MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Current Osteoporosis Reports' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:02:26 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5669143&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F64747120m0035146%2F This article describes some of the programs that work, their cost-effectiveness, and the applicability to the generally non-integrated US health care system. It is clear that better management of the post-fracture patient (and other high-risk patients) will lead to fewer fractures, decreased morbidity and mortality, and long-term cost savings. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Current Therapeutics (SL Silverman, Section Editor)Pages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0090-zAuthors Robert A. Adler, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5669143 Fri, 03 Feb 2012 17:52:47 +0100 5669143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5661183&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm87282144n71w310%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorPages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s11914-012-0095-2Authors Edward Czerwinski, Department of Bone and Joint Diseases, Medical College Jagiellonian University, ul. Kopernika 32, 31-501 Krakow, Poland Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5661183 Tue, 31 Jan 2012 16:46:08 +0100 5661183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650930&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fhm40168vv5h35058%2F Abstract  Atypical femoral shaft fractures are associated with the extended usage of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates as therapy for osteoporosis. For such fractures, the positron emission tomography (PET) procedure, coupled with computerized tomography (CT), provides a potential imaging modality for defining aspects of the pathogenesis, site specificity, and possible prodromal abnormalities prior to fracture. PET-CT may assess the radiokinetic variables K1 (a putative marker for skeletal blood flow) and Ki (a putative marker for skeletal bone formation), and when combined with PET imaging modalities and CT skeletal site localization, may define the site of such radiokinetic findings. Further studies into the clinical usage of PET-CT in patients with atypical femoral sha... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650930 Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:58 +0100 5650930 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650931&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl73qj73x86116208%2F Abstract  Monitoring of drug therapies to prevent fractures is controversial. Measurement of bone turnover markers has the potential to identify those with a suboptimal response to fracture prevention medication within a few months of its commencement. However, given the imprecision of currently commercially available assays of bone turnover markers, many individual persons who are “suboptimal medication responders” are likely to be misclassified as “adequate responders” or vice versa, depending on the cut point chosen to define suboptimal and adequate response. Before bone turnover markers can be recommended for routine use in clinical practice to monitor fracture prevention therapies, three advances are needed: 1) bone marker assays with better precision; 2) resea... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650931 Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:54:46 +0100 5650931 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650932&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn7l176gklg7hk2v2%2F Abstract  Both injectable and nasal spray calcitonins have been utilized in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for over 25 years. More widespread use of calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporosis has been hampered in part due to poor patient acceptability and compliance and the inability of patients to take this medication as an oral pill. In recent years, an oral preparation of calcitonin has been developed that combines the active peptide hormone with a caprylic acid derivative to enhance bioavailability. Clinical trials with oral calcitonin in patients with osteoarthritis are currently being conducted. A recent phase 3 study failed to demonstrate significant vertebral fracture reduction, and as a result the clinical program for oral calcitonin in osteopor... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650932 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 16:46:17 +0100 5650932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5639820&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv671000jn0388g86%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis-related fractures (low-trauma, fragility fractures) are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure worldwide. In the absence of a defining fracture, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on the World Health Organization’s T-score criteria using central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Paradoxically, the majority of those patients who will sustain a low-trauma fracture do not meet the T-score definition of osteoporosis. Conversely, younger individuals with bone density in the osteoporotic range but no other risk factors have relatively low fracture rates and yet are frequently considered candidates for osteoporosis therapies. The limited accuracy of bone density testing alone to predict fractures has led to ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5639820 Wed, 25 Jan 2012 06:52:38 +0100 5639820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5611883&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2q8672527223n5q1%2F Abstract  The incidence of vitamin D deficiency is rising worldwide, yet in the vast majority of patients, the condition remains undiagnosed and untreated. Current evidence overwhelmingly indicates that supplemental doses greater than 800 IU/day have beneficial effects on the musculoskeletal system, improving skeletal homeostasis, thus leading to fewer falls and fractures. Evidence is also accumulating on the beneficial effects of vitamin D on extraskeletal systems, such as improving immune health, autoimmune disorders, cancer, neuromodulation, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The cause-effect relationship of vitamin D deficiency with increasing incidences of nonskeletal disorders is being investigated. Published reports support the definition of sufficiency, serum le... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5611883 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 07:05:33 +0100 5611883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5611884&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F902wu566523mm406%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorPages 1-1DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0092-xAuthors Stuart L. Silverman, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USAAndrew D. Calderon, The OMC Clinical Research Center, Beverly Hills, CA, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5611884 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 07:05:31 +0100 5611884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5585482&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw760h531g8881611%2F Abstract  Inactivating mutations of the SOST gene cause a reduction in sclerostin levels and are associated with high bone mass. The clinical phenotypes, sclerosteosis and van Buchem’s disease, were described in 1950s. Much later, it was learned that both diseases are due to loss-of-function mutations in the SOST gene. As a regulator of an important osteoanabolic pathway, Wnt, inactivation of SOST leads to a stimulation of the pathway it regulates. The high bone mass in patients with either sclerosteosis or van Buchem’s disease is associated with unusual skeletal strength; they do not fracture. Knowledge of this molecule and its actions led rather quickly to the development of anti-sclerostin antibodies that lead to marked increases in bone mass in both animals and human... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5585482 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 17:01:52 +0100 5585482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5585483&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F433n5558n2n5462p%2F Abstract  Cathepsin K is the protease that is primarily responsible for the degradation of bone matrix by osteoclasts. Inhibitors of cathepsin K are in development for treatment of osteoporosis. Currently available antiresorptive drugs interfere with osteoclast function. They inhibit both bone resorption and formation, due to the coupling between these processes. Cathepsin K inhibitors, conversely, target the resorption process itself and may not interfere with osteoclast stimulation of bone formation. In fact, when cathepsin K is absent or inhibited in mice, rabbits, or monkeys, bone formation is maintained or increased. In humans, inhibition of cathepsin K is associated with sustained reductions in bone resorption markers but with smaller and transient reductions in bone ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5585483 Sat, 07 Jan 2012 06:45:10 +0100 5585483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562623&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm157815872m76823%2F Abstract  The number of osteoporotic fractures is increasing worldwide as populations age. An inexpensive and widely available treatment is necessary to alleviate this increase in fractures. Current treatments decrease fractures at trabecular bone sites (spine) but have limited effects at cortical sites (hip, legs, forearm, and upper arm)—the most common sites of osteoporotic fracture. Treatments are also limited by costs, side effects, and lack of availability. Nitric oxide is a novel agent that has the potential to influence cortical bone, is inexpensive, is widely available, and has limited side effects. In this review we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo data which support the concept that nitric oxide is important in bone cell function, review the observational and c... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562623 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 16:50:04 +0100 5562623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562622&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F668m32n7616v7wtl%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis is a common disorder in which diminished bone mass leads to progressive microarchitectural skeletal deterioration and increased fracture risk. Our understanding of both normal and pathologic bone biology continues to evolve, and with it our grasp of the highly coordinated relationships between primary bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes) and the complex molecular signals bone cells use to integrate signals derived from other organ systems, including the immune, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. It is now clear that the Wnt signaling pathway is central to regulation of both skeletal modeling and remodeling. Herein, we discuss components of the Wnt signaling pathway (DKK1, an endogenous soluble inhibitor of W... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562622 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 16:50:04 +0100 5562622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5516591&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj02l0714m214p831%2F Abstract  Transplantation is an established therapy for end-stage diseases of kidney, lung, liver, and heart among others. Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are serious complications of organ transplantation, particularly in the first post-transplant year. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis following organ transplantation. This review addresses the mechanisms of bone loss that occurs both in the early and late post-transplant periods, including the contribution of the immunosuppressive agents as well as the specific features to bone loss after kidney, lung, liver, cardiac, and bone marrow transplantation. Prevention and treatment for osteoporosis in the transplant recipient are also discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Current Ther... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5516591 Tue, 13 Dec 2011 17:04:20 +0100 5516591 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5424198&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb124w4n018p15m60%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis and fractures that occur as a result of this condition pose a huge public health problem to society and result in morbidity and mortality to individuals. Because osteoporosis is often a result of aging, many people are not aware that therapies exist to reduce the risk of fracture. Until recently, the most common therapies used to treat osteoporosis, the oral bisphosphonates, had an inconvenient and cumbersome mode of administration. Within the last 4 years, two new parenteral antiresorptive drugs to treat osteoporosis were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. As treatment of osteoporosis may extend for many years, the collection of long-term efficacy and safety data is warranted. This paper discusses data from the extension trials of ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5424198 Tue, 15 Nov 2011 16:57:29 +0100 5424198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5325828&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc670h02xpxm2r370%2F Abstract  This review examines the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of bone injuries and to stimulate bone formation. Studies examining both in vivo bone healing and in vitro actions of PRP on osteoblasts are reviewed. Overall, the available literature suggests that PRP does not appreciably impact bone healing or induce bone formation. However, there is some evidence to suggest that PRP might augment recruitment of osteoblast progenitors to injection sites or in sites expected to experience delayed healing. In this capacity PRP might be utilized to initiate repair of an otherwise poorly healing skeletal lesion. The demonstration that PRP is a viable therapy is hindered by a lack of standardized criteria for what constitutes PRP, and more studies are needed... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5325828 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 05:44:51 +0100 5325828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298463&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl7151204p51v3728%2F Abstract  Rickets is disorder of a growing child arising from disorders that result in impaired apoptosis of hypertrophic cells and mineralization of the growth plate. Rickets due to nutritional causes remains an important global problem. The factors responsible for resurgence of rickets among dark-skinned infants living in developed countries include the following: residence in northern or southern latitudes, voluntary avoidance of exposure to solar ultraviolet B radiation, maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, and prolonged breastfeeding without provision of vitamin D supplements. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), secreted by osteocytes, is an important regulator of serum phosphate and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels. Hypophosphatemic rickets resulting from increased synth... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298463 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 05:49:05 +0100 5298463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5298464&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb98621384203710g%2F Abstract  Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) methodologies have been instrumental in deepening our understanding of bone acquisition and strength during childhood. Important publications in the last year have drawn attention to the functional muscle-bone unit, showing that factors such as population ancestry, bone size, and muscle composition are additional dimensions of bone strength that affect muscle-bone relationships. The role of adiposity in pediatric bone health is complex and may vary by sex, puberty stage, and degree of obesity. Several new studies have demonstrated the association of peripheral QCT (pQCT) outcomes with fracture, although pQCT outcomes are not superior to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measures in this regard. New high-resolution pQCT studies... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5298464 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 05:49:04 +0100 5298464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5276542&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe610531587354181%2F Abstract  Vertebrates evolved elaborating a structure made up of more than 200 bones and cartilages articulated with one another to form the skeleton, through which locomotion, organ protection, lodging of hematopoiesis, and mineral homeostasis are allowed. Skeletogenesis starts at the fetal stage, along with marrow hematopoiesis, and evolves postnatally through modeling and remodeling processes that permit skeletal mass buildup. Preservation of skeletal mass is then implemented by balanced remodeling, which ensures continuous renovation of the tissue to allow its mechanical, structural, and metabolic properties to remain unaltered until ageing or diseases disrupt this equilibrium. Skeletal homeostasis is fulfilled by specialized bone cells in association with systemic and ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5276542 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 06:16:42 +0100 5276542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5276541&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnp7m7318013786x1%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis, a condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality, is prevalent in the growing elderly population. Aging is associated with characteristic changes in the complex pathways of bone remodeling and in patterns of food intake. Whereas the traditional focus of nutritional supplementation for protection of bone health has centered around calcium and vitamin D, a multitude of nutrients have been identified with effects on bone, both individually and in combination. An integrative physiology approach can assist in formulating a deeper understanding of the complex interactions of nutrition and aging with bone, with the goal of identifying modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bone loss. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Epidemiolog... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5276541 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 06:16:42 +0100 5276541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5252455&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F232pu53036g11485%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis is a leading cause of morbidity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Bone loss is an early systemic process and occurs even before clinical disease manifests. Bone disease is attributed to vitamin D deficiency, steroid use, and/or systemic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the molecular pathways of bone loss mediated by inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Further research will hopefully clarify the mechanisms of inflammation-induced bone loss in IBD and guide effective treatment modalities. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (Mone Zaidi and Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Section Editors)Pages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0077-9Authors Manasi Agrawal, Department of Gastroenterology, Maimonides Me... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5252455 Tue, 20 Sep 2011 15:46:05 +0100 5252455 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5240827&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1u877171j2222282%2F This article reviews the recent development of the HSC niche field with emphasis on prospective integrative mechanisms within bone marrow homeostasis and multisystem physiology. For that purpose, we will first highlight anatomical and histological features of the bone marrow of relevance for HSC behavior; then, we will summarize the principal findings concerning different cell types and potential mechanisms by which they critically regulate HSC function. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (Mone Zaidi and Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Section Editors)Pages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0075-yAuthors Joan Isern, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos CNIC, Calle Melchor Fernández Almag... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5240827 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 13:44:45 +0100 5240827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5228622&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy950541777666q21%2F Abstract  With an increase in the average life span especially in the Western hemisphere, there is renewed interest in treating maladies of old age including osteoporosis. Age-related bone loss and resultant osteoporosis substantially increase risk of fractures and morbidity in the geriatric population leading to both a decline in the quality of life for the elderly as well as a substantial burden on the health care system. Herein, we review recent research in murine and rodent models looking at how both extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as hormones, biochemicals, neuromodulators, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, nutrition, and exercise influence the skeleton with age. Recent studies on the relationship between bone and fat in the marrow, and the fate of the mar... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5228622 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 16:09:32 +0100 5228622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5228623&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb113870h607302qq%2F Abstract  It is well accepted that aging is one of the most prominent risk factors for the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis. One of the most pronounced age-related changes in chondrocytes is the exhibition of a senescent phenotype, which is the result of several factors including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and advanced glycation end products. Compared with a normal chondrocyte, senescent chondrocytes exhibit an impaired ability to respond to many mechanical and inflammatory insults to the articular cartilage. Furthermore, protein secretion is altered in aging chondrocytes, demonstrated by a decrease in anabolic activity and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes. Together, these events may make the articul... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5228623 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 15:51:25 +0100 5228623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5212441&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy2w2513721j35370%2F Abstract  During embryonic and fetal development much of the skeleton initiates as a cartilaginous scaffold, which is progressively resorbed and replaced by bone. Endochondral bone formation continues until the growth plates fuse during puberty. At all life stages adequate delivery of mineral is required for the skeleton to achieve and maintain appropriate mineral content and strength. During fetal development the placenta actively transports calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Postnatally passive and then active absorption from the intestines becomes the main supply of minerals to the skeleton. Animal and human data indicate that fetal bone development requires parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein but not vitamin D/calcitriol, calcitonin, or (possibly) sex ste... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5212441 Fri, 09 Sep 2011 05:48:51 +0100 5212441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5212442&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F245p683x61447667%2F Abstract  The age-related reduction in bone mass is disproportionally related to skeletal weakening, suggesting that microarchitectural changes are also important determinants of bone quality. The study of cortical and trabecular microstructure, which for many years was mainly based on two-dimensional histologic and scanning electron microscopy imaging, gained a tremendous momentum in the last decade and a half, due to the introduction of microcomputed tomography (μCT). This technology provides highly accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses based on three-dimensional images at micrometer resolution, which combined with finite elemental analysis predicts the biomechanical implications of microstructural changes. Global μCT analyses of trabecular bone have repeatedly... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5212442 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 05:54:46 +0100 5212442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5212443&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F18488635734l75u5%2F Abstract  Countries of the Persian Gulf region—Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates—have become increasingly modernized, resulting in a transformation of lifestyle based on technology, sedentary activity, lack of sunlight, and unhealthy dietary patterns. These factors have led to a higher prevalence not only of vitamin D undernutrition, but also chronic obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. This review explores the integrative physiologic effects of vitamin D with socioeconomic factors and propose a hypothesis-driven model for their contributions to obesity and diabetes in the Persian Gulf. Further research into these interactions may ultimately lead to novel preventive strategies and therapies for met... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5212443 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 05:54:44 +0100 5212443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5171546&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd83m37226313h104%2F Abstract  Denosumab works by binding to and inhibiting receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Through this mechanism, it can inhibit any cause of bone destruction and thus shows great efficacy in high-turnover osteoporosis. The FREEDOM (Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months) trial established the effectiveness of denosumab as a therapy for menopausal bone loss, whereas several newer trials have found denosumab to have shown denosumab to be beneficial in preventing skeletal events from bone metastases. This review highlights the potential novel anti-cancer mechanisms of action of denosumab in mammary tumors. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (Mone Zaidi and Jeffrey I. Mechanick... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5171546 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 16:26:50 +0100 5171546 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5171545&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw4m3227434834426%2F Abstract  The greatest cause of preventable morbidity and mortality is smoking, and one of the often-underappreciated effects of smoking is profound bone loss. The existing clinical paradigm for smoking is that there is a low turnover osteoporosis. This review highlights findings from recent clinical trials and animal research demonstrating either support or conflict with the existing paradigm. Clinically, it is noted that markers of bone formation are often normal in smokers; these clinical findings conflict with well-conducted animal research demonstrating that carcinogens acting on the aryl hydrogen receptor can significantly reduce osteoblast formation and function. Regarding bone resorption, highlights from recent clinical studies suggest that bone remodeling is increa... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5171545 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 16:26:50 +0100 5171545 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5148847&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F12w3267623758605%2F Abstract  Bone remodeling and cartilage maintenance are strongly influenced by biomechanical signals generated by mechanical loading. Although moderate loading is required to maintain bone mass and cartilage homeostasis, loading can cause deleterious effects such as bone fracture and cartilage degradation. Because a tight coupling exists between cartilage and bone, alterations in one tissue can affect the other. Bone marrow lesions are often associated with an increased risk of developing cartilage defects, and changes in the articular cartilage integrity are linked to remodeling responses in the underlying bone. Although mechanisms regulating the maintenance of these two tissues are different, compelling evidence indicates that the signal pathways crosstalk, particularly w... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5148847 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 15:52:41 +0100 5148847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5148848&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fkvv1030723gv1v70%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis in men is an overlooked yet increasingly important clinical problem that, historically, has not received the same degree of awareness as with women. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that male osteoporosis contributes significantly to the burden of osteoporotic fractures, especially among the aging population. In particular, men have increased morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporotic fractures compared with women. Diagnostic challenges of male osteoporosis include lack of consensus about appropriate reference ranges for identifying osteoporosis in men, and the lack of a fracture assessment tool in men necessary to identify those individuals at risk. Compared with women, changes that occur in the aging male skeleton include trabecular thinn... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5148848 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 06:40:00 +0100 5148848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963448&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu36t6747h51xk075%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis is a leading health problem worldwide due to the morbidity and mortality associated with fractures. However, a large number of fractures occur in persons without osteoporosis, when defined by bone mineral density alone. Numerous studies have shown that the risk of subsequent fracture is increased following fractures at most sites, and the increased risk is not limited to prior hip and vertebral fractures only. In addition, the amount of trauma present at the time of a fracture event appears to have limited impact on future fracture risk. Thus, even fractures that occur in the presence of high trauma should be recognized as evidence of possible bone fragility. Further methods to better identify persons at risk of future fracture are needed, such as thr... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963448 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 16:01:48 +0100 4963448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963449&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj10gw33132233776%2F Abstract  A number of fractures are complicated by impaired healing. This is prevalent in certain risk groups such as elderly, osteoporotics, postmenopausal women, and in people with malnutrition. At present, no pharmacologic treatments are available. Thus, there is an unmet need for medications that can stimulate bone healing. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the first bone anabolic drug approved for the treatment of osteoporosis and, intriguingly, a number of animal studies prove the ability of PTH to induce fracture healing. PTH may therefore be a potential novel treatment option in humans with impaired healing. However, more randomized clinical trials documenting the clinical efficacy of PTH as a promoter of fracture healing in the clinical setting are warranted. Also, stro... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963449 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 16:01:47 +0100 4963449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963451&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F607k1127t4272347%2F Abstract  We discussed whether we are able to select a subgroup of patients with osteopenia having a high fracture risk, in which anti-osteoporotic drug treatment can be advocated. We concluded that in individuals in whom, based on clinical risk factors, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed in which osteopenia was diagnosed, anti-osteoporotic treatment should be prescribed in those patients with prevalent vertebral fractures, and in patients chronically using glucocorticoids, in a dosage of 7.5 mg per day or more. Although recent developments with regard to high-resolution imaging techniques (eg, peripheral quantitative computed tomography) seem to be promising, until now they do not provide substantial more reliable information than DXA in the predic... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963451 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 20:55:19 +0100 4963451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963450&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe3662111604116r1%2F Abstract  Clinical trials are used to determine the efficacy and safety of a medication prior to approval for commercial use and to influence the prescribing habits of clinicians. The lack of uniformity in the diagnostic thresholds used in clinical trials on osteoporosis makes it difficult to compare the results of these trials. The use of placebo, different anatomical sites, T-score cutoff points, and risk factors precludes any meaningful comparison being made between the outcomes of clinical trials. Finally, the lack of uniform reporting format makes it difficult to retrieve important information to compare one medication to another. Because the diagnostic thresholds used affect the outcomes of these trials, health care providers need to be aware of these criteria to dete... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963450 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 20:55:19 +0100 4963450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4916000&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg3267x53700u5346%2F This article will review the epidemiology of falls, and their importance in regard to fracture risk. Finally, fall prevention strategies and how these translate into fracture reduction are evaluated based on data from randomized controlled trials. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0059-yAuthors Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Centre on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4916000 Tue, 07 Jun 2011 15:52:27 +0100 4916000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4915999&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq48k530964522359%2F Abstract  The occurrence of a fragility fracture is an opportunity to recognize osteoporosis and begin treatment to reduce the risk of another fracture. However, selecting the treatment may have an impact on the incident fracture and this requires careful consideration of the patient and the treatment choices. There is no consensus regarding the management of osteoporosis at the time of an incident fracture. This review will consider the treatment options after a fragility fracture. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0061-4Authors S. Bobo Tanner, Divisions of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2611 West End Avenue, Suite 210, Nashville, TN 37203, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 15... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4915999 Tue, 07 Jun 2011 15:52:27 +0100 4915999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4916001&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy6652xg00w822590%2F Abstract  Fracture rates are known to vary by more than an order of magnitude worldwide; therefore, a single approach cannot be universally applied to all countries. National considerations must reflect the burden of osteoporosis, available resources, the disease costs to the individual and society, and how these relate to competing health and other societal priorities. Recent developments in terms of diagnosis, fracture risk prediction, and therapeutic options have prompted many countries to review and update their clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the prevention and management of osteoporosis intended for use in primary care in the general adult population. This paper reviews recently updated CPGs from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, th... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4916001 Tue, 07 Jun 2011 09:39:54 +0100 4916001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4916002&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpg30065433642280%2F Abstract  Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic and severe inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton and the joints. Inflammation is associated with trabecular bone loss leading to osteoporosis but also with corcal new bone formation leading to progressive ankylosis of the spine and sacroiliac joints. This results in an apparent paradox of bone formation and loss taking place at sites closesly located to each other. Osteoporosis can be explained by the impact of inflammation of the bone remodeling cycle. In contrast, new bone formation has been linked to aberrant acvaon of bone morphogenec protein and Wnt signaling. In this commentary, we review recent data on this bone paradox and highlight recent advances including the effect of current drug therapies and the idenfication ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4916002 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 14:57:36 +0100 4916002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4897392&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh12uj3j48kuw0105%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0057-0Authors Nicole C. Wright, Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, RPHB 523C, Birmingham, AL 35294, USAKenneth G. Saag, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT 820, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4897392 Tue, 24 May 2011 16:04:43 +0100 4897392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4745510&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fyh12365038210747%2F Abstract  Risk assessment and communication of risk are essential components in the care of patients with osteoporosis. The risk of fracture in an untreated patient can be estimated with measurement of bone mineral density, consideration of clinical risk factors, and the use of a validated fracture risk assessment algorithm. When fracture risk is high, pharmacologic therapy to reduce the risk of fracture is indicated, provided no contraindications are present. Initiation, compliance, and persistence with therapy may be enhanced when the patient fully understands the risk of fracture if no treatment is given, as well as the expected benefit and potential risks of treatment. Optimal clinical outcomes with treatment may in part depend on the clinician’s skill in communicatin... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4745510 Wed, 20 Apr 2011 06:05:31 +0100 4745510 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4727990&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn17444717056w711%2F Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s11914-011-0055-2Authors Dana Gaddy, Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USATristan W. Fowler, Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USALarry J. Suva, Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4727990 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 21:33:46 +0100 4727990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4628545&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft565279336262385%2F Abstract  Tumors such as breast, lung, and prostate frequently metastasize to bone, where they can cause intractable pain and increase the risk of fracture in patients. When tumor cells metastasize to bone, they interact with the microenvironment to promote bone destruction primarily through the secretion of osteolytic factors by the tumor cells and the subsequent release of growth factors from the bone. Our recent data suggest that the differential rigidity of the mineralized bone microenvironment relative to that of soft tissue regulates the expression of osteolytic factors by the tumor cells. The concept that matrix rigidity regulates tumor growth is well established in solid breast tumors, where increased rigidity stimulates tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Our studi... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4628545 Mon, 21 Mar 2011 19:00:23 +0100 4628545 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4597299&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv252457837072525%2F Abstract  Several mechanisms contribute to the decline of all physiologic functions during aging. As a consequence, disease incidence increases with age. Central to this multifactorial process is the increase in oxidative stress levels, which correlates with age-related disease pathogenesis in animal models and in humans. Accordingly, skeletal aging and aging-related bone diseases are also associated with accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In a variety of organs, including the skeleton, mutations in components of antioxidant defense pathways have been found to lead to progressive degenerative diseases. The molecules involved are highly conserved, can sense and respond to increases in oxidative stress levels, alterations in energy status, DNA and protein damage, and th... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4597299 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 16:54:53 +0100 4597299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4597300&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4h72px2673k61487%2F Abstract  Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone primarily produced in bone cells, targets the kidney to accelerate phosphate excretion into the urine and suppresses vitamin D synthesis, thereby inducing a negative phosphate balance. Excessive serum FGF23 due to hereditary disorders such as hypophosphatemic rickets leads to phosphate wasting and impaired bone mineralization. In contrast, deficiencies in FGF23 are associated with hyperphosphatemia, elevated 1,25(OH)2D3, ectopic ossification in soft tissues, and defects in skeletal mineralization. Recent studies of human genetic disorders and genetically engineered mice, as well as the in vitro approaches, have clarified some mysteries in FGF23 regulation and its potential roles in bone modeling and remodeling, which a... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4597300 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 16:54:52 +0100 4597300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4562814&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx4h500w348683831%2F Abstract  There appears to be no unique mechanically sensitive pathway by which changes in bone loading regulate bone mass and architecture to ensure adequate structural strength. Rather, strain-derived changes in bone cells activate a number of nonspecific strain-sensitive pathways (including calcium fluxes, prostanoids, nitric oxide, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and sclerostin), the activities of which are modified by a number of factors (including estrogen receptors) for which this contribution is subsidiary to other purposes. The strain-sensitive pathways modified by these factors interact with a number of other pathways, some of which appear to have specific osteoregulatory potential (eg, the parathyroid hormone pathway), whereas others such as the Wnt pathwa... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4562814 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 17:02:25 +0100 4562814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4562815&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fuj587424r1308210%2F Abstract  The protective effect of total fat mass on bone mineral density (BMD) has been challenged with studies showing no or negative association after adjusting for weight. Subsequently, more studies have evaluated the relationship of regional adiposity with BMD, and findings were inconsistent for central obesity. Advancements in imaging techniques enable us to directly and noninvasively study the role of adiposity on skeletal health. Visceral adiposity measured by computed tomography (CT) has consistently been shown to have negative effects on bone. Availability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) also allows us to noninvasively quantify bone marrow fat (BMF), which has been known to be associated with osteoporosis from histomorphometric studies. Using MRS along wi... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4562815 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 11:02:03 +0100 4562815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537645&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqj15j22v52x545n3%2F Abstract  It is well established that excessive consumption of high-fat diets results in obesity. However, the consequences of obesity on skeletal development, maturation, and remodeling have been the subject of controversy. New studies suggest that the response of the growing skeleton to mechanical loading is impaired and trabecular bone mass is decreased in obesity and after high-fat feeding. At least in part, this occurs as a direct result of inhibited Wnt signaling and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) pathways in mesenchymal stem cells by fatty acids. Similar effects on Wnt and PPAR-γ signaling occur after chronic alcohol consumption as the result of oxidative stress and result in inhibited bone formation accompanied by increased bo... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537645 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 16:45:43 +0100 4537645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537646&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8n01h6w360118420%2F Abstract  The last several decades have revealed numerous interactions between cells of the hematopoietic lineage and osteoblasts (OBs) of the mesenchymal lineage. For example, OBs are important players in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche and OBs are known to impact osteoclast (OC) development. Thus, although much is known regarding the impact OBs have on hematopoietic cells, less is known about the impact of hematopoietic cells on OBs. Here we will review this reciprocal relationship: the effects of hematopoietic cells on OBs. Specifically, we will examine the impact of hematopoietic cells such as HSCs, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes, as well as the hematopoietic cell–derived OCs on OB proliferation, differentiation, and function. Content Type Journal Article... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537646 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 16:45:42 +0100 4537646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537647&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp120r54g13204070%2F Abstract  Hypoxic signaling plays an essential role in maintaining oxygen homeostasis and cell survival. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 are central mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia by regulating the expression of genes controlling metabolic adaptation, oxygen delivery, and survival in response to oxygen deprivation. Recent studies have identified an important role for HIF-1 and HIF-2 in the regulation of skeletal development, bone formation, and regeneration, as well as joint formation and homeostasis. In addition, overexpression of HIF-1 and HIF-2 is clinically associated with osteosarcoma and osteoarthritis. Together, these findings implicate hypoxic signaling as a central regulator of bone biology and disease. Content Type Journa... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537647 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 16:45:41 +0100 4537647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4509078&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F168873801k24587t%2F Abstract  Heterotopic ossification is a pathologic condition in which bone tissue is formed outside of the skeleton, within soft tissues of the body. The extraskeletal bone that forms in these disorders is normal; the cellular mechanisms that direct cell fate decisions are dysregulated. Patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare human genetic disorder of extensive and progressive heterotopic ossification, have malformations of normal skeletal elements, identifying the causative gene mutation and its relevant signaling pathways as key regulators of skeletal development and of cell fate decisions by adult stem cells. The discovery that mildly activating mutations in ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, is the cause of FOP has ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4509078 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 17:07:25 +0100 4509078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4269184&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg7jh8225p0002435%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0044-xAuthors Stuart L. Silverman, Medical Director Cedars-Sinai Bone Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, 8641 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 301, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4269184 Wed, 15 Dec 2010 16:05:40 +0100 4269184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4269185&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp4p16161wn823822%2F Abstract  Bone health in men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has gained increased attention in recent years. Therapies that are becoming available to prevent bone loss and associated complications are changing practice for this patient population. In addition to basic vitamin D and calcium supplementation, bisphosphonates may be an option to treat these patients, and denosumab, a receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand inhibitor, has been proven to be effective in preventing bone loss through a randomized clinical trial. This review examines the importance of bone health in patients on ADT, with an overview of available treatment modalities and guidelines for managing these patients. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4269185 Wed, 15 Dec 2010 16:05:39 +0100 4269185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4239725&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fct13957503807167%2F Abstract  Denosumab is the first fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts by blocking the interaction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) ligand with its osteoclastic receptor RANK. Clinical studies have shown that the decreased bone resorption and increased bone mineral density resulting from the use of denosumab 60 mg twice yearly entail significant risk reduction of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, with an acceptable rate of side effects so far. Following its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, a number of clinical trials with denosumab are ongoing to demonstrate its value for other indications a... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4239725 Mon, 06 Dec 2010 14:20:37 +0100 4239725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4227334&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F15u30432857x2507%2F Abstract  Given its increasing incidence and serious complications, osteoporosis requires safe and effective long-term treatment. Strontium ranelate (SR), a new anti-osteoporotic treatment with a unique mode of action, has been investigated in the SOTI (Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention) and the TROPOS (Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis) trials, two major 3-year multinational placebo-controlled phase 3 randomized clinical trials. Unlike antiresorptive agents, SR produced steady and significant bone mineral density increases that correlated directly with decreases in vertebral and hip fracture risk. The safety profile of SR was almost similar to placebo in both trials. A slight but significant increased risk of thromboembolism events was noted from the pooled p... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4227334 Tue, 30 Nov 2010 17:55:25 +0100 4227334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4206657&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh75263m284337825%2F Abstract  Inadequate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations are associated with muscle weakness, decreased physical performance, and increased propensity in falls and fractures. This paper discusses several aspects with regard to vitamin D status and supplementation when treating patients with osteoporosis in relation to risks and prevention of falls and fractures. Based on evidence from literature, adequate supplementation with at least 700 IU of vitamin D, preferably cholecalciferol, is required for improving physical function and prevention of falls and fractures. Additional calcium supplementation may be considered when dietary calcium intake is below 700 mg/day. For optimal bone mineral density response in patients treated with antiresorptive or a... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4206657 Fri, 26 Nov 2010 18:09:05 +0100 4206657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4206658&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg40q3267611mjx54%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis in men is finally receiving some attention; it has been realized that men are more likely to die after hip fracture. Methods for screening men for osteoporosis include dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and use of fracture risk calculators such as FRAX (World Health Organization) and the Garvan nomogram. Evaluation of men will often identify secondary causes of osteoporosis as well as multiple risk factors. Alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid, and teriparatide are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—approved therapy for men. Men on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are at high risk for bone loss and fracture, and all the bisphosphonates have been shown to increase bone density. The new antiresorptive drug, denosumab, although FDA-approved onl... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4206658 Fri, 26 Nov 2010 18:09:04 +0100 4206658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4193825&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgh513621v3302325%2F Abstract  Sex hormones play a key role in bone homeostasis, and oral contraceptive (OC) use may affect bone mass in women. However, the nature of the association between OC use and bone remains controversial. This paper critically reviews studies on OC use and bone published between January 2009 and August 2010. Studies of OC use and bone mass mainly focus on adolescents or young adults and showed mixed results. Weak evidence suggests that OC use has no effect or a beneficial effect on bone mass, except in women commencing OCs shortly after menarche, and a consistently negative effect on bone turnover markers. A limited number of studies have examined the effect of ultra-low-dose OC (20 μg ethinyl estradiol) on bone mass in adolescents or young adults, and present con... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4193825 Fri, 19 Nov 2010 17:06:04 +0100 4193825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4187759&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq5vh73p8p72x3065%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0038-8Authors W. Brent Edwards, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratories, University of Illinois at Chicago, Room 650, M/C 994, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USAKaren L. Troy, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratories, University of Illinois at Chicago, Room 650, M/C 994, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4187759 Thu, 18 Nov 2010 07:58:18 +0100 4187759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3996241&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fmk20870318610h84%2F Abstract  Being a connective tissue, bone can increase or decrease its mass through the process of remodeling. Using a discovery in the mid-1980s—that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) could dramatically increase formation of osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone)—researchers at Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA) discovered a TNF-like molecule that regulated bone resorption. Elevations in the expression of this molecule, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), can cause excessive bone destruction. A blocking antibody to RANKL named denosumab inhibits osteoclast formation and bone degradation. In a large multicenter clinical trial, known as the FREEDOM trial (Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months), the effects of denosumab... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3996241 Tue, 21 Sep 2010 04:10:51 +0100 3996241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3967355&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8238603001531754%2F Abstract  Vertebral fractures (VFxs) are the most common osteoporotic fracture, and are a strong risk factor for future fracture. The presence of a VFx greatly increases the risk of sustaining subsequent VFxs—a phenomenon often referred to as the “vertebral fracture cascade.” VFxs do not occur uniformly along the spine, but occur more often at the mid-thoracic and thoracolumbar regions than elsewhere. It is likely that both the vertebral fracture cascade and the bimodal distribution of VFx along the spine are attributable to biomechanical factors. VFxs occur when the forces applied to the vertebral body exceed its strength. Loading on the spine is primarily determined by a person’s height, weight, muscle forces, and the task or movement performed, but can also be af... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3967355 Mon, 13 Sep 2010 17:07:10 +0100 3967355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3956267&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa252883407528266%2F Abstract  The use of antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS. However, no current therapy can suppress the virus completely, and as the HIV-infected population continues to live longer new complications are emerging from the persistence of the virus and use of antiretroviral therapy. This review summarizes the clinical evidence linking HIV-associated osteoporosis to direct infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. The purported molecular mechanisms involved in bone loss are also reviewed. Additionally, recommendations regarding the pharmacologic management of HIV/ART-related osteoporosis are given. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0036-xAuthors Shitij Arora, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai B... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3956267 Thu, 09 Sep 2010 16:46:46 +0100 3956267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948914&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F090t2l4332817213%2F This article discusses the current concepts of age-related modulation of the skeleton involving intrinsic factors such as genetics, hormonal changes, levels of oxidative stress, and changes in telomere length, as well as extrinsic factors such as nutritional and lifestyle choices. It also briefly outlines recent studies on the relationship between bone and fat in the marrow as well as the periphery. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0035-yAuthors Farhan A. Syed, Abbott Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01545, USAAlvin C. Ng, Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608 Singapore Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948914 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:26:12 +0100 3948914 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3948915&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp2j42463r0500237%2F Abstract  Convincing evidence has accumulated of regulation of bone by the central nervous system. The neural connection between brain and bone is mediated centrally by classic neurotransmitters and several neuropeptides, and peripherally by many of the same neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, albeit with actions opposite to their central effects. Pharmacologic blockade of ß2-adrenergic receptors or disruption of the gene encoding them increases bone mass, whereas increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) contributes to bone loss. Brainstem serotonergic neurons regulate SNS activity and its modulation by leptin. Physiologic stimulation of osteoblastic nicotinic receptors results in proliferation and deposition of bone, whereas higher levels inhibit osteob... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3948915 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:26:10 +0100 3948915 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3940701&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy1760l384338x5j7%2F Abstract  Homeostatic bone remodeling depends on precise regulation of osteoblast-osteoclast coupling through intricate endocrine, immune, neuronal, and mechanical factors. The osteoblast-osteoclast model of bone physiology with layers of regulatory complexity can be investigated as a component of a local skeletal subsystem or as a part of a complete whole-body system. In this review, we flip the traditional investigative paradigm of scientific experimentation (“bottom–top research”) to a “top–bottom” approach using systems biology. We first establish the intricacies of the two-cell model at the molecular signaling level. We then provide, on a systems level, an integrative physiologic approach involving many recognized organ-level subsystems having direct and/or... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3940701 Fri, 03 Sep 2010 16:54:19 +0100 3940701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3931281&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq7142106h685719u%2F This article discusses the incidence, cost, and consequences of nonvertebral fractures. Recent evidence suggests these fractures form the bulk of costs to the community and herald an increased risk of refracture and premature mortality that applies to all types of nonvertebral, and not just hip, fractures. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0030-3Authors Jacqueline R. Center, Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3931281 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 15:14:57 +0100 3931281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3931282&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F04206122863h37n1%2F Abstract  The FRAX calculator is a major achievement in terms of our understanding of measuring fracture risk. Along with being an easily accessible web-based tool, it is the only model based on extensive data on multiple cohorts. FRAX will help clinicians identify individuals who need osteoporosis treatments, while also screening out those who do not require osteoporosis treatments. However, FRAX is limited by a number of factors. Although it is web based, few physicians have the means to access it. It also assumes that body mass index and mortality are constant across different racial and ethnic groups. FRAX is further limited by the exclusion of variables known to be associated with fracture risk, lack of dose-response relationships for variables, increased subsequent fr... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3931282 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 15:14:55 +0100 3931282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3931283&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb74wk100m17m817t%2F Abstract  Clinical evidence indicates that bone status is affected in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Regardless of normal or even high bone mineral density, T2DM patients have increased risk of fractures. One class of antidiabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), causes bone loss and further increases facture risk, placing TZDs in the category of drugs causing secondary osteoporosis. Risk factors for development of TZD-induced secondary osteoporosis are gender (women), age (elderly), and duration of treatment. TZDs exert their antidiabetic effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) nuclear receptor, which controls glucose and fatty acid metabolism. In bone, PPAR-γ controls differentiation of cells of mesenchymal and hemato... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3931283 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:26:05 +0100 3931283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3931284&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj8v5v5l2670htk67%2F Abstract  An increasing number of studies suggest an association between depression and osteoporosis. In a mouse model, depression induces bone loss, mediated by brain-to-bone sympathetic signaling. Depression and bone antianabolic sympathetic tone are alleviated by increasing central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels. However, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line antidepressants, increase extracellular 5-HT levels but have deleterious skeletal effects. The skeletal serotonergic system consists of 5-HT receptors and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) in osteoblasts and osteocytes. 5-HTT is a transmembrane protein targeted by SSRIs. 5-HT restrains osteoblastic activity, thus leading to bone loss. Apparently, the negative skeletal effects of th... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3931284 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:26:04 +0100 3931284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3931285&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F26g7102501gk337j%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis, a global health problem, is now frequently recognized to be secondary to alterations in the pituitary-bone axis. This review examines the current evidence for how dysregulation of the pituitary-bone axis leads to osteoporotic bone loss. Specifically, perimenopausal bone loss in the context of follicle-stimulating hormone action, and hyperthyroid bone loss in the context of thyroid-stimulating hormone action are explored. From the reviewed scientific findings, recommendations for early diagnosis and better clinical management of bone loss are made. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0028-xAuthors Manasi Agrawal, The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3931285 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 08:25:50 +0100 3931285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3735501&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6171k70pt7qk2320%2F Abstract  Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or estrogen agonists/antagonists have shown promise in osteoporosis in that they have the potential to reduce the risk of fracture, and also reduce the risk of breast cancer. SERMs maybe classified according to their core structure, which is typically a variation of the 17 beta-estradiol template and subclassified according to the side chain at the helix 12 affector region. The best known are the triphenylethylenes such as tamoxifen, used in the management of breast cancer. However, the clinical application of this class of SERMs has been limited due to endometrial stimulation. A second class is the benzothiophenes such as raloxifene and arzoxifene, which have skeletal benefit with little, if any, uterine stimulation.... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3735501 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 09:41:40 +0100 3735501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3708771&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd466l316q0223h11%2F The objective of exercise in the treatment of osteoporosis is to improve axial stability through improvement of muscle strength. Therefore, a back extension exercise program specific to one’s musculoskeletal competence and pain can be performed in a sitting position and later advanced to the prone position. When fragility is resolved, back extension is performed against resistance applied to the upper back. To decrease pain and immobility in acute vertebral fracture, use of spinal orthoses become inevitable. Therapeutic exercise should address osteoporosis-related deformities of axial posture, which can increase risk of fall and fracture. Strengthening of the major appendicular muscles decreases fragility. The effect of strengthening exercise is augmented by proper intake of cholec... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3708771 Fri, 25 Jun 2010 19:03:09 +0100 3708771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3689247&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F93362m41561l6q66%2F Abstract  The World Health Organization fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and the Garvan fracture risk calculator are both widely available tools for individualized fracture risk prediction in daily practice. The FRAX model is implemented in several guidelines and most widely used at present. However, clinicians should take into account the differences between the models, especially with regard to the effect of the number of falls, number and clustering of previous fractures, and the number of clinical risk factors on the outcome of predicted fracture risk. Further development will be needed for optimal integration of bone- and fall-related risks, clustering of fractures, and dosing of risk factors to validate the models in different populations and to validate the abili... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3689247 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:32:25 +0100 3689247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3689248&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8426m16758421t03%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis is characterized by the occurrence of a host of fractures. According to densitometric values, an operational definition for osteoporosis corresponds to a loss of 25% to 30% (−2.5 T-scores) compared with the mean values of bone mineral density of young premenopausal women. For years, research tried to develop drugs to improve the bone mineral density. According to the compounds, antiresorptive agents are able to decrease the fracture rate by about 30% to 70%, and to increase the bone mineral density. However, the agents increasing the most bone mineral density are not necessarily those that influence the most fracture rates. It has been known for years that parathyroid hormone (PTH) administered cyclically is able to increase bone mineral density. Tw... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3689248 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:32:24 +0100 3689248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674263&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg844n46658gm7381%2F Abstract  Zoledronic acid is a third-generation bisphosphonate that is administered as an annual infusion, and it has some interesting features. After a successful preclinical development program, it has undergone extensive testing in postmenopausal osteoporosis where it has substantial antifracture efficacy at the vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip sites. It has been shown to be effective in reducing vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in patients who had recently suffered a femoral neck fracture, and has demonstrated efficacy in preventing and reversing bone loss in glucocorticoid osteoporosis. The drug is generally well tolerated, although it has been shown to cause significant acute phase reactions occurring in the first 3 days, mainly after the first infusion. Care... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674263 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 09:30:48 +0100 3674263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674265&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp190561146873t0g%2F Abstract  Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is used to diagnose osteoporosis, assess fracture risk, and monitor response to therapy. Of the different methods for measuring BMD, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the only technology for classifying BMD according to criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the only technology that is validated for BMD input with the WHO fracture risk assessment algorithm, FRAX. Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) by DXA provides an image of the thoracic and lumbar spine for the purpose of detecting vertebral fracture deformities. Identification of a previously unrecognized vertebral fracture may change diagnostic classification, assessment of fracture risk, and treatment decisions. In comparison with stan... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674265 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 09:30:47 +0100 3674265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674264&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy26727j2060uw068%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trial ReportDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0020-5Authors Piet P. Geusens, Maastricht University Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Subdivision of Rheumatology Maastricht The Netherlands Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674264 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 09:30:47 +0100 3674264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674266&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx35p86862809u3n1%2F Abstract  A prior fracture is a well-documented risk factor for a subsequent fracture and it doubles the risk of subsequent fractures. Few studies have investigated the time that elapses between the initial and subsequent fracture. These studies show that the subsequent fracture risk is not constant, but fluctuates over time. The risk of subsequent vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral non-hip fractures is highest immediately after initial hip, clinical, and radiographic vertebral fractures and nonvertebral fractures and declines afterward, regardless of gender, age, and initial fracture location. These studies indicate the need for early action after an initial fracture with medical interventions that have an effect within a short term to reduce the preventable risks of subsequ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674266 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 09:30:46 +0100 3674266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3478672&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F18555444l4p42617%2F Abstract  Thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of five secreted multimeric matricellular proteins that share homology in the type II and III repeats and carboxy-terminal region. Type I repeats, also known as properdin or thrombospondin repeats (TSRs), are found in TSP1/2, but not TSP3-5. A variety of other secreted proteins contain TSRs, including the novel extracellular molecules, R-spondins. TSP family and many TSR-containing proteins, including R-spondins, are highly expressed in skeletal tissues during development and postnatal. TSP2 regulates the osteoblast lineage, influencing bone mass and geometry, as well as response to fracture healing, ovariectomy, and mechanical loading. Compound knockout mice of TSPs have revealed important mechanistic insights. TSP1/2 knockout ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3478672 Tue, 13 Apr 2010 18:05:45 +0100 3478672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3469969&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm6r4r28324028481%2F Abstract  Bone marrow-derived multipotent stem and stromal cells (MSCs) are likely candidates for cell-based therapies for various conditions including skeletal disease. Advancement of these therapies will rely on an ability to identify, isolate, manipulate, and deliver stem cells in a safe and effective manner. Although it is clear that physical signals affect tissue morphogenesis, stem cell differentiation, and healing processes, integration of mechanically induced signaling events remain obscure. Mechanisms underlying sensation and interpretation of mechanical signals by stem cells are the focus of intense study. External mechanical signals have the ability to activate osteogenic signaling pathways in MSCs including Wnt, Ror2, and Runx2. It is also clear that intracellula... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3469969 Mon, 12 Apr 2010 17:59:12 +0100 3469969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3469970&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F587l2p5673453172%2F Abstract  It is not widely appreciated how deleterious prolonged periods of non–weight-bearing are to skeletal integrity. Rates of decline in humans exposed to prolonged spaceflight, for example, are about 10-fold greater than those observed in postmenopausal women and are associated with a significant loss of bone strength. New data on the efficacy of muscle contraction independent of weight bearing in preventing disuse osteopenia suggest that there may not be an absolute requirement for ground reaction forces to maintain bone mass. Mechanisms for disuse osteopenia are likely to involve a number factors contributing to the integrated physiologic response, including changes in interstitial fluid pressures, input from the sympathetic nervous system, and changes in bone mar... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3469970 Mon, 12 Apr 2010 17:59:11 +0100 3469970 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3451725&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk822326n58310972%2F Abstract  Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which directly regulate ovarian function. Pituitary FSH can modulate osteoclast development, and thereby influence bone turnover. Pituitary oxytocin and prolactin effects on the skeleton are not merely limited to pregnancy and lactation; oxytocin stimulates osteoblastogenesis and bone formation, whereas prolactin exerts skeletal effects in an age-dependent manner. Cyclic levels of inhibins and estrogen suppress FSH and LH, respectively, and also suppress bone turnover via their suppressive effects on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. However, continuous exposure to inhibins or estrogen/androgens is anabolic ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3451725 Tue, 06 Apr 2010 18:27:20 +0100 3451725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3451726&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft624411t48418030%2F Abstract  The past 3 years have been exciting for collagen biologists and human geneticists studying the disease known as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI or brittle bone disease). Functional studies on cartilage-associated protein (Crtap) have identified it as an essential component of a heterotrimeric, endoplasmic reticulum resident complex responsible for collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylation and chaperone function. Importantly, human mutations in the CRTAP gene have been associated with recessive forms of OI. Although the function and in vivo biological significance of the 3-hydroxyproline modification are still poorly understood, studies on Crtap have led to the identification of additional genes in which mutations also cause recessive forms of OI. These discoveries have now ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3451726 Mon, 05 Apr 2010 21:36:33 +0100 3451726 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3451728&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh37kt20747p16125%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory CLINICAL TRIAL REPORTDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0012-5Authors Larry J. Suva, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Barton Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics Little Rock AR 72205 USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3451728 Mon, 05 Apr 2010 21:36:32 +0100 3451728 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3451727&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr822131n1117n63x%2F Abstract  The metastasis of tumor cells to distant organs is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality in most cancers. The interaction of tumor cells with local stroma at the metastatic site plays a critical role in metastatic dissemination and the establishment of metastases. These tumor-stromal interactions regulate several important steps including degradation of extracellular matrix, release of sequestered growth factors, and expression of chemokines, cytokines, and receptors on tumor cells and the interacting stromal cells. Breast, prostate, and lung cancers preferentially metastasize to bone. Tumor cell interactions with the bone microenvironment initiate a series of complex cellular interactions that promotes establishment of osteoclastic and/or osteoblastic met... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3451727 Mon, 05 Apr 2010 21:36:32 +0100 3451727 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3431385&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F19k49200v20m535m%2F Abstract  Obesity, diabetes, and osteoporosis are major public health concerns. Current estimates indicate that the US population consists of 25% obese, 30% diabetic and prediabetic, and, among the elderly, 50% of all osteoporotic individuals. Mechanistically, these pathologies share several features including common regulators of bone homeostasis and energy metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) represent a family of proteins that control energy turnover in adipose, liver, and muscle tissue. These proteins also control bone turnover and regulate bone cell differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that bone is an organ integral to energy metabolism not only with respect to energy storage, but also as an organ regulating systemic energy homeostasis. ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3431385 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 16:44:53 +0100 3431385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3361211&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh7n787k45582w30q%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis and fractures are under-recognized and undertreated, both in men and women worldwide. Male osteoporosis is not the epidemic problem that female osteoporosis is; however, the National Osteoporosis Foundation estimates that over 14 million American men have osteoporosis or low bone mass, and approximately 25% to 30% of all hip fractures occur in male individuals who incur greater morbidity and mortality than their female counterparts. Until recently, alendronate, risedronate, and teriparatide were the only pharmacologic agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating male osteoporosis. In December 2008, zoledronic acid was approved for “treatment to increase bone mass in men with osteoporosis.” In 2009, zoledronic acid was also a... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3361211 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 02:24:30 +0100 3361211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3329320&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj5118q2572108660%2F Abstract  Several case series and multiple individual case reports suggest that some subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures might occur in patients who have been treated with long-term bisphosphonates. Several unique clinical and radiographic features are emerging: prodromal thigh pain prior to the fracture, complete absence of trauma precipitating the fracture, and bilateral fractures in some patients. Radiographic features include presence of stress reaction, transverse or short oblique fractures, and thick femoral cortices. The overall incidence of subtrochanteric and shaft fractures combined is below 30 per 100,000 person-years, so this type of fracture is much less common than proximal femur (hip) fracture. Furthermore, the unique “atypical” fracture type is a... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3329320 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:08:05 +0100 3329320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3329321&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9440854572p08182%2F Abstract  Teriparatide is a drug currently approved for treating patients with osteoporosis who are at high risk for future fracture. In the treatment of osteoporosis, teriparatide works as an anabolic agent stimulating bone formation throughout the skeleton by principally enhancing osteoblast-derived bone formation relative to osteoclast-derived bone resorption. The net effect is increased bone mass. For patients with a fracture, a similar process of increased bone formation is required transiently at the fracture site for repair. Teriparatide has been investigated in animal models and in patients as a potential agent to enhance fracture repair. In addition, evidence that teriparatide enhances chondrogenesis has generated interest in using the agent for articular cartilage... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3329321 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:08:03 +0100 3329321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3296646&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9674014257781658%2F Abstract  Can osteoporosis disease management be cost effective? To answer that question, we conducted an extensive review of osteoporosis and fragility fracture prevention literature in peer-reviewed scientific journals and evidence-based guidelines from professional societies and government health organizations. We explored different strategies suggested by the literature to find how programs can be structured to be cost effective and to decrease fracture rates. We focused on ways to cost effectively identify, risk stratify, treat, and then track patients at risk for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Studies have shown that osteoporosis management can decrease the hip fracture rate by 25% to 50% and be cost effective at the same time. Content Type Journal ArticleD... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3296646 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:57:45 +0100 3296646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291654&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu821088017355002%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis due to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) for inflammatory disorders continues to be a common problem. Well-distributed guidelines have provided evidence-based recommendations for management, yet many patients have little attention paid to their increased fracture risk. The purpose of this article is to discuss how new treatments for GIOP may improve overall management. Intravenous zoledronic acid (ZA), an antiresorptive agent, and teriparatide (TPT), which stimulates osteoblasts, have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treating GIOP. ZA is appealing because one 15-min infusion covers the patient for a year and potentially will increase the proportion of GIOP patients who are treated. TPT makes physiologic sense becaus... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291654 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 06:44:44 +0100 3291654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291653&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc368054401034550%2F This article reviews the clinical use and abuse of the two biomarkers most commonly used to assess the effectiveness of therapy in clinical practice: bone mineral density testing and measurement of markers of bone turnover. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0004-5Authors E. Michael Lewiecki, New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center 300 Oak Street NE Albuquerque NM 87106 USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291653 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 06:44:44 +0100 3291653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3289746&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3015288l71616336%2F Abstract  The striking clinical benefits of intermittent parathyroid hormone in osteoporosis have begun a new era of skeletal anabolic agents. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) (1–34) is the first US Food and Drug Administration–approved anabolic therapy. Its use has been limited by the need for subcutaneous injection. Newer delivery systems include transdermal and oral preparations. Newer anabolic therapies include monoclonal antibody to sclerostin, a potent inhibitor of osteoblastogenesis; and use of bone morphogenetic proteins and parathyroid hormone–related protein PTHrP, a calcium-regulating hormone similar to PTH. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0005-4Authors Nancy E. Lane, University of California at Davis Medical Center Agi... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3289746 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 06:53:05 +0100 3289746 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3289748&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2100p71804m7t122%2F This article explains the role of microbial biofilms in BONJ and also discusses associated factors in the disease pathogenesis, which include BP effects on bone remodeling, anti-angiogenesis, matrix necrosis, microcracks, soft tissue toxicity, and inflammation and wound healing. Recent findings suggest a key role for microbial biofilms in the pathogenesis of BONJ; this has important therapeutic implications because biofilm organisms represent a clinical target for prevention and treatment efforts aimed at reducing the significant morbidity and costs associated with this condition. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0008-1Authors Satish K. S. Kumar, University of Southern California Clinical Dentistry, Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Center, Division of Diagnost... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3289748 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 06:53:04 +0100 3289748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3289747&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa678n04735856347%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory CLINICAL TRIAL REPORTDOI 10.1007/s11914-010-0001-8Authors David S. Silver, Cedars Sinai Medical Center/UCLA School of Medicine and the OMC Clinical Research Center 8641 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 301 Beverly Hills CA 90211 USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3289747 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 06:53:04 +0100 3289747 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3042263&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl30k38k4wv857t68%2F This article describes the latest data in this exciting area of research, including novel epigenetic and translation work, which should help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and give rise to potential public health interventions to reduce the burden of osteoporotic fracture in future generations. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0024-1Authors Chivon WinsloeSusie EarlElaine M. DennisonCyrus CooperNicholas C. Harvey, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital Medical Research Council Epidemiology Resource Centre Southampton SO16 6YD UK Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 4 / December, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3042263 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 09:37:08 +0100 3042263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3042262&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvt62n015k318763x%2F Abstract  Recent reports suggest that bone loss begins during late perimenopause at a dramatic rate, even before estrogen levels plummet. During the ensuing 5 years, there is evidence of the beginnings of microarchitectural deterioration, which impacts bone strength and ultimately enhances its propensity to fracture. The diagnosis of osteoporosis based on T-scores alone, or through stratification for a high fracture risk by FRAX, excludes these women who are rapidly losing bone. Because all antiosteoporosis therapies, in particular bisphosphonates, reduce bone loss, we propose aggressive, likely short-term therapy with a goal to reduce bone loss, stabilize bone density, and prevent microarchitectural deterioration. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0021-4... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3042262 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 09:37:08 +0100 3042262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3042265&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3p173x6326132838%2F Abstract  Although calcium and vitamin D have been the primary focus of nutritional prevention of osteoporosis, recent research has clarified the importance of several additional nutrients and food constituents. Further, results of calcium and vitamin D supplementation trials have been inconsistent, suggesting that reliance on this intervention may be inadequate. In addition to dairy, fruit and vegetable intake has emerged as an important modifiable protective factor for bone health. Several nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, vitamin C, vitamin K, several B vitamins, and carotenoids, have been shown to be more important than previously realized. Rather than having a negative effect on bone, protein intake appears to benefit bone status, particularly in older adults.... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3042265 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 09:37:07 +0100 3042265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3042264&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbl883u86q08m5523%2F Abstract  Experimental studies indicate that the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are important regulators of bone resorption and may play an important role in age- and estrogen deficiency-related bone loss. Although the observation of accelerated bone loss in patients with inflammatory disorders supports this mechanism, the role of cytokines in the etiology of osteoporosis has yet to be determined. Elucidation of this potential relationship could not only provide clinicians with an additional tool to identify patients at risk for osteoporosis, but may also inform the development of cytokine-blocking therapies as potential interventions to curb bone loss. Although some epidemiologic studies suggest increases in proinflamma... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3042264 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 09:37:07 +0100 3042264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3042266&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fjn200365g6237h6h%2F Abstract  Fractures in older people are important medical problems. Knowledge of risk factors is essential for successful preventive measures, but when fracture sites of diverse etiology are combined, risk factors for any one site are difficult to identify and may be missed entirely. Among older people, incidence rates of hip, proximal humerus, and vertebral fractures increase with age, but not rates of distal forearm and foot fractures. Low bone mineral density is strongly associated with hip, distal forearm, vertebral, and proximal humerus fractures, but not foot fracture. Most fractures of the hip, distal forearm, and proximal humerus result from a fall, whereas smaller proportions of fractures of the foot and vertebrae follow a fall. Frail people are likely to fracture ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3042266 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 09:37:06 +0100 3042266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3042267&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2t08288763828050%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0025-0Authors Chin Lee, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine and Abbott Laboratories Chicago USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 4 / December, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3042267 Sun, 29 Nov 2009 09:37:05 +0100 3042267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767703&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fph6142240mg7m3k7%2F Abstract  Intravenous (IV) zoledronic acid, a new once-yearly bisphosphonate therapy, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, and osteoporosis in men. IV zoledronic acid significantly reduced the risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fractures in postmenopausal women and decreased risk of clinical fracture and clinical vertebral fracture in men and women with hip fracture. Two promising new therapies are in late clinical development. Denosumab is a monoclonal receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) antibody given by subcutaneous injection every 6 months that has been shown to significantly reduce risk of vertebral-, nonvertebral-, and hip fracture in postmenopaus... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767703 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:53 +0100 2767703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767705&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6838265u44451337%2F This article describes the steps undertaken in the development of FRAX. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0013-4Authors Eugene V. McCloskey, University of Sheffield, Sorby Wing, Northern General Hospital World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases Herries Road Sheffield S5 7AU UKHelena JohanssonAnders OdenJohn A. Kanis Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 3 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767705 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:52 +0100 2767705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767704&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnh86870645g8w145%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis treatments need to combine an unequivocally demonstrated reduction of fractures, at various skeletal sites, long-term safety, and a user-friendly profile that optimizes therapeutic adherence. Strontium ranelate is the first compound to simultaneously decrease bone resorption and stimulate bone formation. Its anti-fracture efficacy at various skeletal sites has been established for as long as 5 years through studies of the highest methodological standards. Increases in bone mineral density observed after 1 year of treatment are predictive of the long-term fracture efficacy, suggesting for the first time in osteoporosis that bone densitometry can be used as a monitoring tool. Due to a positive risk/benefit ratio, strontium ranelate is now considered as ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767704 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:52 +0100 2767704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767707&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd7236n2606316rg5%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0018-zAuthors Piet Geusens, University Hasselt Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt Belgium Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 3 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767707 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:51 +0100 2767707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767706&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm722704813m82951%2F Abstract  Low bone mineral density and the presence of vertebral fractures are independent predictors for future vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. Combining the conventional measurement of bone mineral density of spine and hips with the morphometry of the thoracal and lumbar vertebrae on lateral images using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scanners, a technique called vertebral fracture assessment, facilitates detection of vertebral fractures in those patients at older age and with clinical risk factors for osteoporosis. Particularly, the finding of one or more vertebral deformities in patients with osteopenia is clinically important, because this might prompt the start of anti-osteoporotic treatment. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0017-0Authors ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767706 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:51 +0100 2767706 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767708&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv732673305416qu3%2F Abstract  Current biological markers of bone turnover have proven useful in improving fracture risk assessment and monitoring treatment efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Recent developments in the field of bone markers include 1) identification of new biochemical markers providing additional information on the complex pathways leading to bone fragility; 2) application of novel technologies such as proteomics for the discovery of novel markers; 3) automation and multiplexing for improving analytical performance and convenience; and 4) refinement of the clinical interpretation of markers. Currently, however, for the management of individual patients, their most established application is to monitor treatment efficacy and possibly to improve fracture risk assessment. Th... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767708 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:49 +0100 2767708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2767709&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc4057821766606g4%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0019-yAuthors Chin Lee, 200 Abbott Park Road Department NJ44, Building AP6C-6 Abbott Park IL 60064 USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 3 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2767709 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:07:48 +0100 2767709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643396&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F285n866631230710%2F This article reviews recent data demonstrating that Wnt pathways are active during fracture repair and that increasing the activities of Wnt pathway components accelerates bone regeneration. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0012-5Authors Frank J. SecretoLuke H. HoeppnerJennifer J. Westendorf, Mayo Clinic Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 200 First Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USA Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 2 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643396 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 03:57:11 +0100 2643396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643398&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1p1587h734716856%2F Abstract  Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) systems measure bone parameters noninvasively using low radiation doses. This limits image resolution but is practical for the diagnosis and quantitative monitoring of the properties of the peripheral human skeleton. pQCT determines volumetric bone mineral density separately in trabecular and cortical bone. It may combine densitometry determinations with geometric estimates and use strain-stress indexes, and it may be used to analyze muscle variables in some areas, allowing the study of regional fragility. Experimental and clinical ex vivo studies show that pQCT variables correlate with biomechanical predictors of fragility and/or fractures. Since pQCT was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1997, n... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643398 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 03:57:09 +0100 2643398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643397&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9l513k0485036603%2F Abstract  Cardiovascular calcium deposition is associated with osteoporosis through various potential mechanisms involving molecular regulatory factors at the nanoscale level that govern skeletal bone and cardiovascular tissues. In this article, several possible mechanisms linking cardiovascular calcification and osteoporosis are discussed, including aging, tissue-specific responses to chronic inflammation, flow-limiting atherosclerosis of skeletal end arteries causing ischemic abnormalities in metabolism, shared endogenous regulatory factors that affect the two tissues in a reciprocal manner, and changes in a cysteine protease inhibitor, fetuin. Any or all of these factors and phenomena may contribute to the association. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643397 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 03:57:09 +0100 2643397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643399&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg71577r612263824%2F Abstract  Vitamin D, acting through its active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3, exerts its influence on many physiologic processes in addition to the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. These processes include the immune system. Both the adaptive and innate immune systems are affected by 1,25(OH)2D3 and its receptor, and the cells involved express not only the vitamin D receptor but also, in most cases, the enzyme CYP27B1, which produces 1,25(OH)2D3. Both the vitamin D receptor and CYP27B1 can be constitutive or induced by the ligands that activate the immune processes in these cells, providing feedback loops that help regulate the immune response. In general, 1,25(OH)2D3 suppresses most elements of the adaptive immune system while inducing most elements of the innate immu... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643399 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 03:57:08 +0100 2643399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643401&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpu488318765064h8%2F Abstract  Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow in stable microenvironments known as the stem cell niche. One key component of the stem cell niche is cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Factors that are known to affect osteoblast activity, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), have also been shown to affect the HSCs. Treatment of mice with PTH has led to beneficial effects on the HSC pool, which have led to clinical trials of PTH treatment to enhance HSC-based therapies. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0010-7Authors Narges RashidiGregor B. Adams, University of Southern California Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine 1450 Biggy Stre... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643401 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 03:57:06 +0100 2643401 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643400&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpwq81868w9657455%2F Abstract  It has become accepted by virtue of rich anecdotal experience and clinical research that thyrotoxicosis is associated with high-turnover osteoporosis. The bone loss, primarily due to accelerated resorption that is not compensated by a coupled increase in bone formation, has been attributed solely to elevated thyroid hormone levels. Evidence using mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptors α and β establishes a role for thyroid hormones in regulating bone remodeling but does not exclude an independent action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), levels of which are low in hyperthyroid states, even when thyroid hormones are normal, as after thyroxine supplementation and in subclinical hyperthyroidism. We show that TSH directly suppresses bone remodeling and that T... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643400 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 03:57:06 +0100 2643400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371860&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0576n58k730111q4%2F This article reviews the connections of homocysteine and B vitamins to measures of bone quality and osteoporotic fracture. Although the literature suggests that these factors may be associated with bone health, most of the epidemiologic studies are observational, limiting conclusions regarding causality. More controlled trials are needed to determine whether treatment with B vitamins would reduce fracture rates among community-dwelling cohorts. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0026-9Authors Robert R. McLean, Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research 1200 Centre Street Boston MA 02131 USAMarian T. Hannan Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 3 / Septe... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371860 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:15 +0100 2371860 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371859&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8v472k3k8l738806%2F This article reviews the roles of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in bone and other tissues. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0024-yAuthors Brendan F. Boyce, University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 601 Elmwood Avenue Box 626 Rochester NY 14642 USALianping Xing Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2007 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371859 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:15 +0100 2371859 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371858&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8l6p78pu00087041%2F This article reviews risk factors and mechanisms associated with cancer-related bone loss and metastases as well as strategies for the detection of bone-related complications of cancer and therapies to treat these complications. This article focuses on the more common cancers with adverse skeletal effects: breast cancer, prostate cancer, and multiple myeloma. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0027-8Authors Sue A. Brown, University of Virginia Department of Medicine P.O. Box 801420 Charlottesville VA 22908 USATheresa A. Guise Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2007 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371858 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:15 +0100 2371858 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371857&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq553308t29r7rt87%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0022-0 Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2007 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371857 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:15 +0100 2371857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371856&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F918585t2235162h3%2F Abstract  Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common of the inherited connective tissue disorders that primarily affect bone. However, it is a systemic disorder, as evidenced by the occurrence of ocular complications, dentinogenesis imperfecta, hearing loss, joint laxity, restrictive pulmonary disease, and short stature. The OI classification initially included four phenotypes (I–IV) involving COL1A1 and COL1A2 mutations. Three new phenotypes have been added, of which one, type VII, is the result of mutations of the cartilage-associated protein (CRTAP) gene. Investigation of recessive forms of OI particularly reported among South African blacks have revealed mutations involving both the CRTAP gene and the leucine proline-enriched proteoglycan 1 (LEPRE1) gene, each inv... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371856 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:15 +0100 2371856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371855&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh8j03228v7708230%2F Abstract  As children grow, they accumulate bone mineral, which serves as a “bone bank” for the future. Any condition that interferes with normal bone mineral accrual during childhood has the potential to reduce peak bone mass and subsequently increase future risk for fracture. In contrast to adults, for whom dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has become the standard clinical instrument for assessing bone mineral density and criteria have been developed to define osteopenia and osteoporosis, information for children is still limited. Numerous issues confound the interpretation of DXA-derived bone mineral density measurements in children, and clinicians often find themselves caught between the limitations of these methods and the practical issue of taking care of the... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371855 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:15 +0100 2371855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371862&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm7346248j38g0846%2F Abstract  Bisphosphonate drugs are the major treatment options for primary and secondary osteoporosis and other demineralizing bone diseases. This class of drugs was presaged over a decade ago when etidronate disodium, the “mother compound” for modern-day bisphosphonates, was first used in the treatment of osteoporosis. The cyclic use of etidronate in therapy, which is known mainly to specialists in the field, is not approved in the United States. The drug does, however, have a worldwide reputation as a relatively inexpensive, efficacious, and highly tolerable treatment for osteoporosis. Many studies still describe its use for primary osteoporosis and some have described use in immobilization bone loss, periprosthetic bone loss, and even glucocorticoid-induced osteoporo... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371862 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:07 +0100 2371862 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371861&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw264j3m6w3525655%2F Abstract  Recent studies have added to the evidence that type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with increased risk of hip fracture and other fractures. More frequent falls probably account for some of this increased risk, but reduced bone strength may also play a role. Although type 1 diabetes is associated with lower bone density, those with type 2 diabetes usually have elevated bone density. Yet for both types of diabetes, bone appears to be more fragile for a given density. Diabetes can affect bone through multiple pathways—some with contradictory effects—including obesity, insulin levels, hyperglycemia, and advanced glycation end products in collagen. Treatment with thiazolidinediones may increase fracture risk, at least in older women. Clinicians need to be awa... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371861 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:07 +0100 2371861 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371864&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5068325013g287x3%2F Abstract  Although rarely used to diagnose and manage patients with osteoporosis, bone biopsies are performed to establish bone quality, including degree of mineralization and microarchitecture; to assess bone turnover and bone loss mechanisms; and to analyze treatment effects on bone structure and bone turnover. Bone biopsies are also the only method to diagnose mineralization defect or frank osteomalacia. Due to the availability of antiresorptive agents and anabolic drugs, determining bone turnover and bone-loss mechanisms is critical to appropriate treatment regimen selection. Bone biopsies establish the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic modalities. Further, new techniques such as molecular morphometry (in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry) and analysis of... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371864 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:06 +0100 2371864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371863&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F59362j8515531611%2F Abstract  Bone-turnover suppression is central to the therapeutic benefit of many interventions used to prevent osteoporotic fractures. There are theoretical concerns that long-term suppression may have adverse effects on bone strength, although at present no direct evidence exists that this happens. Nevertheless, further research is required to establish the optimal duration of treatment with antiresorptive agents. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0014-0Authors Juliet Compston, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Department of Medicine Box 157 Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 4 / December, 2007 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Report... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371863 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:06 +0100 2371863 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371866&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl23u22685762532r%2F Abstract  Caloric restriction caused by undernutrition or overexercise is increasingly common and has significant health consequences such as hypothalamic amenorrhea, infertility, attainment of low peak bone mass, and bone loss leading to fracture. In these patients, the pathophysiology of amenorrhea and bone loss is multifactorial, involving hormones that integrate the nutritional state with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, including leptin and possibly ghrelin. The pathophysiology of bone loss includes nutritional deficiencies, possibly estrogen deficiency, and direct and indirect effects of leptin on bone. Identifying patients at risk for low bone mineral density and fracture is important, as is screening with dual energy radiograph absorptiometry. Treatment has ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371866 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:05 +0100 2371866 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371865&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvtp06158g6684345%2F Abstract  Cancers of the breast and prostate are very common in the general population, with breast cancer accounting worldwide for 23% of cancer cases in women and prostate cancer accounting for 12% of cases in men. During the past decade, the survival rates of patients with estrogen-dependent breast cancer and testoster-one-dependent prostate cancer have improved. This improvement has been possible thanks to the introduction of hormone treatments that suppress the synthesis or antagonize the actions of gonadal steroids. However, estrogen and testosterone deficiencies are associated with excessive bone resorption that translates into damage of the bone microarchitecture, loss of bone mineral density, and predisposition to osteoporosis and fractures. Herein, we review the m... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371865 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:05 +0100 2371865 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371868&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F47u566w5363w2246%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, is characterized by increased risk for fracture. To reduce the morbidity and excess loss of life associated with this common disease, we need to understand the efficacy of treatment strategies for fracture reduction. The Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trials have extended our understanding of the effect of hormone therapy and calcium plus vitamin D supplements on risk for hip and total fractures. Although estrogen, with or without progestin, significantly decreases fracture risk at all skeletal sites—almost irrespective of underlying risk for osteoporosis—its risks outweigh its benefits, negating its general use for fracture reduction. For calcium-replete women, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation has a non... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371868 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:04 +0100 2371868 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371867&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc73263m733837wx7%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis, a condition of low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, results in fractures with minimal trauma. Secondary osteoporosis is defined as bone loss resulting from either specific clinical disorders or medications. Some medications that can induce osteoporosis are discussed. Specifically, this article reviews the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss and demonstrates the means to successfully manage the condition with a combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation and, depending on the severity of the bone loss, bisphosphonates or parathyroid hormone. In addition, the pathphysiology of bone loss from aromatase inhibitors in women, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in men, anticonvulsant medications, and proton pump inh... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371867 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:56:04 +0100 2371867 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2371869&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh4582m466u350176%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0015-z Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 4 / December, 2007 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2371869 Sun, 26 Apr 2009 05:55:59 +0100 2371869 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2253285&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw62868391h443563%2F This article reviews current information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical studies that support using bone-active agents to prevent and treat GIO. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0005-4Authors Stuart L. Silverman, Cedars-Sinai/UCLA and OMC Clinical Research Center 8641 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 301 Beverly Hills CA 90211 USANancy E. Lane Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 1 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2253285 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:12:16 +0100 2253285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2253287&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fdxxm083843n65026%2F Abstract  Denosumab (anti-receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand [RANKL] antibody) is a novel agent, a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits osteoclastic-medicated bone resorption by binding to osteoblast-produced RANKL. By reducing RANKL binding to the osteoclast receptor RANK, bone resorption and turnover decrease. In phase 2 dose-ranging studies, denosumab had a rapid onset and offset effect. Also, in patients who had received 2 years of denosumab and were discontinued for the third year, rechallenge with denosumab during the fourth year demonstrated a return of responsiveness to denosumab that mimicked the initial treatment. Phase 3 pivotal fracture data were recently presented with positive outcome data; denosumab (60 mg subcutaneously every 6 months) s... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2253287 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:12:15 +0100 2253287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2253289&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl43gq71002936g81%2F Abstract  Doctors who treat patients with osteoporosis are increasingly confronted with the question of how long to continue treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs), which have the unique characteristic of accumulating in the skeleton. Limited available long-term data suggest that such decisions should be made on a case-by-case approach and guided by an individual re-evaluation of clinical fracture risks and bone mineral density, efficacy, and safety issues. In patients who still have a high fracture risk after 5 years of treatment with BPs, continuing treatment could be considered, but stopping BPs could be appropriate in those with a low fracture risk after 5 years of treatment. Switching to recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1–34 or 1–84 is indicated when recurrent i... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2253289 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:12:14 +0100 2253289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2253293&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu8213633h4726750%2F Abstract  Nutrition is important in promoting bone health and in managing an individual with low bone mass or osteoporosis. In adult women and men, known losses of bone mass and microarchitecture occur, and nutrition can help minimize these losses. In every patient, a healthy diet with adequate protein, fruits, vegetables, calcium, and vitamin D is required to maintain bone health. Recent reports on nutritional remedies for osteoporosis have highlighted the importance of calcium in youth and continued importance in conjunction with vitamin D as the population ages. It is likely that a calcium intake of 1200 mg/d is ideal, and there are some concerns about excessive calcium intakes. However, vitamin D intake needs to be increased in most populations. The ability of soy produ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2253293 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:12:13 +0100 2253293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2253291&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4428x63266701297%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11914-009-0001-8Authors Stuart L. Silverman Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 7 Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 1 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2253291 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:12:13 +0100 2253291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2253295&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa372g6628mk60854%2F Abstract  A significant gap exists between evidence-based advances and real-world clinical practice in the diagnosis and prevention of osteoporosis. The goal of osteoporosis care is to prevent fractures and improve health-related quality of life, and ideally lower mortality. Despite recent advances in osteoporosis detection and treatment options, studies suggest underdiagnosis and undertreatment of osteoporosis, even among those who have already sustained fractures. The challenges in translating knowledge into practice are multifaceted, with efforts directed at the patient, provider, and health care system levels achieving variable success at the population level. Methods to improve quality of care in osteoporosis need to be multipronged, with emphasis on clinical process i... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2253295 Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:12:10 +0100 2253295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183033&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fwv2kt22132835725%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0001-5 Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 5 Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 2 / June, 2007 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183033 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:16 +0100 2183033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183032&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6446n58560198h32%2F Abstract  Osteoclasts are cells of monocyte/macrophage origin that degrade bone matrix. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) induces osteoclast differentiation in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. RANKL activates the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, c-Fos, and calcium signaling pathways, all of which are indispensable for the induction and activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1. NFATc1 is the master transcription factor for osteoclast differentiation, which regulates many osteoclast-specific genes. Multiple immunoglobulin-like receptors associated with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-harboring adapters, Fc receptor common γ subunit (FcRγ), and DNAX-activating protein (DAP) 12 mediate ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183032 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:16 +0100 2183032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183031&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn827238101112q04%2F Abstract  Human genetic studies have firmly established a link between bone mass in humans and gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations in a Wnt coreceptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), or in the Wnt antagonist sclerostin, and several molecular genetic studies in mice have consistently confirmed the critical importance of the Wnt signaling pathway in skeletal biology and disease. In what may be a novel paradigm, the ubiquitous nature of LRP5/6 and Wnt signaling is counterbalanced by the bone-restricted and regulated expression of Wnt antagonists such as sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) in adult tissues, offering new and potentially safe therapeutic means of intervention to stimulate bone formation. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.100... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183031 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:16 +0100 2183031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183034&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F52g43380007wm22h%2F Abstract  The collagen network in bone provides resistance against fracture and may be susceptible to changes with aging and disease. This review identifies the changes in quality of collagen matrix as contributors to bone fragility. With aging and in diabetes, cross-links accumulate in bone collagen as a result of nonenzymatic glycation and consequently impair matrix properties, increasing bone fragility. Cell-culture and animal studies suggest that the accumulation of cross-links induced by nonenzymatic glycation may be related to a reduction in bone turnover resulting from the altered responses of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to advanced glycation end products. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0004-2Authors Deepak Vashishth, Rensselaer Polytechnic In... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183034 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:14 +0100 2183034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183036&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk5055k50p7724382%2F Abstract  Bone strength and stiffness depend strongly on bone mass, but they also depend on the microarchitecture and tissue quality of both cancellous and cortical bone. All these aspects differ between individuals and between anatomic sites. This review discusses ways to characterize the three-dimensional cancellous architecture as well as changes in architecture and bone composition caused by bone remodeling. The methods used range from detailed descriptions of sizes and distances in cancellous bone to coarser texture analysis methods using clinical data. As the resolution of clinical images increases, it may become possible to use knowledge of the relationship between bone microarchitecture and strength to predict fracture risk clinically. Content Type Journal Article... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183036 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:11 +0100 2183036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183035&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F452x861r74gv6081%2F Abstract  Osteocytes, the most abundant cell type in bone, remain the least characterized. Several theories have been proposed regarding their function, including osteolysis, sensing the strains produced in response to mechanical loading of bones, and producing signals that affect the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and hence, bone turnover. This review also discusses the role of osteocyte apoptosis in targeted bone remodeling and proposes that the occurrence of osteocyte apoptosis is consistent with the description of apoptosis as an essential homeostatic mechanism for the healthy maintenance of tissues. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-007-0007-zAuthors Giolanta KogianniBrendon S. Noble, University of Edinburgh Medical School Musculoskeletal Tissu... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183035 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:11 +0100 2183035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2183037&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F21251208547m4p82%2F This article reviews the factors that govern the strength of an object, how they are used in engineering simulations, and how those properties can be extracted from DXA data. It is important to recognize that that although DXA scanners can be used to measure geometric strength, they were not designed to do so. The current HSA method is fundamentally limited to evaluating bending strength in the plane of the image, so precision is sensitive to consistent femur positioning. The positioning issue and other limitations of the HSA method are discussed, as well as the critical importance of body-size scaling when interpreting bone geometry. Also discussed is how current HSA limitations could be ameliorated in a “next-generation” DXA scanner that is optimized for the purpose. Content... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2183037 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 07:20:10 +0100 2183037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996734&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F415175346651n1h8%2F Abstract  Paget’s disease of bone is a focal disorder of aging bone. The classic late-onset Paget’s disease is often caused by a P392L mutation in the gene SQSTM1, which disturbs signaling pathways in osteoclasts on cell activation. This prevalent mutation is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause Paget’s disease. Its identification, along with the elucidation of other mutations underlying early-onset Paget’s and Paget’s disease seen in association with inclusion body myopathy and frontotemporal dementia, have redefined our understanding of genetic disorders of bone remodeling by emphasizing the importance of environmental determinants in their pathophysiology. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-008-0022-8Authors Margaret Seton, Massachusetts Gen... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996734 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:24 +0100 1996734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996733&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv7t33m2102625075%2F Abstract  Phosphorus is an essential element in skeletal development, bone mineralization, membrane composition, nucleotide structure, and cellular signaling. Phosphate, the principal form in which phosphorus is found in the body, is regulated by the complex interplay of the hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol (1,25[OH]2 vitamin D3), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). These collectively govern bone mineralization, absorption of phosphorus by the intestine, and renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate. The skeleton is the major storage pool for phosphate and the principal production site for FGF23, a major phosphate regulatory hormone. Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of disorders of phosphate metabolism have revealed new phosphate-regulato... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996733 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:24 +0100 1996733 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996737&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3731458212h81m07%2F Abstract  Recent discoveries in humans and mice have revealed that the Wnt (Wingless and Int-1) signaling pathway is responsible for a complex array of functions in maintaining bone homeostasis. The Wnt proteins are key modulators of mesenchymal lineage specification and regulate most aspects of osteoblast physiology and postnatal bone acquisition by controlling the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Initial reports have indicated that activators of Wnt signaling are potent promoters of osteogenesis; however, systemic hyperactivation of the canonical Wnt pathway could potentially accelerate neoplastic transformation and subsequent tumor growth. Alternatively, recent investigations of natural soluble antagonists of Wnt signaling in bone suggest the ... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996737 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:23 +0100 1996737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996736&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb2n1m63011031785%2F Abstract  The finding of low bone mineral density with a T-score of −2.5 or below on dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is usually reported as indicating that the patient has “osteoporosis” according to the World Health Organization classification, and, in postmenopausal women, it is often assumed that this is due to estrogen deficiency. However, up to one third of postmenopausal women have a secondary cause of low density, including osteomalacia. Osteomalacia is defined as a mineralization defect caused by disorders that lead to decreased mineralization of bone. Clues from the history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographs may indicate that the patient suffers from a form of osteomalacia rather than postmenopausal estrogen deficiency alone. Establishin... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996736 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:23 +0100 1996736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996735&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fkv0733m71462uq12%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11914-008-0021-9 Journal Current Osteoporosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1544-2241Print ISSN 1544-1873 Journal Volume Volume 6 Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 4 / December, 2008 (Source: Current Osteoporosis Reports) Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996735 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:23 +0100 1996735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996738&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft4464883n101rk42%2F Abstract  Falls are common in the elderly, and frequently result in injury and disability. Most falls result from an interaction between individual characteristics that increase an individual’s propensity to fall and acute mediating risk factors that provide the opportunity to fall. Predisposing risk factors include age-associated changes in strength and balance, comorbidities such as osteoarthritis, visual impairment and dementia, psychotropic medications, and certain types of footwear. Fewer studies have focused on acute precipitating factors, but environmental and situational factors are clearly important to fall risk. Approximately 30% of falls result in an injury that requires medical attention, with fractures occurring in approximately 10%. In addition to the risk f... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996738 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:22 +0100 1996738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996739&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa53244q6l755h13g%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis is one of the most disabling consequences of aging in women. Strategies that permit earlier identification of women at risk for fracture are needed. The Women’s Health Initiative has extended our knowledge of clinical risk factors and biomarkers of fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Based upon 11 clinically available risk factors (age, race/ethnicity, self-reported health, weight, height, physical activity, parental hip fracture, fracture history after age 54, current smoking, corticosteroid use, and history of treated diabetes), an algorithm has been developed to predict 5-year hip fracture risk. Biomarkers including low vitamin D or bioavailable testosterone and/or high cystatin C or sex hormone-binding globulin also predict risk for hip fract... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996739 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 09:16:20 +0100 1996739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1901929&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe60thp6q3024886n%2F Abstract  Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that predisposes individuals to increased risk of fracture. However, most osteoporotic fractures occur in women who do not meet criteria for osteoporosis. Hence, bone density, by itself, is a relatively poor predictor of fracture. Age and age-related factors are now recognized as increasingly important in determining fracture risk. Osteoporotic fractures are associated with increased disability and mortality, suggesting that osteoporosis may be a clinical manifestation of an underlying disease process affecting multiple systems. The systems affected, the musculoskeletal system and the central nervous system, are shared in many respects with the frailty syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency is a major contributor to the frailty syndrome... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1901929 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 05:44:12 +0100 1901929 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1901931&cid=s_35942_31_f&fid=35942&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F53365l2rxn750736%2F Abstract  Inhibins A and B are gonadal peptide members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that serve as negative feedback regulators of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Accumulating evidence suggests that bone turnover and bone loss increase in women before menopause and the decrease in serum estradiol levels. Increased FSH levels have been correlated with some of these perimenopausal changes, whereas decreased inhibins strongly correlate with increases in bone formation and resorption across the menopause transition, and predict lumbar bone mass in perimenopausal women, likely resulting from the direct inhibin suppression of osteoblast and osteoclast development. Interestingly, continuous exposure of mice to inhibin A in vivo is anabolic and prot... Current Osteoporosis Reports journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1901931 Tue, 21 Oct 2008 05:44:10 +0100 1901931