Domestic Animal Endocrinology via MedWorm.com

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 00:34:36 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 14 Jan 2012 00:34:36 +0100

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Altered plasma concentrations of sex hormones in cats infected by feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Gender differences may affect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans and may be related to fluctuations in sex hormone concentration. The different percentage of male and female cats observed to be infected by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been traditionally explained through the transmission mechanisms of both viruses. However, sexual hormones may also play a role in this different distribution. To study this possibility, 17β-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations were analyzed using a competitive enzyme immunoassay in the plasma of 258 cats naturally infected by FIV (FIV+), FeLV (FeLV+), or FeLV and FIV (F−F+) or negative for both viruses, including both sick and clini...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 08:23:07 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 08:23:07 +0100

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Spontaneously obese dogs exhibit greater postprandial glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations than lean dogs

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 02 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Dogs do not appear to progress from obesity-induced insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia have been proposed to cause or maintain beta cell failure and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in other species. Postprandial glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations have not been compared in lean and obese dogs. We measured serum glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations in nine naturally occurring obese and nine age- and gender-matched lean dogs. After a 24-h fast, dogs were fed half their calculated daily energy requirement of a standardized diet that provided 37% and 40% of metabolizable energy as carbohydrate and fat, respectively. Fasting and postprandial glucose and triglyceride c...

Basal and hormone-stimulated metabolism in lambs varies with breed and diet quality

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of breed and diet quality on basal and hormone-stimulated energy metabolism in lambs. Twenty-four 7-mo-old merino (MM; n = 12) and second-cross (2X; n = 12) lambs were maintained indoors and fed ad libitum either a low-quality (7.8% crude protein [CP] and 8.1 MJ metabolizable energy [ME]/kg dry matter [DM]) or a moderate-quality (17.6% CP and 9.1 MJ ME/kg DM) diet in a crossover design. After 3 wk of feeding, lambs were injected intravenously with insulin (10 μg/kg body weight [BW]) and epinephrine (0.8 μg/kg BW) on consecutive days and blood samples were collected at −30, −15, −1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to time of injection. Lambs fed the low-quality diet had lower DM (P < 0.001), CP (P < 0.01), ...

Age-related changes in gene expression of the growth hormone secretagogue and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors in Holstein-Friesian cattle

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by interactions between three hormone receptors, between GHRH and GHRH receptor (GHRH-R), between ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), and between somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. Ghrelin-GHS-R1a is involved in many important functions, including GH secretion and appetite. We investigated age-related changes in the expressions of GHS-R1a, GHS-R1b (the truncated-type receptor), and GHRH-R mRNAs by real-time reverse transcription-PCR using 16 tissues, leukocytes, oocytes, and cumulus cells in Holstein-Friesian cattle. The tissue samples were divided into three age classes: 1) 19 to 26 d of age (preweaning calves), 2) 2 mo to 6.5 m...

Effects of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and rumen-protected methionine on plasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (7 to 36) amide and pancreatic hormones in lactating cows

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Our objective was to determine the effects of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CLFAs) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on plasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (7 to 36) amide, and pancreatic hormones in lactating cows. Four Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 4 by 4 Latin square experiment in each 2-wk period. Cows were fed corn silage-based diets with supplements of CLFAs (1.5% added on dry matter basis), RPM (20 g/d), CLFAs plus RPM, and without supplement. Jugular blood samples were taken from 1 h before to 2 h after morning feeding at 10-min intervals on day 12 of each period. CLFAs decreased dry matter intake, but RPM did not affect dry matter intake. Both supplements of CLFAs and RPM did not affect metabolizable energy intake and m...

Rabbit model of primary hyperparathyroidism induced by high-phosphate diet

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study is to establish a new rabbit model of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) induced by high-phosphate diet. One hundred twenty rabbits were divided into two groups of 60 each. The treatment group was fed a high-phosphate diet (Ca:P = 1:7) and the control group was given a normal animal diet (Ca:P = 1:0.7) for 1 to 6 mo. Serologic examinations, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and phosphorus levels, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid, and the histologic examination, including parathyroid, kidney, and bones, were performed at the end of each month for 6 mo. Compared with the control, serum PTH levels in the treatment groups were elevated at all six time points, whereas serum calcium levels were reduced, and serum phosphorus levels remain uncha...

Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and its expected roles in the bovine endometrium during gestation

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 28 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, EMMPRIN mRNA was detected in the bovine placentome and interplacentome throughout gestation, and its expression was significantly higher in the cotyledon during late gestation. In situ hybridization showed that EMMPRIN mRNA was expressed in the caruncular epithelium and the cotyledonary epithelium, including binucleate cells. Western blot analysis detected a band representing a protein of approximately 65 kDa in the caruncular and cotyledonary tissues, and the intensity of its expression was increased in both of these tissues during late gestation. The expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-14 in the bovine placenta were higher during late gestation, as was observed for EMMPRIN. Therefore, EMMPRIN might regulate trophoblastic cell functions, especially those of binucleate cells,...

Inhibition of proteasomal proteolysis affects expression of extracellular matrix components and steroidogenesis in porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 28 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, MG132 affects progesterone secretion and expression of cumulus expansion-related components by cumulus and GCs, suggesting the requirement of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway–regulated protein turnover for formation of ECM during cumulus expansion in the preovulatory period in the pig. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Vitamin D status before and after hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 28 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, there is no need for vitamin D supplementation in dogs with PDH, either before or after hypophysectomy. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Lysophosphatidic acid receptors in ovine uterus during estrous cycle and early pregnancy and their regulation by progesterone

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 28 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: In the present study, we examined the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) pathway in the ovine uterus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. With the use of quantitative reverse transcription PCR, expression of LPAR1 and LPAR3 was analyzed. Both receptors were present in the ovine uterus. Immunolocalization showed that LPAR1 was mainly present in the stroma of the ovine endometrium, whereas LPAR3 was mostly restricted to epithelial compartments. In luminal and glandular epithelia, LPAR1 and LPAR3 levels were affected by pregnancy status, day, or the day-by-status interaction, whereas in stroma the receptors were not modified. Analysis of the whole endometrium from ovariectomized ewes showed that the expression of LPAR3 but not LPAR1 was regulated by the administration of progeste...

Influence of standing estrus before an injection of GnRH during a beef cattle fixed-time AI protocol on LH release, subsequent concentrations of progesterone, and steriodogenic enzyme expression

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Beef cows that exhibit estrus before fixed-time AI have been reported to have increased pregnancy success and increased concentrations of progesterone during the subsequent estrous cycle. Therefore, these experiments were conducted to evaluate if initiation of standing estrus before an injection of GnRH during a fixed-time AI protocol affected LH pulses, subsequent concentrations of progesterone, and luteal steroidogenic enzyme expression. In Experiments 1 and 2, cows were treated with the CO-Synch protocol (100 μg GnRH day −9, 25 mg PGF2α day −2, and 100 μg GnRH day 0) and allotted to one of two treatments: 1) cows that initiated estrus before GnRH on day 0 (estrus; n = 5) or 2) cows that did not initiate estrus and were induced to ovulate by the GnRH on day 0 (no estrus...

Cloning and characterization of chicken fat mass and obesity associated (Fto) gene: fasting affects Fto expression

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The objectives of the current study were to clone full-length chicken Fto cDNA and to determine the effect of age or feeding status on Fto expression. With the use of rapid amplification of cDNA ends, the full-length chicken Fto cDNA was cloned and found to share 63% to 66% homology with the mammalian Fto nucleotide sequence. Several regions of the chicken Fto protein, including the substrate (2-oxoglutarate) binding domains, were found to be identical to mammalian Fto protein. Western blotting with anti-human Fto antibody and reverse transcription PCR studies showed that Fto protein and gene were ubiquitously expressed in various tissues of the chicken. With the use of quantitative PCR, Fto mRNA levels were found to be higher in liver and skeletal muscle of 8-wk-old chickens than in 4-wk-...

Ki-67 and minichromosome maintenance-7 (MCM7) expression in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 09 Oct 2011 07:37:55 +0100

In conclusion, canine corticotroph adenomas in enlarged pituitaries show greater proliferation potential than do adenomas in nonenlarged pituitaries. MCM7 expression was significantly greater than Ki-67 expression in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas. Thus, MCM7 may be superior to Ki-67 as a proliferation marker in pituitary tumors. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 09 Oct 2011 07:37:55 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 09 Oct 2011 07:37:55 +0100

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Erratum to Verkest et al. July 2011 articles [Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 41 (2011) 24–34 and Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 41 (2011) 35–41]

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 03 Sep 2011 15:39:18 +0100

Page numbers of two references were listed incorrectly in two articles by Verkest et al. from Vol 41, No 1 (July 2011). Please see the corrections below. In Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 41 (2011) 35–41, the correct reference [1] is: (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 03 Sep 2011 15:39:17 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 03 Sep 2011 15:39:17 +0100

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Characterization of serum-free buffalo granulosa cell culture and analysis of genes involved in terminal differentiation from FSH- to LH-responsive phenotype

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, culture condition used in the present study showed that granulosa cells were FSH responsive and attained attributes of granulosa cells of dominant follicles at day 4 with highest CYP19 and LHR gene expression beyond which they acquired the ability to luteinize and thus were more LH responsive. In addition, after LH treatment, analysis of early LH-responsive genes (EGR2, RUNX1, and NR4A1) on day 4 showed that granulosa cells at this stage in culture exhibits phenotype similar to that of preovulatory follicles before LH surge in vivo and corresponds to the in vivo transition of well-orchestrated gene expression profile after LH surge. The characterized culture conditions represent a suitable in vitro model for analysis of genes involved in terminal differentiation of granulosa...

Differential acute phase immune responses by Angus and Romosinuano steers following an endotoxin challenge

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 24 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Our primary objective of this experiment was to evaluate potential genetic differences between two diverse Bos taurus breeds [Angus (AG) and Romosinuano (RO)] in response to an endotoxin challenge. Eighteen steers (n = 9 steers/breed; 299.4 ± 5.2 kg BW) were acclimated to environmentally controlled chambers maintained at thermoneutrality (19.7 °C) and then fitted with indwelling jugular catheters and rectal temperature (RT) recording devices 1 d before the endotoxin challenge. The next day, blood samples were collected at 30-min intervals from −2 to 8 h, and RT was measured continuously at 1-min intervals throughout the study. At time 0, all steers received an intravenous bolus injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2.5 μg/kg BW). Serum samples were stored at −80 °C until ...

