MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports' source. Fri, 19 Mar 2010 17:57:59 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3382555&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7684v435q5213j48%2F Abstract  The optimal management of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) is controversial. The controversy largely stems from the lack of well-designed clinical trials with adequate follow-up to account for the relatively long progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with LGG. Nonetheless, the literature increasingly suggests that expectant management is no longer optimal. Rather, there is mounting evidence supporting active management including consideration of surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, molecular and histopathologic characterization, and use of modern imaging techniques for monitoring and prognostication. In particular, there is growing evidence favoring extensive surgical resection and increasing interest in the role of chemotherapy ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3382555 Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:51:58 +0100 3382555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3382556&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx6p453640765r50h%2F Abstract  Inhibitory and excitatory synapses play a fundamental role in information processing in the brain. Excitatory synapses usually are situated on dendritic spines, small membrane protrusions that harbor glutamate receptors and postsynaptic density components and help transmit electrical signals. In recent years, it has become evident that spine morphology is intimately linked to synapse function—smaller spines have smaller synapses and support reduced synaptic transmission. The relationship between synaptic signaling, spine shape, and brain function is never more apparent than when the brain becomes dysfunctional. Many psychiatric and neurologic disorders, ranging from mental retardation and autism to Alzheimer’s disease and addiction, are accompanied by alterati... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3382556 Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:51:57 +0100 3382556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3363602&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F166l050374401174%2F Abstract  Stroke rehabilitation is evolving into a clinical field based on the neuroscience of recovery and restoration. There has been substantial growth in the number and quality of clinical trials performed. Much effort now is directed toward motor restoration and is being led by trials of constraint-induced movement therapy. Although the results do not necessarily support that constraint-induced movement therapy is superior to other training methods, this treatment has become an important vehicle for developing clinical trial methods and studying the physiology underlying activity-based rehabilitation strategies. Other promising interventions include robotic therapy delivery, magnetic and electrical cortical stimulation, visualization, and constraint-driven aphasia ther... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3363602 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 06:51:34 +0100 3363602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362298&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0261r86246100018%2F Abstract  Brain tumors are the most common childhood solid malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Medulloblastoma, ependymoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and pilocytic astrocytoma are the most prevalent types, all of which are clinically, histologically, and genetically heterogeneous. Despite an incomplete molecular understanding of these tumors, we have made significant headway in the past 5 years in identifying and classifying important genetic alterations and pathways central to the disease process. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge, emphasizes recent seminal findings in the field, and proposes future research efforts needed to further characterize the genetic basis of pediatric brain tumors. ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362298 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 18:26:48 +0100 3362298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362299&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1u0j0g61q8822m2u%2F Abstract  Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders that typically present at birth or in early infancy with hypotonia, weakness, and histologic evidence of a dystrophic myopathy. CMD biochemical types include various abnormalities of α-dystroglycan O-mannosyl glycosylation as well as defects in integrin matrix receptors, the extracellular matrix proteins laminin-α2 and collagen VI, nuclear proteins such as lamin A/C, and a protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, selenoprotein N. Current therapies are directed mostly at supportive care; however, recent advances in biotechnology and increased knowledge of the pathophysiology underlying the various CMD types have helped identify potential therapeutic s... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362299 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 02:37:04 +0100 3362299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362300&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnn02m48424255x4g%2F Abstract  Viral infections of the pediatric central nervous system (CNS) encompass a broad spectrum of both perinatally and postnatally acquired diseases with potentially devastating effects on the developing brain. In children, viral infections have been associated with chronic encephalopathy, encephalitis, demyelinating disease, tumors, and epilepsy. Older diagnostic techniques of biopsy, viral culture, electron microscopy, gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral titer quantification are being replaced with more rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time and microarray-based PCR technologies. Advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided for earlier recognition of CNS injury without elucidation of specific viral etiology. Although the mainstay therapy of ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362300 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 02:24:10 +0100 3362300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358720&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1u3r62001t697v70%2F Abstract  Skin biopsy for epidermal nerve fiber analysis provides an important objective test for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy, particularly small fiber sensory neuropathy (SFSN). The determination of epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD) is reliable, with high diagnostic specificity and good sensitivity. Because of false negatives, biopsy results must be interpreted in conjunction with neurologic findings and laboratory results, including objective tests of sensory and autonomic function. SFSN most commonly is length dependent and is idiopathic in about half the patients. Biopsy of a proximal site (thigh) and a distal site (calf) typically shows greater abnormality of ENFD distally than proximally. More severe abnormality of ENFD in the thigh than in the calf rais... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358720 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 15:32:06 +0100 3358720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338098&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk15x5441206kt325%2F Abstract  Brain hemorrhage is the most fatal form of stroke and has the highest morbidity of any stroke subtype. Intraventricular extension of hemorrhage (IVH) is a particularly poor prognostic sign, with expected mortality between 50% and 80%. IVH is a significant and independent contributor to morbidity and mortality, yet therapy directed at ameliorating intraventricular clot has been limited. Conventional therapy centers on managing hypertension and intracranial pressure while correcting coagulopathy and avoiding complications such as rebleeding and hydrocephalus. Surgical therapy alone has not changed the natural history of the disease significantly. However, fibrinolysis in combination with extraventricular drainage shows promise as a technique to reduce intraventricul... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338098 Wed, 03 Mar 2010 08:07:54 +0100 3338098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3331105&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fht7873p72212j3p7%2F Abstract  Diabetes is the leading cause of peripheral neuropathy globally. Duration of diabetes, glycemic control, and preexisting cardiovascular risk factors independently correlate with the development and progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy as well as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy remains unclear, although insulin resistance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal glucose metabolism, advanced glycation end products, neurotrophic factors, and protein kinase C activation all may play a role. Strict glycemic control remains the only available treatment option, although other treatments are in development. Multiple options are available for symptom management. In this article, we review factors associated... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3331105 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:07:51 +0100 3331105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3316033&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnh7ll4q62560q146%2F Abstract  Migraine is a common, chronic–intermittent primary headache disorder affecting mostly women. The migraine pathophysiology involves both the neuronal and vascular systems, and in some patients, transient neurologic symptoms occur, which are known as migraine aura. A large body of literature supports an association between migraine and ischemic stroke, which is apparent mostly in young women with migraine with aura. Further increased risks have been observed particularly in smokers and women who use oral contraceptives. The vast majority of individual studies, as well as a recent meta-analysis, did not find an association between migraine without aura and ischemic stroke. Although there are several hypotheses about potential biological mechanisms linking migraine ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3316033 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 09:44:19 +0100 3316033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3316034&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6h860713x58m8573%2F This article briefly reviews general clinical aspects of metabolic myopathies and highlights approaches to diagnosing the relatively more frequent subtypes (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Clinical algorithm for patients with exercise intolerance in whom a metabolic myopathy is suspected. CK—creatine kinase; COX—cytochrome c oxidase; CPT—carnitine palmitoyl transferase; cyt b—cytochrome b; mtDNA—mitochondrial DNA; nDNA—nuclear DNA; PFK—phosphofructokinase; PGAM—phosphoglycerate mutase; PGK—phosphoglycerate kinase; PPL—myophosphorylase; RRF—ragged red fibers; TFP—trifunctional protein deficiency; VLCAD—very long-chain acyl–coenzyme A dehydrogenase Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0096-4Authors Andres Berardo, Columbia Univer... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3316034 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 09:44:18 +0100 3316034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3316035&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy5542100614pg337%2F Abstract  Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common and often fatal neurodegenerative disease that primarily afflicts infants and young children. SMA is caused by abnormally low levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein resulting from a combination of recessively inherited mutations in the SMN1 gene and the presence of an almost identical but partially functional copy gene, SMN2. Absence of the uniquely human SMN2 gene in SMA patients has never been reported because the SMN protein is indispensable for cell survival. Modeling SMA in animals therefore poses a challenge. This review describes the different strategies used to overcome this hurdle and model SMA in mice. We highlight new and emerging insights regarding SMA gained by studying the mice and illustrate how the... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3316035 Thu, 25 Feb 2010 17:58:50 +0100 3316035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3314518&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm2u332x5p6578m58%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0090-xAuthors Michio Hirano, Columbia University Medical Center 630 West 168th Street, P&S 4-423 New York NY 10032 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3314518 Thu, 25 Feb 2010 08:02:34 +0100 3314518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3311424&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F712t745047418u06%2F Abstract  New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a form of chronic daily headache (CDH) that may have features of both migraine and tension-type headache. In contrast with other types of CDH, NDPH is characterized by patients recalling the specific date their unremitting daily headache began. In comparison, chronic tension-type headache and chronic migraine are preceded by a gradually increasing frequency of headache. After several months, all three of these CDH forms often have a similar phenotype, making early history a key to diagnosing NDPH. Evaluations to exclude secondary causes are necessary but usually negative. NDPH is difficult to treat and requires a multimodal approach. Questions regarding NDPH remain unanswered. Additional prospective studies are necessary to ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3311424 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 06:55:48 +0100 3311424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3311423&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp06775u12k524647%2F Abstract  Chronic migraine (CM) is the leading cause of chronic daily headache, a common and debilitating headache syndrome. The management of CM patients is challenging, with only limited benefit from available oral preventive medications. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used extensively to treat disorders associated with increased muscle tone. More recent scientific data support an analgesic effect of the toxin. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of BoNT make it an appealing candidate for migraine prevention. Results from older clinical trials on the efficacy of the toxin in CM were inconclusive. However, recent trials using more stringent inclusion criteria have shown positive results, supporting the use of the toxin in some patients with this disorder... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3311423 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 06:55:48 +0100 3311423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3311422&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp641150831204816%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0089-3Authors Michael Thorpy, Montefiore Medical Center Sleep-Wake Disorders Center 11 East 210th Street Bronx NY 10467 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3311422 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 06:55:48 +0100 3311422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3197448&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0476388664235075%2F Abstract  Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which the only approved treatment in the acute setting is intravenous thrombolysis. The efficacy and safety of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) have been firmly established within 3 h of symptom onset; however, few patients are eligible for treatment in this time window. Expanding the time for treatment has been challenging, but new evidence has demonstrated a modest statistical improvement in selected patients when rt-PA is administered within 4.5 h. This important finding hopefully will enable more patients to receive treatment and simultaneously provides an opportunity to reaffirm that the benefits of rt-PA diminish with time. