MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 07:05:42 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5636690&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F757m081l7mqp0321%2F This study showed a major change in the frequency of the headache with a statistical difference in the improvement of headache days per month. There was a 30-point drop in the pediatric disability scoring between first injection and follow-up injection with a change from severe disability to moderate disability. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Headache (I Garza, Section Editor)Pages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s11910-012-0251-1Authors Marielle Kabbouche, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Headache Center, MLC #2015, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USAHope O’Brien, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Headache Center, MLC #2015, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USAAndrew D. Hershey, Divis... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5636690 Tue, 24 Jan 2012 12:27:04 +0100 5636690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5618162&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy727gj33842286q6%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportPages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11910-012-0250-2Authors Roger J. Packer, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Gilbert Neurofibromatosis Institute, Brain Tumor Institute, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5618162 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 07:06:32 +0100 5618162 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5618161&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F017qk7892kn71525%2F Abstract  Sleep disorders are common in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary ataxias, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Type, frequency, and severity of sleep disturbances vary depending on each of these diseases. Cell loss of the brainstem nuclei that modulates respiration, and dysfunction of bulbar and diaphragmatic muscles increase the risk for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in MSA and ALS. The most relevant SDB in MSA is stridor, whereas in ALS nocturnal hypoventilation due to diaphragmatic weakness is the most common sleep breathing abnormality. Stridor and nocturnal hypoventilation are associated with reduced survival in MSA and ALS. In contrast, sleep apnea seems ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5618161 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 07:06:32 +0100 5618161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5570402&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe305525323280578%2F Abstract  Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, with or without cataplexy. Associated features include sleep paralysis, hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the HLA DQB1*0602 allele, and its symptoms stem from destruction of hypocretin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus. Recently identified autoantibodies to Tribbles homologue 2 in some patients, as well as cases associated with H1N1 vaccination, support an autoimmune mechanism. There are many challenges in diagnosing and treating pediatric narcolepsy. Caution must also be used in interpreting polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test results in children. HLA testing is nonspecific, and no commercial test exists to mea... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5570402 Tue, 03 Jan 2012 06:44:58 +0100 5570402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5557385&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft3mhgg6253m48706%2F Abstract  Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children with cancer. In contrast to adults, a genetic basis for brain tumors is relatively common in children. A child harboring a germline mutation in a cancer-related gene will be predisposed to develop CNS tumors. These cancer predisposition syndromes are rare but pose overwhelming clinical and psychosocial challenges to families and the treating team. Recent significant advances in our understanding of the biological processes that govern these genetic conditions combined with international efforts to define and treat clinical aspects of these tumors are transforming the lives of these individuals. In this article, we summarize recent progress made for each of the majo... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5557385 Wed, 28 Dec 2011 16:50:06 +0100 5557385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5557386&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhk11q56771534753%2F Abstract  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis that affects the aorta and its major branches. Involvement of the ciliary artery can result in ischemic optic neuropathy and subsequent blindness, which is typically irreversible. If GCA is suspected, treatment with glucocorticoids should be initiated promptly to prevent further vision loss. However, given the need for prolonged therapy with glucocorticoids and the morbidity associated with their use, diagnosis should be confirmed. Clinical features and laboratory findings are neither sensitive nor specific for GCA. The mainstay of diagnosis remains histopathologic examination of a section of the superficial temporal artery. Several imaging studies have been used to evaluate the temporal artery but, at present, t... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5557386 Wed, 28 Dec 2011 16:50:04 +0100 5557386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5557387&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8434525760613066%2F Abstract  Nummular headache is characterized by head pain exclusively felt in a rounded or elliptical area, typically 1 to 6 cm in diameter. The pain remains confined to the same symptomatic area, which does not change in shape or size with time. The symptomatic area may be localized in any part of the head but mostly in the parietal region. Rarely, the disorder may be multifocal, each symptomatic area keeping all the characteristics of nummular headache. The pain is generally mild or moderate, commonly described as oppressive or stabbing, and lasting minutes, hours, or days, with a remitting or unremitting pattern. Superimposed on the baseline pain, there may be spontaneous or triggered exacerbations. During and between symptomatic periods, the affected area may show ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5557387 Tue, 27 Dec 2011 16:51:41 +0100 5557387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542898&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F815900112q1576w6%2F Abstract  The term nocebo refers to a harmful, unpleasant or undesirable adverse event a subject manifests after receiving an inert dummy drug or placebo. This reaction is originating by the patients fear and negative expectation that medical treatment most likely will produce unfavorable consequences instead of healing. Like placebo, nocebo shares key functions in pain conditions. Two recent systemic meta-analyses searched for nocebo in trials for prevention of migraine and tension-type headache and revealed that 1 out of 20 patients treated with placebo withdraw treatment due to adverse effects. Additionally, adverse events in placebo groups mirrored the adverse events expected of the active medication studied, confirming that pretrial suggestions induce the adverse event... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542898 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 12:50:47 +0100 5542898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535257&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn277601101x75ng3%2F Abstract  The role of surgery for patients with medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is well established. High-quality magnetic resonance imaging, including gadolinium-enhanced and volume acquisition sequences, should be performed to exclude intracranial tumors or demyelinating disease as the cause of the pain, as well as to clearly demonstrate the trigeminal nerve and adjacent blood vessels. For physiologically healthy patients with Type 1 TN, a microvascular decompression (MVD) is the preferred surgical approach because of its high rate of complete pain relief, the durability of the pain relief, and the fact that trigeminal injury is not required for pain relief. Patients with recurrent TN after a failed MVD, patients with significant medical comorbidities, and ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535257 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 06:43:23 +0100 5535257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5493247&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F872346k284972058%2F Abstract  Peripheral neuropathy is a common clinical problem in neurology and laboratory testing is an integral part of diagnosis. In the past few years, practice parameters have been published to establish an evidence-based guide to neuropathy testing. There are many tests that are common and accepted in practice, but there is no clear mandate on which tests are necessary. This article reviews recent practice parameter publications as well as other updates in laboratory testing for peripheral neuropathy, including the roles of lipid profile, genetic testing, antibody titers, and B12 testing in a specific dopamine-treated Parkinson’s patients. These can serve as recommendations to help guide laboratory testing. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Nerve and Muscle (M ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5493247 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 17:03:11 +0100 5493247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5474510&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv787545v608724h4%2F Abstract  Bench to bedside progress has been widely anticipated for a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders. Of these, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is perhaps the best poised to capitalize on advances in targeted therapeutics development over the next few years. Several laboratories have achieved compelling success in SMA animal models using sophisticated methods for targeted delivery, repair, or increased expression of the survival motor neuron protein, SMN. The clinical community is actively collaborating to identify, develop, and validate outcome measures and biomarkers in parallel with laboratory efforts. Innovative trial design and synergistic approaches to maximize proactive care in conjunction with treatment with one or more of the promising pharmacologic an... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5474510 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 19:29:50 +0100 5474510 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455207&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F54117036m6157823%2F Abstract  The role of the stroke units in improving morbidity, mortality, and recovery from stroke is clearly demonstrated. However, acute management of language disorders in these specialized units remains controversial, and management of swallowing disorders is usually nonstandardized. The recent validation of a scale for rapid screening of language disorders (LAST [Language Screening Test]) in acute stroke patients should allow optimization of their detection and early management. Swallowing disorders should be screened and managed using a standardized protocol. Following early initial evaluation repeated on a daily basis, they justify tailored rehabilitation sessions, adaptation of food textures, team formation, and families’ information. The use of these protocols im... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455207 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 06:44:33 +0100 5455207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5429250&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd24j577762680852%2F Abstract  Peripheral neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy is a rare but important cause of neuropathy that can herald serious underlying disease. IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most commonly found monoclonal gammopathy associated with neuropathy, with characteristic clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic features. The IgG and IgA monoclonal gammopathies are rarely associated with specific neuropathies. Standard immunomodulatory agents including steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis have shown limited efficacy in IgM MGUS. Neuropathies associated with specific lymphoproliferative disorders may not respond to treatments aimed at that disorder. Case series had shown promising results with rituximab, a m... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5429250 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 06:57:44 +0100 5429250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419637&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc12t07842558774x%2F Abstract  The nondystrophic myotonias and primary periodic paralyses are an important group of genetic muscle diseases characterized by dysfunction of ion channels that regulate membrane excitability. Clinical manifestations vary and include myotonia, hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralysis, progressive myopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias. The severity of myotonia ranges from severe neonatal presentation causing respiratory compromise through to mild later-onset disease. It remains unclear why the frequency of attacks of paralysis varies greatly or why many patients develop a severe permanent fixed myopathy. Recent detailed characterizations of human genetic mutations in voltage-gated muscle sodium (gene: SCN4A), chloride (gene: CLCN1), calcium (gene: CACNA1S), and inw... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419637 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 16:52:51 +0100 5419637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5322308&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fax3x572148u816r0%2F Abstract  Late-onset glycogenosis type II (glycogen storage disease type II [GSDII]) is a rare autosomal disorder caused by deficiency of acid maltase, a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose. Recently, both infantile and adult GSDII patients have been treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), and a number of studies including large cohorts of GSDII patients have recently demonstrated that ERT is effective in modifying the natural course of the disease. The opportunity of this new treatment gave new hope to patients, but also an important impulse to the research on every feature of the disease, leading to a deeper knowledge on the response to treatment, on clinical manifestations, and on pathophysiologic aspects such as the role of autophagy and immune s... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5322308 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:44:30 +0100 5322308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5322309&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F95g506637p269468%2F We present a systematic review of the literature on the topic of EVD in the setting of IVH hemorrhage, articulating the scope of the problem and prognostic factors, clinical indications, surgical adjuncts, and other management issues. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Stroke (HP Adams Jr, Section Editor)Pages 1-10DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0231-xAuthors Mahua Dey, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Unit, Section of Neurosurgery and the Neurovascular Surgery Program, Division of Biological Sciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC 3026, Room J341, Chicago, IL 60637, USAJennifer Jaffe, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Unit, Section of Neurosurgery and the Neurovascular Surgery Program, Division of Biological Sciences and the Pritzker Sch... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5322309 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 10:39:37 +0100 5322309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5322311&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fft3j212116430q82%2F Abstract  Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders in which the safety margin of neuromuscular transmission is compromised by one or more specific mechanisms. Clinical, electrophysiologic, and morphologic studies have paved the way for detecting CMS-related mutations in proteins residing in the nerve terminal, the synaptic basal lamina, or in the postsynaptic region of the motor endplate. The disease proteins identified to date include the acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, rapsyn, and Nav1.4, muscle-specific kinase, agrin, β2-laminin, downstream of tyrosine kinase 7, and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1. Analysis of electrophysiologic and biochemical properties of mutant proteins e... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5322311 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 15:48:44 +0100 5322311 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5322310&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp5061g2616583v1r%2F Abstract  Stroke is the fourth leading killer in the United States and a leading cause of adult long-term disability. The American Heart Association estimates that only 3% to 5% of patients with acute ischemic stroke are treated with intravenous thrombolysis. A way to improve the rates of treatment with thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke is the creation of telemedicine stroke networks. Data from many studies support the safety of expanding intravenous tissue plasminogen activator use with the help of telemedicine. In this article we discuss the current evidence for the use of telemedicine within stroke systems of care, the importance of coordinating care within the transferring facilities in the telestroke networks, telestroke economics and applicability, a... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5322310 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 15:48:44 +0100 5322310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5322312&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq8v7475552v27504%2F Abstract  The emergence of dedicated neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care units, advancements in endovascular therapies, and aggressive brain resuscitation and monitoring have contributed to overall improved outcomes for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) over the past 20 to 30 years. Still, this feared neurologic emergency is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. Emergency care for patients with aSAH focuses on stabilization, treatment of the aneurysm, controlling intracranial hypertension to optimize cerebral perfusion, and limiting secondary brain injury. This complex disorder can be associated with many neurologic complications such as acute hydrocephalus, rebleeding, global cerebral edema, seizures, vasospasm, and delayed cer... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5322312 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 05:49:30 +0100 5322312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302463&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F15121008k5176231%2F Abstract  Voltage-gated sodium channels play a pivotal role in pain transmission. They are widely expressed in nociceptive neurons, and participate in the generation of action potentials. Alteration in ionic conduction of these channels causes abnormal electrical firing, thus renders neurons hyperexcitable. So far, mutations in the Nav1.7 sodium channel, which is expressed in the dorsal root ganglia cells and sympathetic neurons, have been described to cause perturbations in pain sensation. Until recently, gain-of-function Nav1.7 mutations were known to cause two neuropathic pain syndromes: inherited erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain syndrome. These syndromes are inherited in a dominant trait; they usually begin in childhood or infancy, and are characterized by atta... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302463 Fri, 07 Oct 2011 16:00:08 +0100 5302463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5294711&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd1t227788j7wq278%2F Abstract  The toxic myopathies are a clinically and pathologically diverse group of disorders that can be caused by a variety of therapeutic agents used in clinical practice, as well as various venoms and other biological toxins. The most important iatrogenic causes are the statin and fibrate cholesterol-lowering agents that can cause a severe necrotizing myopathy and acute rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. The current update focuses on the mechanisms of statin myotoxicity and the importance of genetic predisposing factors for statin myopathy, as well as the recently described form of necrotizing autoimmune myopathy, which is associated with antibodies to the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase enzyme and is responsive to aggressive immunotherapy. Mitochondrial ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5294711 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 05:51:16 +0100 5294711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282805&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd8487027106r5767%2F Abstract  Dabigatran is a direct inhibitor of thrombin that has recently been approved for primary and secondary stroke prevention and prevention of systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. The RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long Term Anticoagulant Therapy [with Dabigatran Etexilate]) study showed that dabigatran given at a dose of 110 mg twice a day (bid) was associated with rates of stroke and systemic embolism that were similar to those associated with warfarin (International Normalized Ratio target 2.0–3.0), and lower rates of major hemorrhage. Dabigatran administered at a dose of 150 mg bid was significantly more effective compared with warfarin and showed a similar rate of major hemorrhages. Both dosages resulted in an approximately 60% to ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282805 Fri, 30 Sep 2011 05:52:00 +0100 5282805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282806&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F561571uj7231174j%2F Abstract  Determining the optimal amount and intensity of treatment is essential to the design and implementation of any treatment program for aphasia. A growing body of evidence, both behavioral and biological, suggests that intensive therapy positively impacts outcomes. We update a systematic review of treatment studies that directly compares conditions of higher and lower intensity treatment for aphasia. We identify five studies published since 2006, review them for methodologic quality, and synthesize their findings with previous ones. For both acute and chronic aphasia, results at the language impairment and communication activity/participation levels tend to be more equivocal than previously demonstrated, with no clear differences between intensive and nonintensive tr... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282806 Fri, 30 Sep 2011 05:51:59 +0100 5282806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282807&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F677h7m3017p670x5%2F Abstract  Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms “rhombencephalitis” and “brainstem encephalitis” interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like syndrome followed by brainstem dysfunction; 75% of patients have a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and almost 100% have an abnormal brain MRI scan. Positive CSF and blood cultures are the most specific for diagnosis. Treatment primarily is with ampicillin. Ent... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282807 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 06:17:39 +0100 5282807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5258241&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg6033r5177270452%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportPages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0223-xAuthors Umair Afzal, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology/Immunology, and Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USABurk Jubelt, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology/Immunology, and Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5258241 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 05:52:50 +0100 5258241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235368&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu69n68l424qgvh25%2F Abstract  Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most frequent parasitic disease of the human brain. Modern imaging studies, CT and MRI, have defined the diagnosis and characterization of the disease. Through these studies the therapeutic approach for each case may be individualized with the aid of antihelmintics, steroids, symptomatic medicines, or surgery. The use of one or various therapeutic measures largely depends on the peculiar combination of number, location, and biological stage of lesions as well as the degree of inflammatory response to the parasites. Although there is not a typical clinical picture of NCC, epilepsy is the most frequent manifestation of parenchymal NCC, whereas hydrocephalus is the most frequent manifestation of meningeal NCC. Eradication of cysticerco... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235368 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 05:45:08 +0100 5235368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220558&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F63706817k2l0415g%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportPages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0222-yAuthors Howard S. Kirshner, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220558 Fri, 09 Sep 2011 16:45:12 +0100 5220558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220559&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1817737130651826%2F Abstract  Borderzone infarcts (BZIs) are anatomically defined as ischemic lesions occurring at the junction between two arterial territories, accounting for 2% to 10% of strokes. Three types of hemispheric BZIs are described according to topography (ie, superficial anterior, posterior, and deep). Although published series on related aphasia are rare in the setting of BZI, aphasia is of transcortical (TCA) type, characterized by the preservation of repetition. TCA can be of motor, sensory, or mixed type depending on whether expression, understanding, or both are impaired. Recent studies have reported specific aphasic patterns. BZI patients initially presented with mixed TCA. Aphasia specifically evolved according to the stroke location, toward motor or sensory TCA in patient... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220559 Fri, 09 Sep 2011 05:46:23 +0100 5220559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220560&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F828176uv10611p58%2F Abstract  Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America and has become an emerging problem in developed countries because of international migrations. The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent and the disease is divided into two phases. The acute phase is mostly asymptomatic or presents with unspecific symptoms. Rarely, a severe and often fatal form occurs in immunosuppressed patients or infants, characterized by meningoencephalitis (sometimes including brain tumor–like lesions) and myocarditis. The chronic phase consists of an indeterminate, asymptomatic form followed by digestive, cardiac, or neurologic symptoms in about 30% of infected patients. Autonomous nervous system dysfunction is prominent in chagasic patients and participates in the affliction of the ta... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220560 Fri, 09 Sep 2011 05:46:21 +0100 5220560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205499&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy1232756104617pv%2F Abstract  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a transitory syndrome of memory loss, lasting less than 24 h. Although there are many known causes of transient amnesia, the syndrome of TGA remains of unknown etiology. Known causes of transient amnesia, theories of pathogenesis of TGA, and recommended evaluation and treatment are discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Behavior (Howard S. Kirshner, Section Editor)Pages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0224-9Authors Howard S. Kirshner, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205499 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 05:48:48 +0100 5205499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5174444&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv44p681q271p2r52%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Invited CommentaryPages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0220-0Authors Wei Qiu, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China 510630Allan G. Kermode, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5174444 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 15:49:28 +0100 5174444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5158132&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa064w6m10g669622%2F Abstract  Cognition has been well characterized in the various stages of Huntington disease (HD) as well as in the prodrome before the motor diagnosis is given. Although the clinical diagnosis of HD relies on the manifestation of motor abnormalities, the associated impairments have been growing in prominence for several reasons. First, research to understand the most debilitating aspects of HD has suggested that cognitive and behavioral changes place the greatest burden on families, are most highly associated with functional decline, and can be predictive of institutionalization. Second, cognitive impairments are evident at least 15 years prior to the time at which motor diagnosis is given. Finally, cognitive decline is associated with biological markers such as brain ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5158132 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 15:59:14 +0100 5158132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5158133&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv37ux484441333j3%2F Abstract  In this paper, an overview of the studies relating naming to the uncinate fasciculus is reported. With the introduction of contemporary neuroimaging techniques, namely of diffusion tensor imaging, white matter tracts have been investigated more thoroughly and possible changes in the uncinate fasciculus integrity have been correlated to different neuropsychological deficits. Although previous research has proposed a role of the left uncinate fasciculus on action and object naming or in semantic processing, a more recent study has suggested that naming famous people could be the most relevant task in which this bundle is involved, the semantic component being intact. The uncinate fasciculus connects the orbitofrontal cortex, involved in face encoding and in processi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5158133 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 05:51:13 +0100 5158133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5130485&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F188u7r7152212868%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0218-7Authors Jorge Correale, Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Montañeses 2325, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5130485 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 06:05:25 +0100 5130485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085773&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy5227864351mv175%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0217-8Authors Vijayshree Yadav, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, UHS-42, Portland, OR 97239, USADennis N. Bourdette, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, UHS-42, Portland, OR 97239, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085773 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 16:04:13 +0100 5085773 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069161&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy320252v533v1841%2F Abstract  The oral sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator fingolimod functionally antagonizes S1PR hereby blocking lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs to the peripheral blood circulation. This results in a reduction in peripheral lymphocyte counts, including potentially encephalitogenic T cells. In patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis fingolimod has been shown to be an effective treatment. In phase 2 and phase 3 studies fingolimod-treated patients had reduced disease activity clinically and in MRI. Although severe infectious complications occurred in single cases treated with fingolimod, the frequency of overall infections was comparable in fingolimod-treated patients and controls. Overall, in clinical studies fingolimod was well tolerated and ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069161 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 15:45:38 +0100 5069161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061905&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb1l21v4024478430%2F Abstract  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by episodic decline in various neurologic functions. Gait dysfunction in MS is distinguished by decreased gait speed, walking endurance, step length, cadence and joint motion, as well as increased metabolic cost of walking and increased variability of gait. Standardized clinical, timed, and patient-based measures can identify MS patients with gait dysfunction, and observational gait analysis, instrumented walkways, or three-dimensional gait analysis can help determine which problem underlies their gait dysfunction to help direct effective treatment. Exercise may ameliorate all types of gait dysfunction. In addition, gait dysfunction due to weakness may be alleviated by o... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061905 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 18:09:51 +0100 5061905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5035977&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa13556270226655j%2F Abstract  The advent and wide use of magnetic resonance brain imaging has led to in the unexpected detection of lesions that appear typical of multiple sclerosis (MS) in otherwise asymptomatic patients. Several cohorts of patients with the “radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS)” have been studied mainly retrospectively, and a proportion of them do go on to have clinical symptoms of MS. This has led to the not infrequent clinical conundrum of whether or not to treat patients with MRI lesions suggestive of MS, given the knowledge that MS disease-modifying therapies work best when given early in the disease course. However, the decision to proactively treat patients with RIS is countered by the increasing risks associated with MS disease-modifying therapies as well as the... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5035977 Tue, 12 Jul 2011 06:01:02 +0100 5035977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5007666&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F24157548327x8r76%2F Abstract  Biomarkers are one type of laboratory testing being developed in response to the therapeutic imperative for diseases that cause cognitive impairment and dementia. The role of biomarkers is already transforming the organization and conduct of clinical trials, and if successful will likely contribute in the future to the medical management of patients with these diseases. Despite the obvious utility of practicality of blood- or urine-based biomarkers, so far results from these fluid compartments have not been reproducible. In contrast, substantial progress has been made in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Here we review the stages of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker development for several common and unusual diseases that cause cognitive impairment and dementia, stressi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5007666 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 06:09:40 +0100 5007666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4968153&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F544q1rv87568j327%2F Abstract  Notwithstanding the availability of disease-modifying treatments including interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab, a considerable proportion of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience continued progression of disease, clinical relapses, disease activity on MRI, and adverse effects. Application of gene expression, proteomic or genomic approaches is universally accepted as a suitable strategy toward the identification of biomarkers with predictive value for beneficial/poor clinical response to therapy and treatment risks. This review focuses on recent progress in research on the pharmacogenomics of disease-modifying therapies for MS. Although MS drug response biomarkers are not yet routinely implemented in the clinic, the diversity of reported, promi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4968153 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 16:37:21 +0100 4968153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4952537&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqh260535032230mh%2F Abstract  In the post-genomic era, epigenetic factors—literally those that are “over” or “above” genetic ones and responsible for controlling the expression and function of genes—have emerged as important mediators of development and aging; gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions; and the pathophysiology of complex disease states. Here, we provide a brief overview of the major epigenetic mechanisms (ie, DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA regulation). We highlight the nearly ubiquitous profiles of epigenetic dysregulation that have been found in Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. We also review innovative methods and technologies that enable the characterization of individual epigenetic modifi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4952537 Tue, 14 Jun 2011 06:02:19 +0100 4952537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840943&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm5854461847w7q21%2F Abstract  The mainstay of epilepsy surgery is the resection of a presumed seizure focus or disruption of seizure propagation pathways. These approaches cannot be applied to all patients with medically refractory epilepsy (MRE). Since 1997, vagus nerve stimulation has been a palliative adjunct to the care of MRE patients. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in select locations has been reported to reduce seizure frequency in small studies over the past three decades. Recently published results from the SANTE (Stimulation of the Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus for Epilepsy) trial—the first large-scale, randomized, double-blind trial of bilateral anterior thalamus DBS for MRE—demonstrate a significant reduction in seizure frequency with programmed stimulation. Another surgical altern... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840943 Mon, 16 May 2011 08:42:29 +0100 4840943 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4820500&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw4q86kj5g67458h5%2F Abstract  Psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) and other conversion disorders (CD) with apparent neurologic signs (neurologic CD) plague patients and perplex physicians. Due to a lack of objective evidence of underlying brain lesions, CD were largely abandoned by neurologists and remained poorly understood psychiatric diagnoses throughout most of the 20th century. Modern neuroscience now supports increasingly comprehensive biological models for these complex disorders, definitively establishing their place in both neurology and psychiatry. Although it is often clinically useful to distinguish a movement disorder as either “organic” or “psychogenic,” this dichotomy is difficult to defend scientifically. Here we describe the neuroimaging and neurophysiologic evidence ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4820500 Wed, 11 May 2011 05:51:21 +0100 4820500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4770869&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu1348j34p127h137%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0208-9Authors Carl W. Bazil, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 710 West 168th Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4770869 Mon, 25 Apr 2011 16:43:45 +0100 4770869 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4753454&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1u2878r5q1680414%2F Abstract  Most medical therapies for epilepsy consist of daily (or multiple-daily) dose, fixed-schedule, pharmacologic oral agents. Despite adherence, many patients continue to experience seizures. Various products have been discovered, designed, and marketed to serve as seizure-abortant therapies. These agents can be administered rapidly, as a “rescue” therapy, once a clinical seizure or cluster of seizures starts. Rescue medications are given as needed in an attempt to disrupt progression of a given seizure, and forestall what would otherwise be a more prolonged or more severe clinical event. Seizure-abortants also serve to aid in the management of seizure emergencies, such as prolonged, repetitive seizures, or status epilepticus. These compounds are not appropriate f... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4753454 Thu, 21 Apr 2011 06:03:31 +0100 4753454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4744745&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxu61q484n7220432%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0206-yAuthors Daniel E. Huddleston, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1841 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USAStewart A. Factor, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1841 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4744745 Wed, 20 Apr 2011 06:06:00 +0100 4744745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4723449&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy87q8x621761184m%2F Abstract  Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are among the most common nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and they have many important ramifications for patients. The purpose of this review is to raise awareness of the full spectrum of GI symptoms in PD which include weight loss, sialorrhea, dysphagia, nausea, constipation, and defecatory dysfunction. We will discuss their practical significance, and outline a clear approach to their evaluation and management. A brief discussion about the impacts of commonly used medical and surgical PD therapies on GI symptom manifestation is also included. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0204-0Authors Leslie J. Cloud, Emory University, 1841 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USAJames G. Gr... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4723449 Fri, 15 Apr 2011 15:48:59 +0100 4723449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4723450&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv444217525111x18%2F Abstract  Prospective studies conducted during the last decade have shown that the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) develop dementia. In addition, using a variety of definitions and methods, more recent research suggests that approximately a quarter of PD patients without dementia have mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Furthermore, several studies have shown that approximately 20% have MCI even at time of diagnosis of PD. The typical cognitive deficits include visuospatial, attentional, and executive deficits, but memory deficits have also been shown. The etiology of PD-MCI is not known, but it is likely that mechanisms known to contribute to dementia in PD (ie, limbic and cortical Lewy bodies, amyloid plaques, and cholinergic deficits) play a role, in... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4723450 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 21:26:43 +0100 4723450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4709033&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm74437u679j45724%2F Abstract  Gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) may offer an alternative to current pharmacologic and surgical treatments; the former are limited by motor complications and non-motor adverse effects, and both by lack of neuroprotection. Three main strategies under investigation using gene transfer for targeted protein expression include improving availability of dopamine to the striatum with more continuous delivery, reducing activity in the subthalamic nucleus by locally inducing γ-aminobutyric acid expression, or protecting and restoring nigrostriatal neuronal function with trophic factor expression. This review summarizes the components of gene therapy for PD, the preclinical rationale for each strategy, data from the most recently published clinical trials using ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4709033 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 05:37:49 +0100 4709033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4693055&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F11115222704j5205%2F Abstract  Genetic testing holds many promises in movement disorders, but also pitfalls that require careful consideration for meaningful results. These include the primary indication for testing in the first place, concerns regarding the implications of symptomatic, presymptomatic, and susceptibility testing, the mutation frequency in the gene of interest, the general lack of neuroprotective treatment options for neurodegenerative movement disorders, the prognosis of the condition diagnosed, and patient confidentiality concerns. Furthermore, new technical achievements and the available technical expertise, feasibility of specific gene testing, and its coverage through a health insurance carrier should be considered. Guidelines for testing have been established by some disea... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4693055 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:02:35 +0100 4693055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4693054&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F936w452h8345n285%2F Abstract  In utero exposure to some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is associated with an increased risk of impaired cognitive development. Specifically, valproate and polytherapy exposure are each associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment in children compared with other antiepileptic medications. The data regarding the risk to neurocognitive development imposed by maternal use of other AEDs are conflicting or insufficient at this time to draw definitive conclusions. Behavioral dysfunction including autistic spectrum disorder is also associated with maternal use of AEDs during pregnancy. Whether treatment with AEDs during childhood permanently affects cognitive neurodevelopment is yet to be determined. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s11910-0... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4693054 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:02:35 +0100 4693054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4693053&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhm557m0727373255%2F Abstract  Recent large-scale genomic profiling studies of glioma have yielded a proliferation of candidate subclasses, biomarkers and therapeutic targets for investigation. Some findings, such as that of IDH mutation in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastoma (GBM), fit well into established notions of different routes of gliomagenesis. Other results, such as the division of primary GBM based on signaling pathway alterations, suggest new pathogenetic routes with implications for treatment. The analysis of this data is still in the early stage. Nonetheless, several preliminary findings merit consideration in the development and interpretation of current clinical trials. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0198-7Authors Cameron Brennan, Huma... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4693053 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:02:35 +0100 4693053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4693056&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg284g857571kh872%2F Abstract  Biofeedback is a noninvasive behavioral treatment that enables a patient to gain volitional control over a physiological process. As a treatment for epilepsy, biofeedback interventions were explored from as early as the 1970s, concentrating on sensory motor rhythm (SMR) as a neurophysiologic parameter. Whereas SMR biofeedback aims to modulate frequency components of the electroencephalography (EEG), slow cortical potential (SCP) biofeedback (which was introduced in the 1990s) focuses on the regulation of the amplitude of cortical potential changes (DC shift). In its application to epilepsy, biofeedback using galvanic skin response (GSR), an electrodermal measure of sympathetic activity, is a relatively new cost-effective methodology. The present article first revi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4693056 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:02:34 +0100 4693056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4693057&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7841702131jw77v6%2F Abstract  Chorea is a common movement disorder that can be caused by a large variety of structural, neurochemical (including pharmacologic), or metabolic disturbances to basal ganglia function, indicating the vulnerability of this brain region. The diagnosis is rarely indicated by the simple phenotypic appearance of chorea, and can be challenging, with many patients remaining undiagnosed. Clues to diagnosis may be found in the patient’s family or medical history, on neurologic examination, or upon laboratory testing and neuroimaging. Increasingly, advances in genetic medicine are identifying new disorders and expanding the phenotype of recognized conditions. Although most therapies at present are supportive, correct diagnosis is essential for appropriate genetic counselin... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4693057 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 10:02:32 +0100 4693057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4683928&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1070h53322782775%2F Abstract  Until recently, very little data existed on long-term seizure prognosis of patients with intractable epilepsy. We review recent work that assessed seizure remission in patients with intractable epilepsy during medical management. Recent prevalence cohort studies among adults with longstanding intractable epilepsy have demonstrated notable proportions of patients attaining at least 1-year seizure freedom, ranging from more than 10% to nearly 30% of patients, when followed for mean duration of 18 months to 6 years. Additionally, a recent prospective cohort study of pediatric-onset intractable epilepsy (followed prospectively for seizure outcome from onset of intractability) revealed minimum 1-year seizure remission among more than half of study patients. D... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4683928 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 05:54:08 +0100 4683928 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4669971&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvn7071k27773949l%2F Abstract  In 2011, there are greater than 20 antiepileptic medications available. These medications work by modulating neuronal excitability. Reproductive hormones have been found to have a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of seizures by also altering neuronal excitability, especially in women with catamenial epilepsy. The female reproductive hormones have in general opposing effects on neuronal excitability; estrogens generally impart a proconvulsant neurophysiologic tone, whereas the progestogens have anticonvulsant effects. It follows then that fluctuations in the levels of serum progesterone and estrogen throughout a normal reproductive cycle bring about an increased or decreased risk of seizure occurrence based upon the serum estradiol/progesterone ratio. Therefo... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4669971 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:53:42 +0100 4669971 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663714&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff875645430247116%2F Abstract  After a decade of intensive investigation but only few replicable results, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genetics research is slowly picking up pace. This is mostly owing to the completion of several genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which have suggested the existence of over three dozen potential new AD susceptibility genes. Although only a handful of these could be confirmed in subsequent independent replication efforts to date, this success rate is still much higher than in the pre-GWAS era. This review provides a brief summary of the principal methodologic advances in genetics research of the past decade, followed by a description of the most compelling findings that these advances have unearthed in AD. The paper closes with a discussion of the persistent m... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663714 Tue, 29 Mar 2011 07:04:03 +0100 4663714 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4631339&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx5q42m346n055563%2F Abstract  Epilepsy and autism coexist in up to 20% of children with either disorder. Current studies suggest that a frequent co-occurring condition in epilepsy and autism is intellectual disability, which shows a very high prevalence in those with both autism and epilepsy. In addition, these recent studies suggest that early-onset seizures may index a group of infants at high risk for developing autism, usually with associated intellectual deficits. In this review we discuss recent advances in the conceptualization of shared anatomical and molecular mechanisms that may account for the coexistence of epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. A major contribution to our improved understanding of the relationship among these three phenotypes is the discovery of multiple g... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4631339 Mon, 21 Mar 2011 18:56:25 +0100 4631339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4501411&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe7163wm7v92p3264%2F Abstract  The overall incidence of brain tumors for benign and malignant tumors combined is 18.71 per 100,000 person-years; 11.52 per 100,000 person-years for benign tumors and 7.19 per 100,000 person-years for malignant tumors. Incidence, response to treatment, and survival after diagnosis vary greatly by age at diagnosis, histologic type of tumor, and degree of neurologic compromise. The only established environmental risk factor for brain tumors is ionizing radiation exposure. Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields via cell phone use has gained a lot of attention as a potential risk factor for brain tumor development. However, studies have been inconsistent and inconclusive due to systematic differences in study designs and difficulty of accurately measuring c... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4501411 Fri, 18 Feb 2011 17:24:37 +0100 4501411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4501412&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6474667764740461%2F Abstract  PINK1 is a mitochondrially targeted kinase that has been linked to a rare monogenic form of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of selected dopaminergic neurons. Intensive research using many model systems has clearly established a fundamental role for PINK1 in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction—a key mechanism long thought to play a central role in PD pathogenesis. Current hypotheses propose PINK1’s important functions involve mitophagy, mitochondrial calcium buffering, and mitochondrial quality control. Furthermore, recent findings have revealed that PINK1’s functions are likely regulated by a complex mechanism that includes regulated mitochondrial import and intramembrane proteolysis to influe... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4501412 Fri, 18 Feb 2011 06:48:38 +0100 4501412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4501413&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh37042862h264480%2F Abstract   N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is a recently described immunotherapy-responsive panencephalitis with characteristic features that include a psychiatric onset and a later movement disorder. This entity was first described as a paraneoplastic phenomenon in young women with ovarian teratomata. However, more recently it has become clear that the majority of patients, particularly children, do not harbor a tumor and that males can also be affected. With the development of the NMDAR antibody assay, now available worldwide, a few patients with classical limbic encephalitis and early psychosis and epilepsy have also been found to harbor these antibodies. Early diagnosis followed by immunotherapies and tumor removal, when relevant, expedite r... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4501413 Thu, 17 Feb 2011 17:03:29 +0100 4501413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4494765&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk771374050vrk86n%2F Abstract  Hereditary axonal motor and sensory neuropathies or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) are characterized clinically by distal muscle weakness and atrophy, sensory loss, and foot deformities. Conduction velocities are usually in the normal range or mildly slowed. The majority of CMT2 are autosomal-dominant but autosomal-recessive forms have been described. The number of genes associated with CMT2 have significantly increased in the past decade, with the gene causing CMT2C/SPSMA being the last one discovered. More than 10 genes are now associated with different subtypes of CMT2, which are classified from CMT2A to CMT2N. These genes have distinct functions, but some appear to be involved in common biological pathways, therefore, providing important clues for u... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4494765 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 06:59:37 +0100 4494765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4494766&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft5n047322k233645%2F Abstract  Primary spinal cord tumors constitute 2% to 4% of all central nervous system neoplasms and are characterized based on their location as intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, and extradural. A contemporary literature review of primary intradural spinal cord tumors was performed. Among intramedullary tumors, ependymomas are more common and often can be surgically resected. However, astrocytomas infiltrate the spinal cord and complete resection is rare. Intradural extramedullary tumors include schwannomas, neurofibromas, and meningiomas and are usually amenable to surgical resection. Radiotherapy is reserved for malignant variants and recurrent gliomas, whereas chemotherapy is administered for recurrent primary spinal cord tumors without surgical or radiotherapy... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4494766 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 06:59:36 +0100 4494766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4494767&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fjj378353631u8451%2F Abstract  Advances in diagnostic imaging modalities and improved access to specialty care have led directly to an increased diagnosis of both metastatic and primary brain tumors. As technology has improved, so has the ability to treat this larger patient population. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has recently shown the potential to aid in histologic diagnosis as well as to identify local brain invasion outside of that readily identifiable by conventional MRI. Similar to DTI, functional MRI provides a noninvasive means of delineating tumor margin from eloquent cortex and aids in preoperative surgical planning. As the literature shows increasing support for the advantages of extensive resection in glioma patients, modalities that aid in this regard are displaying increased im... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4494767 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 06:59:35 +0100 4494767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4459618&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F804x57081l740j1r%2F Abstract  The symptoms of narcolepsy can occur during the course of other neurologic conditions (ie, symptomatic narcolepsy). Inherited disorders, tumors, and head trauma were the three most frequent causes for symptomatic narcolepsy. Other causes include multiple sclerosis (MS), vascular disorders, and encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 measures were carried out in some recent cases with symptomatic narcolepsy, and moderate decreases in hypocretin levels were seen in a large majority of these cases. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in these symptomatic cases was sometimes reversible with an improvement of the causative neurologic disorder and with an improvement of the hypocretin (orexin) status. Recently, we found that several symptomatic narcoleptic cases w... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4459618 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 06:40:19 +0100 4459618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4441896&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk807169638217655%2F Abstract  The condition originally called Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome is a collection of related disorders involving abnormal iron accumulation in the basal ganglia, usually manifesting with a movement disorder. To date, mutations in the following genes have been associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) phenotypes: PANK2, PLA2G6, FA2H, ATP13A2, C2orf37, CP, and FTL. This collection, now classified under the umbrella term NBIA, continues to evolve as new genes and associated phenotypes are recognized. As this body of information continues to grow, better approaches to diagnosis and treatment have become available. Continued investigations of the underlying pathogenesis of disease, with a focus on lipid, iron, and energy metabolism, will lead to th... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4441896 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 08:39:30 +0100 4441896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4428786&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm8038v5j6012v257%2F Abstract  Antiangiogenic treatment has recently become an integral part of modern cancer therapy targeting the vasculature of numerous aggressive malignancies including glioblastoma. There is preclinical evidence that antiangiogenic therapies promote glioma cell invasiveness. In clinical series, upon progression on antiangiogenic therapy with the vascular endothelial growth factor–directed antibody bevacizumab (BEV), glioblastoma has been reported to display a more infiltrative pattern of recurrence. This distant spread at recurrence or progression and a gliomatosis cerebri-like growth pattern is best detectable on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. The frequency of up to 20% to 30% of such a pattern in BEV-treated patients is higher than expected to occur without B... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4428786 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 07:31:51 +0100 4428786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4418884&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj21t6v20447g55l5%2F Abstract  The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been established as an excellent vertebrate model for the study of developmental biology and gene function. It also has proven to be a valuable model to study human diseases. Here, we reviewed recent publications using zebrafish to study the pathology of human neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s. These studies indicate that zebrafish genes and their human homologues have conserved functions with respect to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The characteristics of the zebrafish and the experimental approaches to which it is amenable make this species a useful complement to other animal models for the study of pathologic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and for the scr... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4418884 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 01:08:36 +0100 4418884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4418883&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft33t33p0616821k6%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0183-1Authors Lauren E. Abrey, Unterer Rheinweg 56, CH 4057 Basel, Switzerland Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4418883 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 01:08:36 +0100 4418883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4371681&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp641150831204816%2F Content Type Journal Article Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4371681 Thu, 20 Jan 2011 01:09:13 +0100 4371681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4377363&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftjl81m745t568lk7%2F Abstract  Migraine is a disorder with variable natural history. In some sufferers, migraine evolves over time into a state of headaches on more days than not. This process of migraine chronification is poorly understood, but risk factors have been clearly identified. Herein, we first discuss the role of heritability and of genetic risk factors on migraine chronification. We follow with a discussion of the role of comorbid conditions and environmental exposures. We suggest that clinicians consider risk factor modification as part of migraine management, aspiring to not just relieve current pain and disability, but to avoid migraine progression. Reducing attack frequency, avoiding medication overuse, appropriately using preventive drugs and behavioral therapies, and encouragi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4377363 Mon, 17 Jan 2011 20:40:22 +0100 4377363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4360762&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1v427616p5126426%2F Abstract  Bevacizumab is thought to normalize tumor vasculature and restore the blood–brain barrier, decreasing enhancement and peritumoral edema. Conventional measurements of tumor response rely upon dimensions of enhancing tumor. After bevacizumab treatment, glioblastomas are more prone to progress as nonenhancing tumor. The RANO (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) criteria for glioma response use fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)/T2 hyperintensity as a surrogate for nonenhancing tumor; however, nonenhancing tumor can be difficult to differentiate from other causes of FLAIR/T2 hyperintensity (eg, radiation-induced gliosis). Due to these difficulties, recent efforts have been directed toward identifying new biomarkers that either predict treatment response ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4360762 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:57:12 +0100 4360762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4360763&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8638765357173166%2F Abstract  Frontal lobe seizures have a tendency to occur from sleep, and in some cases occur exclusively (or almost exclusively) from sleep; these individuals are said to have nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE). NFLE can be difficult to distinguish clinically from various other sleep disorders, particularly parasomnias, which also present with paroxysmal motor activity in sleep. Here, the manifestations of frontal lobe epilepsy are reviewed in detail, with particular reference to the influence of sleep and the characteristics of NFLE. Key aspects of differential diagnosis are also considered, and the underlying mechanisms involved in NFLE discussed. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s11910-011-0180-4Authors Christopher P. Derry, Department of Clinic... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4360763 Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:57:10 +0100 4360763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342933&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy5t73572627k7082%2F Abstract  Recent animal and human studies have raised concern that exposure to anesthetic agents in children may cause neuronal damage and be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Exposure of young animals to anesthetic agents above threshold doses and durations during a critical neurodevelopmental window in the absence of concomitant painful stimuli causes widespread neuronal apoptosis and subsequent abnormal behaviors. The relevance of such animal data to humans is unknown. Untreated neonatal pain and stress also are associated with enhanced neuronal death and subsequent maladaptive behaviors, which can be prevented by exposure to these same anesthetic agents. Retrospective observational human studies have suggested a dose-dependent association between mult... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342933 Tue, 11 Jan 2011 07:34:19 +0100 4342933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342934&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxh3630871l258224%2F Abstract  Cortical malformations associated with defects in neuronal migration result in severe developmental consequences including intractable epilepsy and intellectual disability. Genetic causes of migration defects have been identified with the advent and widespread use of high-resolution MRI and genetic techniques. Thus, the full phenotypic range of these genetic disorders is becoming apparent. Genes that cause lissencephaly, pachygyria, subcortical band heterotopia, and periventricular nodular heterotopias have been defined. Many of these genes are involved in cytoskeletal regulation including the function of microtubules (LIS1, TUBA1A,TUBB3, and DCX) and of actin (FilaminA). Thus, the molecular pathways regulating neuronal migration including the cytoskeletal pathways... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342934 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 20:06:56 +0100 4342934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4322338&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8042418k28845106%2F Abstract  Menstrual migraine and other hormonally related headaches are common in women. Falling estrogen levels or estrogen withdrawal after periods of sustained higher levels can trigger migraine. It makes sense to target this trigger for management of hormonally related headaches, particularly when nonhormonal strategies have been unsuccessful. Decision making regarding the use of hormonal contraception and menopausal hormone therapy is complex and commonly driven by other factors, but hormonal manipulation can potentially improve the course of migraine. Providers caring for migraineurs are appropriately concerned about stroke risk. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives are relatively contraindicated for women who have migraine with aura. Postmenopausal hormone the... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4322338 Wed, 05 Jan 2011 06:48:52 +0100 4322338 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4302055&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg749p385k6146j07%2F Abstract  Stroke is an increasingly recognized cause of morbidity in the pediatric population. The incidence of ischemic stroke is 1.2 per 100,000 children. There are many known etiologies of childhood cerebral ischemia but moyamoya is one of the only ischemic conditions of childhood that can be effectively treated with surgery. Moyamoya disease is by definition idiopathic, whereas moyamoya syndrome refers to a similar disease course in conjunction with a known predisposing condition. The clinical manifestations and disease progression are similar. Furthermore, surgical treatment has been shown to be efficacious and safe in the treatment of moyamoya. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0173-8Authors Jay W. Rhee, Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown Un... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4302055 Wed, 29 Dec 2010 17:14:15 +0100 4302055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4285041&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu4221226044v57u4%2F Abstract  Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is characterized by a prolonged seizure that persists despite adequate initial management. RSE accounts for almost one quarter of all status epilepticus and carries significant risk for morbidity and mortality. Treatment varies widely between institutions regarding medication choice, dose, and monitoring. Several agents including nonanesthetic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), anesthetic AEDs, enteral AEDs, and other therapies have been used in RSE. We review the current treatment strategies for RSE, focusing on patient selection, monitoring, optimal dosing and administration of medications, efficacy, adverse effects, and treatment duration. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0170-yAuthors John M. Schreiber, Depa... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4285041 Tue, 21 Dec 2010 07:21:34 +0100 4285041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4272161&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg631338118v2v200%2F Abstract  The neuropeptides hypocretin-1 and -2 (orexin A and B) are critical in the regulation of arousal and maintenance of wakefulness. Understanding the role of the hypocretin system in sleep/wake regulation has come from narcolepsy-cataplexy research. Deficiency of hypocretin results in loss of sleep/wake control with consequent unstable transitions from wakefulness into non–rapid eye movement (REM) and REM sleep, and clinical manifestations including daytime hypersomnolence, sleep attacks, and cataplexy. The hypocretin system regulates sleep/wake control through complex interactions between monoaminergic/cholinergic wake–promoting and GABAergic sleep–promoting neuronal systems. Research for the hypocretin agonist and the hypocretin antagonist for the treatment o... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4272161 Fri, 17 Dec 2010 17:42:00 +0100 4272161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4272162&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu741q45111043003%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0171-xAuthors Ivan Garza, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4272162 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 06:55:00 +0100 4272162 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4272163&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb7v571722r030736%2F This article reviews the presenting symptoms, immunology, long-term sequelae, and management options for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes, focusing on those most commonly reported in children: opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia, limbic encephalitis, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The child neurologist plays an important role in recognizing these disorders, initiating a tumor search, and directing ongoing treatment and management of neurologic symptoms after oncologic treatment is complete. Given the rarity of these conditions, multisite collaborative efforts are needed to develop standardized approaches to characterization and treatment. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0169-4Authors Elizabeth M. Wells, Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4272163 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 06:54:59 +0100 4272163 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4230082&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0447u817254r3338%2F Abstract  Pituitary tumors may give rise to headache via numerous mechanisms. The traditional explanation for headache is dural stretch and cavernous sinus invasion, although this is not borne out by clinical studies. Certain functional pituitary tumors are associated with headache, notably growth hormone and prolactin-secreting tumors. The observation that somatostatin analogues can have a dramatic analgesic effect in acromegaly suggests that biochemical properties of the tumor may be important. The genetic predisposition of the patient to primary headache also determines whether headache occurs with pituitary tumors. This article attempts to outline the clinical features, management strategies, and key academic questions regarding the subject of pituitary tumors and heada... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4230082 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 06:59:56 +0100 4230082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4230083&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp71g247829164269%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0168-5Authors Roger J. Packer, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Gilbert Neurofibromatosis Institute, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4230083 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 06:59:55 +0100 4230083 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4230084&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7225421m65237010%2F Abstract  Ocular pain is most commonly associated with redness and inflammation; however, eye pain can also occur in the absence of grossly visible pathology. Pain in the quiet eye can be the first sign of a number of threatening conditions. Many of these conditions such as intermittent angle closure glaucoma, carotid artery dissection, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and giant cell arteritis can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. In this review, ocular history and examination techniques are summarized. The article also reviews pertinent ocular, orbital, referred, and other causes of eye pain in the quiet eye. The neurologist and headache specialist should recognize when consultation with an ophthalmologist is necessary. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4230084 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 06:59:54 +0100 4230084 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4230085&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk6jknh5uh7605m60%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0165-8Authors Michael J. Thorpy, Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4230085 Thu, 02 Dec 2010 07:09:49 +0100 4230085 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4230086&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F33q1461134064265%2F Abstract  Although theories regarding headache originating in the neck have existed for more than 150 years, the term “cervicogenic headache” originated in 1983. Early descriptions pinpoint the characteristic symptoms as dizziness, visual disturbances, tinnitus, and “posterior” headache, conceivably as a consequence of arthrosis, infliction upon the vertebral artery, or with a “migrainous” background and occurring in “advanced age.” Cervicogenic headache (mean age of onset, 33 years) displays a somewhat different picture: unilateral headache, starting posteriorly, but advancing to the frontal area, most frequently the main site of pain; usually accompanied by ipsilateral arm discomfort, reduced range of motion in the neck, and mechanical precipitati... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4230086 Thu, 02 Dec 2010 07:09:48 +0100 4230086 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4200412&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp7817773587556g1%2F Abstract  Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability; most are due to atherothrombotic mechanisms. About one third of ischemic strokes are preceded by other stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Stroke survivors are at high risk for vascular events (i.e., cerebrovascular and cardiovascular). Prevention of recurrent stroke and other major vascular events can be accomplished by control of risk factors. Nonetheless, the use of antiplatelet agents remains the fundamental component of secondary stroke prevention strategy in patients with noncardioembolic disease. Currently, the uses of aspirin, clopidogrel, or aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole are valid alternatives for stroke or transient ischemic attack patients. To maximize the beneficial effects of these agen... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4200412 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 13:22:33 +0100 4200412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4189942&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn3nh777qk1w16361%2F Abstract  Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric disturbance. In this article, we used polysomnography, actigraphy and a variety of validated questionnaires to ascertain the extent to which sleep changes are identifiable and measurable in mild stage HD, and importantly, to see whether patients are negatively impacted by the changes in their sleep. We found significant differences in sleep architecture and sleep efficiency in patients compared with controls using polysomnography. However, patient scores on the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes of Sleep Scale, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were not significantly different to controls. These results suggest that although mark... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4189942 Fri, 19 Nov 2010 17:06:01 +0100 4189942 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4186821&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F777u28264r036lpn%2F Abstract  Atrial fibrillation is the most common cause of cardioembolic ischemic stroke and has a rising prevalence worldwide. Stroke prevention in this condition is poised to take a substantial leap forward with the evolution of new anticoagulant medications, with superior properties compared to vitamin K antagonists. New, safer and more effective chronic therapy is on the horizon. However, many issues surrounding the management of stroke prevention after an acute stroke and during the course of chronic anticoagulant therapy remain to be resolved. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0161-zAuthors Simerpreet Bal, Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Calgary Stroke Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB CanadaPawan Ojha, Depart... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4186821 Thu, 18 Nov 2010 07:58:15 +0100 4186821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4175468&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvw862wq115018443%2F Abstract  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons that causes progressive weakness and death. The breadth of research in ALS continues to grow with exciting new discoveries in disease pathogenesis and potential future therapeutics. There is a growing list of identified mutations in familial ALS, including those in genes encoding TDP-43 and FUS/TLS, which are expanding our understanding of the role of RNA modulation in ALS pathogenesis. There is a greater appreciation for the role of glial cells in motor neuron disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also being shown to be critical for motor neuron degeneration. In addition to pharmacotherapy, there are promising early developments with therapeutic implications in the... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4175468 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 18:07:46 +0100 4175468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4175469&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl238l1842g337610%2F Abstract  Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) disease encompasses a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited neuropathies, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. CMT results from mutations in more than 40 genes expressed in Schwann cells and neurons causing overlapping phenotypes. The classic CMT phenotype reflects length-dependent axonal degeneration characterized by distal sensory loss and weakness, deep tendon reflex abnormalities, and skeletal deformities. Recent articles have provided insight into the molecular pathogenesis of CMT, which, for the first time, suggest potential therapeutic targets. Although there are currently no effective medications for CMT, multiple clinical trials are ongoing or being planned. This review will focus on the underly... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4175469 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 18:07:45 +0100 4175469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4151308&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu42m85521q274238%2F Abstract  Ischemic stroke, white matter hyperintensities related to small vessel ischemia, and intracranial aneurysms all show heritability. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding the molecular genetics of these disorders. Also reviewed is recent progress in understanding single-gene disorders in which stroke is a major feature of the phenotype, including CADASIL, CARASIL, hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysm and muscle cramps, and Fabry disease and progress in pharmacogenomics as it relates to response to antiplatelet therapy. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0155-xAuthors James F. Meschia, Cerebrovascular Division, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA Journal Curre... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4151308 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 07:04:32 +0100 4151308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4133282&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh077606681h48p01%2F Abstract  Our knowledge of the pharmacogenetics of warfarin and clopidogrel continues to expand as we learn more about the individual genetic variations that contribute to the drugs’ efficacy and toxicity. We aim to review the recent developments in the field and discuss the clinical implications for the treatment of ischemic stroke patients. Despite recent advances, there is still insufficient data to suggest that routine genetic testing improves outcomes in patients treated with warfarin or clopidogrel for prevention of stroke. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0157-8Authors Megan M. Donohue, Department of Neurology, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359775, Seattle, WA 98104, USADavid L. Tirschwell, Department of Neurology, Harborview... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4133282 Tue, 02 Nov 2010 17:34:36 +0100 4133282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4133283&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgw30267230765334%2F Abstract  Lipid storage myopathy (LSM) is pathologically characterized by prominent lipid accumulation in muscle fibers due to lipid dysmetabolism. Although extensive molecular studies have been performed, there are only four types of genetically diagnosable LSMs: primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, and neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy. Making an accurate diagnosis, by specific laboratory tests including genetic analyses, is important for LSM as some of the patients are treatable: individuals with PCD show dramatic improvement with high-dose oral L-carnitine supplementation and increasing evidence indicates that MADD due to ETFDH mutations is riboflavin respons... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4133283 Tue, 02 Nov 2010 17:34:35 +0100 4133283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4133284&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc5277v1787574415%2F Abstract  Cerebral hyperperfusion and reperfusion injuries are not infrequently encountered following in reperfusion of ischemic or hypoperfused brain. Mechanism of injury could be related to tissue plasminogen activator toxicity, oxidative stress, and hyperperfusion due to impaired cerebral autoregulation in already maximally dilated cerebral vasculature and compromised cerebral hemodynamic reserve. Reperfusion injury can present as headaches and seizures in mild forms and as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and encephalopathy in its most severe manifestation. Prevention and identifying those at risk of hyperperfusion syndromes are the best strategy. Active treatment includes basic neurocritical care with reduction of blood pressure to a re... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4133284 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 17:59:35 +0100 4133284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4097288&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F83426u2355681083%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0152-0Authors Harold P. Adams, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4097288 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 17:33:57 +0100 4097288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4097289&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh106xl48rm275h87%2F Abstract  The management of carotid stenosis has enjoyed renewed interest in the neurological community in recent years due to the advent of endovascular approaches. In concert, progress in medical treatment of these patients has rekindled the debate regarding the best management of carotid stenosis overall, both for symptomatic and asymptomatic disease. For symptomatic carotid stenosis, the major decision required is choosing the type of intervention best suited for individual patients: carotid endarterectomy versus carotid artery stenting. For patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, intensive medical management has evolved significantly over the past decade to decrease the risk of ischemic stroke to match surgical intervention under most circumstances. This review wi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4097289 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 00:47:26 +0100 4097289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4073691&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fck4h771446512300%2F Abstract  Multimodal neuroimaging is assuming an increasingly important role in the initial evaluation and management of acute stroke patients in parallel with the expansion of therapeutic options. Multimodal MRI can identify the type of stroke (ischemia or hemorrhage), severity and location of the lesion, the patency of the intracranial vessels, the degree of cerebral perfusion, and the presence and size of the ischemic penumbra. This information can be used to guide both acute and long-term treatment decisions for stroke patients. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0150-2Authors Richard E. Burgess, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Building D, Suite 150, Washington, DC 20007, USAChelsea S. Kidwell, Georgetown University Me... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4073691 Mon, 11 Oct 2010 16:55:47 +0100 4073691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4044870&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl3m4972m48088860%2F Abstract  Before the use of hypothermia as a treatment for comatose post-cardiac arrest patients, several prognostic variables were widely accepted as reliable and valid for the prediction of poor outcome. Recent studies using hypothermia have reported on patients with recovery of consciousness in spite of absent or extensor motor responses after 3 days, absent bilateral cortical N20 responses after 24 h, serum neuron-specific enolase levels greater than 33 μg/L, and early myoclonus status epilepticus. Hypothermia and its associated use of sedative and paralytic agents may delay neurologic recovery and affect the optimal timing of prognostic variables. Recent developments in brain imaging may provide additional objective prognostic information and deserve fu... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4044870 Wed, 06 Oct 2010 16:46:39 +0100 4044870 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4044871&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu671pj3368134344%2F Abstract  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an antibody-mediated, neuromuscular transmission disorder, which ranges in clinical manifestations of ocular myasthenia that may be visually disabling to myasthenic crisis with patients suffering life-threatening respiratory insufficiency. MG also has pathophysiologic subgroups based on presence or absence of acetylcholine receptor or muscle-specific kinase antibodies and presence of thymoma. Cholinesterase inhibitors partially improve weakness, but the vast majority of patients require therapies that moderate the autoimmune attack. Mortality of MG has been reduced over the last century, but adverse effects of treatment compromise patient care and rigorous evidence to guide the clinician are lacking. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4044871 Wed, 06 Oct 2010 16:46:38 +0100 4044871 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4036357&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F15669639814nq00r%2F Abstract  The advantages of telephone consultations for patients with acute stroke syndromes are history of use, simplicity, availability, portability, short consultation time, and facile implementation. The favorable aspects of telemedicine consultations are high accuracy, reliability, efficacy, and effectiveness, the growing technological sophistication of the offerings and features, and the high grade of recommendation. Between the two modalities, telemedicine is optimal for assessing patients with acute stroke and superior to telephone-only evaluations. Telephone consultations can serve as an adequate ancillary, adjunctive, supplemental, or back-up modality for a telestroke network. With recent advances in one-way/two-way video and teleradiology features adapted to Smar... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4036357 Mon, 04 Oct 2010 12:31:26 +0100 4036357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3968859&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj12151427n4x51j2%2F Abstract  The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) courses a long pathway beginning in the precentral gyrus and ending at the facial muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands, and structures of the inner ear. Lesions along this pathway, clinically divided into upper and lower motor neuron lesions, present with unique characteristics that assist the physician in identifying the lesion site. The sequelae particularly of peripheral CN VII palsies, may result in significant and chronic damage to the cornea that may be challenging for the physician and patient. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0143-1Authors M. Tariq Bhatti, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medicine (Division of Neurology), Duke University Eye Center and Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin R... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3968859 Mon, 13 Sep 2010 05:42:32 +0100 3968859 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953824&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F354v34771026r654%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0134-2Authors Santiago Ortega-Gutierrez, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USAStephan A. Mayer, Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Milstein Hospital Building 8 Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953824 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:25:30 +0100 3953824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3932909&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk13206v14578qn34%2F Abstract  Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics that are indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to therapeutic interventions. To date, clinical assessment remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and clinical rating scales are well established as the gold standard for tracking progression of PD. Researchers have identified numerous potential biomarkers that may aid in the differential diagnosis of PD and/or tracking disease progression. Clinical, genetic, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics), and neuroimaging biomarkers may provide useful tools in the diagnosis of PD and in measuring disease progression and response to therapies. Some potential biomarker... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3932909 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:25:20 +0100 3932909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3932910&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3m8644830lm81204%2F Abstract  Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), typically resulting from a neurodegenerative disease such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration or Alzheimer’s disease, is characterized by a progressive loss of specific language functions with relative sparing of other cognitive domains. Three variants of PPA are now recognized: semantic variant, logopenic variant, and nonfluent/agrammatic variant. We discuss recent work characterizing the neurolinguistic, neuropsychological, imaging and pathologic profiles associated with these variants. Improved reliability of diagnoses will be increasingly important as trials for etiology-specific treatments become available. We also discuss the implications of these syndromes for theories of language function. Content Type Journal Arti... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3932910 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:25:19 +0100 3932910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3913070&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F01266q09g7455822%2F Abstract  Emerging neurologic evidence has suggested that developmental and acquired stuttering may have a cerebral base. Investigations have revealed compensatory activation in the right cortical motor areas and deactivation in the left perisylvian region in subjects with persistent developmental stuttering. The evidence has also implicated limbic (cingulate)-basal ganglia regions. Increased speech fluency with treatment in such subjects eliminated compensatory brain activity and shifted activation back to the left hemisphere. We assess the neurology of stuttering and then present our own observations of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus with some ameliorating effect on the encompassing syndrome with speech dysfluency. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s1191... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3913070 Thu, 26 Aug 2010 18:19:23 +0100 3913070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885188&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh2k4p4289878t732%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0141-3Authors Burk Jubelt, Neurology, Microbiology/Immunology, and Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885188 Tue, 17 Aug 2010 20:37:12 +0100 3885188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885189&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg5583625l5221116%2F Abstract  Frontotemporal dementias are syndromes of progressive dysfunction of the frontal and/or temporal lobes, either unilaterally or bilaterally. These syndromes were described clinically under the terms “primary progressive aphasia” in the United States and “frontotemporal dementia” in Europe and the United Kingdom. They are diagnosed by the clinical features of a frontal lobe neurobehavioral syndrome, or a language and cognitive deterioration. In recent years, molecular genetic findings in these syndromes, especially the tau and progranulin mutations on chromosome 17, have provided a molecular and genetic foundation for the understanding of frontotemporal dementia. These disorders are distinct from Alzheimer’s disease but have some overlap with the syndrome ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885189 Tue, 17 Aug 2010 20:25:56 +0100 3885189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3876486&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv511811878n3jm7u%2F Abstract  Syringobulbia is an uncommon condition, usually a late complication of syringomyelia. It has predilection for the dorsolateral region of the medulla leading to damage to vestibular nuclei and their connections, as well as to the descending sympathetic fibers. Oscillopsia, nystagmus, and Horner syndrome are frequent manifestations of syringobulbia. Oscillopsia may be a disturbing symptom for the patient, whereas Horner syndrome is usually an asymptomatic finding. MRI detection of syringomyelia has led to earlier treatment of syringomyelia and prevention of upward extension of the cavity. This probably explains why syringobulbia is less frequently encountered at present. We propose to describe the neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms and signs that may be observed in patie... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3876486 Sat, 14 Aug 2010 16:46:18 +0100 3876486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866876&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx0l7p22231247663%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0133-3Authors Shyamal H. Mehta, Movement Disorders Program, Medical College of Georgia, 1429 Harper Street, HF-1121, Augusta, GA 30912, USAJohn C. Morgan, Movement Disorders Program, Medical College of Georgia, 1429 Harper Street, HF-1121, Augusta, GA 30912, USAKapil D. Sethi, Movement Disorders Program, Medical College of Georgia, 1429 Harper Street, HF-1121, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866876 Fri, 13 Aug 2010 17:43:50 +0100 3866876 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866877&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm45155n5m77113x2%2F Abstract  In this paper, a historical overview of the interpretation of conduction aphasia is initially presented. It is emphasized that the name conduction aphasia was proposed by Wernicke and was interpreted as a disconnection between the temporal and frontal brain language areas; this interpretation was re-taken by Geschwind, attributing the arcuate fasciculus the main role in speech repetition disturbances and resulting in the so-called Wernicke-Geschwind model of language. With the introduction of contemporary neuroimaging techniques, this interpretation of conduction aphasia as a disconnection syndrome due to an impairment of the arcuate fasciculus has been challenged. It has been disclosed that the arcuate fasciculus does not really connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866877 Fri, 13 Aug 2010 17:43:47 +0100 3866877 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866878&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F72q7738134762155%2F Abstract  In the spring of 2009 a new triple-reassortant of influenza A (H1N1) virus appeared in Mexico and rapidly spread around the world, becoming a pandemic that primarily infected children and uncommonly older adults. Accompanying the pandemic were associated neurologic and muscular syndromes that affected primarily children and included febrile seizures, encephalopathy/encephalitis with or without seizures, delirium, focal neurologic syndromes, Guillain-Barré syndrome, myositis, and myocarditis. Neither the frequency nor the severity of these syndromes appears different from those recognized during periods of infections of previous influenza A viruses. I review the clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, and pathologic characteristics of the associated syndromes appearin... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866878 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 19:40:20 +0100 3866878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866879&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn5049t7k6g7j1v25%2F Abstract  Visual complaints in patients with dementia are varied and attributable to both visual sensory (afferent) and ocular motor (efferent) dysfunction. This review focuses exclusively on the efferent visual dysfunction associated with dementia and aging. It provides a brief overview of the most common ocular motility disturbances associated with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. An introduction to the six eye movement systems and the terminology associated with the evaluation of each system are reviewed. Assessment of efferent visual function in patients with dementia may be challengi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866879 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 19:40:18 +0100 3866879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866880&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm7x240342132j134%2F Abstract  Although major advancements have been made in the treatment of HIV infection, graft-versus-host reactions, and autoimmune diseases, an unexpected consequence of treatment has been the emergence of a devastating inflammatory syndrome, termed the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The pathophysiology of the syndrome is poorly understood, and the syndrome poses unique challenges for diagnosis and treatment. We have reviewed the neurologic manifestations of IRIS in the context of HIV infection as well as in the setting of treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, in which compartmental immune suppression may occur without an obvious underlying immune suppression. The purpose of this review is to identify common themes that may assis... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866880 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 19:40:17 +0100 3866880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3861792&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F672044hu33520242%2F Abstract  The list of genetic causes of syndromes of dystonia parkinsonism grows constantly. As a consequence, the diagnosis becomes more and more challenging for the clinician. Here, we summarize the important causes of dystonia parkinsonism including autosomal-dominant, recessive, and x-linked forms. We cover dopa-responsive dystonia, Wilson’s disease, Parkin-, PINK1-, and DJ-1-associated parkinsonism (PARK2, 6, and 7), x-linked dystonia-parkinsonism/Lubag (DYT3), rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (DYT12) and DYT16 dystonia, the syndromes of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) including pantothenate kinase (PANK2)- and PLA2G6 (PARK14)-associated neurodegeneration, neuroferritinopathy, Kufor-Rakeb disease (PARK9) and the recently described SENDA syndrome... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3861792 Sat, 07 Aug 2010 07:05:14 +0100 3861792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3776138&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx225076x1251274x%2F Abstract  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex demyelinating disease with a relatively unpredictable course. It is well established that MS has a significant impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) for individuals at all stages of the disease. It is argued that clinicians offer treatment to their patients for three reasons: 1) to increase longevity, 2) to prevent future morbidity, and 3) to make patients feel better. To assess how well they are accomplishing the third of these goals, clinicians have come to depend on the direct measurement of patients’ HRQL. We review the many physical and emotional symptoms and other consequences of MS that negatively influence HRQL, how HRQL is measured, the unique information these measures provide compared with clinical parame... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3776138 Wed, 14 Jul 2010 23:28:59 +0100 3776138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3701612&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft510t0k1583836r4%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0126-2Authors Vijayshree Yadav, Oregon Health & Science University Department of Neurology 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, UHS-42 Portland OR 97239 USADennis Bourdette, Oregon Health & Science University Department of Neurology 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, UHS-42 Portland OR 97239 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3701612 Wed, 23 Jun 2010 20:13:15 +0100 3701612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695346&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F527644176g647105%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0130-6Authors Karen Marder, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Sally Kerlin Professor of Neurology 630 West 168th Street New York NY 10032 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695346 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 18:37:24 +0100 3695346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695347&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fljm6g04237315281%2F This article highlights some of the common neurologic conditions currently improved by botulinum toxins and reviews the scientific evidence from research studies and clinical experience with these conditions. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0129-zAuthors Virgilio Gerald H. Evidente, Mayo Clinic Arizona Department of Neurology 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USACharles H. Adler, Mayo Clinic Arizona Department of Neurology 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695347 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 16:13:48 +0100 3695347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695348&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc1432p4162h2811r%2F Abstract  People with multiple sclerosis (MS) often have poor postural control, which likely underlies their increased risk of falls. Based on several studies of balance and gait in MS, it appears that the primary mechanisms underlying the observed changes are slowed somatosensory conduction and impaired central integration. This review of the published research on balance, gait, and falls in people with MS demonstrates that people with MS have balance impairments characterized by increased sway in quiet stance, delayed responses to postural perturbations, and a reduced ability to move toward their limits of stability. These impairments are likely causes of falls in people with MS and are consistent with the reduced gait speed, as well as decreased stride length, cadence, a... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695348 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 16:13:47 +0100 3695348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3678473&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu12j171543564350%2F Abstract  Freezing of gait (FOG) is defined as an episodic inability to generate effective stepping in the absence of any known cause, other than parkinsonism or high-level gait disorders. Substantial effort has been made to describe the clinical and kinematic characteristics of patients with FOG. In our review, we highlight the distinctive features of FOG in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and apply the knowledge of its pathophysiology in PD to other clinical situations and conditions. It is possible that FOG in PD represents the ultimate break in the frontal lobe–basal ganglia–cerebellar–brainstem network that controls gait. Dysrhythmic and discoordinated gait with abnormal scaling of stride length, as well as gait festination, likely is the primary and continuous abnorm... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3678473 Fri, 18 Jun 2010 10:42:03 +0100 3678473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3676389&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F25j13550k1jk7r44%2F Abstract  Regular physical activity undoubtedly has many health benefits for all age groups. In the past decade, researchers and clinicians have begun to focus their attention on whether physical activity also can improve health outcomes of older adults who experience mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. This ongoing question is gaining relevance in light of the aging of the world population and with it the rise of age-related conditions, such as cognitive impairment. Not surprisingly, physical activity is among the potential protective lifestyle factors mentioned when strategies to delay or prevent dementia are discussed. The first large-scale multidomain intervention trials are under way to put this to the test. This review aims to give an overview of recent trial... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3676389 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 09:30:39 +0100 3676389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3676388&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2559128j5823k024%2F Abstract  A relationship between vitamin D and several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), has recently received interest in the scientific community. Vitamin D appears to have important actions beyond endocrine function, particularly for the immune system. Risk of development of MS, as well as disease severity, has been associated with vitamin D in a variety of studies. There remains a need for prospective studies to further establish this relationship. Given the current evidence of the potential benefits of vitamin D, it appears to be reasonable and safe to consider vitamin D supplementation at dosing adequate to achieve normal levels in patients with MS and clinically isolated syndrome. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0131-5Authors Andre... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3676388 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 09:30:39 +0100 3676388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3671461&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu0350q51x71npg65%2F Abstract  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The seven therapies currently approved by regulatory agencies are administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion. Many phase 2 trials involving oral MS therapeutics were recently completed, as were two phase 3 trials of fingolimod and one phase 3 trial of cladribine. Numerous other oral treatments are being investigated in ongoing phase 3 trials. Although an oral route of administration is attractive, these medications also present new challenges in balancing convenience, efficacy, and safety. In this review, we examine the safety and efficacy data from emerging oral therapies in an attempt to clarify their potential future role in the treatmen... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3671461 Mon, 14 Jun 2010 13:52:29 +0100 3671461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3671460&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4w3n5j7916257053%2F Abstract  Impairments in patients with dementia and other disorders affecting cognition may have a negative impact on their capacity to provide consent to treatment or to participation in research. A growing literature confirms that even patients with mild cognitive impairment may experience decrements in decisional abilities, findings that are more pronounced still in the early stages of dementia. However, most patients with mild dementia probably remain competent to provide a valid consent to treatment or research, and even some patients with moderate dementia may retain capacity in particular circumstances. Clinical evaluation of decisional competence has been augmented by structured approaches, including reliable instruments that may be used in the clinical setting. To ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3671460 Mon, 14 Jun 2010 13:52:29 +0100 3671460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3655502&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4n703616673u1x17%2F Abstract   Cognitive training refers to theory-driven behavioral intervention, ideally supported by a strong conceptual framework and specified neurocognitive mechanisms. Within this field, neurotechnology promises many advantages, and a growing literature establishes technology-enabled cognitive training as a promising modality to promote positive cognition in consumer, research, clinical, and public health settings. Methodologic challenges remain, and specific cognitive training recommendations for healthy elders must be tentative in the context of an emerging evidence base. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0124-4Authors Joshua R. Steinerman, Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Room 334B Bronx NY 10461 USA Journal Cu... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3655502 Thu, 10 Jun 2010 17:42:46 +0100 3655502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3655503&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F94157q863322t71p%2F Abstract  Research increasingly suggests that changes in estrogen levels during aging may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, the most common type of dementia. This update reviews the newest information about estrogen and cognitive aging, including information regarding the role of bioavailable estrogen in older women and men, use of selective estrogen receptor modulators to improve cognition, and studies of genetic risk factors to elucidate the effects of endogenous estrogen on aging and cognition. Future trials are needed to determine whether alternate timing, dosage, formulation, or method of administration of hormone replacement can reduce the risk of dementia. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0122-6Authors Sarah C. Janicki, Columbia Univ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3655503 Wed, 09 Jun 2010 20:14:19 +0100 3655503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3588775&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F00734w5538q235n4%2F Abstract  In 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration approved three medications for the treatment of epilepsy: rufinamide, lacosamide, and vigabatrin. In addition, extended-release formulations of lamotrigine and levetiracetam were approved recently. When added to the dozen medications for treating epilepsy, the choice is a luxury in terms of additional options, but also a challenge for practitioners to use them all with expertise. Recently, there has been much interest surrounding medications for epilepsy and their possible association with osteoporosis, safety during pregnancy, biological equivalence to generic versions, and possible association with higher rates of suicidality. This review discusses these issues and provides a current overview for the medical managemen... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3588775 Thu, 20 May 2010 14:03:07 +0100 3588775 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3577165&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn167h88h27u1v571%2F Abstract  Suicide is an important cause of premature death, and people with epilepsy are thought to be at increased risk for suicide. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) continue to be the mainstay of epilepsy treatment, but the benefits of seizure control must be balanced with their psychotropic potential. In recent years, suicidality has been recognized as a complication of several groups of drugs and, most recently, AEDs were implicated in an alert by the US Food and Drug Administration. The risk of suicidal ideation and behavior as side effects of AED treatment is low, and in people with epilepsy, such a risk must be balanced against the risk of not treating the seizures. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0117-3Authors Marco Mula, University Hospital Maggi... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3577165 Mon, 17 May 2010 05:59:26 +0100 3577165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3567858&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F06w6240k228g2852%2F Abstract  The muscular dystrophies show muscle degeneration and regeneration (necrotizing myopathy) on muscle biopsy, typically associated with elevated serum creatine kinase, and muscle weakness. In 1986, the first causative gene was identified for the most prevalent and best-characterized form of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Over the past 25 years, the number of other genes determined to cause different subtypes has grown rapidly. This review gives a synopsis of the 45 genetically defined types of muscular dystrophies and describes the clinical, pathologic, and molecular aspects of each disease. DNA diagnosis remains the most sensitive and specific method for differential diagnosis, but molecular diagnostics can be expensive and complex (because o... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3567858 Fri, 14 May 2010 09:36:36 +0100 3567858 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3563767&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F202w12740g718884%2F Abstract  The incidence of primary brain tumors is highest in elderly patients, and advanced age often is a negative prognostic factor. Nevertheless, large randomized studies in this population are scarce. Elderly patients with primary brain tumors also present unique challenges, such as the presence of multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy, decreased tolerance to chemotherapy, and an increased risk for radiation-induced neurotoxicity. This review gives an overview of the treatment options for older patients with glioblastoma and other gliomas, primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs), and meningiomas. Selected elderly glioblastoma patients with good performance status may benefit from aggressive treatment with surgical resection, radiotherapy, and possibly chemo... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3563767 Wed, 12 May 2010 07:04:12 +0100 3563767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3555934&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm51940j20759120t%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0115-5Authors Carl W. Bazil, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 710 West 168th Street New York NY 10032 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3555934 Sat, 08 May 2010 10:03:29 +0100 3555934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3545355&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft7m6414l28381m05%2F Abstract  Mitochondrial encephalopathy, the most common neurometabolic disorder, may be caused by mutations in approximately 100 different genes and may present with various symptoms, such as seizures, ataxia, myopathy, cognitive impairment, blindness, and stroke. Fewer than 50% of patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy receive a molecular diagnosis, primarily because of the large degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity among patients and the limited knowledge of the genes involved in mitochondrial function. Here we review the most recent discoveries of genes associated with mitochondrial disease with variable neuropathology. All these genes have been identified via homozygosity mapping or linkage analysis; however, advances in sequencing technology indicate that t... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3545355 Thu, 06 May 2010 08:03:47 +0100 3545355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3545356&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2036737804058p15%2F Abstract  Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a significant cause of death for people with epilepsy. Recent research suggests that multiple factors may contribute and that both cardiac and respiratory mechanisms are involved. Both human and animal data suggest that specific genetic factors might play a role in some cases. Recent animal data suggest that serotonin might affect respiratory mechanisms and may be involved. Both cardiac and respiratory abnormalities are more likely with generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Uncontrolled epilepsy, particularly with generalized tonic–clonic seizures, appears to be the most highly associated modifiable risk factor for SUDEP. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0116-4Authors Maromi Nei, Jefferson Med... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3545356 Thu, 06 May 2010 08:03:46 +0100 3545356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3545357&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh5726r2350421644%2F Abstract  Recent advances in our understanding of the phenomenology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of Tourette syndrome are discussed. Tourette syndrome appears to involve dysfunction of limbic and somatosensory “traffic” through the basal ganglia, within corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuits. Dynamic alterations in the balance of these inputs may dictate the manifestations (sensory, motor, affective, and behavioral) of the disorder at any given time. Individualized assessment and treatment are the keys to optimal treatment of this condition. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0118-2Authors Thomas E. Kimber, Royal Adelaide Hospital Neurology Unit North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3545357 Thu, 06 May 2010 08:03:45 +0100 3545357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3533683&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F76t2q06327m8k304%2F Abstract  About one third of patients with focal epilepsy experience seizures despite adequate medical treatment. In this population, successful epilepsy surgery improves life expectancy and health-related quality of life, while reducing health care costs as a result of reduced hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and use of antiepileptic drugs. The effectiveness of epilepsy surgery and low incidence of surgical complications have been established by numerous studies over several decades. The International League Against Epilepsy recently issued a definition of drug-resistant epilepsy for early identification of patients who are unlikely to be treated successfully with medical therapy alone. Potential surgical candidates are identified through a detailed seizur... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3533683 Sat, 01 May 2010 07:14:03 +0100 3533683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3524021&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8521660713775334%2F Abstract  Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease (PDD) is a common problem and one that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, increasing research efforts and funding have been directed toward an improved understanding of PDD. Despite these efforts, fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge. Consequently, therapeutic progress has been frustratingly slow and incomplete. To significantly affect PDD, novel “disease-modifying” agents, rather than more traditional neurotransmitter replacement approaches, likely will be required. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0113-7Authors Mary J. Docherty, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Health Newcastle upon Tyne UKDavid J. Burn, Newcastle University Insti... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3524021 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 21:16:35 +0100 3524021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3502745&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F13l761315722l533%2F Abstract  Malignant glioma is a deadly disease for which there have been few therapeutic advances over the past century. Although previous treatments were largely unsuccessful, glioma may be an ideal target for immune-based therapy. Recently, translational research led to several clinical trials based on tumor immunotherapy to treat patients with malignant glioma. Here we review 17 recent glioma immunotherapy clinical trials, published over the past 3 years. Various approaches were used, including passive transfer of naked and radiolabeled antibodies, tumor antigen-specific peptide immunization, and the use of patient tumor cells with or without dendritic cells as vaccines. We compare and discuss the current state of the art of clinical immunotherapy treatment, as well... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3502745 Fri, 23 Apr 2010 08:32:57 +0100 3502745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3482780&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F015r6440672h8m06%2F Abstract  Mutations in the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GBA), the enzyme deficient in the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease, are associated with the development of Parkinson disease and other Lewy body disorders. In fact, GBA variants are currently the most common genetic risk factor associated with parkinsonism, and identified subjects with Parkinson disease are more than five times more likely to carry mutations in GBA. The mechanisms underlying this association are not known, but proposed theories include enhanced protein aggregation, alterations in lipid levels, and autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction promoting the retention of undegraded proteins. We review the genetic studies linking GBA to parkinsonism, as well as several of the mechanisms postulated to expla... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3482780 Wed, 14 Apr 2010 16:54:09 +0100 3482780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3432650&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq40000h43x6w712x%2F Abstract  Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Both sporadic and familial forms exist in humans. Recently, the major pathophysiology of human narcolepsy was indicated, based on discovery, through animal study, of narcolepsy genes involved in the pathology of hypocretin/orexin ligand and its receptor. Hypocretin ligand deficiency is found in most patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy. This deficiency likely is the result of postnatal cell death of hypocretin neurons, and involvement of autoimmune mechanisms is suggested. Hypocretin deficiency also is found in symptomatic narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness with neurologic conditions, including immune-mediated... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3432650 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 05:56:46 +0100 3432650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3424695&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq205h12333213280%2F Abstract  During the past 10 years since the discovery of hypocretins (Hcrt, also called orexins), the list of their physiologic implications has been growing, from their primary roles in the sleep–wake cycle and feeding to the control of the cardiovascular system, pain, locomotion, stress, and addiction as well as their involvement in psychiatric disorders such as panic, anxiety, and depression. This diverse set of functions is consistent with the localization of Hcrt neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, a major integrating center of sensory inputs and emotional processes, and their widespread excitatory projections throughout the brain. Newly developed optical tools allow us to manipulate the activity of genetically identified neurons with millisecond precision in ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3424695 Mon, 29 Mar 2010 17:15:16 +0100 3424695 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3403720&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4q41250261v30vu8%2F Abstract  Cognitive dysfunction associated with both the disease and the adverse effects of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy is a significant problem among brain tumor patients. Currently, it is considered the most frequent complication among long-term survivors. A review of the literature indicates that whole-brain RT alone or in combination with chemotherapy results in cognitive dysfunction more pronounced than from either partial RT or chemotherapy alone. The cognitive domains sensitive to treatment adverse effects include attention, executive functions, memory, and graphomotor speed. An increasing number of studies and clinical trials have incorporated cognitive outcome measures and have provided relevant information about therapy-related neurotoxicity and the inciden... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3403720 Tue, 23 Mar 2010 18:08:28 +0100 3403720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3403722&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb3628667342m8v80%2F Abstract  Advances in the genetics of dystonia have further elucidated the pathophysiology of this clinically and etiologically heterogeneous group of movement disorders. Currently, 20 monogenic forms of dystonia, designated by the acronym DYT, are grouped as 1) pure dystonias, 2) dystonia-plus syndromes, and 3) paroxysmal dystonias/dyskinesias. We summarize recently discovered genes and loci, including the 1) detection of two primary dystonia genes (DYT6, DYT16), 2) identification of the DYT17 locus, 3) association of a dystonia/dyskinesia phenotype with a gene previously linked to GLUT1 (glucose transporter of the blood–brain barrier) deficiency syndrome (DYT18), 4) designation of paroxysmal kinesigenic and nonkinesigenic dyskinesia as DYT19 and DYT20, and 5) redefinitio... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3403722 Tue, 23 Mar 2010 18:08:27 +0100 3403722 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3403721&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk14403811777980r%2F Abstract  Ependymomas are rare primary central nervous system tumors in adults. They occur most commonly in the spinal cord, where histopathologic evaluation is critical to differentiate the grade I myxopapillary ependymoma from the grade II ependymoma or grade III anaplastic ependymoma. Brain ependymomas are either grade II or III. Treatment for all grades and types includes maximum surgical resection. For myxopapillary ependymoma, complete removal while maintaining capsule integrity may be curative. Some grade II ependymomas may be observed carefully after imaging confirms complete resection, but grade III tumors require adjuvant radiation treatment. Radiation commonly is given to the region of tumor, except in cases in which there is imaging or cerebrospinal fluid evidenc... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3403721 Tue, 23 Mar 2010 18:08:27 +0100 3403721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3394924&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj07q61258447724w%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11910-010-0106-6Authors Lauren E. Abrey, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue New York NY 10065 USA Journal Current Neurology and Neuroscience ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6293Print ISSN 1528-4042 (Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3394924 Sat, 20 Mar 2010 11:11:27 +0100 3394924 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3386825&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhv25wm44634035g6%2F Abstract  Cortical spreading depression, a slowly propagating wave of transient neuronal and glial depolarization, is widely accepted as the electrophysiologic substrate of migraine aura and a trigger for headache. Recent clinical and experimental evidence reinforces the putative role of cortical spreading depression in migraine pathophysiology. Imaging studies in migraineurs demonstrated hemodynamic changes consistent with cortical spreading depression during aura, whereas recent animal studies helped unravel pathophysiologic aspects such as the triggering mechanisms, genetic and hormonal modulation, and potential therapeutic targets. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of migraine pathophysiology and treatment. Content Type Journal Ar... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3386825 Thu, 18 Mar 2010 15:40:13 +0100 3386825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3382555&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7684v435q5213j48%2F Abstract  The optimal management of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) is controversial. The controversy largely stems from the lack of well-designed clinical trials with adequate follow-up to account for the relatively long progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with LGG. Nonetheless, the literature increasingly suggests that expectant management is no longer optimal. Rather, there is mounting evidence supporting active management including consideration of surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, molecular and histopathologic characterization, and use of modern imaging techniques for monitoring and prognostication. In particular, there is growing evidence favoring extensive surgical resection and increasing interest in the role of chemotherapy ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3382555 Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:51:58 +0100 3382555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3382556&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx6p453640765r50h%2F Abstract  Inhibitory and excitatory synapses play a fundamental role in information processing in the brain. Excitatory synapses usually are situated on dendritic spines, small membrane protrusions that harbor glutamate receptors and postsynaptic density components and help transmit electrical signals. In recent years, it has become evident that spine morphology is intimately linked to synapse function—smaller spines have smaller synapses and support reduced synaptic transmission. The relationship between synaptic signaling, spine shape, and brain function is never more apparent than when the brain becomes dysfunctional. Many psychiatric and neurologic disorders, ranging from mental retardation and autism to Alzheimer’s disease and addiction, are accompanied by alterati... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3382556 Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:51:57 +0100 3382556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3363602&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F166l050374401174%2F Abstract  Stroke rehabilitation is evolving into a clinical field based on the neuroscience of recovery and restoration. There has been substantial growth in the number and quality of clinical trials performed. Much effort now is directed toward motor restoration and is being led by trials of constraint-induced movement therapy. Although the results do not necessarily support that constraint-induced movement therapy is superior to other training methods, this treatment has become an important vehicle for developing clinical trial methods and studying the physiology underlying activity-based rehabilitation strategies. Other promising interventions include robotic therapy delivery, magnetic and electrical cortical stimulation, visualization, and constraint-driven aphasia ther... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3363602 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 06:51:34 +0100 3363602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362298&cid=s_35940_168_f&fid=35940&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0261r86246100018%2F Abstract  Brain tumors are the most common childhood solid malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Medulloblastoma, ependymoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and pilocytic astrocytoma are the most prevalent types, all of which are clinically, histologically, and genetically heterogeneous. Despite an incomplete molecular understanding of these tumors, we have made significant headway in the past 5 years in identifying and classifying important genetic alterations and pathways central to the disease process. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge, emphasizes recent seminal findings in the field, and proposes future research efforts needed to further characterize the genetic basis of pediatric brain tumors. ... Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362298 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 18:26:48 +0100 3362298