Luteolysis and associated interrelationships among circulating PGF2α, progesterone, LH, and estradiol in mares

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The changing concentrations and temporal relationships among a PGF2α metabolite (PGFM), progesterone (P4), LH, and estradiol-17β (E2) before, during, and after luteolysis were studied in 10 mares. Blood samples were collected every hour for ≥4 d beginning on day 12 after ovulation. The luteolytic period extended from a decrease in P4 at a common transitional hour (Hour 0) at the end of preluteolysis and beginning of luteolysis to a defined ending when P4 reached 1 ng/mL. The length of luteolysis was 22.9 ± 0.9 h, contrasting with 2 d in published P4 profiles from sampling every 6 to 24 h. In mares with complete data for Hours −40 to −2 (n = 6), PGFM concentrations remained below assay sensitivity (n = 2) or two or three small pulses (peak, 29 ± 4 pg/mL) occurred. During...

Expression of gap junctional connexin proteins in ovine fetal ovaries: Effects of maternal diet

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Gap junctions have been implicated in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the coordination of cellular functions during growth and differentiation of organs and tissues, and gap junctions play a major role in direct cell-cell communication. Gap junctional channels and connexin (Cx) proteins have been detected in adult ovaries in several species. Furthermore, it has been shown that several environmental factors, including maternal diet, may affect fetal organ growth and function. To determine whether maternal diet affects expression of Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, and Cx43 in fetal ovaries, sheep were fed a maintenance (M) diet with adequate (A) selenium (Se) or high (H) Se levels from 21 d before breeding to day 132 of pregnancy. From day 50 to 132 of pregnancy (tissue collection day)...

11-Hydroxy-β-steroid dehydrogenase gene expression in canine adipose tissue and adipocytes: Stimulation by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor α

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD-1) is expressed in a number of tissues in rodents and humans and is responsible for the reactivation of inert cortisone into cortisol. Its gene expression and activity are increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) from obese humans and may contribute to the adverse metabolic consequences of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The extent to which 11β-HSD-1 contributes to adipose tissue function in dogs is unknown; the aim of the present study was to examine 11β-HSD-1 gene expression and its regulation by proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents in canine adipocytes. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of 11β-HSD-1 in canine adipose tissue and canine adipocytes differentiated in culture. The mRNA encoding 11...

Effect of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine and 3,5-diiodothyronine on progesterone production, cAMP synthesis, and mRNA expression of STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B genes in granulosa layer of chicken preovulatory follicles

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, data indicate that both iodothyronines are involved in P4 production in the GL of chicken preovulatory follicles acting alone and additively with LH. Effects of iodothyronines depend on follicle maturation and are associated with modulation of cAMP synthesis and STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B mRNA expression. We suggest that iodothyronines participate in maturation and ovulation of chicken follicles. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Ghrelin effects on central glucosensing and energy homeostasis-related peptides in rainbow trout

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Although the role of ghrelin (GHRL) on fish appetite regulation had been widely studied in past years, its involvement in the regulation of glucose metabolism had been little explored. In the present study we hypothesize that GHRL may have a role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in fish. Therefore, we carried out different experimental approaches in rainbow trout to assess brain glucosensing potential and glucose metabolism in response to GHRL treatment. We found that after either systemic or central GHRL administration to trout deprived of food, glycemia remained unaffected, whereas (in clear contrast with the mammalian model) a consistent activation of the main glucosensing markers (glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and ATP-sensitive inward rectified K+ channel) was n...

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α production by bovine immune cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, on LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production by cultured whole blood from prepubertal Holstein heifers (mean age, 5.5 mo). Compared with unstimulated cells, addition of LPS (10 μg/mL) to the culture medium increased (P < 0.03) peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation ≤2.5-fold. Coincubation with interferon γ (5 ng/mL) further stimulated (P < 0.01) the lymphoproliferative response to LPS. Lipopolysaccharide increased (P < 0.01) TNF-α concentration in cultured whole blood in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The greatest TNF-α stimulation occurred after 12 h of exposure to 1 μg/mL LPS. Coincubation with trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer...

Effect of dose of estradiol-17β on prominence of an induced 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) pulse and relationship of prominence to progesterone, LH, and luteal blood flow in heifers

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 19:57:15 +0100

Abstract: Various doses of estradiol-17β (E2) were used in heifers to induce a pulse of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM). The effect of E2 concentration on the prominence of PGFM pulses and the relationship between prominence and intrapulse concentration of progesterone (P4), LH, and luteal blood flow were studied. A single dose of 0 (vehicle), 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1 mg of E2 was given (n = six/group) 14 d after ovulation. Blood samples were collected, and luteal blood flow was evaluated hourly for 10 h after the treatment. The 0.05-mg dose increased and the 0.1-mg dose further increased the prominence of the induced PGFM pulse, compared with the 0.0-mg dose and the 0.01-mg dose. The PGFM pulses were subdivided into three different prominence categories (150 pg/mL at the peak)....

Pharmacological characterization of canine melancortin-4 receptor and its natural variant V213F

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 19:57:15 +0100

The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacological properties of canine MC4R and its natural variant V213F. We measured ligand binding and signaling properties with the use of both natural and synthetic ligands. Human MC4R was also included in the experiments for comparison. Both wild-type canine MC4R and its natural variant V213F functioned normally in terms of binding and signaling. Of the ligands we used, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is the most potent ligand. We conclude that the cloned canine MC4R is a functional receptor, and the natural variant V213F does not have any functional defect and therefore is not likely to cause obesity in dogs. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 19:57:15 +0100

Abstract: Determining circulating equine insulin concentrations is becoming increasingly important in equine clinical practice and research. Most available assays are optimized for human medicine, but there is strong equine cross-reactivity because of the highly conserved nature of insulin. To identify an accurate and reliable assay for equine insulin, 6 commercial immunoassays were evaluated for precision, accuracy, and specificity. Only 1 assay initially reached the requisite standard: Mercodia Equine Insulin Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma matrix interferences were identified when the provided assay buffer was used with the Siemens Count-a-Coat Insulin radioimmunoassay (RIA) but not when charcoal-stripped equine plasma was used as the diluent. This modified RIA and the...

The detection of 3 leptin receptor isoforms in crucian carp gill and the influence of fasting and hypoxia on their expression

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 19:57:15 +0100

Abstract: To understand leptin signaling pathway in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), we cloned 3 leptin receptor isoform complementary DNAs (ie, the long form [cclpr-L], the short form [cclpr-s1], and the secreted form [cclpr-s2]). Variant cclpr-L had a 3,255-bp open reading frame and a complete intracellular domain with box 1 and box 2 consensus sequences. By contrast, cclpr-s1 contained only 4 amino acids in its intracellular domain, without the “box 1” motif, which is conserved among membrane-bound leptin receptor short isoforms in mammals. Variant cclpr-s2 had no transmembrane domain, suggesting that it is a soluble form of the receptor, and alternative splicing of cclpr-s2 mRNA employs a different mechanism for the generation of soluble leptin receptor by intron retention. ...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 19:57:14 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 09 Jul 2011 19:57:14 +0100

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The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 21 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

This study aimed to determine whether evidence of an underlying endocrinopathy was present in horses presented for laminitis to a first-opinion/referral veterinary teaching hospital. A second aim was to compare the signalment of horses and ponies with laminitis with the equine hospital population during the same period. All horses presenting for laminitis at Helsinki University Equine Teaching Hospital, Finland, over a 16-month period were examined for an underlying endocrinopathy. Horses presenting for laminitis were compared with the hospitalized population over the same period. There were 36 horses presented for laminitis, and evidence of endocrinopathy was present in 89%. Of the horses showing an underlying endocrinopathy, one-third had a diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunct...

Plasma ghrelin concentration is decreased by short chain fatty acids in wethers

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 17:01:09 +0100

Abstract: To examine the effects of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on plasma ghrelin concentration, 4 wethers were injected intravenously with SCFA solutions [acetate (ACE), propionate (PRO), and butyrate (BUT) (0.8 mmol/kg BW)] and saline. The experiment was conducted after a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each solution was injected into the jugular vein catheter with blood samples taken at −10, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min relative to the injection time also from this catheter. Plasma ghrelin concentrations decreased after injection with ACE, PRO, and BUT. Although plasma glucose concentrations increased after injection with PRO and BUT (P < 0.05), the increment areas were greater with BUT than with PRO. Plasma insulin concentrations increased after injection with PRO and...

The GLP-1 mimetic exenatide potentiates insulin secretion in healthy cats

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 17:01:09 +0100

In conclusion, exenatide affects insulin secretion in cats in a glucose-dependent manner, similar to its effect in other species. Although this effect was not accompanied by a greater ability to dispose of an intravenous glucose infusion, other potentially beneficial effects of exenatide on pancreatic β cells, mainly increasing their proliferation and survival, should be investigated in cats. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Adiposity and adiponectin in dogs: investigation of causes of discrepant results between two studies

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 17:01:09 +0100

Abstract: Although one study showed lower adiponectin concentrations in obese dogs, other recent studies indicate that adiponectin might not be decreased in obese dogs, raising the possibility that the physiology of adiponectin is different in dogs than in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate possible causes of the discrepancy between the two largest studies to date that assessed the association between adiposity and adiponectin concentration in dogs, including the validity of the assay, laboratory error, and the effects of breed, sex, and neuter status on the relationship between adiposity and adiponectin concentrations. Adiponectin concentrations measured with a previously validated adiponectin ELISA were compared with those estimated by Western blotting analysis of reduced a...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 17:01:09 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 17:01:09 +0100

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Distinct adiponectin profiles might contribute to differences in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in dogs and humans

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Dogs develop obesity-associated insulin resistance but not type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low adiponectin is associated with progression to type 2 diabetes in obese humans. The aims of this study were to compare total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin (SA) between dogs and humans and to examine whether total or HMW adiponectin or both are associated with insulin resistance in naturally occurring obese dogs. We compared adiponectin profiles between 10 lean dogs and 10 lean humans and between 6 lean dogs and 6 age- and sex-matched, client-owned obese dogs. Total adiponectin was measured with assays validated in each species. We measured SA with velocity centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The effect of total and HMW adiponectin concen...

