MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews' source. Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:13:55 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483149&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011100058X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with a spectrum of clinical evolutions. We here summarize recent insights into the neuroinflammatory processes of demyelination, vascular cuffing, destruction of the blood brain barrier (BBB), neuronal toxicity and the ensuing (re)activation of autoreactive lymphocytes. Translation of these processes in molecular terms indicates that cytokines, including interferons, ligands of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and interleukins, and also chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases play pivotal roles in MS. This not only helps to understand disease mechanisms in the central nervous system of affected patients, but also forms a solid scientific basis to improve present therapies. Treatment of MS with parenterally administered an... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483149 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5483149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483147&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000566%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In this review, we discuss our studies on the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and related mouse models for rheumatoid arthritis. Of note, these models invariably rely on the use of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Our analysis has focused on explaining the dichotomous – either protective or disease-promoting – role of endogenous IFN-γ. Induction of a myelopoietic burst by CFA was identified as an important and underestimated factor in mediating the role of IFN-γ and other cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, GCP-2, RANK-L). Myelopoiesis provides an excess in precursors for joint-infiltrating neutrophils and osteoclasts. We postulate that classical CIA is primarily an auto-inflammatory disease, in part because of a strong innate immune response to the adjuvant. Superimp... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483147 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5483147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483146&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000578%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Chemerin was isolated as the natural ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor ChemR23. Chemerin acts as a chemotactic factor for leukocyte populations expressing ChemR23, particularly immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but also immature myeloid DCs, macrophages and natural killer cells. Chemerin is expressed by epithelial and non-epithelial cells as an inactive precursor, present at nanomolar concentrations in plasma. Processing of the precursor C-terminus is required for generating bioactive forms of chemerin. Various proteases mediate this processing, including neutrophil serine proteases and proteases from coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades. ChemR23-expressing cells are recruited in human inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and lupus. In animal models, both pro-inf... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483146 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5483146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483145&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000542%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: MAPPIT (mammalian protein–protein interaction trap) is a two-hybrid interaction mapping technique based on functional complementation of a type I cytokine receptor signaling pathway. Over the last decade, the technology has been extended into a platform of complementary assays for the detection of interactions among proteins and between chemical compounds and proteins, and for the identification of small molecules that interfere with protein–protein interactions. Additionally, several screening approaches have been developed to broaden the utility of the platform. In this review we provide an overview of the different components of the MAPPIT toolbox and highlight a number of applications in interactomics, drug screening and compound target profiling. (Source: Cytokine and Gr... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483145 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5483145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483142&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000591%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Signaling by the many ligands of the TGFβ family strongly converges towards only five receptor-activated, intracellular Smad proteins, which fall into two classes i.e. Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/8, respectively. These Smads bind to a surprisingly high number of Smad-interacting proteins (SIPs), many of which are transcription factors (TFs) that co-operate in Smad-controlled target gene transcription in a cell type and context specific manner. A combination of functional analyses in vivo as well as in cell cultures and biochemical studies has revealed the enormous versatility of the Smad proteins. Smads and their SIPs regulate diverse molecular and cellular processes and are also directly relevant to development and disease. In this survey, we selected appropriate examples on the BMP-Sm... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483142 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5483142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483141&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000554%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: TNF is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a key role in innate immunity by inducing the expression of a variety of genes that are involved in an inflammatory response. TNF-induced NF-κB activation is one of the best studied signaling pathways in mammalian cells and has recently led to a revival of research in the biology of ubiquitin. Many NF-κB signaling proteins are modified by specific ubiquitin ligases with different types of ubiquitin chains that are recognized by other proteins and which determine the outcome of ubiquitination. In addition, specific de-ubiquitinases make the whole process reversible. This review summarizes recent findings that have shaped our current understanding on the role of cytoplasmic ubiquitination events in the regulation of TNF-induced NF-κB ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483141 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5483141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417662&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000475%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key mediator of the inflammatory response. Essential for the host-response and resistance to pathogens, it also exacerbates damage during chronic disease and acute tissue injury. It is not surprising therefore that there is a huge level of interest in how this protein is produced and exported from cells. However, the mechanism of IL-1β release has proven to be elusive. It does not follow the conventional ER-Golgi route of secretion. A literature full of disparate observations arising from numerous experimental systems, has contributed to a complicated mix of diverse proposals. Here we summarise these observations and propose that secretion of IL-1β occurs on a continuum, dependent upon stimulus strength and the extracellular IL-1β req... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417662 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483148&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011100044X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Cancer is a life-threatening disease world-wide and colorectal cancer is the second common cause of cancer mortality. The interaction between tumor cells and stromal cells plays a crucial role in tumor initiation and progression and is partially mediated by chemokines. Chemokines predominantly participate in the chemoattraction of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. Nowadays, it is clear that CXC chemokines and their receptors (CXCR) may also modulate tumor behavior by several important mechanisms: regulation of angiogenesis, activation of a tumor-specific immune response by attracting leukocytes, stimulation of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Here, we review the expression and complex roles of CXC chemokines (CXCL1 to CXCL16) and their receptors (CXCR1 to CXCR6) in colore... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483148 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5483148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483140&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000451%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Members of the family of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) play essential roles in innate immunity by detecting intracellular ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’ (PAMPs) and ‘danger-associated molecular patterns’ (DAMPs). These molecules reveal the presence of pathogenic infection, abiotic stress, environmental insults, cellular damage, and cell death. NLR family members can be divided in two functional groups. One group consists of intracellular receptors, such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP6 and NLRC4, which mediate the assembly of inflammasome complexes leading to the activation of procaspase-1. The second group includes members such as NOD1 and NOD2, and mediates the assembly of complexes that activate MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. We review the roles of NLR family members ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483140 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5483140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417666&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000438%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Blood production is a highly regulated process involving multiple inhibitory and stimulatory cytokines present in the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Small molecules mimics of these signalling molecules have substantial potential as drugs and in the development of bioreactors to generate blood products. We review the structural biology of the extracellular signalling domains of five of the most important cytokines, analyze their structure-property relationships, and summarize the progress in developing small molecule mimics using the molecular information from structural biology and mutation studies. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417666 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483144&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000463%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The TNF signaling pathway is a valuable target in the therapy of autoimmune diseases, and anti-TNF drugs are successfully used to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis. By their ability to interfere with inflammatory processes at multiple levels, these TNF blockers have become invaluable tools to inhibit the inflammation induced damage and allow recovery of the affected tissues. Unfortunately this therapy has some drawbacks, including increased risk of infection and malignancy, and remarkably, the onset of new auto-immune diseases. Some of these effects are caused by the unwanted abrogation of beneficial TNF signaling. More specific targeting of the pathological TNF-induced signaling might lead to broader applicability and improved safety. Spe... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483144 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5483144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483143&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000608%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This review focuses on the biological functions and signalling pathways activated by Lymphotoxin α (LTα)/Lymphotoxin β (LTβ) and their receptor LTβR. Genetic mouse models shed light on crucial roles for LT/LTβR to build and to maintain the architecture of lymphoid organs and to ensure an adapted immune response against invading pathogens. However, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, cell death or cancer development are disorders that occur when the LT/LTβR system is twisted.Biological inhibitors, such as antagonist antibodies or decoy receptors, have been developed and used in clinical trials for diseases associated to the LT/LTβR system.Recent progress in the understanding of cellular trafficking and NF-κB signalling pathways downstream of LTα/LTβ may bring new opport... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483143 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5483143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483139&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011100061X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes At first glance an entire issue of a journal devoted to “Cytokine research in Belgium” is a somewhat bizarre way of assembling a series of reviews. Has a survey been done of cytokine paper output per 1000 square miles or per population of 10 million, and was Belgium in the top ranking? I doubt it. Or is there another reason for a particular clustering? Perhaps the answer has to be found in the saying that scientists stand on the shoulders of their predecessors. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483139 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5483139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5483138&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000633%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5483138 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5483138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417665&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000414%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of growth factors. In recent years, it has become clear that BMP7 is a very pleiotropic growth factor. As described in this review, it plays a pivotal role in the development of bone and kidney, and has only recently been demonstrated to also be crucially involved in differentiation of brown adipose tissue. Because BMP7 thus controls the development and maintenance of many physiological processes in the human body, aberrant expression of BMP7 is associated with a variety of diseases. This review gives a broad overview on the involvement of BMP7 in several pathological conditions, such as incomplete fracture healing, osteoarthritis, the development of bone metastases, renal fi... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417665 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417663&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000426%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Infection with the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) retrovirus results in a number of diverse pathologies, including the aggressive, fatal T-cell malignancy adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and the chronic, progressive neurologic disorder termed HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Worldwide, it is estimated there are 15–20 million HTLV-1-infected individuals; although the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% of AC develops either ATL or HAM/TSP, but never both. Regardless of asymptomatic status or clinical outcome, HTLV-1 carriers are at high risk of opportunistic infection. The progression to pathological HTLV-1 disease is in part attributed to the failure of the innate an... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417663 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417661&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000323%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Vaccination, the revolutionary prophylactic immunotherapy developed in the eighteenth century, has become the most successful and cost-effective of medical remedies available to modern society. Due to the remarkable accomplishments of the past century, the number of diseases and pathogens for which a traditional vaccine approach might reasonably be employed has dwindled to unprecedented levels. While this happy scenario bodes well for the future of public health, modern immunologists and vaccinologists face significant challenges if we are to address the scourge of recalcitrant pathogens like HIV and HCV and well as the significant obstacles to immunotherapy imposed by neoplastic self. Here, the authors review the clinical and preclinical literature to highlight the manner by whi... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417661 Wed, 24 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417660&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000499%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417660 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204213&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000293%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: C–X–C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) also known as interferon γ-induced protein 10kDa (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is a cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL10 binds CXCR3 receptor to induce chemotaxis, apoptosis, cell growth and angiostasis. Alterations in CXCL10 expression levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases including infectious diseases, immune dysfunction and tumor development. CXCL10 is also recognized as a biomarker that predicts severity of various diseases. A review of the emerging role of CXCL10 in pathogenesis of infectious diseases revealed diverse roles of CXCL10 in disease initiation and progression. The potential utilization of CXCL10 as a therapeutic target for infectious diseases is discussed. (Source: Cytokine and Gr... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204213 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204216&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000256%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematologic tumor of pediatric age. Although patient survival has been improved, some cases still relapse and need alternative therapies. In this context, the role of microRNA in cancer is actually matter of investigation due to their regulatory function implicated in human tumorigenesis since the main target mRNA transcripts are involved in proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. On the other hand, cytokines are actually used as adjuvants in B-ALL therapy, and recent studies reported that they may also function by acting directly against leukemic cells. Here we review the current knowledge about the role of miRNA and cytokines in B-ALL, highlighting the link between cytokine activity and miRNA expression. The translat... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204216 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204214&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011100030X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pro-sclerotic cytokine widely associated with the development of fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Central to the underlying pathology of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or the trans-differentiation of tubular epithelial cells into myofibroblasts. This process is accompanied by a number of key morphological and phenotypic changes culminating in detachment of cells from the tubular basement membrane and migration into the interstitium. Ultimately these cells reside as activated myofibroblasts and further exacerbate the state of fibrosis. A large body of evidence supports a role for TGF-β and downstream Smad signalling in the development and progression of renal fibrosis. Here we discuss a rol... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204214 Fri, 15 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5417664&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000311%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Inflammation participates importantly in host defenses against infectious agents and injury, but it also contributes to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Recruitment of blood leukocytes to the injured vascular endothelium characterizes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and involves many inflammatory mediators, modulated by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity.The pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ derived from T cells, is vital for both innate and adaptive immunity and is also expressed at high levels in atherosclerotic lesions. As such IFN-γ plays a crucial role in the pathology of atherosclerosis through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune pattern recogniti... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5417664 Wed, 13 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5417664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204218&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000281%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: With better understanding of the pathway, various mediators were identified; some of these mediators are important biomarkers producing more specific and accurate assessment of the pleiotropic effects of statins. The review of human trials also highlights that more specific biomarkers are employed in recent studies, and the non-lipid effects on human subjects are more accurately documented. Confirmation of the accuracy of these biomarkers by further large-scale studies and further development of new biomarkers may prove an important path leading to better patient selection for treatment, and thus better cost-effectiveness may be achieved. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204218 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204215&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000244%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Highlights: ► MiR-155 has powerful regulatory potential in a wide variety of immune cells through targeting specific mRNAs. ► Aberrant expression of miR-155 has been observed in many human autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. ► MiR-155 deficiency can prevent development of autoimmunity in animal models. ► Expression level of miR-155 could be effectively regulated by targeting specific signaling molecules. ► Since disregulated expression of miR-155 is associated with increased risk of cancer, an appropriate level of miR-155 may be important for maintaining normal immune responses.Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as a major class of gene expression regulators linked to most biological functions.... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204215 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204217&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000232%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We describe clinical trials that used GDNF and neurturin in PD patients. ► We discuss limitations and future directions in neurotrophic factor therapy for PD.Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The resulting loss of dopamine neurotransmission is responsible for the symptoms of the disease. Available treatments are initially successful in treating PD symptoms; however, their long-term use is associated with complications and they cannot stop the neurodegeneration. Current research aims at developing new therapies to halt/reverse the neurodegenerative process, rather than treating symptoms. Neurotrophic factors are proteins critical for maintenance and protection of neuro... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204217 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204212&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000347%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204212 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5204212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891619&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000141%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The cartilage damage which characterizes osteoarthritis is often accompanied by bone lesions. Joint integrity results from the balance in the physiological interactions between bone and cartilage. Several local factors regulate the physiological remodeling of cartilage, the disequilibrium of these leading to a higher cartilage catabolism. Several cytokines secreted by bone cells can induce chondrocyte differentiation, which suggests their role in the dialogue between both cells. Accumulative in vivo evidence shows that increased bone resorption occurs at an early stage in the development of osteoarthritis and that blocking bone-resorbing cytokines prevents cartilage damage, confirming the role of bone factors in the crosstalk of both tissues. Recently, molecules of the Wnt pathwa... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891619 Wed, 18 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4891619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891621&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011100013X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Adiponectin and resistin, members of the adipokine family, are multi-task hormones involved in several disorders, including those of the alimentary tract. In the present review, eligible studies focusing on the role of adiponectin and resistin in gastrointestinal diseases are manifested together and classified according to anatomic criteria. In addition, similarities and common patterns have been recognized, ultimately revealing an inverse association: the down-regulation of adiponectin and up-regulation of resistin – both in vitro and in vivo – in gastrointestinal disorders, irrespective of their diverse nature – inflammatory, autoimmune or malignant – or anatomic position – esophageal, gastric, of the small intestine, colonic. Finally, a potential role for both adipok... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891621 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4891621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891620&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000128%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Interleukin 15 participates in the development of important immune antitumor mechanisms. It activates CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, and can promote the formation of antitumor antibodies. IL-15 can also protect T effector cells from the action of T regulatory cells and reverse tolerance to tumor-associated antigens. In pre-clinical studies IL-15 has been found to demonstrate potentiated antitumor effects following pre-association with IL-15Rα, or when used in combination with chemotherapy, adoptive therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and tumor vaccines. Although a clinical trial based on application of IL-15 in tumor patients has already begun, it is important to be aware of its potential side effects, including induction of autoimmunity and promotion of prolif... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891620 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4891620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891616&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000037%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the genetic material for many RNA viruses, induces robust host immune responses via pattern recognition receptors, which include Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) and the multi-protein NLRP3 inflammasome complex. The engagement of dsRNA receptors or inflammasome activation by viral dsRNA initiates complex intracellular signaling cascades that play essential roles in inflammation and innate immune responses, as well as the resultant development of adaptive immunity. This review focuses on signaling pathways mediated by TLR3, RLRs and the NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as the potential use of agonists and antagonists that target these pathways to treat disease. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891616 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4891616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891615&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000165%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891615 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4891615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891617&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000049%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The predominant role of matrix metalloproteinase 8 in extracellular matrix turnover, modulation of inflammatory responses and other physiological processes is well documented. Several recent studies highlight the involvement of MMP8 in a wide range of pathologies. This review will shed light on the putative role of MMP8 as a drug target or disease marker in some inflammatory disorders and in cancer progression. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891617 Wed, 09 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4891617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4891618&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000050%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: IL-6 activates various cell types carrying the membrane bound IL-6R (classical IL-6 signaling) as well as IL-6R− gp130+ cells via the soluble IL-6R (IL-6 trans-signaling). IL-6 signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling the differentiation and activation of T lymphocytes by inducing the Jak/STAT-3 and the Ras/Erk/C/EBP pathways. In particular, IL-6 modulates the resistance of T cells against apoptosis, induces activation of T helper cells and controls the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. Importantly, recent findings suggest that blockade of IL-6 signaling is effective in treating experimental models of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis as well as mo... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4891618 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4891618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4590426&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000025%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews recent mechanistic reports that describe how IFN-γ may direct the fate of hepatocytes either towards apoptosis or a cell cycle arrest. This review also describes a probable role for IFN-γ in modulating hepatocyte fate during liver regeneration, transplantation, hepatitis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and highlights promising areas of research that may lead to the development of IFN-γ as a therapy to enhance recovery from liver disease. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4590426 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4590426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4590423&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610111000074%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4590423 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4590423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4590428&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000997%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article focuses on recent discoveries about the sphingolipid system that influences on host protection from viral virulence and the involvement of cytokine signaling in its underlying mechanisms. Deciphering the steps of this pathway could help us envision how the modulation of sphingolipid metabolism can be applied as a therapeutic approach to overcome infectious diseases. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4590428 Thu, 20 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4590428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224126&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000900%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224126 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4590424&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011000078X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This report reviews the current knowledge on the role of CXCL4/PF-4 and CXCL4L1/PF-4var in physiological and pathological processes. In particular, the role of CXCL4/PF-4 in cancer, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and atherosclerosis is described. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4590424 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4590424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224131&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000742%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: IL-22, an IL-10 family cytokine, is produced by different leukocyte subsets, including T cells, NK cells and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. IL-22 mediates the crosstalk between leukocytes and tissue epithelia because its receptor is preferentially expressed on various tissue epithelial cells. IL-22 is essential for host defense against infections of extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and yeasts, by eliciting various innate defensive mechanisms from tissue epithelial cells and promoting wound-healing responses. In autoimmune diseases, however, diverse tissue microenvironments and underlying pathogenic mechanisms may result in opposing contributions of IL-22 in disease progression. For example, in psoriasis, IL-22 can synergize with other proinflammatory cytokines to i... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224131 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224132&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000808%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The T helper type 17 (Th17) lineage of CD4+ T-cells produce several effector molecules including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. In addition to CD4+, αβ T-cells, these cytokines can be produced by natural killer and γδ T-cells. These effector cytokines can be produced rapidly upon infection at mucosal sites and evidence to date strongly implicates that this arm of the immune system plays a critical role in mucosal immunity to many extracellular pathogens. Moreover these cytokines can also coordinate adaptive immunity to some intracellular pathogens. In this review, we will highlight recent progress in our understanding of these cytokines, and mechanisms of their effector function in the mucosa. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224132 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224133&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000729%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 (also known as IL-17) has been associated with induction of tissue inflammation. Obese individuals exhibit many symptoms of chronic low-grade inflammation, suggesting that IL-17 may impact adipose tissue. However, the role of IL-17 in obesity is largely unexplored. Emerging studies indicate that obesity selectively promotes expansion of the Th17 T-cell lineage, exacerbating disease in murine models of autoimmunity such as EAE and colitis. Human studies support this concept, as new clinical studies suggest that IL-17 is expressed at elevated levels in obese individuals. Conversely, however, an anti-adipogenic role for IL-17 is becoming evident, and therefore the interconnections between IL-17 and fat metabolism may be quite complex... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224133 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224130&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000730%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Over the last decade, our understanding of helper/effector T cell differentiation has changed dramatically. The discovery of interleukin (IL-)17-producing T cells (Th17) and other subsets has changed our view of T cell-mediated immunity. Characterization of the signaling pathways involved in the Th17 commitment has provided exciting new insights into the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Importantly, the emerging data on conversion among polarized T helper cells have raised the question how we should view such concepts as T cell lineage commitment, terminal differentiation and plasticity. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and transcriptional and epigenetic events that contribute to Th17 differentiation and ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224130 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224135&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000705%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-17 (also known as IL-17A) is produced by activated T cells. It is a marker cytokine of the TH17 lineage. IL-17 production is induced in infections, autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory events. IL-17 is involved in host defense, but also inflammatory tissue destruction. Vascular disease, mostly in the chronic form of atherosclerosis, is a leading cause of death. While normal vessels harbor only few leukocytes, large numbers of both innate and adaptive immune cells accumulate during vascular inflammation, both in chronic forms such as atherosclerosis and in acute vasculitis. IL-17 has a role in chronic vascular inflammation of atherosclerosis and possibly hypertensive vascular changes. In acute inflammation, IL-17 is elevated and may be causally involved in t... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224135 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224134&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000717%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of the lung. Constant expression of cellular immunity in this organ is required to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, but this can also result in chronic inflammation and pathologic consequences. During primary tuberculosis both IFN-γ and IL-17 are induced: both are potent inflammatory cytokines capable of inducing expression of chemokines that promote cell recruitment and granuloma organization throughout infection. During the chronic phase, a balance between Th1 and Th17 responses needs to be achieved to control bacterial growth and limit immunopathology, as a shift of the response towards excessive IL-17 production may sustain extensive neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage. Thus, regulation of Th1 and Th17 responses during tuber... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224134 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224129&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000699%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Recently, the IL-17 family member cytokines have become prominent subjects of investigation. IL-17 (IL-17A) is the best-described member of this family where its production has been mainly attributed to a specialized T helper subset of the adaptive immune response termed Th17. However, recent research on this and other Th17 cytokines has revealed new sources and functions of IL-17 family members in the innate immune response. This review will highlight recent advances in the field of IL-17 family member cytokines and will predominately focus on the innate regulation and function of IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-25. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224129 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224128&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000687%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Th17 cells are a recently discovered subset of T helper cells characterised by the release of IL-17, and are thought to be important for mobilization of immune responses against microbial pathogens, but which also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The identification of C-type lectin receptors which are capable of regulating the balance between Th1 and Th17 responses has been of particular recent interest, which they control, in part, though the release of Th17 inducing cytokines. Many of these receptors recognise fungi, and other pathogens, and play key roles in driving the development of protective anti-microbial immunity. Here we will review the C-type lectins that have been linked to Th17 type responses and will briefly examine the role of Th17 responses in... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224128 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224127&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000754%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The identification of a new T cell subset referred to as T helper 17 (Th17) cells that produce the cytokines IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 has fundamentally changed the Th1/Th2 dichotomy paradigm. Th17 cytokines can have protective roles in pathogen clearance and in vaccine-induced immunity or can have pathological roles in autoimmune diseases and inflammation. In this special issue of Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the factors that regulate Th17 effector function, sources of Th17 cytokines and the protective and pathological roles of Th17 cytokines in health and disease. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224127 Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4590425&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000663%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: IL-15 has a broad spectrum of biological activities. It is crucial for the development, proliferation, survival and differentiation of multiple cells from both innate and adaptive immune systems. However, IL-15 up-regulation has a central role in the development of several autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disorders. Therefore, targeting IL-15 or its receptor may have a valuable impact on the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. On the other hand, in some infectious diseases, IL-15 production is compromised but IL-15 given exogenously can potentially enhance immune responses to pathogens. Here, we discuss the current understanding of IL-15 role in immune-mediated and infectious diseases as well as its therapeutic use. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4590425 Fri, 12 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4590425 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4590427&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000675%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid metabolite, which has emerged as an important signaling mediator participating in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. The discovery of a family of S1P receptors, together with the more recently identified intracellular targets, has provided fundamental understanding of the multi-faceted actions of S1P. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies has implicated the S1P signaling system in the control of immunity, inflammation and many associated diseases. Enigmatically, S1P appears to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the cell context. Here, we review this emerging area and argue for a pivotal role for S1P, as a key mediator of the cytokine network, acting through juxtacrine signaling in the imm... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4590427 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4590427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953298&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000493%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first studied as growth factors or morphogens of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. These growth molecules, originally associated with bone and cartilage development, are now known to play an important role in morphogenesis and homeostasis in many other tissues. More recently, significant contributions from BMPs, their receptors, and interacting molecules have been linked to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. On the other hand, BMPs can sometimes function as a tumor suppressor. Our report highlights these new roles in the pathogenesis of cancer that may suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953298 Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953291&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000481%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) is a kinase that activates the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways to control transcriptional expression of certain proteins such as cytokines, chemokines and NF-κB signaling molecules. Many advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the stability of NIK is regulated to affect downstream signaling. Genetic mouse models suggest that NIK plays an essential role in the regulation of the immune system as well as in the bone microenvironment. Increasing evidence links NIK to the tumorigenesis of hematological cancers, such as multiple myeloma, and solid tumors, such as pancreatic carcinoma and melanoma. Understanding the mechanism by which NIK is de-regulated will potentially provide therapeutic options for certain ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953291 Wed, 04 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953297&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011000047X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Genetic and functional studies indicate that common components of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway play critical roles in regulating vascular development in the embryo and in promoting vascular homeostasis and disease in the adult. However, discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo findings and distinct functional properties of the BMP signaling pathway in different vascular beds, have led to controversies in the field that have been difficult to reconcile. This review attempts to clarify some of these issues by providing an up to date overview of the biology and genetics of BMP signaling relevant to the intact vasculature. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953297 Sun, 01 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953297 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953290&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000511%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953290 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953293&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000316%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: IL-28A, IL-28B and IL-29 (also designated type III interferons) constitute a new subfamily within the IL-10–interferon family. They are produced by virtually any nucleated cell type, particularly dendritic cells, following viral infection or activation with bacterial components, and mediate their effects via the IL-28R1/IL-10R2 receptor complex. Although IL-28/IL-29 are closer to the IL-10-related cytokines in terms of gene structure, protein structure, and receptor usage, they display type I interferon-like anti-viral and cytostatic activities. Unlike type I interferons, the target cell populations of IL-28/IL-29 are restricted and mainly include epithelial cells and hepatocytes. These properties suggest that IL-28/IL-29 are potential therapeutic alternatives to type I interfe... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953293 Sun, 25 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953292&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000365%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Although initially identified and best characterized for their role in innate antiviral defence, type I interferons (IFN-I) are also known to have an important impact on the adaptive immune response. In part, this is linked to another long-recognised property of IFN-I, namely their ability to modify cellular proliferation and survival. Here, we review the influence of IFN-I on immune cell homeostasis, focusing on their effects on T cells and antigen-presenting cells. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953292 Wed, 02 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224136&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000353%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Interleukin-25 (IL-25), the newest member of the IL-17 cytokine family, initiates, promotes, and augments Th2 cell-mediated immune responses, thereby contributing to allergic disease and defense against helminthic parasites. More recent studies have shown that IL-25 can control the functional activity of non-T cells and suppress the initiation and progression of immune-mediated pathologies such as endotoxemia, colitis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and diabetes. Taken together with the fact that IL-17 family members can form homo and heterodimers with different functions, the IL-17 family encapsulates the subtle pro and anti-inflammatory function of cytokines, which need to be understood before anti-cytokine therapy can be exploited rationally in the clinic. (Source:... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224136 Wed, 02 Jun 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224136 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621023&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000304%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The concept of oncolytic viral therapy has a century-old history, but only within the last 20 years have oncolytic viruses been considered for the treatment of brain cancers. Viruses such as herpes, measles, and vaccinia have all been known to cause devastating cases of neurological disease in humans, yet these ‘scourges’ are now being harnessed in such a way that they prove very useful as cancer therapeutics. There have been 8 formal clinical trials and 3 case studies using oncolytic viruses to treat malignant glioma patients. Although some success has been reached with oncolytic therapy, overall it has fallen short of expectations. In this review we analyze the results of these trials and bring to light some of the limitations and pitfalls of this therapy, as well as presen... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621023 Tue, 18 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621020&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000122%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Chemotherapy remains a common mode of anticancer treatment even though in most cancer indications the therapeutic approach is not effective and ultimately associated with the onset of chemoresistance. A better understanding of genetic differences in tumors ushered in the era of targeted therapy which has revolutionized the treatment of certain cancer types. However, generally targeted therapies are only cytostatic and a proportion of the patient population may be non-responsive to targeted therapy due to mutations of other genes in the same pathway (e.g. ras mutations in patients with colorectal cancer treated with EGFR targeted therapy). Therefore, there exists a need for a radically new approach to cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) possess many properties of an ideal canc... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621020 Mon, 17 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621019&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011000033X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The First International Oncolytic Virus Meeting was organized by Stephen Russell and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota in the fall of 2001. Those of us who attended this initial meeting recognized that there was a small but critical mass of scientists around the world who saw the promise of replicating viruses as cancer therapeutics, but at the same time realized that we needed to band together if this field was to move from laboratory curiosity to clinical implementation. Indeed, the first meeting was “all you wanted to know about oncolytic adenovirus”, with very little discussion of alternate virus platforms and a real paucity of clinical data. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621019 Tue, 04 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953294&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000298%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Chemokines play an important role in orchestrating cell recruitment and localization in both physiological and pathological conditions. More than 44 ligands have been identified in the human genome. A significantly different set of chemokines, however, is found in the mouse genome, suggesting a rapid evolution of the chemokine system in mammalian genomes. Thus, there are lineage and even individual-specific differences in chemokine genes in mammals. Differences in the expression and function between even recently duplicated genes are also evident. In this review, we discuss how evolutionary events such as gene duplication and gene conversion have shaped the diverse arrays of chemokines in mammalian genomes. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953294 Sun, 02 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953296&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000328%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: TNF is a Janus-faced protein. It possesses impressive anti-tumor activities, but it is also one of the strongest known pro-inflammatory cytokines, which hampers its use as a systemic anti-cancer agent. TNF has been shown to play a detrimental role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Glucocorticoids are strongly anti-inflammatory and exert their therapeutic effects through binding to their receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, glucocorticoids have been used for over half a century for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, many patients are or become resistant to the therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids. Inflammatory cytokines have been suggested to play an important role in this steroid insensitivity or glu... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953296 Sun, 25 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953295&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000286%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Numerous reports have documented the presence of autoantibodies working against naturally occurring cytokines in humans in health and disease. In most instances, their physiological and pathophysiological significance remains unknown. However, recent advances in the methodologies for detecting cytokine autoantibodies and their application in research focused on specific disorders have shown that some cytokine autoantibodies play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease. Additionally, levels of cytokine autoantibodies may also correlate with disease severity and progression in certain infectious and autoimmune diseases but not in others. This suggests that cytokine-specific pathogenic differences exist. While multiple lines of evidence support the notion that high avidity ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953295 Thu, 22 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3953295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621025&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000250%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment have been shown to play a very significant role in the initiation, progression, and invasiveness of cancer. These tumor–stromal interactions are capable of altering the delivery and effectiveness of therapeutics into the tumor and are also known to influence future resistance and re-growth after treatment. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its response to oncolytic viral therapy. The multifaceted environmental response to viral therapy can influence viral infection, replication, and propagation within the tumor. Recent studies have unveiled the complicated temporal changes in the tumor vasculature post-oncolytic virus (OV) treatment, and their impact on tumor biology.... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621025 Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621029&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000274%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have shown promise as cancer therapeutics in pre-clinical and clinical testing; however, it is unlikely that OVs will constitute a stand-alone treatment. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) represent a class of anticancer agents known to influence epigenetic modifications of chromatin, alter gene expression and manipulate a variety of signaling pathways, in some cases blunting the cellular antiviral response. Recent studies have shown that combining OV therapy with HDI treatment enhances viral replication and synergistically induces the killing of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, an effect that has now been demonstrated in variety of virus/HDI combinations. This review discusses the results obtained with the different OV/HDI combinations, the rationale... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621029 Wed, 14 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621022&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000146%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Approximately 50,000 cases of superficial bladder cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States. Immunotherapy utilizing intravesical BCG is the most effective standard therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Based on ease of administration, limited systemic dissemination, and the demonstrated activity of immunotherapy, superficial bladder cancer is an excellent target for virus based gene and immunotherapy. Thus far, clinical trials of virus therapy for bladder cancer have yielded mixed results. In this paper the results of several virus based clinical trials for bladder cancer are reviewed. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621022 Sun, 11 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621028&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000134%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer has significantly altered the natural history of several common cancers. This success was attained only after many years of failure to understand the technical limitations of antibody therapy. In order to further exploit the immune system, tumor vaccine strategies are an active research focus. Virus based immune agents including GM-CSF armed vectors are among these early efforts. Herpes, adenovirus, and vaccinia based vectors encoding GM-CSF have reported intriguing early clinical trial results that are reviewed here. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621028 Thu, 08 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621018&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000389%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621018 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621026&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000183%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are selected based on their ability to eliminate malignancies by direct infection and lysis of cancer cells. Originally, OVs were designed to target malignancies by taking advantage of the defects of cancer cells observed in vitro. Subsequent analysis of virus delivery and spread in vivo has demonstrated that the tumour microenvironment can impede the ability of OVs to effectively infect and spread. Despite this limitation, it is becoming increasingly evident that OVs are also able to take advantage of certain features of the tumour microenvironment. Currently, a growing body of the literature is delineating the complex interaction between OVs and the tumour microenvironment that results in an additional therapeutic activity; these viruses are able to targ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621026 Fri, 26 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621034&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961011000016X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: PVS-RIPO is a genetically recombinant, non-pathogenic poliovirus chimera with a tumor-specific conditional replication phenotype. Consisting of the genome of the live attenuated poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) vaccine with its cognate IRES element replaced with that of human rhinovirus type 2, PVS-RIPO displays an inability to translate its genome in untransformed neuronal cells, but effectively does so in cells originating from primary tumors in the central nervous system or other cancers. Hence, PVS-RIPO unleashes potent cytotoxic effects on infected cancer cells and produces sustained anti-tumoral responses in animal tumor models. PVS-RIPO presents a novel approach to the treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme, based on conditions favoring an unconventional viral transla... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621034 Thu, 18 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621035&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000195%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: There is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies to treat aggressive metastatic cancers that are incurable with standard therapeutic approaches. Novel treatment strategies like oncolytic virotherapy have led, in some cases, to impressive effects on disease progression in human trials, suggesting that approval of an oncolytic virus therapeutic is on the horizon. While combinations of oncolytic viruses with small molecules are already being tested and have shown promise, we propose that even greater therapeutic synergies could be achieved through rational design of complementary virus therapeutics. In this review, we discuss rational chemical and biological combination strategies to enhance oncolytic virotherapy highlighting the promising combination of vaccinia and ve... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621035 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621027&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000201%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The interactions between the immune system, a malignant tumour and an oncolytic virus are complex and poorly understood. For oncolytic viruses to become successful therapeutics we need to better understand these interactions and identify strategies to take advantage of defects in the innate immune response within tumours and avoid cellular anti-viral responses while capitalizing on anti-tumoural immunity. In this review we will discuss the evidence for the induction of tumour-specific immune responses by oncolytic viruses as well as by cancer vaccines. We will then describe some of the barriers to successful cancer immunotherapy, and finally we will outline a strategy for enhancing anti-tumoural immunity while reducing anti-viral immunity by combining tumour vaccination with onco... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621027 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621024&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000158%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The systemic administration of oncolytic virus (OV) is often inefficient due to clearance of the virus by host defense mechanism and spurious targeting of non-cancer tissues through the bloodstream. Cell mediated OV delivery could hide the virus from host defenses and direct them toward tumors: Mesencymal and neural stem cells have been described to possess tumor-homing ability as well as the capacity to deliver OVs. In this review, we will focus on approaches where OV and carrier cells are utilized for cancer therapy. Effective cellular internalization and replication of OVs need to occur both in cancer and carrier cells. We thus will discuss the current challenges faced by the use of OV delivery via carrier cells. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621024 Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621024 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621032&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000237%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The use of viruses as targeted cancer therapy has shown significant promise, and the list of oncolytic viruses continue to grow. The interest in unexplored viruses as oncolytic agents is a natural corollary to the successes and challenges of those already being examined in the clinical setting. Are these ‘new’ viruses any more effective than their predecessors? What are the benefits of refining current clinical candidates compared to searching for new ones? This review briefly describes some of these novel oncolytic viruses. It also examines the issues that arise in comparing them to each other. We believe that the viral mechanism of action is a key factor to success and suggest guidelines by which all oncolytic virus candidates could be evaluated. (Source: Cytokine and Growt... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621032 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621021&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000171%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: It is time for those working on oncolytic viruses to take stock of the status of the field. We now have at our disposal an array of potential therapeutic agents, and are beginning to conduct early-phase clinical trials in patients with relapsed/metastatic cancers. By drawing on lessons learned during the development of other biological therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and targeted small molecule inhibitors, we are now in a position to chart the course of the next wave of trials that will go beyond the phase I studies of safety and feasibility. In this article we review our approach to the development of oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics. In doing so, we emphasise the fact that this process is modular and involves multiple iterative steps between the laboratory and ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621021 Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621033&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000225%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article summarizes the recent assessment of H-1PV antineoplastic activity in glioma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma models, laying the foundation for the present launch of a first phase I/IIa clinical trial on glioma patients. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621033 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621031&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000213%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: High-dose chemotherapy and radiation followed by autologous blood and marrow transplantation (ABMT) has been used for the treatment of certain cancers that are refractory to standard therapeutic regimes. However, a major challenge with ABMT for patients with hematologic malignancies is disease relapse, mainly due to either contamination with cancerous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) within the autograft or the persistence of residual therapy-resistant disease niches within the patient. Oncolytic viruses represent a promising therapeutic approach to prevent cancer relapse by eliminating tumor-initiating cells that contaminate the autograft. Here we summarize an ex vivo “purging” strategy with oncolytic Myxoma virus (MYXV) to remove cancer-initiating cells from ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621031 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621030&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000249%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Replicating virus-based therapeutics for cancer, or oncolytic virus therapy (OVT), is rapidly emerging as a promising treatment modality for a wide range of cancers. In pre-clinical studies, oncolytic viruses have produced remarkable results in a variety of experimental animal models, and several viruses have entered phase I/II clinical trials. However, OVT is not effective against all tumours, with major treatment bottlenecks being the inability to infect, replicate within, or kill certain cancer cells. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these limitations are largely unknown. Recently, RNAi technology has been adapted for systematic interrogation of entire eukaryotic genomes. Since then, several groups have conducted genome-wide RNAi screens to study ho... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621030 Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3621030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342008&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610110000031%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342008 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3342008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342018&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001087%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Invasion and metastasis are key components of cancer progression. Inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, can facilitate tumor dissemination. A distinct and largely forgotten path is perineural invasion (PNI), defined as the presence of cancer cells in the perinerium space. PNI is frequently used by many human carcinomas, in particular by pancreas and prostate cancer, and is associated with tumor recurrence and pain in advanced patients. Neurotrophic factors have been identified as molecular determinants of PNI. A role for chemokines in this process has been proposed; the chemokine CX3CL1/Fractalkine attracts receptor positive pancreatic tumor cells to disseminate along peripheral nerves. Better understanding of the neurotropism of malignant cells and of the c... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342018 Mon, 11 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3342018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342009&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001117%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The concept that certain forms of chronic and persistent inflammation contribute to cancer development was formulated in the 19th century . Experimental and clinical studies have now confirmed this hypothesis and led to a generally accepted paradigm . Epidemiological studies identified chronic infections and inflammation as major risk factors for various types of cancer. Indeed it is estimated that underlying infections and inflammatory reactions are linked to 15–20% of all cancer deaths. In population-based studies prolonged usage of aspirin or of more selective COX-2 inhibitors delay the development of pre-malignant adenomas and may also reduce incidence of different forms of neoplasia. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342009 Fri, 25 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342016&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001130%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Inflammation has long been thought to contribute to the development of cancer; however there is also clear evidence that the immune system can recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Current research suggests that cancer-associated inflammation has a dual role in tumor progression; inflammatory mediators promote the malignant activity of cancer cells by acting as growth factors and also stimulate angiogenesis, however, cancer-associated inflammation is also linked with immune-suppression that allows cancer cells to evade detection by the immune system. In this review we will discuss the dual role of inflammation in cancer and how endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms may equally be important in carcinogenesis. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342016 Mon, 21 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342015&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001154%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been studied with regard to the regulation of cell behavior for over three decades. A large body of research has been devoted to the regulation of epithelial cell and derivative carcinoma cell populations in vitro and in vivo. TGF-β has been shown to inhibit epithelial cell cycle progression and promote apoptosis that together significantly contribute to the tumor suppressive role for TGF-β during carcinoma initiation and progression. TGF-β is also able to promote an epithelial to mesenchymal transition that has been associated with increased tumor cell motility, invasion and metastasis. However, it has now been shown that loss of carcinoma cell responsiveness to TGF-β stimulation can also promote metastasis. Interestingly, enh... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342015 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342011&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001129%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Transcriptional factors of the NF-κB family and STAT3 are ubiquitously expressed and control numerous physiological processes including development, differentiation, immunity, metabolism and cancer. Both NF-κB and STAT3 are rapidly activated in response to various stimuli including stresses and cytokines, although they are regulated by entirely different signaling mechanisms. Once activated, NF-κB and STAT3 control the expression of anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative and immune response genes. Some of these genes overlap and require transcriptional cooperation between the two factors. The activation of and interaction between STAT3 and NF-κB plays a key role in controlling the dialog between the malignant cell and its microenvironment, especially with inflammatory/immune cells... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342011 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342017&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001178%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In the last years it became clear that the tumor microenvironment plays a major role in neoplastic growth. Proteins secreted either by the malignant cells or by the tumor-associated stromal cells act as extracellular signal transductors, orchestrating tumor progression. Sentinel cells of the innate immune system patrol the different organs and have proven either to promote tumor growth or induce tumor suppression. In recent years, members of the matricellular family of extracellular proteins were shown to be involved in different aspects of the inflammatory response during tumor development, although in contradictory ways. In this review we discuss the evidence available up to date that relates matricellular proteins with the regulation of the inflammatory response and tumor prog... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342017 Mon, 14 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342014&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001166%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: CCL2 is a chemokine known to recruit monocytes and macrophages to sites of inflammation. A growing body of research suggests CCL2 is progressively overexpressed in tumor beds and may play a role in the clinical progression of solid tumors. Cancer cells derived from several solid tumor types demonstrate functional receptors for CCL2, suggesting this chemokine may achieve tumorigenicity through direct effects on malignant cells; however, a variety of normal host cells that co-exist with cancer in the tumor microenvironment also respond to CCL2. These cells include macrophages, osteoclasts, endothelial cells, T-lymphocytes, and myeloid-derived immune suppressor cells (MDSCs). CCL2 mediated interactions between normal and malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment and plays a mult... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342014 Mon, 14 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342010&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001099%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The classic view that the role of immune cells in cancer is primarily one of tumor rejection has been supplanted by a more complex view of leukocytes having both pro- and anti-tumor properties. This shift is due to the now well recognized capabilities of several myeloid cell types that foster pro-tumor programming of premalignant tissue, as well as the discovery that subsets of leukocytes also suppress development and effector functions of lymphocytes important for mediating anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we focus on the underappreciated role that T lymphocytes play in promoting tumor development. This includes, in addition to the role of T regulatory cells, a role for natural killer T cells and CD4+ T helper cells in suppressing anti-tumor immunity and promoting cancer gro... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342010 Mon, 14 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342012&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001105%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: FDA approval of several inhibitors of the VEGF pathway has enabled significant advances in the therapy of cancer and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. However, similar to other therapies, inherent/acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs may occur in patients, leading to disease progression. So far the lack of predictive biomarkers has precluded identification of patients most likely to respond to such treatments. Recent suggest that both tumor and non-tumor (stromal) cell types are involved in the reduced responsiveness to the treatments. The present review examines the role of tumor- as well as stromal cell-derived pathways involved in tumor growth and in refractoriness to anti-VEGF therapies. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342012 Fri, 11 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3342013&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109001142%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Chemokines are a key component of cancer-related inflammation. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are downstream of genetic events that cause neoplastic transformation and are components of chronic inflammatory conditions, which predispose to cancer. Components of the chemokine system affect in a cell autonomous or non-autonomous way multiple pathways of tumor progression, including: leukocyte recruitment and function; cellular senescence; tumor cell proliferation and survival; invasion and metastasis. Available information in preclinical and clinical settings suggests that the chemokine system represents a valuable target for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3342013 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3342013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039303&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961010900077X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been described as being able to give rise to several quite different mesenchymal cell phenotypes. However, the ability to differentiate is not the only characteristic that makes these cells attractive for therapeutic purposes. The secretion of a broad range of bioactive molecules by MSCs, such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, constitutes their most biologically significant role under injury conditions. Understanding this intricate secretory activity as well as the properties of MSCs in vivo is central to harnessing their clinical potential. Herein, we identify some of the molecules involved in the paracrine effects of MSCs with a perspective that these cells intrinsically belong to a perivascular niche in vivo, and discuss how this k... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039303 Fri, 20 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039299&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000859%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Smad proteins are intracellular molecules that mediate the canonical signaling cascade of TGFβ superfamily growth factors. The TGFβ superfamily comprises two groups of growth factors, BMPs and TGFβs. Both groups can be further divided into several sub-groups based on sequence homologies and functional similarities. Ligands of the TGFβ superfamily bind to cell surface receptors to activate Smad proteins in the cytoplasm; then the activated Smad proteins translocate into the nucleus to activate or repress specific target gene transcription. Both groups of growth factors play important roles in skeletal development and regeneration. However, whether these effects reflect signaling through canonical Smad pathways, or other non-canonical signaling pathways in vivo remains a myster... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039299 Fri, 20 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039304&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000896%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Multi-lineage progenitors, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells, persist in adult developed organs, making a windfall for the cell therapist but an enigma for stem cell biologists. Recent results from our own and other laboratories show that the ancestor of these elusive adult stem cells is likely to be found in the perivascular area, explaining the ubiquitous distribution of these cells in the body. We have prospectively identified and purified vascular pericytes in multiple human organs and shown that these cells are potent mesodermal progenitors that give rise to genuine mesenchymal stem cells in culture. Pericytes can differentiate into diverse cell lineages, but also secrete multiple paracrine growth factors/cytokines, which likely explains in part their robust regenerative potential... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039304 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039302&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000963%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We describe a number of strategies using dorsomorphin and its derivatives as probes to assess the physiologic roles of BMP signaling. We also discuss several potential applications for small molecule BMP inhibitors, including stem cell manipulation, and the therapeutic modification of bone remodeling, heterotopic ossification, and iron homeostasis. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039302 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039298&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000975%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The TGF-β superfamily exhibits a feature making it distinct from many other growth factor families in that the inadequate number of ligands and receptors premises a high degree of promiscuity in ligand–receptor interaction. This highlights the importance of even small differences in affinities and specificities between different binding partners to maintain the broad spectrum of their well defined biological functions. Despite the promiscuous interactions recent data reveal differences in receptor recruitment, architectures of these assemblies and specific modulation by a multitude of extracellular as well as membrane-associated factors. These modulatory mechanisms might possibly add specificity towards defined biological functions despite the overlapping usage of receptors by... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039298 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039313&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000768%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors belonging to the TGF beta super family. To date, more than twenty human BMPs have been identified. Of these, BMP-2 and BMP-7 (also known as osteogenic protein 1 or OP-1) are the only BMPs used clinically. Recombinant forms of both proteins are currently being implanted surgically to induce spinal fusion and to treat long bone non-union fractures. However, in both indications, large quantities of recombinant proteins are needed to induce new bone formation. This translates to higher costs and potential safety risks. Various genetic engineering approaches are being considered to produce second generation BMPs with improved safety and efficacy profiles. Modified BMPs with one or more of the following characteristics are being con... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039313 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039316&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961010900094X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate many processes in embryonic development as well as in the maintenance of normal tissue function later in adult life. However, the role of this family of proteins in formation of adipose tissue has been underappreciated in the field of developmental biology. With the growing epidemic of obesity, improved knowledge of adipocyte development and function is urgently needed. Recently, there have been significant advances in understanding the role of different members of the BMP superfamily in control of adipocyte differentiation and systemic energy homeostasis. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding how BMPs specify adipose cell fate in stem/progenitor cells and their potential role in energy metabolism. We propose that BMPs... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039316 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039316 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039314&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000860%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Much evidence suggests that “developmental regulator” genes, like those encoding transcription factors and signaling molecules, are typically controlled by many modular, tissue-specific cis-regulatory elements that function during embryogenesis. These elements are often far from gene coding regions and promoters. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) drive many processes in development relating to organogenesis and differentiation. Four BMP family members, Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp5, and Gdf6, are now known to be under the control of distant cis-regulatory elements. BMPs are thus firmly placed in the category of genes prone to this phenomenon. The analysis of distant BMP regulatory elements has provided insight into the many pleiotropic effects of BMP genes, and underscores the biological... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039314 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039314 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039312&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000914%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: ‘Bone: Formation by autoinduction’, initiates by invocation of soluble molecular signals which, when combined to insoluble signals or substrata trigger the ripple-like cascade of bone differentiation by induction. The osteogenic proteins of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, the bone morphogenetic/osteogenic proteins (BMPs/OPs), and uniquely in the non-human primate Papio ursinus also the three mammalian TGF-β isoforms, induce endochondral bone formation as recapitulation of embryonic development. The pleiotropic activities of the BMPs/OPs are vast and include the induction of periodontal tissue regeneration. Implantation of naturally derived highly purified osteogenic fractions after sequential adsorption/affinity and gel filtration chromatography in ma... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039312 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039309&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000847%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Chronic joint diseases have a major impact on society as patients suffer from pain and disability. The spectrum of arthritic disorders is wide including autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthritides but also the more prevalent osteoarthritic diseases. The latter appear to be mainly the consequence of injury, strain and aging in a predisposing genetic background. The therapeutic options for chronic inflammatory and immune joint diseases have greatly increased over the last decade by the use of targeted anti-cytokine or anti-immune cell drugs. However, such a shift towards successful treatment has not been achieved for osteoarthritis. In addition, control of inflammation does not equal cure of the disea... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039309 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039308&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000884%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Normal tissue development and function are regulated by the interplay between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides biochemical and mechanical contextual information that is conveyed from the cell membrane through the cytoskeleton to the nucleus to direct cell phenotype. Cells, in turn, remodel the ECM and thereby sculpt their local microenvironment. Here we review the mechanisms by which cells interact with, respond to, and influence the ECM, with particular emphasis placed on the role of this bidirectional communication during tissue morphogenesis. We also discuss the implications for successful engineering of functional tissues ex vivo. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039308 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039306&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000951%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) is produced by bone marrow-mesenchymal (BMSC) and hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into bone, cartilage, adipose, muscle, hematopoietic, synovial and other tissues. Bmp6−/− null mice have low hepcidin serum levels and an iron overload, resembling hereditary hemochromatosis, which may cause a reduced number of pancreatic β-cells, increased serum glucose and diabetes. BMP-6 circulates in the normal human plasma and is produced by BMSC prior to differentiation into osteoblasts. Moreover, it is also released by osteoclasts as a key bone coupling factor recruiting osteoblasts to the resorption site. Due to unique structural, receptor binding and signaling characteristics much smaller amounts of BMP-6 than BMP-7 are needed in v... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039306 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039305&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000872%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Dental caries is a common public health problem, causing early loss of dental pulp and resultant tooth loss. Dental pulp has important functions to sustain teeth providing nutrient and oxygen supply, innervation, reactionary/reparative dentin formation and immune response. Regeneration of pulp is an unmet need in endodontic therapy, and angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and neurogenesis are critical for pulp regeneration. Permanent and deciduous pulp tissue is easily available from teeth after extraction without ethical issues and has potential for clinical use. In this review, we introduce some stem cell subfractions, CD31−/CD146− SP cells and CD105+ cells with high angiogenic and neurogenic potential, derived from human adult dental pulp tissue. Potential utility of these cells i... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039305 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039301&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000811%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The ability of mature organisms to stabilize phenotypes has enormous selective advantage across all phyla, but the mechanisms have been largely unexplored. Individuals with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare genetic disorder of progressive heterotopic ossification, undergo a pathological metamorphosis in which one normal tissue is transformed into another through a highly regulated process of tissue destruction and phenotype reassignment. This disabling metamorphosis is mediated by the FOP metamorphogene, which encodes a mutant bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor that exhibits mild constitutive activity during development and severe episodic dysregulation postnatally. The discovery of the FOP metamorphogene reveals a highly conserved target for drug ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039301 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039300&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000835%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the structure, regulation, and function of RGMs, focusing on known and potential roles of RGMs in physiology and pathophysiology. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039300 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039296&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000823%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) play an important role during organ development and during regeneration after tissue damage. BMPs signal via transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. From our current understanding heteromeric complexes of type I and type II receptors are required for signal propagation. Presently, three type I and three type II receptors are known to bind BMPs with different affinities. Ligands and receptors eventually oligomerize via defined modes into signaling complexes. Co-receptors recruit into these complexes to either inhibit or to promote signaling. The Smad pathway, initiated by phosphorylation through the activated type I receptors, results in transcriptional regulation of early target genes. However, on its way to the nucleus, Smads represent... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039296 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039295&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000902%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Among the many tissues in the human body bone has the highest potential for regeneration. What is the molecular basis of this regenerative prowess in bones? Bone is composed of an organic matrix that is principally collagenous and is mineralized with inorganic crystals of hydroxyapatite. Demineralization of the bone results in a demineralized bone matrix. The demineralized bone matrix is a bioactive, biodegradable, biomaterial that induces bone morphogenesis in the extraskeletal ectopic sites. The bioactive signal is bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). There are twenty genes in the human genome that encode functional BMPs . Bone morphogenesis is a sequential multistep biological chain reaction and the key steps are chemotaxis of progenitors/stem cells, proliferation of cells and differentiat... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039295 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039297&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000926%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: BMPs pattern the dorsal–ventral axis of vertebrate embryos. Smad1/5/8 transduces the BMP signal, and receives phosphorylation inputs from both MAPK and GSK3. Phosphorylation of Smad1 by MAPK and GSK3 result in its polyubiquitination and transport to the centrosome where it is degraded by the proteasome. These linker phosphorylations inhibit BMP/Smad1signaling by shortening its duration. Wnt, which negatively regulates GSK3 activity, prolongs the BMP/Smad1 signal. Remarkably, linker-phosphorylated Smad1 has been shown to be inherited asymmetrically during cell division. Drosophila contains a single Smad1/5/8 homologue, Mad, and is stabilized by phosphorylation-resistant mutations at GSK3 sites, causing Wingless-like effects. We summarize here the significance of linker-phosphory... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039297 Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039297 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039315&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000793%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that modulate diverse biological functions through the repression of target genes. miRNA profiling studies have indicated that the levels of miRNAs are altered during normal development and pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders. The signaling pathways which control miRNA biogenesis and the mechanisms of regulation, however, are not well understood. Following transcription, mature miRNAs are generated through a series of coordinated processing events mediated by large protein complexes. We recently found that signal transducers of the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway, the Smads, play a regulatory role in the processing of miRNA in the nucleus. In this review, we summarize... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039315 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039311&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000781%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone healing is a predictable process that has a high rate of success. For some patients, and in certain clinical settings, this process can be delayed or completely inhibited. This leads to significant morbidity and may also result in time lost from work, costs related to prolonged medical treatment, and continued pain at the site of nonunion or failed spinal fusion. Several growth factors, specifically BMP-2 and BMP-7, have been approved in several countries for specific indications. The use of these products and potential complications of their use are reviewed. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039311 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039311 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039310&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000938%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: BMPs are best known for their actions as bone formation signals. Recent studies using transgenic mice in which individual osteogenic BMPs have been removed from the limb skeleton have identified BMP2 as a fundamental component of the inherent regenerative capacity of bone. This review summarizes current findings on the specific requirement for BMP2 in bone formation and repair. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039310 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039307&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961010900080X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor type β (TGFβ) family exert multiple and sometimes opposite effects on most cell types in vivo depending on cellular context, which mainly includes the stage of the target cell, the local environment of this cell or niche, and the identity and the dosage of the ligand. Significant progress has been made in the molecular dissection of the regulation of the activity of the ligands and their intracellular signal transduction pathways, including via the canonical Smad pathway where Smads interact with many transcription factors. This knowledge together with results from functional studies within the embryology and stem cell research fields is giving us insight in the role of individual ligands and other components of this signaling system an... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039307 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039294&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000999%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039294 Thu, 01 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757121&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000574%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Ghrelin is a multi-functional peptide hormone that affects a range of processes, including growth hormone and insulin release, appetite regulation, reproduction, and cancer cell proliferation. The main focus of this review is to advance the hypothesis that the ghrelin gene locus encodes an array of biologically active molecules in addition to ghrelin and is far more complex than currently appreciated. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative post-translational cleavages sites may give rise to novel ghrelin gene-derived peptides that potentially act through different receptors and have novel biological functions. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757121 Sun, 09 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757118&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961010900063X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Members of the TNF superfamily control numerous aspects of immune defense as well as various processes of homeostasis and embryonic development. Recent advances in our knowledge of both the beneficial and the deleterious activities of these cytokines were thoroughly discussed at this conference. Participants presented new information about signaling mechanisms that these cytokines activate, with special attention to cell-death regulation, ubiquitination of signaling-proteins as a means of regulating their function, and complex systems of gene and signaling regulation. Sessions were devoted specifically to aberrations in functions of the TNF-family that contribute to the pathology of infectious, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and to cancer, and to the application of our... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757118 Sun, 09 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757122&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000616%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: With the development of growth factors and growth factor modulators as therapeutics for a range of disorders, it is prudent to consider whether modulating the growth factor profile in a tissue can influence tumour initiation or progression. As recombinant human TGF-β3 (avotermin) is being developed for the improvement of scarring in the skin it is important to understand the role, if any, of this cytokine in tumour progression.Elevated levels of TGF-β3 expression detected in late-stage tumours have linked this cytokine with tumourigenesis, although functional data to support a causative role are lacking. While it has proved tempting for researchers to interpret a ‘correlation’ as a ‘cause’ of disease, what has often been overlooked is the normal biological role of TGF-�... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757122 Tue, 04 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757119&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000598%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In the nineteenth century, William B. Coley induced durable remission of inoperable metastatic sarcoma by repeatedly injecting live streptococcus bacilli and, subsequently, heat-killed bacterial extracts into the primary tumor. While Coley's contemporaries debated the veracity of his results, this bold treatment protocol established the new scientific field of immunology. In Coley's era, the scientific and medical communities lacked the prerequisite knowledge to validate and understand his treatment protocols. Today, a more comprehensive understanding of the human immune system, anchored by the discovery of the mammalian Toll-like receptor gene family in the 1990s, permits a mechanistic understanding of his results. Coley's cocktail of TLR agonists likely stimulated a complex cas... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757119 Tue, 04 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757124&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000562%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: During spermatogenesis in mammalian testes, junction restructuring takes place at the Sertoli–Sertoli and Sertoli–germ cell interface, which is coupled with germ cell development, such as cell cycle progression, and translocation of the germ cell within the seminiferous epithelium. In the rat testis, restructuring of the blood–testis barrier (BTB) formed between Sertoli cells near the basement membrane and disruption of the apical ectoplasmic specialization (apical ES) between Sertoli cells and fully developed spermatids (spermatozoa) at the luminal edge of the seminiferous epithelium occur concurrently at stage VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis. These two processes are essential for the translocation of primary spermatocytes from the basal to the... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757124 Sun, 02 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757123&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000628%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Blastocyst implantation into a receptive endometrium is critical to the establishment of pregnancy and is tightly regulated by factors within the blastocyst–endometrial micro-environment. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-11 (IL11) have key roles during implantation. Female mice with a null mutation in the LIF or IL11RA gene are infertile due to a complete failure of implantation or a defective differentiation/decidualization response to the implanting blastocyst, respectively. LIF and IL11 deficiency during pregnancy is associated with infertility and miscarriage in women. Numerous cell populations at the maternal–fetal interface are regulated by LIF/IL11 including the endometrial epithelium, decidualizing stroma, placental trophoblasts and leukocytes. This re... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757123 Sun, 02 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757120&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000586%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Immune recognition of virus-associated molecules by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and/or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) triggers intracellular signaling cascades that converge on the activation of interferon regulatory factors – particularly IRF3 and IRF7, leading to the transcriptional induction of type 1 interferon genes. This review summarizes new data describing how these factors regulate the temporal and quantitative differences in the expression of the multigenic IFN-A family. The distinctive DNA-binding features of IRF3 and IRF7 affect the selectivity and affinity of these factors for IFN-A promoters; modification of the ratio of promoter-bound IRF3 and IRF7 during virus infection may influence both transcriptional activation and repression of IFN-A genes. This review also sum... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757120 Sun, 02 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757117&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000707%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757117 Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757125&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000604%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Lorenzi et al. state in their recent review article that in rats “ghrelin inhibits LH secretion in prepubertal males and in gonadectomized males and females in vivo whereas it does not affect FSH ”,… and that “constant infusion of acylated ghrelin inhibits LH but not FSH secretion in healthy young men .” However, there is evidence in rats and humans that ghrelin suppresses not only LH but also FSH secretion: while in rats ghrelin did not affect FSH secretion in the proestrous and estrous periods of the estrous cycle, gonadectomized rats after single injection and after chronic intermittent administration , a significant decrease of FSH was observed after seven days of continuous ghrelin infusion in male rats and in the metestrus of female rats after a single injection . These fin... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757125 Thu, 30 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504198&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000422%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rapidly increasing world wide. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and relapse. However, the biological factors that drive the growth and progression of these tumors and how obesity contributes to the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. Tumor development and metastasis are dependent on the process of angiogenesis or the formation of new blood vessels. More importantly, a ready supply of adipose tissue-derived angiogenic adipokines, notably VEGF and leptin, and the production of inflammatory cytokines by infiltrating macrophages that occurs in adipose tissues with obesity, promotes the paracrine stimulation of vascular endothelial cell growth needed for adip... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504198 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504201&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000434%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Over the past 10 years, a plethora of information concerning the influence of gene polymorphisms on cytokine expression has been made available in the literature. Significant contribution to this field has come from studies of oral diseases, one of the widest spread health problems in the world, affecting hundreds of millions worldwide. Here we will discuss the importance of studies of gene polymorphism towards the identification of susceptible groups or prognostic indicators of oral disease. Additionally, we will highlight the differences in data obtained from genetically diverse populations and review the application of cytokine gene polymorphisms studies in oral diseases in autoimmune processes and parasitic infections. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504201 Sun, 07 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504199&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000409%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. Recent observations clearly emphasize the emerging role of BMPs in angiogenesis: (i) two genetic vascular diseases (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)) are caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the BMP signalling pathway (endoglin, ALK1 and BMPRII). (ii) BMP9 has been identified as the physiological ligand of the endothelial receptor ALK1 in association with BMPRII. This review will focus on the diverse functions of BMPs in angiogenesis. We will propose a model that distinguishes the BMP2, BMP7 and GDF5 subgroups from the BMP9 subgroup on the basis of their functional implication ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504199 Sun, 07 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504202&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000458%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) is implicated as a key regulator of the development and cyclic remodelling characteristic of reproductive tissues. The physiological significance of TGFB1 in reproductive biology and fertility has been extensively examined in Tgfb1 null mutant mice. Genetic deficiency in TGFB1 causes perturbed functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, inhibiting luteinising hormone (LH) synthesis and leading to downstream effects on testosterone production in males and estrous cycle abnormalities in females. Oocyte developmental incompetence, accompanied by early embryo arrest as well as altered pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis are observed. In addition to LH and testosterone deficiency, male Tgfb1 null mice demonstrate complete inab... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504202 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504200&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000446%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines of the transforming growth factor beta family. Some BMPs such as BMP-2 and BMP-7 play a major role in the development of the skeleton and the maintenance of homeostasis during bone remodelling. To date, only BMP-2 and BMP-7 have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for specific orthopaedic applications. However, due to BMP cost, peptides derived from their knuckle epitope with osteogenic properties have been developed. BMPs are involved in many other biological events, including embryogenesis, angiogenesis and cancer. BMPs therefore have great biomedical potential as osteogenic factors and as anti-cancer agents. This review focuses on the use of BMPs and their derived peptides in biomedical delivery systems and gen... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504200 Wed, 03 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504204&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000410%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: TWEAK is a cytokine of the TNF superfamily that activates the Fn14 receptor. TWEAK may regulate cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation, angiogenesis and inflammation. The expression of TWEAK and Fn14 is increased during vascular and renal injury. Inflammatory cytokines increase Fn14 receptor expression in tubular and vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, TWEAK induces tubular cell apoptosis under proinflammatory conditions. TWEAK itself contributes to renal and vascular inflammation by promoting chemokine and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Confirmation of its role in acute kidney injury and atherosclerotic lesions formation came from functional studies in experimental animal models. The available evidence suggests that TWEAK might be a target for therapeutic int... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504204 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504203&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961010900046X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The establishment of human pregnancy requires the orchestration of substantial cell differentiation and tissue remodelling processes in the context of a complex dialogue between the receptive endometrium and the implanting blastocyst, and is therefore dependent upon a complex sequence of signalling events. Cytokines play an important role in each step of implantation, modulating expression of adhesion molecules on both the fetal and maternal surfaces, regulating expression of the proteases that remodel the extra-cellular matrix, and promoting invasion and differentiation of trophoblasts. Here we review the role of cytokines in regulating the establishment of the fetal–maternal interface, with a particular focus on regulation of the functional expression of CAMs, the ECM and of ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504203 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2504197&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000495%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2504197 Sun, 31 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2504197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346731&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000100%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced mostly by activated CD4+ T cells and controls the differentiation and functional activity of effector T helper cells, counteracts the suppressive effects of regulatory T cells, and stimulates non-immune cells to make inflammatory mediators. IL-21-driven tissue damage has been demonstrated in a number of organs, such as the gut, pancreas, and brain. Therefore new treatment modalities to neutralise IL-21 in vivo would be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium to combat immune-mediated inflammation. Here we describe the emerging role of IL-21 in the initiation and progress of the tissue-damaging inflammatory response in immune-mediated pathologies. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346731 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346730&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000136%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, debilitating disease associated with severe damage to the intestinal mucosa. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent and specific gastrointestinal growth factor that is demonstrating therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of an expanding number of intestinal diseases, including short bowel syndrome (SBS), small bowel enteritis and IBD. The biological activity of GLP-2 is limited due to proteolytic inactivation by the protease dipeptidyl peptidase (DP)IV. Inhibitors of DPIV activity may represent a novel strategy to prolong the growth promoting actions of GLP-2. This review outlines evidence for the clinical application of GLP-2, its degradation resistant analogue, Teduglutide, and novel DPIV inhibitors in efficacy ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346730 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346730 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346729&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000070%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Activation of innate immunity with the subsequent development of a chronic low-grade inflammatory response is now recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy. In the setting of diabetic nephropathy, there is now evidence of the relevant contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with special participation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This new pathogenic perspective leads to new therapeutic implications derived from modulation of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. Experimental studies have shown the beneficial renal actions derived from TNF-α inhibition with the use of soluble TNF-α receptor fusion proteins, chimeric monoclonal antibodies and pentoxifylline (PTF). Clinical app... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346729 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346729 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346728&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000112%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is released rapidly into the circulation during inflammation. This review examines the evidence that activin is a critical mediator of inflammation and immunity. Activin modulates several aspects of the inflammatory response, including release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide production and immune cell activity. Crucially, inhibiting activin with follistatin, a high affinity binding protein, alters the pattern of cytokines released and improves survival in a mouse model of endotoxic shock. Serum and tissue concentrations of activin are elevated in a wide range of pathological conditions. The utility of activin as a diagnostic marker of clinical inflammation and the use of follistatin to block activin... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346728 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346728 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346727&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000094%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Ghrelin, an acylated 28 amino acid gastric peptide, was isolated from the stomach as an endogenous ligand for growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor in 1999. Circulating ghrelin is mainly produced by specific cells in the stomach's oxyntic glands. Ghrelin potently stimulates GH release and food intake and exhibits diverse effects, including ones on glucose metabolism and on secretion and motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Besides these effects on food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin is also involved in controlling reproductive functions, and a role for it as a novel regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis is clearly emerging.We review recent ghrelin research with emphasis on its roles in the reproductive axis. (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Review... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346727 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346727 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346726&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610108000737%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the development of fibrotic plaques in the arterial wall. The disease exhibits a complex aetiology and its progression is influenced by a number of environmental and genetic risk factors. The cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a key regulator of immune function, is highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and has emerged as a significant factor in atherogenesis. Evidence from both mouse models of atherosclerosis and in vitro cell culture has suggested that the role of IFN-γ is complex since both pro- and anti-atherogenic actions have been affiliated to it. This review will focus on evaluating the contribution of IFN-γ to atherosclerosis and, in particular, how it regulates immune responses to the diseas... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346726 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346726 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346725&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000124%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), being the hallmark of the T-cell TH1 response, has been extensively studied with respect to its expression and regulation of immune function. This gene has been extensively characterized in many mammalian species, making it one of the most widely cloned immunoregulatory genes. Recently, the gene has been identified in avian and piscine species and we have identified the gene in the frog genome. Based on these identified DNA sequences, we have constructed an evolutionary history of IFN-γ that shows this molecule can be traced back more than 450 million years ago. Our analysis shows that type II interferon (IFN-γ) function evolved before the tetrapod-fish split, a finding that contrasts earlier studies showing its origins in tetrapods. The IFN-γ gene h... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346725 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346724&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000082%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the main lines of thinking and exploration that have led to our current conception of the role of IFN-γ in immune defense and autoimmunity. In 1965 the first report appeared describing production of an interferon-like virus inhibitor in cultured human leukocytes following exposure to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. In the early 1970s the active principle became recognized as being distinct from classical virus-induced interferons, leading to its designation as immune interferon or Type II interferon, and eventually IFN-γ. Up to that point interest in the factor had come almost exclusively from virologists, in particular those among them who were believers in interferon. Evidence first coming forward in the 1980s that IFN-γ is indistinguishable from macrophage-activa... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346724 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346724 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346723&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS1359610109000069%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes As many of the contributors to Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews already know, I am often slow to get manuscript evaluations completed…but they do get completed! Therefore, it is perhaps appropriate for me to wish the readership of CGFR a belated Happy New Year for 2009 and my best wishes for continued personal and scientific success! This year marks the 20th year of Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews (and its predecessor Progress in Growth Factor Research); we have experienced a dramatic and exciting growth in the readership of the journal, as well as an increase in the quality of articles being published in CGFR. Much of this success is due to my predecessors Drs. Jan Vilcek and Mike Sporn who were outstanding Editors of the journal, as well as inspirational figures in cytokine resear... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346723 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346723 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2346722&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgfr.co.uk%2Farticle%2FPIIS135961010900029X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2346722 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2346722 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2295671&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19324585%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yazbeck R, Howarth GS, Abbott CA Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, debilitating disease associated with severe damage to the intestinal mucosa. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent and specific gastrointestinal growth factor that is demonstrating therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of an expanding number of intestinal diseases, including short bowel syndrome (SBS), small bowel enteritis and IBD. The biological activity of GLP-2 is limited due to proteolytic inactivation by the protease dipeptidyl peptidase (DP)IV. Inhibitors of DPIV activity may represent a novel strategy to prolong the growth promoting actions of GLP-2. This review outlines evidence for the clinical application of GLP-2, its degradation resistant analogue, Teduglutide, an... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2295671 Tue, 24 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2295671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2283568&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19297235%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lorenzi T, Meli R, Marzioni D, Morroni M, Baragli A, Castellucci M, Gualillo O, Muccioli G Ghrelin, an acylated 28 amino acid gastric peptide, was isolated from the stomach as an endogenous ligand for growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor in 1999. Circulating ghrelin is mainly produced by specific cells in the stomach's oxyntic glands. Ghrelin potently stimulates GH release and food intake and exhibits diverse effects, including ones on glucose metabolism and on secretion and motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Besides these effects on food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin is also involved in controlling reproductive functions, and a role for it as a novel regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis is clearly emerging. We review recent ghrelin research ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2283568 Mon, 16 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2283568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2258305&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19268624%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Savan R, Ravichandran S, Collins JR, Sakai M, Young HA Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), being the hallmark of the T-cell T(H)1 response, has been extensively studied with respect to its expression and regulation of immune function. This gene has been extensively characterized in many mammalian species, making it one of the most widely cloned immunoregulatory genes. Recently, the gene has been identified in avian and piscine species and we have identified the gene in the frog genome. Based on these identified DNA sequences, we have constructed an evolutionary history of IFN-gamma that shows this molecule can be traced back more than 450 million years ago. Our analysis shows that type II interferon (IFN-gamma) function evolved before the tetrapod-fish split, a finding that contrast... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2258305 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2258305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2258303&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19268625%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the main lines of thinking and exploration that have led to our current conception of the role of IFN-gamma in immune defense and autoimmunity. In 1965 the first report appeared describing production of an interferon-like virus inhibitor in cultured human leukocytes following exposure to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. In the early 1970s the active principle became recognized as being distinct from classical virus-induced interferons, leading to its designation as immune interferon or Type II interferon, and eventually IFN-gamma. Up to that point interest in the factor had come almost exclusively from virologists, in particular those among them who were believers in interferon. Evidence first coming forward in the 1980s that IFN-gamma is indistinguishable from macropha... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2258303 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2258303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2258302&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19268626%26dopt%3DAbstract Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2009 Mar 4; Authors: Hiscott J PMID: 19268626 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2258302 Wed, 04 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2258302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2241191&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19261537%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Monteleone G, Pallone F, Macdonald TT Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced mostly by activated CD4+ T cells and controls the differentiation and functional activity of effector T helper cells, counteracts the suppressive effects of regulatory T cells, and stimulates non-immune cells to make inflammatory mediators. IL-21-driven tissue damage has been demonstrated in a number of organs, such as the gut, pancreas, and brain. Therefore new treatment modalities to neutralise IL-21 in vivo would be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium to combat immune-mediated inflammation. Here we describe the emerging role of IL-21 in the initiation and progress of the tissue-damaging inflammatory response in immune-mediated pathologies. PMID: 19261537 [PubMed - as supplied by pu... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2241191 Mon, 02 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2241191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2241190&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19261538%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Phillips DJ, de Kretser DM, Hedger MP Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is released rapidly into the circulation during inflammation. This review examines the evidence that activin is a critical mediator of inflammation and immunity. Activin modulates several aspects of the inflammatory response, including release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide production and immune cell activity. Crucially, inhibiting activin with follistatin, a high affinity binding protein, alters the pattern of cytokines released and improves survival in a mouse model of endotoxic shock. Serum and tissue concentrations of activin are elevated in a wide range of pathological conditions. The utility of activin as a diagnostic marker of clinical inflammation ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2241190 Mon, 02 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2241190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2233256&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19251467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Navarro-González JF, Jarque A, Muros M, Mora C, García J Activation of innate immunity with the subsequent development of a chronic low-grade inflammatory response is now recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy. In the setting of diabetic nephropathy, there is now evidence of the relevant contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with special participation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). This new pathogenic perspective leads to new therapeutic implications derived from modulation of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. Experimental studies have shown the beneficial renal actions derived from TNF-alpha inhibition with the use of soluble TNF-alpha receptor fusi... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2233256 Fri, 27 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2233256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2200721&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19223217%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Perugini M, Varelias A, Sadlon T, D'Andrea RJ Hematopoietic growth factor (HGF) mimetics offer a number of attractive advantages as therapeutic agents. Small chemical compounds, in particular, provide reduced cost and oral availability. As many of these mimetics are unrelated in structure to the normal cytokine the immunogenic response is not a significant issue. Isolation of small peptide agonists for erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin (TPO) receptors has been associated with significant translational challenges and here we summarize approaches used to achieve the potency and stability required for clinical utility. We also compare and contrast the initial screening approaches, and the translational and clinical issues associated with two recently approved TPO mimetics, ... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2200721 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2200721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2188118&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19213592%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Lemos Rieper C, Galle P, Hansen MB Autoantibodies recognizing cytokines arise in certain patients during the course of therapy with recombinant cytokines, although they may arise spontaneously as well. They are typically high avidity and in vitro neutralizing IgG antibodies present in picomolar to nanomolar concentrations. Methodology is therefore critical. Quantitative studies based on sound methodology strongly indicate that nanomolar levels of cytokine autoantibodies are likely to be involved in a number of "new" syndromes such as acquired immune deficiencies, lung diseases, and certain age-related manifestations. There are many ways in which the autoantibodies could be naturally induced, and they have been experimentally induced with ease. Therefore, a new therapeutic c... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2188118 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2188118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2182795&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19211297%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bowzard JB, Ranjan P, Sambhara S, Fujita T A critical component of the innate immune response is the presence of germ line-encoded receptors capable of recognizing a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecules. One group of these receptors, the cytoplasmic RIG-I-like helicases (RLH), is involved in the induction of Type I interferon in response to viral infection. Here we discuss results of recent investigations into the initiation and transmission of signals through the RIG-I pathway. PMID: 19211297 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews) Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2182795 Mon, 09 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2182795 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2173139&cid=s_35507_67_f&fid=35507&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19201250%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rampino T, Gregorini M, Dal Canton A The Scatter Factors are two homologous proteins, named Scatter Factor/Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Macrophage Stimulating Protein. Their receptors are the products of two oncogenes, Met and Ron, respectively. The Scatter Factors induce movement, stimulate proliferation, regulate apoptosis and are morphogenic, i.e. operate an integrated program that seems tailored to drive organ development and to regenerate injured tissues. On the other hand, Scatter Factors may be responsible for pathologic tissue remodeling, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and tumor growth and diffusion. The review describes the involvement of Scatter Factors in renal disease, including acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, chronic fibrosing nephropathies, dialysis... Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2173139 Thu, 05 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2173139