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s119... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3197448 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 06:46:11 +0100 3197448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3193583&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F70542783mv7w76k1%2F Abstract  As a growing number of therapeutic treatment options for acute stroke are being introduced, multimodal acute neuroimaging is assuming a growing role in the initial evaluation and management of patients. Multimodal neuroimaging, using either a CT or MRI approach, can identify the type, location, and severity of the lesion (ischemia or hemorrhage); the status of the cerebral vasculature; the status of cerebral perfusion; and the existence and extent of the ischemic penumbra. Both acute and long-term treatment decisions for stroke patients can then be optimally guided by this information. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0075-9Authors Chelsea S. Kidwell, Georgetown University Medical Center 4000 Reservoir Road, Northwest, Building D, Suite 150 Wa... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3193583 Mon, 18 Jan 2010 18:25:19 +0100 3193583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3178654&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq82q8m0056g86866%2F Abstract  Sleepiness has long been recognized as a presenting symptom in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, but persistent neurocognitive injury from sleep apnea has been appreciated only recently. Although therapy for sleep apnea markedly improves daytime symptoms, cognitive impairments may persist despite long-term therapy with continuous positive airway pressure. We know now that certain groups of neurons, typically those that are more metabolically active, are more vulnerable to injury than others. Animal models of sleep apnea oxygenation patterns have been instrumental in elucidating mechanisms of injury. The hypoxia/reoxygenation events result in oxidative, inflammatory, and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in susceptible neural groups. With molecular pathways be... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3178654 Wed, 13 Jan 2010 06:47:32 +0100 3178654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171690&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2q83p5775qx32572%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0081-yAuthors Matthew Vibbert, Columbia University Medical Center Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Neurological Institute Milstein Hospital Building, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, MHB-8-300 Center New York NY 10032 USAStephan A. Mayer, Columbia University Medical Center Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Neurological Institute Milstein Hospital Building, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, MHB-8-300 Center New York NY 10032 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171690 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 06:48:03 +0100 3171690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171691&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fdvu5675620q56t53%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0083-9Authors Ivan Garza, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Department of Neurology 200 First Street Southwest Rochester MN 55905 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171691 Mon, 11 Jan 2010 18:25:05 +0100 3171691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171692&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3673480m3439g774%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0084-8Authors Roger J. Packer, Children’s National Medical Center Department of Neurology 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest Washington DC 20010 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171692 Sun, 10 Jan 2010 06:54:03 +0100 3171692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171693&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft077k04vj16p5227%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0073-yAuthors Michael Thorpy, Montefiore Medical Center Sleep-Wake Disorders Center 11 East 210th Street Bronx NY 10467 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171693 Sun, 10 Jan 2010 06:54:00 +0100 3171693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171694&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj571106686286503%2F This article highlights important theoretical aspects of etiologic stroke classification and reviews major etiologic classification systems that have benefited from recent advances in etiologic stroke evaluation. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0074-xAuthors Hakan Ay, Harvard Medical School Stroke Service and A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital 149 13th Street, Room 2301 Charlestown MA 02129 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171694 Sun, 10 Jan 2010 06:53:56 +0100 3171694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163611&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft4m277015742j467%2F Abstract  Nocturnal leg cramps are a frequent cause of sleep disturbance among the general population, especially among the elderly. These painful episodes can delay sleep onset and awaken the patient from sleep, as well as delay subsequent return to sleep. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Although most cases of leg cramps are idiopathic, multiple secondary causes of sleep-related leg cramps have been identified as well. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors and discuss the salient features of the diagnosis and workup. Finally, we review the wide array of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments that have been studied for nocturnal leg cramps. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0079... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163611 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:16:27 +0100 3163611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163610&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F35qqt6x2l148mt31%2F This article reviews the background of fMRI in pediatrics and highlights the most recent literature and clinical applications. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0077-7Authors Emily R. Freilich, Children’s National Medical Center Department of Neurosciences 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest Washington DC 20010 USAWilliam D. Gaillard, Children’s National Medical Center Department of Neurosciences 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest Washington DC 20010 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163610 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:16:27 +0100 3163610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163612&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F46nx2142446l6874%2F Abstract  Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes nearly 10% of all ischemic strokes. Long-term oral anticoagulation with warfarin currently is the best treatment for preventing stroke in patients with AF and other stroke risk factors. However, many eligible patients do not receive warfarin, and some patients with AF are unsuitable for this treatment. Recent clinical trials have tested alternatives to long-term warfarin, and some new treatment options have emerged. Nonpharmacologic approaches to stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation also are under development. In addition, new diagnostic modalities may detect paroxysmal AF with more sensitivity, potentially expanding the population to be treated and the potential impact of stroke preventive strategies on the population. This rev... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163612 Thu, 07 Jan 2010 22:26:14 +0100 3163612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3156343&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg587917416575170%2F Abstract  Seizures in the general population may occur for a variety of reasons, including vascular, infectious, autoimmune, genetic, and traumatic causes. In the cancer population, seizures arise mainly as a result of an infiltrative neoplastic process in the brain. However, seizures as a result of cancer treatment, metabolic causes, or paraneoplastic diseases may occur in patients with systemic cancer, even in the absence of a cerebral lesion. The etiology of seizures in brain tumor patients includes primary cerebral neoplasms and metastatic brain lesions. The treatment for seizures in this population is multifaceted and involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and antiepileptic drugs. All treatments have potential adverse effects, especially when combined. The treatmen... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3156343 Wed, 06 Jan 2010 18:09:20 +0100 3156343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3156344&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbx852863284681p0%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0082-xAuthors Harold P. Adams, University of Iowa Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Stroke Center 200 Hawkings Drive Iowa City IA 52242 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3156344 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 17:02:54 +0100 3156344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898621&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F358g974404305130%2F Abstract  Neurogenic stunned myocardium may be defined as myocardial injury and dysfunction occurring after diverse types of acute brain injury as a result of imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. The spectrum of observed cardiac abnormalities includes electrocardiographic changes, arrhythmia, myocardial necrosis, release of B-type natriuretic peptide, and both systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. These are reversible abnormalities, and although management should include careful cardiac monitoring, treatments should generally focus on the underlying neurologic process to maximize neurologic recovery. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0071-0Authors Hoang NguyenJonathan G. Zaroff, Kaiser San Francisco Medical Center Cardiology Dep... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898621 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:12 +0100 2898621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898622&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft785p1v4h027751g%2F Abstract  Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurologic disorders that affect humans and animals and for which there is no available therapy. The basic pathogenic mechanism is linked to posttranslational changes of the host cellular prion protein (PrPc) into a pathologic conformer (PrPTSE) that has a strong tendency to aggregate and form amyloid fibrils. In humans, the most common form of the disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), which equally affects females and males of all ages and all ethnic groups. Sporadic CJD has an overall mortality rate of approximately one to two cases per million people per year, with peak incidence in individuals 60 to 70 years old. Approximately 10% to 20% of CJD cases appear within families and are linked to point or insert mutat... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898622 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:11 +0100 2898622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898623&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F228x200h42v1tk52%2F This article highlights the latest findings regarding the cognitive-behavioral syndromes of neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia that occur following right hemisphere stroke. We review papers published in the past 2 years pertaining to neurophysiology, assessment, and intervention for these two syndromes. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0068-8Authors Kathleen Kortte, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 600 North Wolfe Street, Phipps 174 Baltimore MD 21205 USAArgye E. Hillis Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898623 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:09 +0100 2898623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898624&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr6t10jn2t6140527%2F Abstract  Although intracranial hypertension may arise from diverse pathology, several basic principles remain paramount to understanding its dynamics; however, the management of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) may be very complex. Initial management of common ICP exacerbants is important, such as addressing venous outflow obstruction with upright midline head positioning and treating agitation and pain with sedation and analgesia. Surgical decompression of mass effect may rapidly improve ICP elevation, but the impact on outcome is unclear. Considerable effort has been put forth to understand the roles of multimodal intensive care monitoring, osmolar therapy, cerebral metabolic suppression, and temperature augmentation in the advanced management of elevated ICP. Establ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898624 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:08 +0100 2898624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898625&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqx4h2462h0761p18%2F We present language results from our rTMS studies as well as imaging results from overt naming functional MRI scans obtained before and after a series of rTMS treatments. Part 3 presents results from a pilot study in which rTMS treatments were followed immediately by constraint-induced language therapy. Part 4 reviews our diffusion tensor imaging study examining the possible connectivity of the arcuate fasciculus to different parts of Broca’s area (pars triangularis, pars opercularis) and to the ventral premotor cortex. The potential role of mirror neurons in the right pars opercularis and ventral premotor cortex in aphasia recovery is discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0067-9Authors Paula I. Martin, VA Boston Healthcare System Aphasia Research Center... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898625 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:07 +0100 2898625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898627&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0n3u1417871mg21w%2F Abstract  In this review, we discuss the basic mechanisms of neural regeneration and repair and attempt to correlate findings from animal models of stroke recovery with clinical trials for aphasia. Several randomized controlled clinical trials involving manipulation of different neurotransmitter systems, including noradrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic systems, have shown signals of efficacy. Biological approaches such as anti-Nogo and cell replacement therapy have shown efficacy in preclinical models but have yet to reach proof of concept in the clinic. Finally, noninvasive cortical stimulation techniques have been used in a few small trials and have shown promising results. It appears that the efficacy of all these platforms can be potentiated through... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898627 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:06 +0100 2898627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898626&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg44r77553lk617m6%2F Abstract  Vascular dementia is a common cause of late-life cognitive decline. Vascular risk factors, transient is chemic attacks, silent and clinically evident strokes, and ischemic changes on brain imaging studies are all associated with the development of dementia. Prevention of vascular dementia involves treatment of risk factors and the same preventive measures used to avoid heart attacks and strokes. Other treatments for vascular dementia, although promising, remain unproved. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0065-yAuthors Howard S. Kirshner, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Neurology A-0118 Vanderbilt Medical Center North Nashville TN 37232 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898626 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:06 +0100 2898626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898629&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff70231j08002755v%2F Abstract  Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes acute viral exanthema in childhood, becomes latent, and can reactivate years later to produce neurologic disease. Primary VZV infection is associated with acute cerebellitis and stroke, particularly in childhood. VZV reactivation may result in neuropathy, myelitis, stroke, and encephalitis, the latter two syndromes the result of small and large vessel vasculopathy. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical to minimize morbidity in herpes zoster as well as morbidity and death in VZV vasculitis and encephalitis. Detection of anti-VZV antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid is the most sensitive method of diagnosing varicella infection of the nervous system. Despite the advent of the VZV vaccine, varicella remains a significant cause o... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898629 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:05 +0100 2898629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898628&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp2v5012778886777%2F Abstract  Status epilepticus (SE) still results in significant mortality and morbidity. Whereas mortality depends mainly on the age of the patient as well as etiology, morbidity often results from a myriad of complications that occur during prolonged admission to an intensive care environment. Although SE is a clinical diagnosis in most cases (convulsant), its treatment requires support by continuous electroencephalographic recording to ensure cessation of potential nonconvulsive elements of SE. Treatment must be initiated as early as possible and consists of benzodiazepine administration and supportive measures for the airway and circulation. These initial interventions are followed by effective intravenous antiepileptic drugs. If the SE becomes refractory, more complex in... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898628 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:05 +0100 2898628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898630&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx7878735g73j2620%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0072-zAuthors Burk Jubelt, Department of Neurology at SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898630 Tue, 13 Oct 2009 10:45:04 +0100 2898630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662385&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F24870600q887pg86%2F Abstract  TAR DNA-binding protein of about 43 kDa (TDP-43) is the main ubiquitinated peptide in tau-negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). TDP-43 is typically a nuclear protein, and its aggregation and cytoplasmic translocation are thought to represent major steps in the pathogenesis of FTLD due to TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP). Certain clinical syndromes of frontotemporal dementia are preferentially associated with pathologic findings of FTLD-TDP, and TDP-43 pathology represents the connection between FTLD-TDP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent advances in clinical, genetic, and pathologic studies of FTLD-TDP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have shed light on the potentially pathogenic role of TDP-43 and identified TDP-43 itself as a candidate biomar... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662385 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:54 +0100 2662385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662386&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh2k2657344877208%2F This article aims to bring together the historically disparate opinions on the origins of these syndromes as either a purely peripheral nervous system or central nervous system dysfunction, highlight the clinical neuro-ophthalmologic signs, discuss some of the biology of the anti-GQ1b antibody, and review imaging abnormalities and treatment of this fascinating disorder. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0055-0Authors Robert F. Saul, University of Mississippi Medical Center Department of Neurology 2500 North State Street Jackson MS 39216 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Rep... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662386 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:53 +0100 2662386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662387&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F11u1625u70541176%2F This article discusses recent data on treatment strategies targeting amyloid and tau pathology. Novel therapeutic strategies such as inhibitors of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), potential mitochondrial modification with Dimebon, anti-inflammatory approaches, and cholesterol-lowering agents are also reviewed. An update on results from pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic prevention trials is provided. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0054-1Authors Judith NeugroschlMary Sano, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center 130 Kingsbridge Road, Room 1F01 Bronx NY 10468 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 5 / September... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662387 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:52 +0100 2662387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662390&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F07115643n1377756%2F Abstract  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system, affecting more than 2 million people worldwide. Traditionally considered an inflammatory demyelinating disease, recent evidence now points to axonal degeneration as crucial to the development of irreversible disability. Studies show that axonal degeneration occurs throughout the entire course of MS. Although the specific mechanisms causing axonal damage may differ at various stages, mitochondrial failure seems to be a common underlying theme. This review addresses the mitochondrial hypothesis for axonal degeneration in MS, highlighting the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction leads to axonal disruption in acute inflammatory lesions and the chronic axonopathy in progressive MS. Emp... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662390 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:51 +0100 2662390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662389&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F028184gg204vr351%2F This article reviews recent literature on some causes of ptosis and other lid conditions. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0057-yAuthors Gregory S. Kosmorsky, Cole Eye Institute Cleveland Clinic 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mail Code I-30 Cleveland OH 44195 USAAlyssa Fiddler Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662389 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:51 +0100 2662389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662388&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqv37535m524u5630%2F Abstract  Recent seroepidemiologic and pathologic evidence suggests that prior infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be necessary for the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). EBV infects more than 90% of all humans, most of whom remain healthy. In contrast, 99% of MS patients have evidence of prior infection with EBV. EBV infects resting B lymphocytes, immortalizing them into long-lived memory B cells that survive largely undetected by the immune system in the peripheral circulation. MS patients show elevated titers to EBV years before developing any neurologic symptoms. Postmortem pathologic analysis of brains of patients with MS has revealed diffuse EBV-associated B-cell dysregulation in all forms of MS. Theories of pathogenesis of EBV in MS include antigenic mim... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662388 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:51 +0100 2662388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662391&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp27711978h7un234%2F Abstract  Gray matter demyelination is frequent and extensive in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has recently received much attention in neuropathologic and imaging studies. Gray matter lesions show distinct pathologic features that make their detection difficult with conventional imaging techniques. Thus, despite their high prevalence, their impact on clinical symptoms has not been defined well so far. This review focuses on recent information from pathologic and imaging studies and summarizes our current knowledge on cortical pathology derived from human and experimental studies. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0058-xAuthors Christiane WegnerChristine Stadelmann, University Medical Centre Institute of Neuropathology Robert-Koch-Str. 40... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662391 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:50 +0100 2662391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662392&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F78v2248783349764%2F We report on the current state of in vivo amyloid imaging. Although this technique is less than a decade old, a wealth of information is emerging as the initial clinical studies are being reported. Imaging of patients with Alzheimer’s disease has allowed quantitative exploration of the natural history of amyloid deposition and its relationship to neurodegeneration. Amyloid imaging also shows significant promise in the differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or atypical dementias. However, amyloid detection may be of greatest utility in healthy elderly persons; consistent with prior autopsy studies, a significant proportion of asymptomatic individuals display increased levels of amyloid by in vivo imaging. Understanding the relationship between this pathology and future ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662392 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:48 +0100 2662392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662394&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe51r0425006k7257%2F Abstract  First described in 1727, Horner syndrome occurs from injury to one of the three neurons in the oculo-sympathetic pathway. Its presence can be confirmed with pharmacologic testing, traditionally including cocaine testing with hydroxyamphetamine localization. More recently, apraclonidine testing has become a viable alternative in some practices. Concern has been raised regarding the possibility of false-negative results with apraclonidine testing as well as the safety of its use in young children. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0056-zAuthors Mansoor MughalReid Longmuir, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences 200 Hawkins Drive Iowa City IA 52242 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuros... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662394 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:47 +0100 2662394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662393&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn210u457878328vt%2F Abstract  Although most dementias are due to neurodegenerative or vascular disease, it is important to diagnose immunologically mediated dementias quickly because they can be both rapidly progressive and readily treatable. They usually affect function of limbic and cortical structures, but subcortical involvement can also occur. Because of the variety of symptoms and the rapid course, these dementias present a particular challenge to the clinician and may require evaluation and intervention in the inpatient setting. Diagnostic workup typically reveals evidence of an autoimmune process and, in some cases, cancer. In contrast to the neurodegenerative processes, many of the immunologically mediated dementias respond to immunomodulatory therapy. Content Type Journal ArticleDO... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662393 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:47 +0100 2662393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662395&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fmk10n12630g72g21%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0062-1Authors Dennis Bourdette, Oregon Health & Science University Department of Neurology Portland OR USAVijayshree Yadav, Oregon Health & Science University Department of Neurology Portland OR USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662395 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:45 +0100 2662395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2662396&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd6462635w0042786%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0061-2Authors James Corbett, University of Mississippi Medical Center Department of Neurology Jackson MS USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2662396 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 18:13:44 +0100 2662396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508371&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F46830643253633wx%2F Abstract  The possibility of using stem cells to treat Parkinson’s disease has excited physicians and patients alike. However, after many encouraging open-label studies of fetal cell transplantation for Parkinson’s disease, three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies found no net benefit. In addition, patients in two of the studies developed dyskinesias that persisted despite reductions in medication. To realize the promise of stem cells, research has been undertaken to understand and overcome the dual problems of unpredictable benefit and troublesome dyskinesias after dopaminergic cell transplantation. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0044-3Authors Paul Greene, Columbia University Medical Center Department of Neurology 710 West 168th... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508371 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:36 +0100 2508371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508374&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2g03672ht170ug24%2F This article reviews current regulatory requirements and pharmacokinetic, biopharmaceutical, and clinical outcome issues that clinicians, pharmacists, and policymakers should consider regarding generic substitution of these complicated agents. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0050-5Authors Barry E. Gidal, University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy and Department of Neurology 777 Highland Avenue Madison WI 53705 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508374 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:34 +0100 2508374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508373&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftq706jnp5mp31506%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0038-1Authors John C. MorganKapil D. Sethi Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508373 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:34 +0100 2508373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508372&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3966080601382487%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0040-7Authors Carl W. Bazil Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508372 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:34 +0100 2508372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508376&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9046372j4nu82081%2F Abstract  Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes (NPSs) result from damage to the nervous system due to the remote effects of cancer not related to metastasis, infection, or metabolic derangements. NPSs are rare, affecting 1 in 10,000 patients with cancer. Pathogenesis is likely related to the immune mechanisms: normal neural tissue is mistakenly attacked due to the similarity in the onconeural antigens expressed by the tumor cells. Among the various “classic” and other NPSs, this review focuses on paraneoplastic movement disorders, including ataxia due to cerebellar degeneration, stiffperson syndrome, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, chorea, parkinsonism, and tremor. The recently described syndrome of paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is also inc... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508376 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:33 +0100 2508376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508375&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhq717370661353k0%2F Abstract  Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in people with epilepsy, but it remains underrecognized and undertreated. In addition to its negative impact on quality of life, depressive disorders are predictive of a worse response to pharmacologic and surgical treatment of seizure disorders. This phenomenon is probably an expression of a bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and depression, which in turn is indicative of common pathogenic mechanisms that are operant in the two conditions. The abnormal role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is one of the common pathogenic mechanisms that explains why patients with depression are at greater risk for developing epilepsy and vice versa. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0046-1... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508375 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:33 +0100 2508375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508377&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F14326821gm738425%2F This article reviews relevant recent findings in dystonia. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0042-5Authors Vicki Shanker, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Beth Israel Medical Center 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J New York NY 10003 USASusan B. Bressman Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508377 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:32 +0100 2508377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508379&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F013153285478t840%2F Abstract  Understanding the functional organization of the basal ganglia requires a broad array of complementary theoretical models. Although the basal ganglia operate as part of a system of parallel cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, there is clearly integration between the loops and there are probably more of these loops than previously conceived. Moreover, modulation by external inputs, particularly from the brainstem (eg, pedunculopontine nucleus, raphe nucleus, and locus coeruleus) adds to the complexity of the system. We now appreciate that the organization of the basal ganglia is not static and shows significant plasticity that allows the ganglia to function in learning processes and in response to age or disease, either as components of the pathophysiology... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508379 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:30 +0100 2508379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508378&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F82h31267q2317727%2F Abstract  Developing countries (DCs) and developed countries have geographic, economic, and social differences. The prevalence and incidence of epilepsy are higher in DCs than in developed countries. However, within DCs, given the high incidence of epilepsy, the prevalence is relatively low, which may be due to high mortality for people with epilepsy (PWE). Neurocysticercosis is one of the main causes of symptomatic epilepsy in many DCs. Prognosis in DCs seems similar to that in developed countries. Because phenobarbital and phenytoin are available and inexpensive, they are the drugs most often used in DCs. The cost of newer antiepileptic drugs and the limited availability of resources for epilepsy care in DCs mean that care for PWE in DCs is marginalized and that many peop... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508378 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:30 +0100 2508378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508382&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe818050223447724%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0039-0Authors Shyamal H. MehtaKapil D. Sethi Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508382 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:28 +0100 2508382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508381&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn718m7748051xkh3%2F Abstract  Essential tremor is a well-defined syndrome of postural and kinetic tremor in a characteristic distribution. In some patients, impaired tandem walking, intention tremor, and rest tremor are also seen. An increasing body of clinical, neuropathological, and epidemiologic evidence suggests that essential tremor is a heterogeneous disorder. The evidence is discussed in this update. Recent advances in the treatment of this condition are also reviewed. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0041-6Authors Rodger J. Elble, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine PO Box 19643 Springfield IL 62794 USAGünther Deuschl Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journa... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508381 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:28 +0100 2508381 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508380&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7207381270lw48q6%2F This article reviews the CAM modalities of meditation, yoga, relaxation techniques, biofeedback, nutritional and herbal supplements, dietary measures, chiropractic care, acupuncture, Reiki, and homeopathy and what is known about their potential efficacy in patients with epilepsy. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0047-0Authors Caitlin McElroy-Cox, Columbia University, Neurologic Institute Columbia Comprehensive Epilepsy Center 710 West 168th Street, 7th Floor New York NY 10032 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508380 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:28 +0100 2508380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2508383&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F61g31g71550q34k4%2F Abstract  Brain stimulation for epilepsy has been explored for decades. Nevertheless, this area has traditionally been associated with small poorly controlled trials, inconsistent results, and a resultant lack of widespread use of these technologies. Due to the success of deep brain stimulation for movement disorders and unprecedented advances in computer technology and bioengineering, brain stimulation recently has again generated great interest in epilepsy care. Several large-scale, randomized, blinded, multicenter trials have been conducted; the most up-to-date findings are summarized in this article. These treatment modalities will likely improve over time. The hope that they provide to patients with refractory epilepsy cannot be underestimated. Content Type Journal A... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2508383 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 14:35:27 +0100 2508383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2402940&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8282747061954046%2F Abstract  The number of genes and loci for Parkinson’s disease was expanded during 2008. Among the most interesting findings of the year was the nomination of GIGYF2 as the gene that is defective at the PARK11 locus and is a potentially frequent cause of typical Parkinson’s disease. However, the optimism generated by the initial report has quickly been tempered by results obtained in the first wave of follow-up studies. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0028-3Authors Vincenzo Bonifati, Erasmus Medical Center Department of Clinical Genetics Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / May, 2... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2402940 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:13:02 +0100 2402940 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330152&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy7156755m12012h2%2F Abstract  Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder with a predisposition to the development of benign and malignant tumors. Mutations in the NF1 gene result in loss of function of neurofibromin, a guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein that helps maintain the proto-oncogene Ras in its inactive form. Loss of neurofibromin results in increased proliferation and tumorigenesis. As a result, people with NF1 are at increased risk for the development of nervous and non-nervous system malignancies. Malignancy is a major source of morbidity and mortality in NF1. The natural history of NF1-associated malignancies is often different than that of their sporadic counterparts and, as such, management strategies need to be adjusted accordin... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330152 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:13:02 +0100 2330152 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330151&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8282747061954046%2F Abstract  The number of genes and loci for Parkinson’s disease was expanded during 2008. Among the most interesting findings of the year was the nomination of GIGYF2 as the gene that is defective at the PARK11 locus and is a potentially frequent cause of typical Parkinson’s disease. However, the optimism generated by the initial report has quickly been tempered by results obtained in the first wave of follow-up studies. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0028-3Authors Vincenzo Bonifati, Erasmus Medical Center Department of Clinical Genetics Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / May, 2... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330151 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:13:02 +0100 2330151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330153&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff0734nhg824u7q39%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0027-4Authors Lauren E. Abrey Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330153 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:13:01 +0100 2330153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330154&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F740874jmx0756518%2F This article reviews the challenges of brain tumor imaging and its use in assessment of treatment response. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0035-4Authors Jennifer L. Clarke, University of California-San Francisco Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Neuro-oncology 400 Parnassus Avenue, A-808 Box 0372 San Francisco CA 94143 USASusan Chang Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330154 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:13:00 +0100 2330154 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330156&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6406189026540531%2F Abstract  Brain metastases represent a common and devastating complication of cancer. With advances in surgery, radiology, and medical and radiation oncology, the number of treatment options have greatly increased. In addition, the prognosis for patients can vary widely depending on factors such as the number of lesions, extent of extracranial disease, age, and functional status. Recently, the possible impairment of whole brain radiation therapy on neurocognitive function has been a subject of concern and debate. Thus, the use of whole brain radiation therapy in conjunction with other treatment modalities should be optimized to ensure the best outcomes with regard to tumor control and functional status. As a result, patient management has become controversial, with strong o... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330156 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:59 +0100 2330156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330155&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe224074867u75588%2F Abstract  Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. Most of them are benign (World Health Organization [WHO] grade I), slow-growing lesions, but some are classified as atypical (WHO grade II) or malignant (WHO grade III). Surgical resection is curative when complete removal of a benign meningioma is possible. Incompletely resected tumors and high-grade lesions are frequently treated with fractionated radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery. Radiotherapy effectively reduces recurrence rates with limited toxicity. High-grade meningiomas tend to recur following maximal treatment with surgery and radiation. Chemotherapeutic agents, including hydroxyurea, have been used for recurrent disease with marginal efficacy. As the molecular pathogenesis of meningi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330155 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:59 +0100 2330155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330157&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F50l3410746351305%2F Abstract  Mitochondria are key organelles in eukaryotic cells that not only generate adenosine triphosphate but also perform such critical functions as hosting essential biosynthetic pathways, calcium buffering, and apoptotic signaling. In vivo, mitochondria form dynamic networks that undergo frequent morphologic changes through fission and fusion. In neurons, the imbalance of mitochondrial fission/fusion can influence neuronal physiology, such as synaptic transmission and plasticity, and affect neuronal survival. Core components of the mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery have been identified through genetic studies in model organisms. Mutations in some of these genes in humans have been linked to rare neurodegenerative diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth subtype 2A and... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330157 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:58 +0100 2330157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330159&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F47152l146850n242%2F Abstract  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with a low survival rate beyond 5 years from symptom onset. Although the genes that cause most cases of ALS are still unknown, several important genetic discoveries have been made recently that will bring substantial insight into some of the mechanisms involved in ALS. Mutations in two genes with related functions were recently reported in patients with familial ALS: the FUS/TLS gene at the ALS6 locus on chromosome 16 and the TARDBP gene at the ALS10 locus on chromosome 1. In addition, the first wave of genomewide association studies in ALS has been published. While these studies clearly show that there is no definitive and common highly penetrant allele that causes ALS, some interesting... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330159 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:57 +0100 2330159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330158&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv702725217307364%2F Abstract  Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by sudden attacks of involuntary movements that are mostly a combination of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, and ballism. They can sometimes be symptomatic, but usually an underlying cerebral lesion is not present. Most PDs have a genetic background and are divided into kinesigenic, nonkinesigenic, and exercise-induced forms. Recently, the first genes have been identified for paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (MR1) and paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED) (SLC2A1). Whereas the function of the MR-1 protein and the pathophysiology are still poorly understood, mutations in SLC2A1 and their functional characterization predict a reduced transport of glucose across the blood-brain barr... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330158 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:57 +0100 2330158 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330160&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk03793763v886316%2F Abstract  Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a clinically complex group of childhood disorders that have firm evidence of an underlying genetic etiology. Many techniques have been used to characterize the genetic bases of ASDs. Linkage studies have identified several replicated susceptibility loci, including 2q24–2q31, 7q, and 17q11–17q21. Association studies and mutation analysis of candidate genes have implicated the synaptic genes NRXN1, NLGN3, NLGN4, SHANK3, and CNTNAP2 in ASDs. Traditional cytogenetic approaches highlight the high frequency of large chromosomal abnormalities (3%–7% of patients), including the most frequently observed maternal 15q11–13 duplications (1%–3% of patients). Newly developed techniques include high-resolution DNA microarray technolo... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330160 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:56 +0100 2330160 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2330161&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb2j5h643280hm147%2F Abstract  Glioblastomas are among the most vascular tumors because they oversecrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent stimulator of angiogenesis. Consequently, new drug regimens are being developed to target the VEGF signaling pathway in an attempt to halt tumor growth. Antibodies that bind VEGF, decoy molecules that sequester VEGF, and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors that block receptor activation are being tested. Preliminary results with these agents have been promising, with prolonged progression-free survival reported. The antipermeability effects of anti-VEGF agents have important consequences for tumor imaging and for patient quality of life by decreasing corticosteroid dependence. However, because most patients eventually relapse, more wo... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2330161 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:12:55 +0100 2330161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261113&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg21850457764052u%2F Abstract  Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by a sudden, severe headache at onset, vascular narrowing involving the circle of Willis and its immediate branches, and angiographic evidence of vasoconstriction reversibility within minutes to weeks of onset. RCVS is underrecognized and often misdiagnosed; it can defy clinical detection because it can mimic common conditions such as migraine and ischemic stroke. A lack of shared nosology has hampered awareness and understanding of the syndrome. Clinicians must consider primary angiitis of the central nervous system because of its high rates of morbidity and mortality if left untreated. RCVS has a number of primary and secondary associations (cerebral hemorrhage, vasoactive substances, the peri... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261113 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:32 +0100 2261113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261112&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq35865q315x360x7%2F This article highlights the epidemiology of status epilepticus, both convulsive and nonconvulsive, in children. It also reviews the recommended medications for first-line treatment of status epilepticus and refractory status epilepticus. Emphasis is placed on future pharmacotherapies and consideration of neurosurgical intervention when indicated. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0022-9Authors Rani K. SinghWilliam D. Gaillard, Children’s National Medical Center 111 Michigan Avenue NW Washington, DC 20010 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261112 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:32 +0100 2261112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261114&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F065117245t237517%2F This article discusses the theorized mechanisms of action of these novel treatment modalities and summarizes current knowledge regarding safety and efficacy of neurostimulation for the treatment of headache. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0017-6Authors Todd J. Schwedt, Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8111 St. Louis MO 63110 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261114 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:31 +0100 2261114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261117&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx1347k7m06730v41%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0015-8Authors Roger J. Packer Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261117 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:30 +0100 2261117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261116&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7m86j00312228368%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0016-7Authors Michael Thorpy Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261116 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:30 +0100 2261116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261115&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffw38h3574l256056%2F This article reviews the current literature and practices regarding patient selection criteria, potential mechanisms of action, surgical technique, and outcome of patients with neuropathic face pain treated with MCS and DBS. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0020-yAuthors Laneshia ThomasJonathan M. BledsoePaola SandroniDeborah GormanKendall H. Lee, Mayo Clinic Department of Neurosurgery 200 First Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261115 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:30 +0100 2261115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261118&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe01q02627q627347%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0014-9Authors Ivan Garza Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261118 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:29 +0100 2261118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261119&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw60736233680362j%2F This article reviews the literature on the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of MOH. It also summarizes current strategies for treating and preventing headache chronicity. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0019-4Authors Zaza Katsarava, University of Duisburg-Essen Department of Neurology Hufelandstrasse 55 45147 Essen GermanyDagny HolleHans-Christoph Diener Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261119 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:28 +0100 2261119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261120&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv45l00t1r38n8101%2F Abstract  The cause of autism remains largely unknown because it is likely multifactorial, arising from the interaction of biologic, genetic, and environmental factors. The specific role of metabolic abnormalities also is largely unknown, but current research may provide insight into the pathophysiologic underpinnings of autism, at least in some patients. We review a number of known neurometabolic disorders identified as having an autistic phenotype. We also discuss the possible involvement of mitochondrial disorders and dysfunction as well as a theory regarding an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, by which various environmental toxins produce metabolic alterations that impair normal cellular function. Finally, we review various strategies for metabolic work-up a... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261120 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:26 +0100 2261120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261122&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk684n671j766721x%2F Abstract  Sleep apnea in neurologically compromised children is common but underrecognized. It can be secondary to diseases at all locations on the neuroaxis and may independently alter their presentation, severity, and course. As a primary and secondary illness, it is associated with significant neurological morbidities. In its severe manifestation, it can cause life-threatening short- and long-term systemic morbidities. The authors review the most recent and relevant literature and provide the pediatric neurologist with a framework with which to identify children at risk. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0023-8Authors Gabor Szuhay, George Washington University of Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261122 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:25 +0100 2261122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261121&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F498w008533600u68%2F Abstract  Almost 15% of the full-time workers in the United States are shift workers. We review the physiologic challenges inherent not only in traditional night or rotating shifts but also in extended-duration shifts and other nonstandard hours. The challenging schedules of those in particularly safety-sensitive professions such as police officers, firefighters, and health care providers are highlighted. Recent findings describing the neurobehavioral, health, and safety outcomes associated with shift work also are reviewed. Comprehensive fatigue management programs that include education, screening for common sleep disorders, and appropriate interventions need to be developed to minimize these negative consequences associated with shift work. Content Type Journal Article... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261121 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:25 +0100 2261121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261124&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj31068776377p3r6%2F Abstract  Understanding sleep complaints of menopausal women is an emerging area of clinical and research interest. In this article, we summarize the most relevant and recent literature to provide an update on sleep in perimenopause and postmenopause. Our discussion includes the causes, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of sleep disorders in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0025-6Authors Sara Nowakowski, University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USACharles J. MeliskaL. Fernando MartinezBarbara L. Parry Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261124 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:24 +0100 2261124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2261123&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftk0v884212210v38%2F Abstract  Patients with Parkinson’s disease commonly have sleep disturbances that significantly alter quality of life but are often underrecognized. Awareness of the importance of these sleep disorders has been growing, and more research is being conducted. Patients with Parkinson’s disease have difficulties that not only include falling asleep and staying asleep but also include excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal events during sleep. These sleep disturbances are often multifactorial in nature, resulting from degeneration of the cortical sleep centers to effects of medications taken to treat the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. A thorough evaluation should be performed to assess for the presence of sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness. M... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2261123 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:24 +0100 2261123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047655&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff533u0884265244w%2F Abstract  The decision of whether and how to treat an unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) is complex. The goal in caring for patients with UIAs is to maximize their duration of high-quality life by optimally balancing the risks of aneurysm rupture—the “natural history” of the aneurysm—with those of treatment-related adverse outcomes. In this article, we review the literature concerning the natural history of UIAs and summarize the procedure-associated morbidity and mortality and efficacy of surgical clipping and endovascular coiling. Using this information, we make recommendations regarding the optimal management of patients with UIAs. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0002-0Authors Joseph D. BurnsRobert D. Brown, Mayo Clinic Department of Ne... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047655 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:32 +0100 2047655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047654&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0g3n2743t48570l7%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0001-1Authors Harold P. Adams Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 1 / January, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047654 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:32 +0100 2047654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047653&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0q86661067804nq4%2F Abstract  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal type of stroke. Level I, class A evidence of effective treatment is lacking. Many issues surrounding the optimal management of ICH, such as blood pressure control, prevention of hematoma growth, containing brain edema, and preserving cerebral perfusion, need more rigorous clinical research. However, when selected appropriately, the mortality of certain patients with ICH may improve when treated early with minimally invasive neurosurgery or perhaps intravenous hemostatics. In addition, patients with ICHs may have better outcome when medical care is optimized according to the published ICH treatment guidelines. Stem cell therapy has shown promise for better functional recovery. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.10... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047653 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:32 +0100 2047653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047652&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq66261716887v386%2F Abstract  Stroke is a common neurologic disorder associated with comorbidities such as obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus. Smoking or being the first-degree relative of a stroke patient can independently almost double the risk of ischemic stroke, supporting the hypothesis that stroke results from an intricate interplay between genes and the environment. Several candidate genes have been nominated but not confirmed as influencing stroke susceptibility and phenotype. A number of genes involved in monogenic forms of disease have been identified as causative in familial stroke. Herein we discuss these genes and the potential role of genetics in the more common sporadic form of stroke and therapeutic intervention strategies. Content Type Journal... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047652 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:32 +0100 2047652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047651&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F91uhu28808536u01%2F This article summarizes current clinical and experimental data regarding the interactions between stroke and infection and outlines possible targets for therapeutic intervention. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0005-xAuthors Georgios ManousakisMatthew B. Jensen, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, H6/574 Clinical Sciences Center Department of Neurology 600 Highland Avenue Madison WI 53792 USAMarcus R. ChaconJustin A. SattinRoss L. Levine Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 1 / January, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047651 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:32 +0100 2047651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047659&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd18jr36p752gq1k3%2F Abstract  Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is the only noninvasive real-time neuroimaging modality for the evaluation of characteristics of blood flow in basal intracerebral vessels that adds physiologic information to structural imaging. TCD has been rapidly evolving from a simple noninvasive diagnostic tool to an imaging modality with a broad spectrum of clinical applications. In acute stroke, TCD can provide rapid information about vascular stenosis and occlusion, the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation, and real-time monitoring of recanalization. Extended applications such as vasomotor reactivity testing, emboli monitoring, and right-to-left shunt detection help clinicians ascertain stroke mechanisms at the bedside, plan and monitor treatment, and d... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047659 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:31 +0100 2047659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047658&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fwj559vwj1r2n67l0%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0009-6Authors Michio Hirano Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 1 / January, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047658 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:31 +0100 2047658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047657&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe06m367107290223%2F Abstract  Despite improvements in the identification of causes of peripheral neuropathy, idiopathic polyneuropathy remains common. Medication and toxic neuropathy account for a small but important percentage of potentially preventable or reversible causes of neuropathy. New drugs that can induce neuropathy have been approved over the past several years, including the anticancer agents bortezomib, ixabepilone, and oxaliplatin. We review the neurotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α blockers infliximab and etanercept, the inflammatory arthritis agent leflunomide, and the antibiotic linezolid. The controversy of statin-induced neuropathy continues to unfold; the large Fremantle Diabetes Study has suggested that statins may have neuroprotective effects. Dichloroacetate is ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047657 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:31 +0100 2047657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047656&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx346x68167t3u1k6%2F Abstract  Minimizing delays is a crucial step in improving outcomes with acute stroke therapies whose efficacy is clearly time dependent. Logistic and human barriers to rapid stroke care can be overcome with a systematic “Code Stroke” approach provided by a structured multidisciplinary acute stroke response team. Such teams should include Emergency Medical Services providers, neurologists, neurosurgeons, diagnostic radiologists, nurses, radiology technicians, laboratory personnel, hospital administrators, and emergency medicine, intensive care, and neurointerventional physicians. An acute stroke team improves treatment practices and provides a gratifying experience for patients, families, and referring physicians. On the other hand, maintaining proficiency of the team�... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047656 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:31 +0100 2047656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047663&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu013kkkm521wxj62%2F This article discusses existing literature, emphasizing disease mechanisms and models. In particular, it addresses limitations in the β-amyloid-mediated theory of IBM myofiber injury, flawed rationales of animal models of this disease, and recent reports regarding treatment. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0013-xAuthors Steven A. Greenberg, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Neurology 75 Francis Street Boston MA 02115 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 1 / January, 2009 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047663 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:30 +0100 2047663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047662&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4253051t422h512n%2F Abstract  It has been 10 years since the identification of the first PABPN1 gene (GCN)n/polyalanine mutations responsible for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). These mutations have been found in most cases of OPMD diagnosed in more than 35 countries. Sequence analyses have shown that such mutations have occurred numerous times in human history. Although PABPN1 was found early on to be a component of the classic filamentous intranuclear inclusions (INIs), mRNA and other proteins also have been found to coaggregate in the INIs. It is still unclear if the INIs play a pathologic or a protective role. The generation of numerous cell and animal models of OPMD has led to greater insight into its complex molecular pathophysiology and identified the first candidate therapeut... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047662 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:30 +0100 2047662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047661&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc21771l713201811%2F Abstract  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that selectively affects the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. ALS occurs in about 1 in 100,000 individuals. Although recent advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALS, there has been no new effective pharmacotherapy since the approval of riluzole more than 10 years ago. The mainstay of clinical management includes pharmacologic management of symptoms, management of dysphagia and respiratory symptoms, palliative care, and multidisciplinary care clinics. In this review, we discuss the clinical management of ALS, recent modifications to the diagnostic criteria, and current clinical trials. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-009-0010-0Authors ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047661 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:30 +0100 2047661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047660&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv45520838582016x%2F Abstract  Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States. The magnitude of its economic impact is growing due to improved survival and the aging of the population. Acute interventions for stroke have had little effect on cost. Functional neuroimaging and transcutaneous magnetic stimulation have enhanced our understanding of how the brain reorganizes during recovery and in response to rehabilitation. Cell transplantation combined with growth factors holds promise for the future. Restorative approaches involving repetitive practice are emerging as effective techniques in improving post-stroke function. Clinical adoption remains slow due to time and funding constraints. Health policy changes are needed that focus funding and research efforts on stroke recovery.... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047660 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 08:41:30 +0100 2047660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985224&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4k47531kq372x5r7%2F This article provides a review of aphasia-recovery research and a framework for approaching the variability of recovery in clinical practice. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0079-xAuthors Ronald M. Lazar, Columbia University Medical Center Levine Cerebral Localization Laboratory, Division of Stroke and Critical Care 710 West 168th Street New York NY 10032 USADaniel Antoniello Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985224 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:12 +0100 1985224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985228&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F23789251664322gq%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0071-5 Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985228 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:11 +0100 1985228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985227&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj91643358j536525%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0072-4Authors Burk Jubelt Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985227 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:11 +0100 1985227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985226&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F37r1354038j54014%2F Abstract  HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the most common preventable and treatable cause of dementia. While the incidence of the most severe form of HAND, HIV-associated dementia, has decreased since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the prevalence of less severe forms of HAND has continued to rise. HAND leads to a subcortical dementia consisting of a triad of cognitive, behavior, and motor dysfunction. No single laboratory test can establish HAND, but ancillary studies including neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging studies, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis are useful for supporting or refuting the diagnosis. More recent evidence has suggested that higher central nervous system-penetrating cART may lead to greater s... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985226 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:11 +0100 1985226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985225&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk663601265u41775%2F Abstract  Abstract“Atypical” antipsychotic drugs are widely used in patients with neurobehavioral disturbances related to dementia. Recent reports have highlighted the risks of these agents, including increased mortality, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued black-box warnings concerning their use. Studies of efficacy have shown only limited evidence that these drugs are more effective than placebo in controlling abnormal behaviors or improving the lives of patients with dementia and their caregivers. Recent evidence suggests that the older, “typical” antipsychotic drugs have at least as much risk as the atypical agents, and FDA warnings have been extended to these agents. In managing the behavioral disturbances of demented patients, clinicians m... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985225 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:11 +0100 1985225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985232&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0816733667v61144%2F This article reviews the natural history of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and strategies for disease management in the acute setting. Available tools for monitoring brain function are discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0082-2Authors Joshua M. Levine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Neurocritical Care Program 3 West Gates Building, 3400 Spruce Street Philadelphia PA 19103 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985232 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:10 +0100 1985232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985231&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgp3765u027g33257%2F Abstract  The space-occupying so-called “malignant” middle cerebral artery infarction is—besides acute basilar artery occlusion—the most devastating form of ischemic stroke. Until recently, there was no proven treatment. In 2007, results from randomized controlled trials provided evidence for the benefit of early hemicraniectomy with respect to mortality after 3 months. This review focuses on current treatment options for malignant ischemic brain infarction, especially hemicraniectomy. Moreover, major unsolved problems and open questions regarding the disease are discussed, and perspective is given on future clinical studies. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0083-1Authors Hagen B. HuttnerEric JüttlerStefan Schwab, University of Erlangen Depart... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985231 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:10 +0100 1985231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985230&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1472718043232463%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0069-zAuthors Joseph C. Masdeu, Intramural Research Program Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIMH-CBDB) 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 4C101 Bethesda MD 20892 USABelen Pascual Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985230 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:10 +0100 1985230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985229&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh820x37q83143j78%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0070-6Authors Jack P. Antel, McGill University Montreal Neurological Institute 3801 University Street, Room 111 Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985229 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:10 +0100 1985229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985237&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fwx87427u3m636339%2F Abstract  The use of functional neuroimaging techniques has advanced what is known about the neural mechanisms used to support language processing in aphasia resulting from brain damage. This paper highlights recent findings derived from neuroimaging studies focused on neuroplasticity of language networks, the role of the left and right hemispheres in this process, and studies examining how treatment affects the neurobiology of recovery. We point out variability across studies as well as factors related to this variability, and we emphasize challenges that remain for research. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0076-0Authors Cynthia K. Thompson, Northwestern University 2240 Campus Drive Evanston IL 60208 USADirk-Bart den Ouden Journal Current Neuro... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985237 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:09 +0100 1985237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985236&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw378l616g2275018%2F This article discusses the clinical assessment of adult ADHD, reviews the results of recent adult ADHD treatment studies with an emphasis on medications currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and discusses the clinical management and monitoring of ADHD pharmacotherapy. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0077-zAuthors Paul Hammerness, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Suite 2000 Cambridge MA 02138 USACraig SurmanKatherine Miller Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985236 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:09 +0100 1985236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985235&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn1k16782l08r302w%2F We present several prominent models of praxis to explain the variety of difficulties seen in patients with apraxia. We also discuss the large-scale frontal-parietal-basal ganglia network thought to underlie praxis. In this context, we highlight the common occurrence of limb apraxia in corticobasal degeneration, a neurodegenerative condition characterized by frontal, parietal, and basal ganglia disease. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0078-yAuthors Rachel Goldmann GrossMurray Grossman, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Department of Neurology, 2 Gibson 3400 Spruce Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985235 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:09 +0100 1985235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985234&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7q2615j708x1004r%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0080-4Authors Viktor SzederStephan A. Mayer Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 6 / November, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985234 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:09 +0100 1985234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985233&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp772603333540286%2F Abstract  Therapeutic hypothermia (TH), which prevents and ameliorates the cascade of secondary neurologic injury after the return of spontaneous circulation, is the most effective neuroprotective therapy for encephalopathic survivors of cardiac arrest. Acute management of patients with severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy requires rapid and well-coordinated efforts involving emergency medicine, neurology, cardiology, critical care medicine, and palliative care. This effort is complex, and broad implementation of TH has been slow in the United States and Europe. This review summarizes recent developments in the practical application of TH, reviews the role of the neurologist, and suggests an algorithm for coordination of care of cardiac arrest survivors by physicians of d... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985233 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:09 +0100 1985233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1985238&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fdq554706h5284745%2F Abstract  Following the introduction of black tar heroin mainly from Mexico in the 1980s, cases of wound botulism dramatically increased in the western United States. Contamination with spores of Clostridium botulinum of black tar heroin occurs along the distribution line. The heating of heroin powder to solubilize it for subcutaneous injection (“skin popping”) does not kill the spores. The spores germinate in an anaerobic tissue environment and release botulinum toxin type A or B. Unless skin abscesses are found in the patient, the clinical diagnosis is often challenging. Facilitation of the compound muscle action potential by repetitive nerve stimulation at 20 to 50 Hz is an important and rapid diagnostic test. Definite diagnosis is made by detection of botulinum toxin... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1985238 Sun, 23 Nov 2008 06:50:08 +0100 1985238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888488&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fblp03502728073r1%2F Abstract  Cavitary congenital optic disc anomalies include optic disc coloboma, morning glory disc anomaly, optic pit, and the papillorenal syndrome. Peripapillary staphyloma is occasionally included in this group but it does not represent an anomaly of the optic disc itself and is not discussed herein. A variety of systemic and neurologic conditions may accompany these optic disc anomalies. Precise classification can be difficult and some debate exists as to whether these anomalies represent distinct clinical entities or are part of a single spectrum of disease. This is further complicated by historical inconsistencies in the literature. Advances in molecular genetics may help to define clearly the etiology of these anomalies. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s119... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888488 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:04 +0100 1888488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888487&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F414642733765x11r%2F Abstract  Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) may have great potential as therapies for autoimmune diseases. Their development as treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) is promising. Partially effective immunomodulatory therapies have been helpful for many MS patients; however, for patients failing these immunomodulatory treatments, MAbs are an important new treatment option. Currently, MAbs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of many conditions, including autoimmune diseases. Four MAbs that have been investigated as potential treatments for MS are reviewed in this article. Of these MAbs, natalizumab is approved for treatment of MS. The other three MAbs (alemtuzumab, rituximab, and daclizumab) are all promising therapies in development for treatment o... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888487 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:04 +0100 1888487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888490&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa9tv062m550hx4w1%2F Abstract  The proportion of elderly people in the general population is rising, resulting in greater numbers of drivers with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. These neurodegenerative disorders impair cognition, visual perception, and motor function, leading to reduced driver fitness and greater crash risk. Yet neither medical diagnosis nor age alone is reliable enough to predict driver safety or crashes or to revoke the driving privileges of these individuals. Driving research utilizes tools such as questionnaires about driving habits and history, driving simulators, standardized road tests utilizing instrumented vehicles, and state driving records. Research challenges include outlining the evolution of driving safety, unde... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888490 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:03 +0100 1888490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888489&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftq43118w2k065737%2F Abstract  The congenital malformation known as optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) has been recognized in the past 30 years as an epidemic cause of congenital blindness. It was believed to occur either as an isolated anomaly or as a component of the syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia, which has evolved to include midline brain malformations and hypopituitarism. Evidence now suggests that ONH infrequently occurs in isolation. Most afflicted children will have hypothalamic dysfunction and/or neurodevelopmental impairment, regardless of MRI findings or severity of ONH. Adverse outcomes can often be ameliorated with early intervention. Thus, the syndrome of ONH should be suspected in all infants with signs of hypothalamic dysfunction or vision impairment. Content Type Journal Article... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888489 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:03 +0100 1888489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888492&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F921824038v708822%2F Abstract  Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a pathologic term used to describe severe loss of neurons and reactive gliosis without cystic cavitation in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus. In late life, HS is associated with hippocampal atrophy, severe amnesia, and slowly progressive dementia without clinical seizure activity. HS is difficult to distinguish clinically from Alzheimer’s disease and is often diagnosed postmortem. In autopsy series, HS may be found without significant other pathology (2%–4% of cases), but it occurs frequently in combination with other vascular and neurodegenerative disorders (12%–20% of cases). HS is found bilaterally in 50% of cases and unilaterally in 50% of cases, with similar predilection for the right versus left hemisphere. The pathogenes... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888492 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:02 +0100 1888492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888491&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr55r471815763587%2F Abstract  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a syndrome of gait dysfunction and enlarged cerebral ventricles in the absence of another cause. It is frequently accompanied by frontal and subcortical cognitive deficits and bladder detrusor overactivity. NPH is rare relative to other potential causes of these symptoms in the elderly, but timely diagnosis can lead to reversal of symptoms through ventricular shunting. There are many tests used to predict possible response to surgery, such as MRI of the brain, formalized neuropsychological and gait testing, large-volume lumbar puncture, and prolonged lumbar drainage, but no one test has been validated to rule out potential response to surgery. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0058-2Authors David Shpreche... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888491 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:02 +0100 1888491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888494&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8135146jp168774n%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0055-5 Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 5 / September, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888494 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:01 +0100 1888494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888493&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq511367510k77074%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0056-4Authors Karen Marder Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 5 / September, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888493 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:01 +0100 1888493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888496&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff71471551mjw7w10%2F Abstract  Recent studies indicate that two clusters of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the neuronal sortilin-related receptor gene (SORL1) are causally associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). At the cellular level, SORL1 is thought to be involved in intracellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein. When this gene is suppressed, toxic amyloid β production is increased, and high levels of amyloid β are associated with a higher AD risk. Extending the cellular findings, gene expression studies show that SORL1 is differentially expressed in AD patients compared with controls. Furthermore, several genetic studies have identified allelic and haplotypic SORL1 variants associated with late-onset AD, and these variants confer small to modest risk of AD. Taken ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888496 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:00 +0100 1888496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888495&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fyul628550h2j81l6%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0054-6Authors Stanley H. Appel, Methodist Neurological Institute Department of Neurology 6560 Fannin, Suite #802 Houston TX 77030 USADavid R. BeersJenny S. HenkelWeihua Zhao Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 5 / September, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888495 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:43:00 +0100 1888495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888499&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw63kuj20527p581r%2F Abstract  Although the co-occurrence of myelitis and optic neuritis that characterizes neuromyelitis optica (NMO) was recognized over a century ago, distinguishing NMO from multiple sclerosis relied solely on clinical criteria until recently. The identification of a biomarker that has high specificity for NMO is clinically useful for distinguishing NMO from multiple sclerosis and identifying patients at high risk for recurrent myelitis and optic neuritis. That fact that the biomarker is an autoantibody that recognizes aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel expressed on astrocyte podocytes, has substantially contributed to the hypothesis that NMO is a humorally mediated autoimmune disease. This review discusses the discovery of the NMO-IgG biomarker, the identification of AQP4 ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888499 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:42:59 +0100 1888499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888498&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe551815765660w28%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0064-4Authors Dennis BourdetteVijayshree Yadav Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 5 / September, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888498 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:42:59 +0100 1888498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888497&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx5t32246260w8k5u%2F Abstract  Optic disc drusen are acellular calcific deposits occurring in small, crowded optic discs with abnormal vasculature. Evidence suggests axoplasmic transport alteration and axonal degeneration are involved in disc drusen formation. In affected patients, the number and size of disc drusen are highly variable, and the drusen may be visible near the disc surface or buried within the disc, causing them to appear as pseudopapilledema. B-scan echography is the most sensitive method for detecting disc drusen. Most patients with disc drusen are asymptomatic, but progressive visual field loss and vascular complications, including anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and choroidal neovascularization, may occur. Optic disc drusen have no established effective treatment. Diagnosi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888497 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:42:59 +0100 1888497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1888500&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd3111l246r824473%2F Abstract  Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) in a child is challenging because of the limited diagnostic criteria and their overlap with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatric-onset MS patients are more likely to be male, have seizures, and have brainstem and cerebellar symptoms than adults, and are less likely to have spinal cord symptoms than adults. They mostly experience a relapsing-remitting course. Their initial brain MRI shows more frequent involvement of the posterior fossa, less well-defined ovoid lesions, and more confluent lesions that decrease over time in patients with prepubertal onset, making early diagnosis even more difficult. Although disability progression is slower than in adults, pediatric onset MS leads to significant disability at a younger a... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1888500 Fri, 17 Oct 2008 09:42:58 +0100 1888500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886763&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvp741172577x7j0x%2F Abstract  Many currently prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) act via voltage-gated sodium channels, through effects on γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition, or via voltage-gated calcium channels. Some newer AEDs do not act via these traditional mechanisms. The molecular targets for several of these nontraditional AEDs have been defined using cellular electrophysiology and molecular approaches. Here, we describe three of these targets: α2δ, auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels through which the gabapentinoids gabapentin and pregabalin exert their anticonvulsant and analgesic actions; SV2A, a ubiquitous synaptic vesicle glycoprotein that may prepare vesicles for fusion and serves as the target for levetiracetam and its analog brivaracetam (which is curr... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886763 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:43 +0100 1886763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886770&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh3386437u0240l40%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0043-9Authors John C. MorganKapil D. Sethi Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / July, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886770 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886769&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F951454x6rqw6w076%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0041-yAuthors David A. Drachman, University of Massachusetts Medical School Department of Neurology 55 Lake Avenue North Worcester MA 01655 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / July, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886769 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886768&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F20r097j70146kt22%2F Abstract  Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. Therapies that delay or halt disease progression are urgently needed, but finding such therapies has been difficult. In this article, we review historical and recent clinical trial work in the field of neuroprotection. Several issues have arisen during the search for disease-modifying therapies, including challenges in selecting appropriate therapeutic targets, assessing potential therapies, and selecting the proper patient population to study. Advances in the understanding of PD pathogenesis are presented as they relate to selecting potential therapeutic targets, and issues with preclinical testing are described. We review recent innovations in clinical trial design, in... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886768 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886767&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fjr87585v15555580%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0049-3Authors Carl W. Bazil Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / July, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886767 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886766&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb5n6354417272702%2F Abstract  Multiple surveillance pregnancy registries have been established in order to better understand the effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on pregnancy. These registries are either hospital based, population based, or pharmaceutical based and are primarily focused on the potential teratogenicity of AEDs. The main outcome variable for most of these registries is the risk of major congenital malformations. Registries also gather data on other aspects of pregnancy, including seizure control. The methodology of the registries varies. They have different populations, ascertainment strategies, follow-up, and reporting criteria. These differences limit the ability to allow direct comparisons. Overall, the registry data suggest that the overwhelming majority of women with e... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886766 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886765&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu7lxq1852t614424%2F Abstract  Recreational substance users are at risk for seizures by indirect mechanisms, including cerebral trauma, central nervous system infection, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and metabolic derangements such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, and renal failure. Drugs and ethanol can also cause seizures more directly, either as a feature of intoxication (eg, psychostimulants) or of withdrawal (eg, sedatives, including ethanol). In any patient with a seizure, clinicians should consider illicit drug or ethanol use. Seizures in known alcoholics or illicit drug users require workup to exclude treatable coexisting conditions. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0051-9Authors John C. M. Brust, Harlem Hospital Center and Columbia University College of Physicians... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886765 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886764&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu4988166708074u7%2F This article discusses the concept of illness-related stigma and its relevance to consideration of the psychosocial impact of epilepsy. It provides an overview of the recent literature on epilepsy-related stigma as it relates to the stigma experience of people with epilepsy themselves and to the beliefs and attitudes held by other key target groups. The limitations of these and previous studies are considered, and some advances in knowledge arising from them are highlighted. Finally, some suggestions are made about possible areas for further investigation. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0052-8Authors Ann Jacoby, University of Liverpool Division of Public Health Whelan Building, The Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill Liverpool L69 3GB UK Journal Current Neurology ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886764 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:42 +0100 1886764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886773&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp506770491881338%2F Abstract  Parkinson’s disease is a progressive, widespread, neurodegenerative disease in which the involvement of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra results in significant dopamine depletion in the striatum. Newer imaging modalities reviewed here, using various radioligands, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography, have made it possible to assess the in vivo presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic function. This is not only important from a diagnostic standpoint; these tests are being increasingly studied as surrogate markers to assess disease progression and responses to various interventions, including drugs. A brief comment on their role as a putative biomarker of the disease is also included. Because Parkinson’s d... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886773 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:41 +0100 1886773 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886772&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0q1v582688x5x5rl%2F Abstract  This update on restless legs syndrome (RLS) focuses on its pathophysiology, genetics, health impact, and treatment. Although symptoms are exquisitely responsive to dopaminergics, clear delineation of dopaminergic pathology has not emerged. Rather, heuristic models of alterations in spinal sensorimotor circuits and central nervous system iron deficiency are gaining more attention. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified polymorphisms in three genes with no obvious relationship to dopamine that account for 70% of the population risk for RLS. A single variant in the BTBD9 gene on chromosome 6 contributes to 50% of the population risk. Although the functions of BTBD9 remain uncertain, its biological plausibility is evidenced by its dose-dependent relati... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886772 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:41 +0100 1886772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886771&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq544058071502101%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0042-x Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / July, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886771 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:41 +0100 1886771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886775&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn4kj615084076841%2F This article provides an overview of recent advances in the field of inherited ataxias. In the past few years, new causative mutations that broaden the diagnostic spectrum of ataxias have been described. In addition, important advances have unveiled the molecular pathology of these disorders, resulting in a classification based on the pathogenetic pathways rather than clinical or genetic features. As concepts of treatment principles emerge, debate continues as to whether such concepts might be applicable to more than one genetically defined disorder or whether each ataxia disorder requires its own unique therapeutic approach. New clinical assessment instruments have been developed that will facilitate future interventional trials. A recent phase 2 clinical trial suggested a positive ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886775 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:40 +0100 1886775 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1886774&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F77u627603k330242%2F Abstract  Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway dopaminergic neurons and other neuronal systems and the appearance of Lewy bodies that contain α-synuclein. PD is generally a sporadic disease, but a small proportion of cases have a clear genetic component. Mutations have been identified in six genes that clearly segregate with disease in rare families with PD. Transgenic, knockout, and virus-based models of disease have been developed in rodents to further understand how these genes contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. In general, these animal models recapitulate many key features of the disease, including derangements in dopaminergic synaptic transmission, selective ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1886774 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:59:40 +0100 1886774 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1482299&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5w360225r7l676x7%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0029-7 Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 3 / May, 2008 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1482299 Thu, 29 May 2008 06:55:50 +0100 1482299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1482300&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv523h127418141r3%2F Abstract  Antibody-based therapy is being explored across a variety of disease types. Several successes in oncology have become part of standard care for diseases such as colorectal cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents have had significant dose-limiting neurologic toxicities associated with their use. Although there are rare incidences of significant neurologic complications of antibody cancer therapy, these treatments are generally very well tolerated. Because most antibody therapy is adjunctive to other treatments, attribution to the immunologic component is often difficult to discern. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-008-0039-5Authors Teri N. Kreisl, National Cancer Institute Neuro-Oncology Branch 9030 Old Georgetown R... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1482300 Thu, 29 May 2008 06:55:49 +0100 1482300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1482301&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl511k64712316516%2F Abstract  Neoplastic meningitis (NM) occurs in approximately 5% of all patients with cancer. NM is a disease affecting the entire neuraxis, so staging and treatment need to encompass all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments. Central nervous system staging of NM includes contrast-enhanced brain and spine imaging and radionuclide CSF flow study. Treatment of NM incorporates involved-field radiotherapy of bulky or symptomatic disease sites and intra-CSF drug therapy. The inclusion of concomitant systemic therapy may benefit patients with NM and may obviate the need for intra-CSF chemotherapy. At present, intra-CSF drug therapy is confined to three chemotherapeutic agents (ie, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and thiotepa) administered on a variety of schedules either by i... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1482301 Thu, 29 May 2008 06:55:48 +0100 1482301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1482302&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc238122w28352486%2F Abstract  As effective treatment interventions have increased survival rates, there has been greater awareness that many brain tumor patients experience cognitive dysfunction despite adequate disease control. Cognitive difficulties often have an impact on quality of life and interfere with the patient’s ability to function at premorbid levels. A review of the literature indicates that whole-brain radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy results in more pronounced cognitive dysfunction than either partial radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. Antiepileptic drugs and corticosteroids may also disrupt cognitive functioning. The cognitive domains suggested to be sensitive to treatment-induced cognitive dysfunction include attention and executive functions, memory, ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1482302 Thu, 29 May 2008 06:55:47 +0100 1482302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1482303&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F48007x612073g237%2F Abstract  A prerequisite for the efficacy of any cancer drug is that it reaches the tumor in therapeutic concentrations. This is difficult to accomplish in most systemic solid tumors because of factors such as variable hypoxia, intratumoral pressure gradients, and abnormal vasculature within the tumors. In brain cancer, the situation is complicated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which serve as physical and physiologic obstacles for delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. Many approaches to overcome, circumvent, disrupt, or manipulate the BBB to enhance delivery of drugs to brain tumors have been devised and are in active investigation. These approaches include high-dose intravenous chemotherapy, intra-arterial drug delivery,... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1482303 Thu, 29 May 2008 06:55:46 +0100 1482303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1482307&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3262r0t86282rp86%2F Abstract  MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, non-protein-coding transcripts about 21 nucleotides long, have recently entered center stage in the study of posttranscriptional gene regulation. They are now thought to be involved in the control of about one third of all protein-coding genes and play a role in the majority of cellular processes that have been studied. We focus on the role of the miRNA pathway in brain development, function, and disease by highlighting recent observations with respect to miRNA-mediated gene regulation in neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and the circadian clock. We also discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the involvement of miRNAs in the etiopathology of brain disorders and pinpoint the emerging therapeutic... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1482307 Thu, 29 May 2008 06:55:44 +0100 1482307