Prolactin plays a stimulatory role in ovarian follicular development and egg laying in chicken hens

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The aim of this study was to show a stimulatory role in ovarian follicle development by prolactin (PRL) in chicken hens. In experiment 1, anti-PRL antibodies were generated in hen plasma by intramuscular administrations of recombinant PRL antigen. Egg laying remained at levels lower (P < 0.05) in the PRL-immunized group than in the BSA-immunized group of hens, whereas development of incubation was depressed in the former but not the latter group. Throughout the experiment, plasma PRL concentrations were lower in the PRL-immunized hens than in non-incubating control hens; LH concentrations were similar between the PRL- and BSA-immunized hens until the end of the experiment when LH was lower in the BSA-immunized hens (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, anti-PRL receptor (PRLR) antibodies ...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 08 Apr 2011 16:28:56 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 08 Apr 2011 16:28:56 +0100

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Compensation for obesity-induced insulin resistance in dogs: assessment of the effects of leptin, adiponectin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 using path analysis

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The hormonal mediators of obesity-induced insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in dogs have not been identified. Plasma samples were obtained after a 24-h fast from 104 client-owned lean, overweight, and obese dogs. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were used to calculate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function with the use of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMAinsulin sensitivity and HOMAβ-cell function, respectively). Path analysis with multivariable linear regression was used to identify whether fasting plasma leptin, adiponectin, or glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations were associated with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and basal insulin secretion. None of the dogs were hyperglycemic. In the final path model, adiposity was positively associated...

Ovarian steroids modulate tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide–regulated prostaglandin secretion by cultured bovine oviductal epithelial cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 21 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Ovarian steroids assure an optimum environment for the final maturation of oocytes, gamete transport, fertilization, and early embryonic development. The aim of experiment 1 was to examine the influence of ovarian steroids on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)– or nitric oxide (NO)–regulated prostaglandin (PG), and nitrite/nitrate (NO2/NO3) secretion by cultured bovine oviductal epithelial cells (BOECs). BOECs were pretreated with 17β-estradiol (E2; 10−9 M) and/or progesterone (P4; 10−7 M) for 24 h. For the next 24 h, BOECs were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) or spermine nitric oxide complex (NONOate; 10−5 M). Prostaglandin F2α and PGE2 secretion was measured in medium by ELISA. The pretreatment of cells with P4 (progesterone), E2 (17 β-estradiol), or E2/P4 augmented ...

Effect of growth hormone administration to mature miniature Brahman cattle treated with or without insulin on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and other metabolic hormones and metabolites

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 21 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of GH, insulin (INS), and GH plus INS to mature miniature Brahman cows (n = 6; 9.7 ± 2.06 y; 391 ± 48.6 kg) and bulls (n = 8; 9.4 ± 2.00 y; 441 ± 54.0 kg) on circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones and metabolites, primarily IGF-I and IGF-I binding proteins. We hypothesized that IGF-I secretion could be enhanced by concomitant administration of exogenous GH and INS, and neither alone would be effective. Animals were allotted to a modified crossover design that included four treatments: control (CON), GH, INS, and GH + INS. At the start of the study, one-half of the cattle were administered GH (Posilac; 14-d slow release) and the other one-half served as CON for 7 d. Beginning on day 8, and for 7 d, INS (...

Temperament and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits in Brahman steers

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 17 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, temperament was related to prechallenge cortisol but not to ACTH-induced cortisol response. Principal components analysis separated these traits into separate components, which in turn had different relations with productivity traits. The largest component of temperament was described similarly by FS and CS, but there were smaller components that these described differently. There were some temperament-related differences in the metabolic status of the steers which were not related to the variation in cortisol, suggesting involvement of the sympatho-adrenal-medullary axis in these temperament-related effects. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 16 Mar 2011 17:01:58 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 16 Mar 2011 17:01:58 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Trenbolone enhances myogenic differentiation by enhancing β-catenin signaling in muscle-derived stem cells of cattle

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, these data provide evidence that testosterone increases cellular β-catenin content which promotes the expression of β-catenin–targeted genes and myogenesis in the muscle-derived stem cells of cattle. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

The incretin effect in cats: comparison between oral glucose, lipids, and amino acids

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Incretin hormones are secreted from the intestines in response to specific nutrients. They potentiate insulin secretion and have other beneficial effects in glucose homeostasis. We aimed to study the incretin effect in cats and to compare the effect of oral glucose, lipids, or amino acids on serum concentrations of insulin, total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and total glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Ten healthy cats were used in a repeated measures design. Glucose, lipid, or amino acids were administered through nasoesophageal tubes on separate days. Blood glucose (BG) concentrations were matched between experiments by measuring BG every 5 min and infusing glucose intravenously at a changing rate. Intravenous glucose infusion with no prior treatment served as c...

Modeling the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the acute phase proinflammatory axis: Variability in tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and xanthine oxidase responses to endotoxin challenge in steers

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The severity of host response in some diseases differs between sexes, and this dimorphism has been attributed to the immunomodulating effects of reproductive steroid hormones. In females, susceptibility to disease stress has been associated with reproductive status and attributed to prevailing progesterone (P4) or estrogen concentrations during different estrous cycle phases. Our objective was to clarify and define the effect of P4 or 17β-estradiol (E2) on the acute proinflammatory component of the innate immune system by administering these hormones to steers and evaluating initial and tolerance-associated concentration patterns of circulating proinflammatory immune response mediators after two consecutive lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges (LPS1 and LPS2, 6 d apart; 2.5 μg/k...

Low-density lipoprotein-related receptor protein 1 (LRP-1) is not required for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to suppress L6 myogenic cell proliferation

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 25 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) suppresses proliferation of numerous cell types, including myogenic cells, via both insulin-like growth factor (IGF)–dependent and IGF-independent mechanisms; however, the mechanism of IGF-independent suppression of proliferation is not clearly defined. In nonmuscle cells, binding of IGFBP-3 to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1)/activated α2M receptor is reportedly required for IGFBP-3 to inhibit proliferation. These findings suggest that binding to this receptor also may be required for IGFBP-3 to suppress proliferation of cultured myogenic cells. To investigate the role of the LRP-1 receptor in suppression of myogenic cell proliferation by IGFBP-3, we have examined the effect of receptor-assoc...

Effects of hyperinsulinemia on glucose and lipid transporter expression in insulin-sensitive horses

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 04 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

This report provides preliminary evidence that severe hyperinsulinemia alters glucose and lipid transporter expression that could promote an insulin-resistant state; these should be further investigated in horses consuming grain-based concentrates. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Effects of induced parturition in goats on immunoglobulin G and chitotriosidase activity in colostrum and plasma and on plasma concentrations of prolactin

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 02 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The effect of induction of parturition with a PGF2α analog on plasma concentration of prolactin (PRL) and its effects on colostrum concentration of IgG and chitotriosidase (ChT) activity were studied in 16 pregnant Majorera goats. Treated goats, those in which parturition was induced, had greater concentrations of PRL than control goats 24 h before parturition (P < 0.05) and 48 h after parturition (P < 0.05). Control goats had greater concentrations of PRL than treated goats 96 h after parturition (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of IgG did not differ between groups during the experimental period, but colostrum concentrations of IgG were greater in control goats than in treated goats at parturition (P < 0.05). Plasma ChT activity decreased during the period 72 h before parturiti...

Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibits the stimulatory effect of luteinizing hormone and prostaglandin E2 on progesterone secretion by the bovine corpus luteum

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 24 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is involved in the tissue remodeling that occurs in the corpus luteum (CL) during its development and regression. This cytokine is also implicated in the regulation of reproduction by its actions on ovarian steroidogenic cells. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of TNF-α on (1) progesterone (P4) output by the bovine CL and on (2) the responsiveness of the CL to LH or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro. In experiment 1, CL (days 8 to 10 of the estrous cycle) were perfused by using an in vitro microdialysis system with TNF-α (0.1, 0.5, or 1 μg/mL) alone or with TNF-α (1 μg/mL) followed by LH (1000 ng/mL) or PGE2 (2 × 10−5 M). Basal P4 release (P < 0.05) was increased by TNF-α (0.5 or 1 μg/mL). Moreover, TNF-α (1 μg/mL) inh...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 19 Jan 2011 15:48:21 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Editorial Board

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 19 Jan 2011 15:48:21 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Effects of weaning and syndyphalin-33 on expression of melanocortinergic appetite-regulating genes in swine

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Syndyphalin-33 (SD-33) increases feed intake in sheep and recently weaned pigs. To assess the effects of SD-33 on hypothalamic gene expression, hypothalami were collected from unweaned pigs (n = 19; 21 ± 3 d of age) on day 0. Remaining pigs received an intramuscular injection of 0.5 μmole/kg SD-33 (SD) or saline (VEH) and weaned into individual pens. On days 1, 4, and 7 after weaning, hypothalami were collected from subsets of pigs (n = 8 or 9) within each treatment group. Expression of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) was less in SD pigs than in VEH pigs on day 1 and day 4, suggesting down-regulation of the receptor by SD-33. Expression of hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) at 1 d after weaning was increased in VEH pigs (but not SD pigs) relative to levels before weaning. Exp...

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, but not trilostane, causes severe adrenal hemorrhage, vacuolization, and apoptosis in rats

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Adrenal necrosis has been reported as a complication of trilostane application in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. One suspicion was that necrosis results from the increase of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) during trilostane therapy. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of ACTH and trilostane on adrenal glands of rats. For experiment 1, 36 rats were divided into 6 groups. Groups 1.1 to 1.4 received ACTH in different doses (60, 40, 20, and 10 μg/d) infused subcutaneously with osmotic minipumps for 16 wk. Group 1.5 received saline, and group 1.6 received no therapy. For experiment 2, 24 rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 2.1 and 2.2 received 5 and 50 mg/kg trilostane/d orally mixed into chocolate pudding for 16 wk. Eight control rats received pudding alone...

