the results of recent publications that may have considerable impact on screening and management strategies in the aging HIV-infected population. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0146-8Authors Diixa Patel, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, c/o Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R Street, Room 5929 Hudson, Detroit, MI 48201, USALawrence R.... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4206572 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 20:23:30 +0100 4206572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4206573&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp688070771u2814p%2F Abstract  The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by a vast and diverse community of microbes. This gut microbiota participates in host metabolism, protects from invading microbes, and facilitates immune system development and function. In this review, we consider the contributions of intestinal microbes to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Key concepts of colonization resistance, host-commensal microbe interaction in immunity, antibiotics and gut bacterial communities, viral-gut bacterial interactions, and evolving methods for studying commensal microbes are explored. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0147-7Authors Leslie H. Wardwell, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue,... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4206573 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 20:23:29 +0100 4206573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4198209&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh264927073111287%2F Abstract  With ongoing improvement in antiretroviral therapy, mortality among HIV-infected persons has dramatically decreased. For HIV-infected persons who remain engaged in care on suppressive therapy, life expectancy approaches that of the general population. Additionally, we have seen increases in comorbidities traditionally associated with aging: diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, and osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency has also been identified as a highly prevalent entity among HIV-infected populations. The association of vitamin D deficiency with several of these comorbidities and its impact on immune function provide the impetus for well-designed studies to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on HIV disease and antiretroviral th... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4198209 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 13:22:36 +0100 4198209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4176580&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw336502732774l0x%2F Abstract  Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are a life-threatening complication following solid organ transplantation. Many posttransplant lymphomas develop from the uncontrolled proliferation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected B-cells, whereas EBV-negative PTLDs were increasingly recognized within the past decade. Major risk factors for the development of PTLDs after liver transplantation are immunosuppressive therapy and the type of underlying disease: viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, or alcoholic liver cirrhosis contribute to an increased risk for PTLD. Therapeutic regimens include reduction of immunosuppression, the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, and chemotherapy, as well as new approaches using interferon-α and anti-interleukin-6 antibod... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4176580 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 18:07:47 +0100 4176580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4141387&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn1568385453l3671%2F Abstract  A vaccine against recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) would benefit a large number of women who suffer from this debilitating syndrome. To date, several antigen formulations have been tested with modest results. In this article, we review the latest vaccine study reported in the literature. The candidate is a β-glucan conjugate administered with a human compatible adjuvant. Results in a mouse model of vaginitis were again modest for protection. However, the study included live animal imaging to quantify fungal burden; animals were challenged with a Candida strain carrying a gene encoding a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell wall protein and luciferase. Fungal burden was expressed as photons following substrate administration. Protection appeared to ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4141387 Thu, 04 Nov 2010 17:51:31 +0100 4141387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4090752&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl436r1wm5w50j2l2%2F Abstract  GB virus C (GBV-C), a member of the Flaviviridae family of viruses, recently received considerable attention largely owing to its potential role in decelerating HIV-1 disease progression by interfering with HIV replication. With similar transmission features, GBV-C is parenterally transmitted, similar to the serum hepatitis viruses and HIV-1, and replicates in hemopoietic cells and T lymphocytes in particular, with no observable disease pathology. Progressive T-cell depletion and subsequent immune abrogation being the cardinal features of HIV-1 infection, accumulating evidence indicates that GBV-C effectively overturns HIV’s chances of exploiting the T-cell machinery and leads to enhanced survival rates of HIV-infected subjects. Much effort has been devoted to u... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4090752 Sat, 16 Oct 2010 08:54:03 +0100 4090752 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3978544&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Frj18g1t7q1281245%2F Abstract  Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a necrotizing pneumonia caused by airborne opportunistic fungi of Aspergillus species. Patients with advanced-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have emerged to be at risk for IPA as a result of the overall improvement of long-term management of the disease. IPA is among the most severe infectious event that may occur during the course of COPD resulting from profound immune impairment and associated with poor outcome. Many aspects of the development of IPA in COPD patients differ from hematologic patients, explaining various patterns of IPA in an expanded population of immunocompromised patients. Therefore, it is legitimate to focus on the literature-based data available regarding the factors involved in the... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3978544 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 05:51:01 +0100 3978544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3966912&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk420724v25684787%2F Abstract  Nephrolithiasis is a common clinical entity, and the incidence of renal stones appears to be increasing in the United States. Infection with uropathogens that produce urease can lead to the development of stones (infection stones), which serve as a continued source of recurrent infection and can lead to chronic kidney disease. Other than treating infection, medical management has little role in the treatment of infection stones; complete eradication of the stones with percutaneous nephrolithotomy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is required. Stones of metabolic origin can cause obstruction in the ureter and predispose to the development of urinary tract infection (UTI). Recognizing obstruction and initiating prompt drainage of the collecting system is impo... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3966912 Mon, 13 Sep 2010 05:42:35 +0100 3966912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948480&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F70r3u26536u84767%2F Abstract  Non-albicans Candida species have increasingly been identified as the cause of vulvovaginitis. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that the various non-albicans Candida species identified in the lower genital tract differ considerably with regard to epidemiology, virulence or vaginal pathogenicity, and antimycotic drug susceptibility. Clinical experience indicates reduced virulence of these organisms in the lower genital tract, and their causal role in a symptomatic patient requires careful case-by-case determination rather than routine administration of antimycotic therapy. Accordingly, vaginal Candida isolates deserve species identification and consideration of pathogenic potential and antifungal susceptibility before therapeutic decisions are made. Content T... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948480 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:39 +0100 3948480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948479&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F76q878811p75k487%2F This article reviews the basic scientific information and clinical experience using triazoles for treating endemic fungal infections. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0133-0Authors Alison G. Freifeld, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985400 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5400, USAJ. Ryan Bariola, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 W Markham, Slot 639, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADavid Andes, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 5211 MFCB, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948479 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:39 +0100 3948479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948481&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx86657451415k475%2F Abstract   Enterococcus spp have emerged as important pathogens in urinary tract infection (UTI), especially in hospitalized patients. Resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, has become common, particularly in infections involving Enterococcus faecium. The management of UTIs caused by Enterococcus spp has become challenging given the presence of underlying comorbidities in these patients and the limited therapeutic options available to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus. Routine therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria with MDR-Enterococcus is not recommended. Removal of indwelling urinary catheters should be considered. Appropriate antibiotic therapy selection should be guided by urine culture and susceptibility results. Data are limited on the treatm... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948481 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:38 +0100 3948481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948482&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe640310944w36j67%2F Abstract  Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is an uncommon condition that warrants urgent diagnosis and treatment, because early pharmacotherapy significantly improves prognosis and prompt surgical decompression is often necessary to prevent or minimize neurologic complications. Increased awareness is critical; any of the characteristic clinical findings, especially in the presence of risk factors and elevated inflammatory markers, should lead to heightened suspicion for SEAs and its consideration on differential diagnosis, even in the absence of neurologic deficits. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for successful management of SEAs; along with infectious disease specialists and neurosurgeons/orthopedic spine surgeons, primary care, emergency medicine, and internal med... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948482 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:37 +0100 3948482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948483&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6237u7u321604h5k%2F Abstract  Genital mycoplasmas are commonly found in the female genital tract. Despite ongoing debate, the evidence that they cause lower genital tract disease in women remains sparse. The data that Mycoplasma genitalium is primarily transmitted sexually are accumulating, but its role as a cause of symptomatic urethritis or cervicitis is open to debate. Although Mycoplasma hominis may be a co-factor in bacterial vaginosis, it has otherwise not been implicated as a cause of lower tract disease. Now that Ureaplasma urealyticum has been divided into U. urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, their role in causing urethritis and cervicitis remains even more unclear. To date, no convincing evidence exists that antimicrobial therapy should be directed solely at these organisms when treat... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948483 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:35 +0100 3948483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3930791&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp365775223462683%2F Abstract  Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV) is a rare chronic clinical syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by profuse purulent vaginal discharge, diffuse exudative vaginitis, epithelial cell exfoliation, and pain. A diagnosis of DIV is often missed by even experienced practitioners owing to its rarity and its clinical and laboratory presentation similar to other inflammatory vulvovaginal disorders. Although DIV is difficult to treat and often requires long-term therapy for maintenance, successful therapy has been reported with topical steroids and clindamycin. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0135-yAuthors Colleen Kennedy Stockdale, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3930791 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 15:14:53 +0100 3930791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3930792&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl1p5176l0g133734%2F Abstract  The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods published for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections are still not included in the revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group definitions of IA. This could be achieved with consensual PCR procedures. A checklist of items has been proposed to improve the reliability of the results and clinicians’ confidence in them, with emphasis on limiting false-positive results from contamination with either previously amplified products or environmental commensals. Internal amplification controls are mandatory to expose false-negative results. However,... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3930792 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:25:23 +0100 3930792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3930793&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F472h8g2667123112%2F Abstract  An increasing number of patients are undergoing transplantation procedures or receiving aggressive immunosuppression and chemotherapy. The growing population of immunocompromised hosts has led to a rise in the prevalence of invasive fungal infections due to yeasts and molds. The introduction of new antifungal agents and recent reports of resistance emerging during treatment of fungal infections have highlighted the need for in vitro susceptibility testing. Various testing procedures have been proposed, including macrodilution and microdilution, agar diffusion, disk diffusion, and Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). Establishing clinical correlation with antifungal susceptibility testing, however, is a huge challenge because susceptibility techniques do not take int... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3930793 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:25:22 +0100 3930793 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3912445&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe3u42x148656k1tr%2F Abstract  Invasive fungal infections remain a serious and life-threatening complication in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Since it became clear that lymphocytes, in particular lymphocytes from the T helper 1 (TH1) subset, play a critical secondary defense against fungal pathogens, the adoptive transfer of functionally active antifungal TH1 cells might be an attractive option to restore adaptive antifungal immune effector mechanisms. Major advances have been made in the generation and characterization of antifungal T cells, which are active against medical important fungi such as Aspergillus spp and Candida spp. However, given the paucity of large homogenous patient populations, major challenges remain in evaluating the clinical usefulness of ado... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3912445 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 17:18:53 +0100 3912445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3912446&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw88536681683588u%2F Abstract  The echinocandins, the newest generation of antifungal agents, are inhibitors of β-1,3-D-glucan synthesis, an action that damages fungal cell walls. Despite a relatively broad spectrum of activity, these drugs are rapidly fungicidal against most Candida spp and have established noninferiority over existing antifungal drugs in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Clinical resistance to this class of agent is rare, although point mutations in the target Fksp have been shown to confer in vitro resistance to echinocandins in a range of Candida spp, which can result in clinical failures. In addition, the echinocandin treatment can induce a salvage mechanism involving the compensatory upregulation of chitin synthesis in the cell wall. Further elucidation of the echino... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3912446 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 17:18:52 +0100 3912446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866116&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm8018411h05t2307%2F Abstract  In recent years, substantial advances have been achieved in the treatment of mucormycosis. It is now clear that early initiation of therapy results in substantially better outcomes, underscoring the need to maintain a high index of suspicion and aggressively biopsy potential lesions. Increasing data support the need for surgical excision of infected and/or necrosed tissue whenever feasible. Based on their superior safety and efficacy, lipid formulations of amphotericin B have become the standard treatment for mucormycosis. Posaconazole may be useful as salvage therapy, but cannot be recommended as primary therapy for mucormycosis based on available data. Pre-clinical and limited retrospective clinical data suggest that combination therapy with lipid formulations o... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866116 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:44:56 +0100 3866116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3748145&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu86hj65352217x22%2F Abstract  Early diagnosis is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality from sepsis. Clinical suspicion is the first step to diagnosis, and necessitates meticulous history taking and complete clinical examination. Special attention should be paid to identifying foci of infection. Biomarkers of host response—including acute phase proteins, procalcitonin, and various cytokines—may be useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with sepsis. Rapid and reliable detection of pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns is also of utmost importance. Many new techniques have been developed to shorten the time required for pathogen detection, including nucleic acid-based technologies (eg, polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, and hybridization). The detection o... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3748145 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 06:20:25 +0100 3748145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3748146&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft17988x54t217u02%2F This article explores the possibility that the key to significant improvement in the outcome of septic shock may lie, in great part, with improvements in delivery of existing antimicrobials. Recognizing the role of delays in administration of antimicrobial therapy in the poor outcomes of septic shock is central to this effort. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0128-xAuthors Anand Kumar, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, JJ399d, Health Sciences Centre 700 William Street Winnipeg Manitoba R3A 1R9 Canada Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3748146 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 06:20:22 +0100 3748146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3748147&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa06286n04x6j2737%2F Abstract  Clostridial myonecrosis remains an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although traumatic gas gangrene can be readily diagnosed from clinical findings and widely available technologies, spontaneous gas gangrene is more insidious, and gynecologic infections due to Clostridium sordellii progress so rapidly that death often precedes diagnosis. In each case, extensive tissue destruction and the subsequent systemic manifestations are mediated directly and indirectly by potent bacterial exotoxins. The management triumvirate of timely diagnosis, thorough surgical removal of necrotic tissue, and treatment with antibiotics that inhibit toxin synthesis remains the gold standard of care. Yet, despite these measures, mortality remains 30% to 100% and su... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3748147 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 06:20:20 +0100 3748147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3748149&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F93hr3x554j574788%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0125-0Authors Jean-Louis Vincent, Université Libre de Bruxelles Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3748149 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 06:20:19 +0100 3748149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3748148&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh85079tq0hhj884q%2F This article reviews the rationale for using antiplatelet therapy in the setting of IE and the contemporary literature that investigates its use. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0115-2Authors Nandan S. Anavekar, Mayo Clinic Division of Cardiovascular Diseases 200 First Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USAJoseph G. Murphy, Mayo Clinic Division of Cardiovascular Diseases 200 First Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3748148 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 06:20:19 +0100 3748148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3741714&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy870886581r71v08%2F This article reviews the principles of diagnosis and source-control management, and their application to common infections that result in severe sepsis and septic shock. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0126-zAuthors John C. Marshall, St. Michael’s Hospital Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute 4th Floor Bond Wing, Room 4-007, 30 Bond Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3741714 Thu, 08 Jul 2010 16:22:09 +0100 3741714 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3735186&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbn232pu517v91lx2%2F Abstract  Solid evidence exists that fluid therapy must be started as a first-line treatment in all patients with septic shock as soon as hypotension is detected, with the goal of rapidly restoring tissue perfusion. Crystalloids or colloids can be used for initial fluid therapy, and albumin should be reserved for patients with patent or supposed hypoalbuminemia. Once fluid administration is started, its effect must be carefully monitored. In the early stages, appropriate monitoring should ensure that fluid resuscitation actually increases cardiac preload, mean arterial pressure, and tissue oxygenation. In later stages, monitoring should help to avoid fluid overload. For this purpose, the end-point of fluid therapy should not be the static values of preload indicators, but r... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3735186 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 17:07:08 +0100 3735186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3735185&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu814661658713873%2F Abstract  Infectious myositis is defined as an infection of a skeletal muscle. Infectious myositis is most commonly caused by bacteria; however, a variety of viral, parasitic, and fungal agents may also cause myositis. The pathogenesis of nonbacterial infectious myositis is via direct or hematogenous infection of the musculature or immune mechanisms. Symptoms typically include muscular pain, tenderness, swelling, and/or weakness. The diagnosis of the specific microbe is often suggested by the presence of concordant clinical signs and symptoms, a detailed medical and travel history, and laboratory data. For example, immunocompromised hosts have a heightened risk of fungal myositis, whereas the presence of a travel history to an endemic location and/or eosinophilia may sugges... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3735185 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 17:07:08 +0100 3735185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3735187&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F305721572q87gp43%2F Abstract  Infective endocarditis is a serious disease that carries significant morbidity and mortality. Adequate treatment is based on a high degree of clinical suspicion, accurate microbiologic diagnosis, and high-quality imaging. Echocardiography has been shown to be a fundamental tool for diagnosis and management. Currently accepted Duke criteria include blood cultures and echocardiography. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography play a critical role in the decision-making process, especially when surgical treatment is contemplated. Because infective endocarditis is considered a medical and surgical disease, and considering that the current rate of surgery is about 50%, echocardiography has definite value in preoperative diagnosis and surgical planning, intrao... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3735187 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 17:07:07 +0100 3735187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3727935&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7088018360830644%2F Abstract  Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. The management of patients is primarily based on curing the infectious process with anti-infective drugs and/or surgical drainage. Simultaneously, treatment includes optimization of oxygen use by tissues via appropriate oxygen therapy and respiratory and hemodynamic management. At best, initiating appropriate anti-infective and symptomatic treatments should lead to patient improvement within a few hours. Activated protein C and hydrocortisone are the only two available adjunct therapies for sepsis. These treatments should optimally be started within 24 hours of the onset of shock. They should be initiated in those patients who did not adequately respond after 6 hours of optimal anti-infective and symptomatic treatments... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3727935 Fri, 02 Jul 2010 19:51:38 +0100 3727935 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3708380&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6767t3r5283375l4%2F Abstract  Sepsis and its attendant complications are commonly encountered in the intensive care unit. Early recognition of sepsis is critical because it allows for rapid deployment of a multifaceted resuscitation package. The cornerstones of sepsis management are antibiotic therapy, source control, and hemodynamic resuscitation. In select patients, ancillary therapies are indicated, such as activated protein C, corticosteroids, and glycemic control. Given the complexity of sepsis management, optimal care can be delivered as a bundle—a protocol encompassing the above interventions. The evidence behind the various components of sepsis management are reviewed here. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0121-4Authors Lee M. Demertzis, Washington University ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3708380 Sat, 26 Jun 2010 16:12:01 +0100 3708380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3688854&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcpp5623575730l3j%2F Abstract  Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome is a rare complication of Staphylococcus aureus infection in which bacterial toxins act as superantigens, activating very large numbers of T cells and generating an overwhelming immune-mediated cytokine avalanche that manifests clinically as fever, rash, shock, and rapidly progressive multiple organ failure, often in young, previously healthy patients. The syndrome can occur with any site of S. aureus infection, and so clinicians of all medical specialties should have a firm grasp of the presentation and management. In this article, we review the literature on the pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of this serious condition with emphasis on recent insights into pathophysiology and on information of relevance to the ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3688854 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:09:26 +0100 3688854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3611252&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm03816214253pm44%2F Abstract  Multivalvular endocarditis accounts for 15% of all endocarditis. The mechanisms of spread of the infection differs whether endocarditis is only left-sided (involving both the mitral and aortic valves) or bilateral. In left-sided bivalvular endocarditis, it is often a secondary mitral lesion following a primary aortic endocarditis. Multivalvular endocarditis often results in severe and extensive cardiac lesions, well described at echocardiography and frequently responsible for severe heart failure. Patients often need surgery, which consists of radical debridement of all the infected tissue with reconstruction using different types of prostheses; therefore, the surgery may be very complex. The goal should be an early diagnosis of endocarditis to avoid spread of the... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3611252 Thu, 27 May 2010 16:58:12 +0100 3611252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3587414&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq3818113374013l6%2F Abstract  Despite effective antimicrobial therapy, mortality and morbidity from bacterial meningitis remain unacceptably high. Meningitis deaths occur as a consequence of intracranial and systemic complications. The neurologic and otologic sequelae reflect structural injury to brain and cochlear tissues. Over the past decade, experimental studies have demonstrated that meningitis-related vascular and cortical injury is largely caused by the massive neutrophilic inflammatory reaction, whereas hippocampal and cochlear injury is driven by both the host response and bacterial toxins. The benefit of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy proves the principle that the key to improve clinical outcome is combining antibiotics with drugs directed against pathophysiologically relevant tar... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3587414 Thu, 20 May 2010 14:03:08 +0100 3587414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3579223&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa504814846022637%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0117-0Authors Lin H. Chen, Mount Auburn Hospital 330 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge MA 02140 USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3579223 Tue, 18 May 2010 08:17:36 +0100 3579223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3579224&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F22573t61j6503463%2F Abstract  Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) due to mycobacteria is a rare but frequently fatal complication that may occur early after the surgical procedure, or even years later. Infection has been described with both mechanical and biologic valvular prosthesis. The most commonly implicated mycobacterial species belong to the rapid-grower group (M. chelonei, M. fortuitum, and M. abscessus) of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The source of infection in this context is thought to be nosocomial, likely related to preoperative or intraoperative contamination of the prosthesis by contact with aqueous solutions containing the organisms. These infections are difficult to diagnose because blood cultures are often negative. Clinically, it is important to recognize the possibilit... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3579224 Tue, 18 May 2010 08:17:35 +0100 3579224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3571323&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F312r1325623rtr6q%2F Abstract  Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Its management is characterized by the administration of initial combination antifungal therapy by following the principles of induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy with aggressive management of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). These tenets apply to patients with and without AIDS. Recent prospective trials on combination antifungal therapy, and the timing of the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), suggest amphotericin B plus flucytosine and initiation of HAART are optimal therapy for management of patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The paucity of prospective data on the management of cryptococcal meningitis in pa... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3571323 Sat, 15 May 2010 08:16:44 +0100 3571323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3565139&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2r45xx37242p0k11%2F Abstract   Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging pathogen that has been detected in the male and female reproductive tracts. It is an established cause of nongonococcal urethritis and evidence linking it to cervicitis, endometritis, and tubal factor infertility is accumulating. Whether a pathogen is sexually transmitted has important implications for clinical management because partner management strategies are an essential part of the treatment plan for sexually transmitted infections. However, mere detection in the genital tract and associations with reproductive tract disease are insufficient to conclude that an organism is sexually transmitted. Therefore, to assess whether M. genitalium is sexually transmitted, we evaluated the literature in terms of associations with es... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3565139 Thu, 13 May 2010 08:58:59 +0100 3565139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3565140&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1t336723r2322317%2F Abstract  Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease associated with high mortality. Conventional microbiologic diagnosis is based mainly on culture-dependent methods that often fail because of previous antibiotic therapy or the involvement of fastidious or slowly growing microorganisms. In recent years, molecular techniques entered the field of routine diagnostics. Amplification-based methods proved useful for detection of microorganisms in heart valve tissue. More recently, they were applied to blood samples from patients with IE. Direct detection of microorganisms in valve specimens by fluorescence in situ hybridization allowed identification of the causative agent and simultaneous visualization of complex microbial communities. These techniques will gain ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3565140 Thu, 13 May 2010 08:58:57 +0100 3565140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546267&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7310v44244165037%2F Abstract  The approach to therapy in patients with pneumococcal meningitis has changed considerably over the past 20 years. Given the emergence of pneumococcal strains that are intermediately susceptible or highly resistant to penicillin, penicillin is not recommended as empiric therapy for presumed pneumococcal meningitis; the combination of vancomycin and a third-generation cephalosporin (either cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be used, pending isolation of the organism and in vitro susceptibility testing. For patients with pneumococcal meningitis caused by highly penicillin- or cephalosporin-resistant strains, the addition of rifampin can be considered if the organism is susceptible in vitro, the expected clinical or bacteriologic response is delayed, or the pneumo... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546267 Fri, 07 May 2010 08:52:37 +0100 3546267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546268&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F740526rg47046544%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0109-0Authors Donald P. Levine, Wayne State University, University Health Center Suite 5C, 4201 St. Antoine Detroit MI 48201 USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546268 Fri, 07 May 2010 08:52:36 +0100 3546268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3544348&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc04473m5124jmh11%2F Abstract  Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in the environment and cause a wide range of diseases in humans. Pulmonary involvement, the most common disease manifestation of NTM infection, is being increasingly encountered in clinical settings. In addition, specific phenotypic and genetic characteristics of persons predisposed to contract pulmonary NTM disease are now beginning to be recognized. Prior to treatment, patients should meet clinical and microbiologic criteria for NTM disease. Treatment involves prolonged courses of antibiotics in various combination regimens that are often discontinued because of serious side effects. In some cases, complete cure of pulmonary disease is difficult to achieve. Rather, clinical improvement may be a more feasible goal.... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3544348 Thu, 06 May 2010 08:03:49 +0100 3544348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3544349&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk522622qg3355tx5%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0107-2Authors Allan R. Tunkel, Monmouth Medical Center Department of Medicine 300 Second Avenue, Room G417 Long Branch NJ 07740 USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3544349 Thu, 06 May 2010 08:03:48 +0100 3544349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516976&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh4l14g4134639640%2F Abstract  The consistency with which Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been implicated as a cause of encephalitis, and the increased incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disease observed during M. pneumoniae respiratory outbreaks, support the role of M. pneumoniae as a CNS pathogen. Three pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed: direct infection, autoimmunity, and vascular occlusion. Recent evidence demonstrating the organism’s ability to survive intracellularly, presence of its DNA in the serum of individuals with acute encephalitis, case reports in which the organism is detected in brain parenchyma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and animal data demonstrating CNS invasion by several Mycoplasma species support the contention that M. pneumoniae is capable of direct infect... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516976 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 08:31:10 +0100 3516976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516977&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq817322563411266%2F Abstract  Meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and presents particular challenges in terms of diagnosis and management. The nonspecific clinical presentation of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) has led researchers to develop newer molecular methods of making the diagnosis. Several of these methods have excellent sensitivity and specificity, although many are not yet available for clinical use. Successful treatment of TBM requires a combination of antimicrobial agents, with vigilance regarding the possibility of disease caused by resistant organisms. Adjunctive corticosteroids also have a role in treating this potentially devastating infection, as can neurosurgery. With proper therapy, morbidity and morta... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516977 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 08:31:09 +0100 3516977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3516978&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp76465201436x13n%2F Abstract  Influenza is the most frequent travel related infection preventable by universally available vaccines, but preventive measures were neglected until recently. Since the spread of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, various public health measures have been promoted first to contain, then to mitigate, the pandemic. Some of these measures contradicted recommendations issued by the World Health Organization and were of questionable efficacy. However, travelers may benefit from targeted recommendations on influenza risk reduction (eg, by social distancing or immunization). These recommendations are particularly indicated for those with an increased personal risk profile and for those likely to be exposed to influenza patients. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-01... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3516978 Wed, 28 Apr 2010 08:31:08 +0100 3516978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3502257&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F147g0mq372833775%2F Abstract  Epidemics of encephalitis occurring throughout much of Asia are caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus maintained in a zoonotic cycle and transmitted by the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Resident populations, including short–or long-term visitors to enzootic regions, are at risk for Japanese encephalitis (JE) infection and disease. For the past several decades, effective killed viral vaccines prepared in tissue culture or mouse brain have been used to immunize travelers and residents of affected countries. Cost, efficacy, and safety concerns led to the development of a single-dose live attenuated virus vaccine (SA14-14-2) and more recently, to the licensure in the United States, Europe, and Australia of a purified inactivated, tissue cultu... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3502257 Thu, 22 Apr 2010 09:28:52 +0100 3502257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3430909&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft151441211632550%2F Abstract  Dermatoses are one of the three most common presenting health care problems in returning travelers. The spectrum of travel-related dermatoses is broad, and includes tropical, cosmopolitan, and environmental skin diseases. Bacterial infections are the main cause of skin consultations in returning travelers. Most of these infections are not specific to the tropics and are the consequences of arthropod bites. Conversely, tropical skin infections are less commonly observed. Knowledge of imported dermatoses among Western physicians is limited, even though it is becoming increasingly important that doctors be able to recognize and differentiate between the diverse varieties of diseases. This review highlights the most recent developments regarding dermatologic presentati... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3430909 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 05:56:50 +0100 3430909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3430908&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb487578874373084%2F Abstract  As drug-resistant falciparum malaria has continued to evolve and spread worldwide, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) have become the centerpiece of global malaria control over the past decade. This review discusses how advances in antimalarial drug resistance monitoring and rational use of the array of ACTs now available can maximize the impact of this highly efficacious therapy, even as resistance to artemisinins is emerging in Southeast Asia. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0099-yAuthors Jessica T. Lin, University of North Carolina School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Chapel Hill NC 27514 USAJonathan J. Juliano, University of North Carolina Center for Infectious Diseases 130 Mason Farm Rd, CB#7030 Chapel Hill NC 2... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3430908 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 05:56:50 +0100 3430908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3422431&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa2qp854136434351%2F Abstract  Vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons for medical healthcare visits in the United States and Western Europe. These diseases are also significantly associated with HIV acquisition in resource-constrained settings throughout the world. However, despite ample opportunity to improve diagnosis, and therefore management, of vaginitis and vaginosis, the healthcare community continues to rely on diagnostic methods with poor performance characteristics. This state of affairs results in part from the lack of a public health mandate to reduce the burden of these infections in women. Without such a mandate, there is a lack of funding for reimbursement for more sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. Sensitive assays do exist for these infections, and their u... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3422431 Mon, 29 Mar 2010 17:15:19 +0100 3422431 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3422430&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F37758q032v447200%2F Abstract  Dengue virus is the most widespread geographically of the arboviruses and a major public health threat in the tropics and subtropics. Scientific advances in recent years have provided new insights about the pathogenesis of more severe disease and novel approaches into the development of antiviral compounds and dengue vaccines. Phylogenetic studies show an association between specific subtypes (within serotypes) and severity of dengue. The lack of association between maternal antibodies and development of severe dengue in infants in a recent study has called for the rethinking or refinement of the current antibody-dependent enhancement theory of dengue hemorrhagic syndrome in infancy. Such studies should stimulate new directions of research into mechanisms responsi... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3422430 Mon, 29 Mar 2010 17:15:19 +0100 3422430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3417832&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F94168mh3310712gk%2F Abstract  Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB), or TB caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, represents a major threat to global TB control. Comprising more than 5% of all TB cases annually worldwide, these cases require treatment duration of 2 years on average with expensive and toxic second-line anti-TB drugs. Cure rates are far lower and mortality far higher than for drug-susceptible TB, particularly if patients are coinfected with HIV. Use of rapid diagnostic tools and assessment of risk factors for MDR TB, as well as rapid initiation of MDR TB treatment as recommended by the World Health Organization, including use of appropriate empiric regimens as necessary, is essential to achieving good outcomes fr... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3417832 Sun, 28 Mar 2010 05:54:04 +0100 3417832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3409635&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq9h2335426j47215%2F Abstract  The human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the oncogenic virus associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and lymphoproliferative disorders, namely, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. KS is among the most common malignancies seen in HIV-infected patients despite the decreased incidence of KS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Advances in molecular pathology reveal HHV-8 tumorigenesis is mediated through molecular mimicry wherein viral-encoded proteins can activate several cellular signaling cascades while evading immune surveillance. This knowledge has led to the evolution of multiple therapeutic strategies against specific molecular targets. Many such therapeutic modalities have shown activity, but none have proven to be curati... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3409635 Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:09:21 +0100 3409635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3405835&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq0748204283v1m48%2F Abstract   Aspergillus is a chronic colonizer as well as a nidus of infection in the sinuses and ears. In the sinuses, the severity of the disease is classified by the invasiveness of the infection. Invasive fungal sinusitis varies in its presentation based upon the infective organism and shows reduced morbidity if identified early, which requires a high index of suspicion. Allergic fungal sinusitis was recently further classified using a radiologic staging system and was proven to have symptomatic improvement with the concomitant use of surgery and immunotherapy. Finally, fungal ball appears to be a chronic problem that is usually cured with surgery. Aspergillus in the ear is a relatively common problem often related to prolonged antibiotic use and almost always successful... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3405835 Wed, 24 Mar 2010 17:59:58 +0100 3405835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3400874&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw22960u83105v573%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0093-4Authors David Bobak, University Hospital-Case Medical Center Division of Infectious Diseases, Case School of Medicine 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3400874 Tue, 23 Mar 2010 18:08:30 +0100 3400874 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3400875&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl4k0384717273w17%2F Abstract  The number of cases of symptomatic coccidioidomycosis reported in the endemic regions of California and Arizona has increased over the past two decades. In California, the southern San Joaquin Valley has seen a dramatic increase, with rates of symptomatic illness of more than 150 per 100,000 of population in Kern County. In Arizona, almost 5,000 cases are now reported yearly. In contrast to California, the coccidioidal endemic region in Arizona is also the most populous region of the state, and Arizona now accounts for 60% of all cases reported in the United States. Reasons for these increases appear to be multifactorial. Possible etiologies include climate change, changes in local exposure, an increase in the number of individuals susceptible to infection living ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3400875 Tue, 23 Mar 2010 18:08:28 +0100 3400875 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3392305&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F842q537055625588%2F Abstract  Influenza pandemics are complex events that have occurred frequently throughout human history, three during the past century alone. Now the world is facing the first 21st century pandemic, and the comparison among them is essential to identify common epidemiologic patterns, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. The evolution of medicine, including diagnostic and treatment options, the critical care advances, and global responses are new interventions that could modify the general outcome of the pandemic. Learning from past and current events could lead to a plan for prompt and efficient response in future pandemics and may be help us to predict the unpredictable. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0097-0Authors Guillermo Domínguez-Cherit, ... Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3392305 Sun, 21 Mar 2010 05:50:37 +0100 3392305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3386418&cid=s_35939_20_f&fid=35939&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7j1n4j00074n76g8%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11908-010-0086-3Authors David Bobak, University Hospital-Case Medical Center Division of Infectious Diseases, Case School of Medicine 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA Journal Current Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports) Current Infectious Disease Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3386418 Thu, 18 Mar 2010 18:32:42 +0100 3386418