H-FABP and LEPR gene expression profile in skeletal muscles and liver during ontogenesis in various breeds of pigs

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, H-FABP and LEPR genes are strongly related to the development and function of fat tissue in pigs. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Effects of orexigenic peptides and leptin on melatonin secretion during different photoperiods in seasonal breeding ewes: An in vitro study

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 27 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The pineal gland (PG) acts as a neuroendocrine transducer of daily and seasonal time through the nocturnal release of melatonin. Here, we examined the interaction of season, orexin, ghrelin, and leptin on melatonin secretion by pineal explants in short-term culture. Glands were collected after sunset from 12 ewes during long days (LD; April and May) and from an additional 12 ewes during short days (SD; October and November). Glands were transected sagittally into strips, with each equilibrated in 2.5 mL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 60 min, followed by a 2-h incubation in control medium or medium containing orexin B (10 and 100 ng/mL), ghrelin (10 and 100 ng/mL), or 50 ng/mL of leptin. After a 3-h incubation, some PG explants treated previously with lower doses of ore...

Acute handling disturbance modulates plasma insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 27 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The effects of acute stressor exposure on proximal (growth hormone [GH]) and distal (insulin-like growth factor-I [IFG-I] and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins [IFGBPs]) components of the somatotropic axis are poorly understood in finfish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a 5-min handling disturbance to mimic an acute stressor episode, and levels of plasma GH, IGF-I, and IGFBPs at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h post-stressor exposure were measured. An unstressed group was also sampled at the same clock times (09:00, 10:00, 13:00, and 08:00 [the following day]) as acute stress sampling to determine temporal changes in the above somatotropic axis components. The acute stressor transiently elevated plasma cortisol and glucose levels at 1 and 4 h post-stressor exposur...

Effect of luteinizing hormone oscillations on progesterone concentrations based on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in heifers

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 16 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Close temporality has been reported between the episodic secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P4) during the midluteal phase and preceding the beginning of luteolysis in cattle. In the present studies, the relationship between LH and P4 was examined by blocking LH oscillations with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, acyline. In a titration study, the minimal single acyline dose for blocking LH oscillations in heifers was 3 μg/kg. The main experiment compared LH and P4 concentrations and oscillations between a group treated with acyline on day 15 after ovulation (n = 8) and a control group (n = 4). Concentrations of P4 in blood samples collected every 8 h on days 13 to 18 indicated that acyline treatment did not alter the time that luteolysis...

Subclinical, chronic intramammary infection lowers steroid concentrations and gene expression in bovine preovulatory follicles

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 16 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

We examined the function of preovulatory follicles of cows experiencing subclinical mastitis or a past event of acute clinical mastitis. Cows were diagnosed for mastitis by somatic cell count and bacteriological examination. All clinical infections were caused by Escherichia coli, and most subclinical infections were caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae and coagulase-negative staphylococci. On day 6 of the cycle, cows received PGF2α; 42 h later, follicular fluids and granulosa cells or theca cells were aspirated from preovulatory follicles in vivo or following slaughter, respectively. Overall, follicular estradiol and androstenedione concentrations in the subclinical group (n = 28) were 40% lower (P < 0.05) than those in uninfected cows (n = 24) and lower than in past clinical mastitic co...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 25 Nov 2010 04:51:38 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Editorial Board

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 25 Nov 2010 04:51:38 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Development, validation, and utilization of a novel antibody specific to the type III chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Two gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRH-Rs) have been characterized in chickens to date: cGnRH-R-I and cGnRH-R-III, with cGnRH-R-III being the predominant pituitary form. The purpose of the present study was to first validate a novel antibody for the specific detection of cGnRH-R-III and second, using this antibody, detect changes in cGnRH-R-III protein levels in the pituitary gland of male and female chickens during a reproductive cycle. The localization of cGnRH-R-III within the anterior pituitary gland was also determined. Western blotting of pituitary extracts and transiently transfected COS-7 cell lysates revealed that our antibody is highly specific to cGnRH-R-III protein. Similarly, when used in immunocytochemistry, this antibody specifically detects cells expre...

Concomitance of luteinizing hormone and progesterone oscillations during the transition from preluteolysis to luteolysis in cattle

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The temporal relationships of episodes of luteinizing hormone (LH) oscillations, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) pulses, and progesterone (P4) fluctuations during the latter portion of preluteolysis and the early portion of luteolysis were characterized. In Experiment 1, the detection of LH episodes in blood samples collected every 15 min for 8 h was compared with detection in the samples collected every hour in 4 heifers. The number of independently detected episodes/heifer (total = 7) was the same for the 15-min and hourly collection intervals. In Experiment 2, blood samples were collected every hour (n = 7 heifers) and retrospectively assigned to 15 h before and 15 h after the transitional hour between preluteolysis and luteolysis. During preluteolysis, compared with luteo...

Pregnancy and interferon tau regulate N-myc interactor in the ovine uterus

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, we examined regulation of the expression of N-myc interactor (NMI) gene by IFNT in the ovine uterus based on results of microarray data from a study that compared gene expression by human 2fTGH and U3A (STAT1-null 2fTGH) cell lines in response to treatment with IFNT or vehicle. In the present study, semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses verified that IFNT stimulated expression of NMI mRNA in 2fTGH (ie, in a STAT1-dependent manner), but not in U3A (STAT1-null) cells. Furthermore, results of western blot analyses indicated that immunoreactive NMI proteins in 2fTGH and U3A cell lines increased in a time-dependent manner only in response to IFNT. In ovine endometria, steady-state levels of NMI mRNA increased between days 14 and 16 of pregnancy...

Components of the porcine anterior pituitary insulin-like growth factor system throughout the estrous cycle

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Components of the circulating and anterior pituitary insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system vary in response to steroids in pigs. However, whether serum and anterior pituitary concentrations of the IGF system vary throughout the estrous cycle has not been determined. To further examine this relationship, estrus was synchronized in 40 gilts of similar age and weight (180 d; 120 kg) by feeding 15 mg altrenogest for 15 d to synchronize estrus. Gilts were checked twice daily for expression of estrus beginning 3 d after the end of altrenogest treatment and continuing for 7 d. The first day each gilt exhibited estrus was designated as day 1 of the estrous cycle. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 22 of the estrous cycle. On days 7,...

Effect of trenbolone acetate on protein synthesis and degradation rates in fused bovine satellite cell cultures

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Although androgenic and estrogenic steroids are widely used to enhance muscle growth and increase feed efficiency in feedlot cattle, their mechanism of action is not well understood. Although in vivo studies have indicated that androgens affect protein synthesis and protein degradation rate in muscle, results from in vitro studies have been inconsistent. We have examined the effects of trenbolone acetate (TBA), a synthetic androgen, on protein synthesis and degradation rates in fused bovine satellite cell (BSC) cultures. Additionally, we have examined the effects of compounds that interfere with binding of TBA or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to their respective receptors on TBA-induced alterations in protein synthesis and degradation rates in BSC cultures. Treatment of fu...

In vitro effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on Leydig cells of adult alpaca (Lama pacos) testis: GnRH receptor immunolocalization, testosterone and prostaglandin synthesis, and cyclooxygenase activities

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the modulatory in vitro effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on isolated Leydig cells of adult alpaca (Lama pacos) testis. We first evaluated the presence of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) and cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and COX2 in alpaca testis. We then studied the in vitro effects of buserelin (GnRH analogue), antide (GnRH antagonist), and buserelin plus antide or inhibitor of phospholipase C (compound 48/80) and COXs (acetylsalicylic acid) on the production of testosterone, PGE2, and PGF2α and on the enzymatic activities of COX1 and COX2. Immunoreactivity for GnRHR was detected in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells and in the acrosomal region of spermatids. COX1 and COX2 immunosignals were noted in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia, sper...

Prenatal and neonatal exposure to the antiandrogen flutamide alters connexin 43 gene expression in adult porcine ovary

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the predominant gap junction protein within porcine ovary and is required for proper follicle and corpus luteum (CL) development. Recent research suggests maternally or neonatally mediated effects of antiandrogens on reproductive function during adulthood, notably those dependent on gap junctional communication. The current study was conducted to determine whether late gestational or neonatal exposure to the antiandrogen flutamide influences Cx43 gene expression in the adult porcine ovary. Flutamide was injected into pregnant gilts between days 80 and 88 of gestation and into female piglets between days 2 and 10 posnatally. After animals reached sexual maturity, the ovaries were collected from treated and nontreated (control) pigs. Expression of Cx43 mRNA an...

Nitric oxide stimulates progesterone and prostaglandin E2 secretion as well as angiogenic activity in the equine corpus luteum

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) are potential mediators of luteal development and maintenance, angiogenesis, and blood flow. The aim of this study was to evaluate (i) the localization and protein expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and iNOS) in equine corpora lutea (CL) throughout the luteal phase and (ii) the effect of a nitric oxide donor (spermine NONOate, NONOate) on the production of progesterone (P4) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 and factor(s) that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation using equine luteal explants. Luteal tissue was classified as corpora hemorrhagica (CH; n = 5), midluteal phase CL (mid-CL; n = 5) or late luteal phase CL (late CL; n = 5). Both eNOS and iNOS were localized in large luteal cells and endothelial cells throughout...

Maternal obesity in ewes results in reduced fetal pancreatic β-cell numbers in late gestation and decreased circulating insulin concentration at term

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 11 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

This study utilized an ovine model of maternal obesity in which ewes are overfed to induce obesity at conception and throughout gestation. At mid-gestation, fetuses from these obese ewes are macrosomic, hyperglycemic, and hyperinsulinemic, and they exhibited markedly increased pancreatic weight and β-cell numbers compared with fetuses of ewes fed to requirements. This study was conducted to establish fetal pancreatic phenotype and function in late gestation and at term in this ovine model. Multiparous ewes were fed a control (C, 100% National Research Council [NRC] recommendations) or obesogenic (OB, 150% NRC) diet from 60 days before conception to necropsy at day 135 of gestation or to lambing. No differences were observed in fetal size or weight on day 135 or in lamb birth weights betwe...

Effect of maternal restraint stress during gestation on temporal lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroendocrine and immune responses of progeny

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 08 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The impact of gestational dam restraint stress on progeny immune and neuroendocrine temporal hormone responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was assessed. Maternal stress (5-min snout snare restraint stress during days 84 to 112 of gestation) increased (P < 0.05) the magnitude of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6, epinephrine (E), norepinephrine, and serum amyloid A (SAA) production following LPS infusion in the offspring. Moreover, these effects appear to be dependent on gender for TNF-α, E, and cortisol production. However, maternal stress did not affect (P > 0.05) the normalization of proinflammatory cytokines or neuroendocrine hormones produced following LPS. Collectively, these results indicate that maternal stress impacts aspects of the proinflammatory ...

Ontogenic expression profiles of thyroid-specific genes in embryonic and hatching chicks

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 08 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The last trimester of the embryonic life of chickens is marked by a steady increase in circulating thyroxine (T4) levels, reaching a maximum around hatching. We have measured thyroidal mRNA expression levels of several genes involved in the biosynthesis of T4, namely sodium/iodine symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), during this period. Subsequently, we measured the expression of these genes in more detail during the entire hatching process and compared the gene expression profiles with concomitant changes in intrathyroidal and circulating thyroid hormone levels. We found that NIS and TPO mRNA expression increased significantly in the perinatal period, whereas Tg mRNA expression ros...

Erratum to the July and August 2010 issues

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:33 +0100

The July (Vol 39, No 1) and August (Vol 39, No 2) 2010 issues of the journal were printed with an outdated Editorial Board list. The correct Editorial Board list has been reinstated starting with the October issue (Vol 39, No 3). We apologize for any confusion. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Expression of the ACTH receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and steroidogenic enzymes in canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumors

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:33 +0100

In conclusion, RT-PCR analysis revealed no overexpression of StAR and steroidogenic enzymes in canine cortisol-secreting ATs. Significant downregulation of ACTH-R in carcinomas might be associated with the malignant character of the AT. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Fibroblast growth factor-10 maintains the survival and promotes the growth of cultured goat preantral follicles

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:32 +0100

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that FGF-10 maintains the morphological integrity of goat preantral follicles and stimulates the growth of activated follicles in culture. The culture conditions identified here contribute to the understanding of the factors involved in goat early follicular development. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Impacts of maternal selenium and nutritional level on growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in female offspring in sheep

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:32 +0100

Abstract: To examine effects of maternal nutrition and Se intake on adiposity and insulin sensitivity in female offspring, treatments were imposed during gestation on 82 pregnant primiparous Rambouillet ewe lambs (52.2 ± 0.8 kg) allotted randomly to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Factors were adequate (9.5 μg Se·kg BW−1·d−1; ASe) or high (81.8 μg Se·kg BW−1·d−1; HSe) levels of dietary Se (Se-enriched yeast) and maternal nutritional intake (100% of metabolizable energy [ME] requirement [MOD], 60% of MOD [LOW], and 140% of MOD [HIGH]). Selenium treatments were initiated at breeding and global nutritional treatments at day 50 of gestation. At parturition, lambs were removed from ewes before nursing and managed similarly. Glucose tolerance tests were perfor...

Curcumin attenuates the effects of transport stress on serum cortisol concentration, hippocampal NO production, and BDNF expression in the pig

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:31 +0100

Abstract: Curcumin, the active component of curcuma longa, has been reported to be effective in alleviating chronic stress-induced disorders in rodents by modulating neuroprotection and neuroendocrine functions of the central nervous system, especially hippocampus. However, it is unclear whether curcumin can attenuate the subacute stress response induced by 2 h of road transport in the pig. Therefore, the present study was designed to identify the changes of serum cortisol concentration, hippocampal nitric oxide (NO) production, and related gene expression in response to 2 h of transport and to explore whether curcumin treatment (8 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 d before transport may alleviate the stress-induced responses in the hippocampus of pigs. We found that 2 h of transport elevated serum cort...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:30 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Editorial Board

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 23:50:30 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 05:53:09 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Editorial Board

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 05:53:09 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Measuring cortisol in hair and saliva from dogs: coat color and pigment differences

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 12 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

The objectives of the present study were to minimize restraint for saliva sampling, to validate hair for basal cortisol measurement in dogs, and to determine concentrations of cortisol within the hair shaft and in relation to hair color. Using food luring, 79% of dogs required no restraint for saliva collection. Salivary and hair cortisol concentrations were positively correlated (P = 0.001), thus validating hair as a medium for basal cortisol quantification. Black dogs had less cortisol than nonblack dogs (P = 0.039) in hair, but not saliva. Across dogs, the average amount of cortisol did not differ between proximal and distal hair sections (P = 0.348). However, for 7 of the 9 dogs, more cortisol was present in the distal portions of the hair. We observed a difference in cortisol concentr...

Oxyntomodulin increases the concentrations of insulin and glucose in plasma but does not affect ghrelin secretion in Holstein cattle under normal physiological conditions

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 12 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Ghrelin, the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), has been shown to stimulate growth hormone (GH) secretion. Regulation of ghrelin secretion in ruminants is not well studied. We investigated the effects of oxyntomodulin (OXM) and secretin on the secretions of ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in pre-ruminants (5 wk old) and ruminants (10 wk old) under normal physiological (feeding) conditions. Eight male Holstein calves (pre-ruminants: 52 ± 1 kg body weight [BW]; and ruminants: 85 ± 1 kg BW) were injected intravenously with 30 μg of OXM/kg BW, 50 μg of secretin/kg BW, and vehicle (0.1% bovine serum albumin [BSA] in saline as a control) in random order. Blood samples were collected, and plasma hormones an...

Effect of hyperlipidemia on 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase, glucocorticoid receptor, and leptin expression in insulin-sensitive tissues of cats

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, hyperlipidemia has a profound effect on 11β-HSD expression and supports the connection between high lipid concentrations and tissue cortisol metabolism. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Expression of mRNA for proglucagon and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) receptor in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and the influence of energy intake

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent trophic gut hormone, yet its function in ruminants is relatively unknown. Experiment 1 was conducted as a pilot study to establish the presence of GLP-2 in ruminants and to ascertain whether it was responsive to increased nutrition, as in non-ruminants. Concentrations of intact GLP-2 in the blood and gut epithelial mRNA expression of proglucagon (GCG) and the GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R) were measured in 4 ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated steers. Steers were fed to meet 0.75 × NEM for 21 d, and then increased to 1.75 × NEM requirement for another 29 d. Blood samples and ruminal, duodenal, and ileal epithelium biopsies were collected at low intake (Days −6 and −3), acute high intake (Days 1 and 3), and chronic high intake (D...

Effect of recombinant human TSH on the uptake of radioactive iodine (123I) by the thyroid gland in healthy beagles

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 04 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: In human medicine, recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) increases thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), allowing radioiodine-131 (131I) dose reduction and greater efficacy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer and multinodular goiter. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhTSH, administered 24 h and 48 h before radioiodine-123 (123I), on the thyroid RAIU in healthy dogs. Seven healthy euthyroid beagles were randomly allocated to 3 groups (2 groups of 2 dogs and 1 group of 3 dogs) in a prospective, blinded, crossover study. At Week 1, 1 group received 123I for a baseline RAIU; 1 group received 100 μg of rhTSH IV 24 h before 123I, and 1 group received 100 μg of rhTSH IV 48 h before 123I. All dogs received 37 MBq of radioactive 123I...

Cortisol release, heart rate, and heart rate variability in transport-naive horses during repeated road transport

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 04 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, a transport-induced stress response in horses decreased with repeated transport, indicating that animals habituated to the situation, but an increased cortisol secretion remained detectable. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Basal measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion and simplified glucose tolerance tests in dogs

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 04 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: There is need for simple, inexpensive measures of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in dogs. The aim of this study was to estimate the closeness of correlation between fasting and dynamic measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, the precision of fasting measures, and the agreement between results of standard and simplified glucose tolerance tests in dogs. A retrospective descriptive study using 6 naturally occurring obese and 6 lean dogs was conducted. Data from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTTs) in 6 obese and 6 lean client-owned dogs were used to calculate HOMA, QUICKI, fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. Fasting measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion were compared with MINMOD analysis of FSI...

Tumor necrosis factor-α and acute-phase proteins in early pregnant ewes after challenge with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 07 Jul 2010 05:35:30 +0100

Abstract: Bacterial infection shortly after mating interferes with establishment of pregnancy. Injection of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS), a component of gram-positive bacteria, into sheep on day 5 after mating reduces pregnancy rate. Experiments were designed to evaluate the acute-phase response (APR) in ewes to injection of PG-PS on day 5 after mating (day 0). Catheters were inserted into the jugular and posterior vena cava on day 4. On day 5, ewes were challenged with saline or 30 μg/kg body weight (BW) PG-PS (Exp 1) or 60 μg/kg BW PG-PS (Exp 2). Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h (Exp 1) and every 15 min for 2 h, hourly for 12 h, and at 24, 36, and 48 h (Exp 2). Body temperature and clinical signs of infection were monitored in Exp 2. Plasma was assayed for conc...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 07 Jul 2010 05:35:29 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 07 Jul 2010 05:35:29 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Progesterone concentration, estradiol pretreatment, and dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone affect gonadotropin-releasing hormone-mediated luteinizing hormone release in beef heifers

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 27 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100

We examined whether progesterone (P4)-induced suppression of LH release in cattle can be overcome by an increased dose of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or pretreatment with estradiol (E2). In Experiment 1, postpubertal Angus-cross heifers (N = 32) had their 2 largest ovarian follicles ablated 5 d after ovulation. Concurrently, these heifers were all given a once-used, intravaginal P4-releasing insert (CIDR), and they were randomly assigned to be given either prostaglandin F2α (Low-P4) or no treatment (High-P4) at follicle ablation, and 12 h later. Six days after emergence of a new follicular wave, half of the heifers in each group (n = 8) were given either 100 or 200 μg of GnRH i.m. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were higher in the Low- vs High-P4 groups...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 12 Jun 2010 13:12:45 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sat, 12 Jun 2010 13:12:45 +0100

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Comparison of effects of leptin and ghrelin on porcine ovarian granulosa cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 09 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The aim of our studies was to compare the roles of leptin and ghrelin in the direct control of proliferation, apoptosis, and secretory activity by porcine ovarian cells. In our in vitro experiments, we analyzed the effects of leptin and ghrelin treatments (at 0, 1, 10, or 100ng/mL medium) on the accumulation of proliferation-related peptides (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAP kinase [MAPK]) and apoptosis-associated peptides (Bax, caspase 3, p53), and on progesterone secretion by cultured porcine granulosa cells, using immunocytochemistry, SDS PAGE-Western immunoblotting, and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Leptin stimulated proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK), apoptosis (Bax, p53), and progesterone secretion. Ghrelin promoted proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK) and progesterone secretion but supp...

Effect of phthalate esters on the secretion of prostaglandins (F2α and E2) and oxytocin in cultured bovine ovarian and endometrial cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 05 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The influence of phthalate esters di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) on uterine prostaglandin (PGF2α and PGE2) and ovarian oxytocin secretion was investigated. Endometrial, granulosa, and luteal cells from cows on days 8–12 of the estrous cycle were treated with DEHP or MEHP (0.1, 1, or 10 ng/mL). We found that DEHP and MEHP stimulated (P < 0.05) secretion of PGF2α and inhibited (P < 0.001) secretion of PGE2 from endometrial cells. The ratio of PGF2α to PGE2 was markedly altered. The endocrine disrupting chemicals also enhanced secretion of oxytocin (P < 0.05) from ovarian cells. Our results indicated that DEHP and its metabolite MEHP could affect the process of the estrous cycle by impairing secretion of prostaglandin from the uterus and...

Feed efficiency and body composition are related to cortisol response to adrenocorticotropin hormone and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rams

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 02 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sheep with low post-ACTH serum cortisol concentration relative to the other sheep in the flock have lower RFI values and lower cortisol concentrations following insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (2.0 μg/kg body weight)-stimulated cortisol concentrations were measured in 100 sheep. The extreme responders were selected (n = 12 high cortisol, n = 12 low cortisol), and feed efficiency and body composition parameters were measured. A second ACTH challenge and an insulin challenge were administered. More efficient sheep (more negative RFI value) were found to have lower (P < 0.05) cortisol concentrations following both an ACTH challenge and an insulin challenge. Low-cortisol sheep (low response to ACTH or insulin) were found t...

Retinoids, retinoid analogs, and lactoferrin interact and differentially affect cell viability of 2 bovine mammary cell types in vitro

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 02 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Two bovine mammary cell types (BME-UV1 and MeBo cells) were used to evaluate the effect of natural retinoids, retinoid analogs, and bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on cell viability in vitro. Experiments with Alamar Blue showed a linear relationship between fluorescence and cell viability index. The BME-UV1 cells exhibited twice the metabolic activity but required half the doubling time of the MeBo cells. The BME-UV1 cells were very sensitive to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) inhibition of cell viability (P (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Expression of luteal estrogen receptor, interleukin-1, and apoptosis-associated genes after PGF2α administration in rabbits at different stages of pseudopregnancy

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The dynamic expression for estrogen receptor subtype-1 (ESR1), interleukin-1β (IL1B), and apoptosis-associated genes, as well as nitric oxide synthase activity, were examined in corpora lutea (CL) of rabbits after prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration on either day 4 or day 9 of pseudopregnancy. By reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the steady-state level of ESR1 transcript was lower (P < 0.01) and that of anti-apoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) -like 1 (BCL2L1) was greater in day 4 (P < 0.01) than in day 9 CL. Western blot analysis revealed that BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) abundance was greater in day 4 (P < 0.01) than in day 9 CL, whereas BCL2L1 protein was undetectable at both luteal stages. After PGF2α, ESR1 transcript decreased (P < 0.01) in day ...

Effect of Estradiol-17β on protein synthesis and degradation rates in fused bovine satellite cell cultures

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Although androgenic and estrogenic steroids are widely used to enhance muscle growth and increase feed efficiency in feedlot cattle, their mechanism of action is not well understood. Further, in vivo studies indicate that estradiol (E2) affects muscle protein synthesis and/or degradation, but in vitro results are inconsistent. We have examined the effects of E2 treatment on protein synthesis and degradation rates in fused bovine satellite cell (BSC) cultures. Additionally, to learn more about the mechanisms involved in E2-enhanced muscle growth, we have examined the effects of compounds that interfere with binding of E2 or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 to their respective receptors on E2-induced alterations in protein synthesis and degradation rates in BSC cultures. Treatmen...

Effects of low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone administration on follicular dynamics and preovulatory follicle characteristics in dairy cows during the summer

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The well-documented phenomenon of reduced conception rate in dairy cows during the hot season involves impaired functioning of the ovarian follicles and their enclosed oocytes. Three experiments were performed to examine the administration of low doses of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to induce turnover of follicles that are damaged upon summer thermal stress and to examine whether this FSH administration has beneficial effects on preovulatory follicles. In experiment 1, synchronized heifers were treated with 100 mg of Folltropin-V (n = 7) or 4.4 mg of Ovagen (n = 6) on day 3 of the estrous cycle. Treatment with both FSH sources resulted in greater (P < 0.05) numbers of follicles than in control animals (n = 12) on day 6 of the estrous cycle, indicating that low doses of FSH...

Cloning, expression analysis, and regulatory mechanisms of bovine chemerin and chemerin receptor

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

The objectives of this study were to clone chemerin and its receptor from the adipose tissues of Japanese Black cattle and to investigate the expression of these genes in 16 different tissues. We compared the gene expression of chemerin and its receptor between adipocytes and stromal-vascular (S-V) cells (non-adipocytes) prepared from subcutaneous adipose tissue. In addition, we investigated the mRNA expression levels of chemerin and its receptor in bovine differentiated adipocytes. The DNA sequences of bovine chemerin and its receptor were determined, and they were found to be highly homologous to those of humans, mice, and pigs. The amino acid sequences predicted for the full-length cDNA of bovine chemerin and its receptor were also similar to those of humans, mice, and pigs, suggesting ...

Effects of feeding pattern on ghrelin and insulin secretion in pigs

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that has been implicated in the regulation of feed intake, but little is known about its secretion in pigs. Hence, the effect of feeding pattern on the regulation of ghrelin secretion was tested. In experiment 1, barrows were allotted randomly into 1 of 2 groups, (1) ad libitum fed (CONT) and (2) limited access to feed (once per day, MEAL). Blood samples were taken through jugular catheters every 15 min for 6 h after 7 d on the experimental feeding regimen. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin and insulin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Ghrelin concentrations in the MEAL pigs were elevated before feeding and declined after feeding (P < 0.01). No pattern in plasma ghrelin concentrations was observed in the CONT pigs, but ghrelin concentrations were lo...

Pleiotropic effects of the goat prolactin receptor genotype on milk fatty acid composition

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In this study, we sequenced most of the coding region of the caprine PRLR gene in several individuals from the Malagueña and Murciano-Granadina breeds. This approach allowed us to identify 2 long and short mRNA isoforms, produced by alternative splicing, and 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely, c.177T>C, c.1131G>A, c.1201G>A and c.1355C>T. Two of these SNPs are nonsynonymous and involve G401R (c.1201G>A) and T452I (c.1355C>T) amino acid substitutions in the cytoplasmic domain of PRLR, which plays a fundamental role in signal transduction. Performance of an association analysis with milk composition traits in a Murciano-Granadina goat population revealed highly suggestive effects on palmitoleic acid content, whereas suggestive effects were detected for other fatty acids, such ...

Expression analysis of key somatotropic axis and liporegulatory genes in ghrelin- and obestatin-infused dairy cows

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Obestatin is produced from the same precursor peptide as ghrelin, and although obestatin was initially thought to promote actions opposite to those of ghrelin, many studies have failed to confirm this hypothesis. In the current study, multiparous cows were continuously infused with ghrelin (n = 10) or obestatin (n = 10) for 8 wk and compared to an untreated group (n = 10) to examine the effects of these hormones on somatotropic and liporegulatory gene expression. The expression of key genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor mRNA expression was altered in ghrelin- and obestatin-infused cows in a similar m...

Expression of receptors for luteinizing hormone, gastric-inhibitory polypeptide, and vasopressin in normal adrenal glands and cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumors in dogs

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, QPCR analysis did not reveal overexpression of LH, GIP, V1a, V1b, or V2 receptors in the ATs. However, the ectopic expression of GIP and V2 receptor proteins in tumorous zona fasciculata tissue may play a role in the pathogenesis of canine cortisol-secreting ATs. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Effects of growth hormone treatment on the expression of somatotropic axis genes in the skeletal muscle of lactating Holstein cows

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

This study focused on the expression of somatotropic axis genes in the skeletal muscle of dairy cattle. A slow-release recombinant bovine growth hormone (GH) (rbGH) formulation was administered to 5 cows, and saline solution (control) was administered to another 5 cows every 2 wk for a total of 10 wk, starting from the peak of lactation. Tissue and blood samples were collected on days 2 and 14 after each rbGH injection. As target genes insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-2, IGFBPs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), acute labile subunit (ALS), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), GH receptor (GHR), and the known GHR 5′-UTR variants were selected as target genes, and their relative expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In GH-treated cows, an increase in expression was observed for GH...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 09 Apr 2010 13:19:23 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 09 Apr 2010 13:19:23 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 14:21:35 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 14:21:35 +0100

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Molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in liver and muscle of rainbow trout subjected to acute and chronic insulin treatments

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 24 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Although the metabolic actions of insulin in fish have been investigated widely in the past several years, lipid metabolism has received little attention, especially in tissues like the liver or white muscle. In the present study, rainbow trout received insulin treatments both acutely (intraperitoneal injection) and chronically (through mino-osmotic pumps) to elucidate hormone metabolic actions at molecular levels on the 2 main insulin target tissues in trout, namely, liver and muscle. Plasma and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma, as well as mRNA measurements of some key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, were assessed in these tissues after 6h and 4 d of acute and chronic insulin treatments, respectively. Our results showed that although fish received the same final to...

Bisphenol A disrupts granulosa cell function

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Because of its widespread use and potential adverse biological effects, bisphenol A (BPA) represents one of the most studied endocrine-disrupting compounds. Within the reproductive system, ovarian granulosa cells have been documented as a target of BPA action, but no consensus has been reached about functional modifications induced by BPA. On these bases, we studied the potential disrupting effects of BPA on the main granulosa cell functional activities, also taking into account a potential interference with the ovarian angiogenic process. Ovarian granulosa cells were isolated from porcine follicles and cultured in the presence or absence of BPA at different concentrations for 48h. Cell proliferation was studied by measuring adenosine triphosphate content. Progesterone (P4) and e...

Characteristics of prolactin-releasing response to salsolinol in vivo in cattle

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The aims of the present study were to clarify the effect of salsolinol (SAL), a dopamine (DA)-derived endogenous compound, on the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in cattle. The experiments were performed from April to June using calves and cows. A single intravenous (i.v.) injection of SAL (5mg/kg body weight [BW]) or sulpiride (a DA receptor antagonist, 0.1mg/kg BW) significantly stimulated the release of PRL in male and female calves (P (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

IGF-1 stimulates protein synthesis by enhanced signaling through mTORC1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Using the MAC-T cell line as a model, the effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 on the regulation of protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in bovine mammary epithelial cells were evaluated. Global rates of protein synthesis increased by 47% within 30min of IGF-1 treatment. The effect of IGF-1 on protein synthesis was associated with enhanced association of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E with eIF4G and a concomitant reduction of eIF4E association with eIF4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1). There was a progressive increase in the phosphorylation state of ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, a downstream target of mTORC1 in response to IGF-1. In addition, IGF-1 stimulated mTORC1 kinase activity toward 4E-BP1 in vitro. Phosph...

Insights into the mechanism by which kisspeptin stimulates a preovulatory LH surge and ovulation in seasonally acyclic ewes: Potential role of estradiol

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 25 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, we investigated whether Kp-induced preovulatory LH surges in anestrous ewes were the result of the general activation of the whole gonadotropic axis or of the direct activation of central GnRH neurons required for the GnRH/LH surge. In the first experiment, a constant iv infusion of ovine kisspeptin 10 (Kp; 15.2 nmol/h) was given to 11 seasonally acyclic ewes over 43h. Blood samples were taken every 10min for 15h, starting 5h before the infusion, and then hourly until the end of the infusion. We found that the infusion of Kp induced a well-synchronized LH surge (around 22h after the start of the Kp infusion) in 82% of the animals. In all ewes with an LH surge, there was an immediate but transient increase in the plasma concentrations of LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)...

Plasma ghrelin and oxyntomodulin concentrations in lactating dairy cows receiving abomasal soybean oil, corn starch, and casein infusions

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 25 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, a decrease in DMI when fat is infused could be partially explained by the decrease in prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration, but a decrease in prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration is not always associated with a decrease in DMI, as observed for the infusion of casein. Plasma OXM concentration was not affected by postruminal infusion of macronutrients. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on progesterone secretion and selected protein kinases in goat granulosa cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 25 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Previous studies in cattle have shown influences of dietary unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) supplementation on ovarian function. However, it is unclear whether these UFA exert direct or indirect effects on ovarian steroid production or their mechanisms of action. We have recently shown that 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates progesterone secretion through mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (MAPK ERK1/2) in rodent granulosa cells. Here, we investigated the effects of 3 UFAs, oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA) on progesterone secretion in goat granulosa cells. Finally, we examined the effects of UFAs on MAPK ERK1/2 and AMPK phosphorylation in these granulosa cells. Oleic acid and LA (10μM each), but ...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 31 Dec 2009 14:09:28 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 31 Dec 2009 14:09:28 +0100

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Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in the canine pituitary gland and corticotrope adenomas

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the IL-6 family that activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and promotes corticotrope cell differentiation during development. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of LIF and its receptor (LIFR) in the canine pituitary gland and in corticotrope adenomas, and to perform a mutation analysis of LIFR. Using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative expression analysis, LIF and LIFR expression were studied in pituitary glands of control dogs and in specimens of corticotrope adenoma tissue collected through hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH, Cushing's disease). Using sequence analysis, cDNA was screened for mutations in the LIFR. In the contro...

Platelet-derived growth factor acts via both the Rho-kinase and p38 signaling enzymes to stimulate contraction in an in vitro model of equine wound healing

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Horses are more prone to complications in the wound healing process than other species, and problems such as chronic inflammation, delayed epithelialization, poor wound contraction, and exuberant granulation tissue are commonly seen, particularly in wounds on the distal limbs. In comparison, wounds of the oral mucosa heal rapidly in a scarless fashion with a high degree of wound contraction. The effect of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) on the contraction of a fibroblast-populated collagen matrix (FPCM) as a model of equine wound contraction was investigated using equine oral fibroblasts. The fibroblasts were embedded into floating FPCM and treated with PDGF, IGF-1, and TGFβ1. The surface a...

MicroRNA-25 functions in regulation of pigmentation by targeting the transcription factor MITF in alpaca (Lama pacos) skin melanocytes

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, we investigated the expression of miRNAs in the skin of alpacas with brown vs white coat color using a microarray screen; identified potential mRNA targets for identified miRNAs among coat color genes; and subsequently determined the ability of a specific, differentially expressed miRNA (miR-25) to suppress expression of micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a predicted miR-25 target gene that regulates genes linked to coat color. Expression of 10 different miRNA species in the skin of alpacas with brown vs white coat color was identified from microarray screens. Of the 10 alpaca skin miRNAs identified, predicted binding sites in the 3′ untranslated region of RNAs encoding for known genes linked to coat color were primarily for miR-25, but sites were also i...

Expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 21 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH), which is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, is a common endocrinopathy in dogs. Dogs with non-enlarged pituitaries harboring a microadenoma have a better prognosis than those with enlarged pituitaries. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the cell-cycle inhibitor p27kip1 in corticotroph adenomas in enlarged and non-enlarged pituitaries. The expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of 17 pituitary adenoma samples harvested during pituitary surgery in dogs with PDH. The labeling index was calculated by counting the number of immunopositive cells per 1,000...

The role of retinal and extra-retinal photostimulation in reproductive activity in broiler breeder hens

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 21 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of either retinal or extra-retinal photostimulation on reproductive activities of broiler breeder hens. At 23 wk of age, Cobb hens (N=135) were divided into 9 rooms with individual cages (n=15). At 24 wk of age, 3 rooms were photostimulated (14L:10D) with white light (Control, n=45). Six rooms had 2 parallel lighting systems, red (660nm) and green (560nm), which were both on during 6 out of 14h of the light period. Then, in 3 of these rooms, the green light was turned off and hens were exposed to a total of 14h of red light (Red, n=45), and in the other 3, the red light was turned off and green lighting continued for a total of 14h (Green, n=45). The Green group had reduced egg production; reduced plasma concentrations of ovarian ster...

Endometrial and conceptus expression of HoxA10, transforming growth factor β1, leukemia inhibitory factor, and prostaglandin H synthase-2 in early pregnant pigs with gonadotropin-induced estrus

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 21 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of estrus induction with gonadotropins on endometrial and conceptus expression of HoxA10, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) during early pregnancy in pigs. Twenty-four prepubertal gilts received 750 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and 500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 72h later. Gilts in the control group (n=23) were observed daily for estrus behavior. Endometrial tissue samples, conceptuses, blood serum, and uterine luminal flushings (ULFs) were collected on days 10, 11, 12, and 15 after insemination. There was no effect of estrus induction on estradiol content in ULFs, or on ovulation and fertilization rates in studied gilts. However, the ...

A spline polynomial model to describe serum IGF-I concentration from birth to slaughter in calves: effects of weaning age, pre-weaning concentrate feeding and breed

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 21 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The statistical analysis of hormones sampled throughout the production cycle is complicated because factors such as age and weight at the measuring date interfere. Spline curves constructed from pieces of low-degree, random-effects polynomials could be used for a more accurate analysis of data. Concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), weight gain, and concentrate intake of Parda de Montaña (PM) (n=27) and Pirenaica calves (n=14) were modeled with a spline model according to age at weaning, pre-weaning concentrate feeding, and breed. At birth, calves were randomly assigned to early weaning (EW) at 90d or traditional weaning (TW) at 150d. During lactation, half of PM calves received concentrates (S), whereas the remainder received no concentrates (NS). After weaning,...

Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in sheep fed diets either adequate or restricted in calcium content

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 04 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: It was the aim of the present study to collect basic data on calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) homoeostasis in sheep. Two series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitammin D3 (calcitriol) in supraphysiological dosage in combination with varying alimentary Ca supply. In the first series, blood samples were collected over 72h to determine the concentrations of total Ca (Ca), ionized Ca (Ca2+), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the bone resorption marker CrossLaps (CL). In the second series, measurements were carried out over 12h. In addition, urine samples were collected to calculate the fractional excretions (FE) of Ca and Pi. Changes in plasma macromineral concentrations (P (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Changes in cortisol release and heart rate variability in sport horses during long-distance road transport

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 04 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: It is widely accepted that transport is stressful for horses, but only a few studies are available involving horses that are transported regularly and are accustomed to transport. We determined salivary cortisol immunoreactivity (IR), fecal cortisol metabolites, beat-to-beat (RR) interval, and heart rate variability (HRV) in transport-experienced horses (N=7) in response to a 2-d outbound road transport over 1370km and 2-d return transport 8 d later. Salivary cortisol IR was low until 60min before transport but had increased (P (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 14:18:56 +0100

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 14:18:56 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Adipose tissue depots of Holstein cows are immune responsive: Inflammatory gene expression in vitro

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The transcriptional response of adipose tissue depots with respect to their immune responsiveness in dairy cows remains largely unknown. Thus, we examined mRNA expression and responsiveness of subcutaneous (SUB) and mesenteric (MES) adipose tissue from nonpregnant dairy cows to a short-term (2h), in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (20μg/mL in physiological saline). Abundance of mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA), interleukin-6 (IL6), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), and RANTES/chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from tissue samples collected at slaughter from 5 nonpregnant/nonlactating Holstein cows. Prior to LPS challenge, SAA3 mRNA abu...

Maternal social stress during late pregnancy affects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and brain neurotransmitter systems in pig offspring

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Maternal stress in pregnant sows may induce long-lasting alterations in the behavior, physiology, and immunity of their offspring. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of repeated social stress during late gestation on determinants of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and on hippocampal neurotransmitter profiles in pig offspring. All pregnant gilts were housed in pairs. Each Stress gilt was mixed with an unfamiliar gilt twice a week between days 77 and 105 of gestation (n=18). Control gilts were housed in stable pairs over the same period (n=18). Plasma cortisol and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) were measured in 1 male and 1 female per litter in a basal situation on postnatal days (PND) 4, 26, and 60 and in a stressful situation at PN...

Presence of anti-insulin natural autoantibodies in healthy cats and its interference with immunoassay for serum insulin concentrations

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 22 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: A substance interfering with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for feline insulin concentration was investigated in healthy cats. An insulin-binding substance isolated from feline serum showed 2 bands at 25 and 50kDa in SDS-PAGE, suggesting the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Insulin-binding IgG from healthy cats indeed reduced insulin immunoreactivity in the ELISA for determining insulin concentration. The insulin-binding IgG was polyclonal/polyreactive and showed certain specificity, high affinity, and high binding capacity, which was evaluated by liquid-phase radioimmunoassay with Scatchard plot analysis. Epitope analysis revealed that the insulin-binding IgG showed significant binding at residues A1-5 and B20-30 of the insulin molecule. Removal of the antibodi...

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 09:24:55 +0100

(Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

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Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 09:24:55 +0100

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VEGF modulates the effects of gonadotropins in granulosa cells

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Follicle selection is associated with an increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors in granulosa cells, however, the roles of VEGF in regulating the function of these or other non-endothelial cells in the ovary have not been explored in detail. The current study used bovine cell cultures to investigate potential roles of VEGF in the regulation of granulosa cell function during follicle development. Granulosa cells were obtained from morphologically healthy follicles 4 to 8mm or 9 to 14mm in diameter (corresponding to diameters before and after the establishment of dominance, respectively, during a bovine follicular wave) and exposed to a range of VEGF concentrations (1 to 100ng/mL) encompassing concentrations found naturally in bovin...

Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: To differentiate between the effects of heat stress (HS) and decreased dry matter intake (DMI) on physiological and metabolic variables in growing beef cattle, we conducted an experiment in which a thermoneutral (TN) control group (n=6) was pair fed (PF) to match nutrient intake with heat-stressed Holstein bull calves (n=6). Bulls (4 to 5 mo old, 135kg body weight [BW]) housed in climate-controlled chambers were subjected to 2 experimental periods (P): (1) TN (18°C to 20°C) and ad libitum intake for 9 d, and (2) HS (cyclical daily temperatures ranging from 29.4°C to 40.0°C) and ad libitum intake or PF (in TN conditions) for 9 d. During each period, blood was collected daily and all calves were subjected to an intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT) on day 7 and a glucose tol...

Endothelin-1, endothelin converting enzyme-1 and endothelin receptors in the porcine corpus luteum

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the observed elevation in ECE1 protein concentrations on day 10 and the presence of EDNRA on LLC suggests a possible role for EDN1 (resulting from the actions of ECE1) acting via EDNRA in the control of LS in the pig. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Visfatin gene expression in chickens is sex and tissue dependent

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The present study investigated the expression of visfatin mRNA in various tissues of male and female broiler chickens. We also studied the effect of leptin, cerulenin, and food deprivation, known effectors of energy balance and insulin action, on visfatin gene expression in chickens. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis, we detected chicken visfatin mRNA transcript in the kidney, hypothalamus, gizzard, liver, pancreas, proventriculus, breast and leg muscle, ovary, testis, lung, intestine, adipose tissue, and heart. Expression of the visfatin gene in various tissues of male and female chickens was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and found to be tissue and sex dependent. In both sexes, compared to other tissues, the visf...

The beta-adrenergic system is involved in the regulation of the expression of avian uncoupling protein in the chicken

Domestic Animal Endocrinology — Sun, 27 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study presents for the first time evidence of β-adrenergic control on avUCP messenger expression in chicken muscle and suggests the potential involvement of AMPK and several transcription factors in this regulation. (Source: Domestic Animal Endocrinology)

Domestic Animal Endocrinology via MedWorm.com

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Altered plasma concentrations of sex hormones in cats infected by feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus

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Spontaneously obese dogs exhibit greater postprandial glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations than lean dogs

Basal and hormone-stimulated metabolism in lambs varies with breed and diet quality

Age-related changes in gene expression of the growth hormone secretagogue and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors in Holstein-Friesian cattle

Effects of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and rumen-protected methionine on plasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (7 to 36) amide and pancreatic hormones in lactating cows

Rabbit model of primary hyperparathyroidism induced by high-phosphate diet

Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and its expected roles in the bovine endometrium during gestation

Inhibition of proteasomal proteolysis affects expression of extracellular matrix components and steroidogenesis in porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes

Vitamin D status before and after hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism

Lysophosphatidic acid receptors in ovine uterus during estrous cycle and early pregnancy and their regulation by progesterone

Influence of standing estrus before an injection of GnRH during a beef cattle fixed-time AI protocol on LH release, subsequent concentrations of progesterone, and steriodogenic enzyme expression

Cloning and characterization of chicken fat mass and obesity associated (Fto) gene: fasting affects Fto expression

Ki-67 and minichromosome maintenance-7 (MCM7) expression in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas

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Erratum to Verkest et al. July 2011 articles [Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 41 (2011) 24–34 and Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 41 (2011) 35–41]

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Characterization of serum-free buffalo granulosa cell culture and analysis of genes involved in terminal differentiation from FSH- to LH-responsive phenotype

Differential acute phase immune responses by Angus and Romosinuano steers following an endotoxin challenge

Luteolysis and associated interrelationships among circulating PGF2α, progesterone, LH, and estradiol in mares

Expression of gap junctional connexin proteins in ovine fetal ovaries: Effects of maternal diet

11-Hydroxy-β-steroid dehydrogenase gene expression in canine adipose tissue and adipocytes: Stimulation by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor α

Effect of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine and 3,5-diiodothyronine on progesterone production, cAMP synthesis, and mRNA expression of STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B genes in granulosa layer of chicken preovulatory follicles

Ghrelin effects on central glucosensing and energy homeostasis-related peptides in rainbow trout

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α production by bovine immune cells

Effect of dose of estradiol-17β on prominence of an induced 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) pulse and relationship of prominence to progesterone, LH, and luteal blood flow in heifers

Pharmacological characterization of canine melancortin-4 receptor and its natural variant V213F

Evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin

The detection of 3 leptin receptor isoforms in crucian carp gill and the influence of fasting and hypoxia on their expression

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The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital

Plasma ghrelin concentration is decreased by short chain fatty acids in wethers

The GLP-1 mimetic exenatide potentiates insulin secretion in healthy cats

Adiposity and adiponectin in dogs: investigation of causes of discrepant results between two studies

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Distinct adiponectin profiles might contribute to differences in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in dogs and humans

Prolactin plays a stimulatory role in ovarian follicular development and egg laying in chicken hens

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Compensation for obesity-induced insulin resistance in dogs: assessment of the effects of leptin, adiponectin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 using path analysis

Ovarian steroids modulate tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide–regulated prostaglandin secretion by cultured bovine oviductal epithelial cells

Effect of growth hormone administration to mature miniature Brahman cattle treated with or without insulin on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and other metabolic hormones and metabolites

Temperament and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function are related and combine to affect growth, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits in Brahman steers

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Trenbolone enhances myogenic differentiation by enhancing β-catenin signaling in muscle-derived stem cells of cattle

The incretin effect in cats: comparison between oral glucose, lipids, and amino acids

Modeling the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the acute phase proinflammatory axis: Variability in tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and xanthine oxidase responses to endotoxin challenge in steers

Low-density lipoprotein-related receptor protein 1 (LRP-1) is not required for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to suppress L6 myogenic cell proliferation

Effects of hyperinsulinemia on glucose and lipid transporter expression in insulin-sensitive horses

Effects of induced parturition in goats on immunoglobulin G and chitotriosidase activity in colostrum and plasma and on plasma concentrations of prolactin

Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibits the stimulatory effect of luteinizing hormone and prostaglandin E2 on progesterone secretion by the bovine corpus luteum

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Effects of weaning and syndyphalin-33 on expression of melanocortinergic appetite-regulating genes in swine

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, but not trilostane, causes severe adrenal hemorrhage, vacuolization, and apoptosis in rats

H-FABP and LEPR gene expression profile in skeletal muscles and liver during ontogenesis in various breeds of pigs

Effects of orexigenic peptides and leptin on melatonin secretion during different photoperiods in seasonal breeding ewes: An in vitro study

Acute handling disturbance modulates plasma insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effect of luteinizing hormone oscillations on progesterone concentrations based on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in heifers

Subclinical, chronic intramammary infection lowers steroid concentrations and gene expression in bovine preovulatory follicles

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Development, validation, and utilization of a novel antibody specific to the type III chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Concomitance of luteinizing hormone and progesterone oscillations during the transition from preluteolysis to luteolysis in cattle

Pregnancy and interferon tau regulate N-myc interactor in the ovine uterus

Components of the porcine anterior pituitary insulin-like growth factor system throughout the estrous cycle

Effect of trenbolone acetate on protein synthesis and degradation rates in fused bovine satellite cell cultures

In vitro effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on Leydig cells of adult alpaca (Lama pacos) testis: GnRH receptor immunolocalization, testosterone and prostaglandin synthesis, and cyclooxygenase activities

Prenatal and neonatal exposure to the antiandrogen flutamide alters connexin 43 gene expression in adult porcine ovary

Nitric oxide stimulates progesterone and prostaglandin E2 secretion as well as angiogenic activity in the equine corpus luteum

Maternal obesity in ewes results in reduced fetal pancreatic β-cell numbers in late gestation and decreased circulating insulin concentration at term