MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Early Science and Medicine' source. Tue, 23 Feb 2010 17:08:14 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3120647&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20027759%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quinlan SM In France between 1780 and 1815, doctors opened a broad correspondence with medical faculties and public officials about foetal anomalies ("monstrosities"). Institutional and legal reforms forced doctors to encounter monstrous births with greater frequency, and they responded by developing new ideas about heredity and embryology to explain malformations to public officials. Though doctors achieved consensus on pathogenesis, they struggled to apply these ideas in forensic cases, especially with doubtful sex. Medical networks simultaneously allowed doctors to explore obstetrical techniques, as licensing regulations forced practitioners into emotional encounters with child anomalies. Doctors thus developed a new ethics for treating monstrosities, viewing them as pathol... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3120647 Fri, 25 Dec 2009 16:56:02 +0100 3120647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3120646&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20027760%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pastorino C Notwithstanding Francis Bacon's praise for the philosophical role of the mechanical arts, historians have often downplayed Bacon's connections with actual artisans and entrepreneurs. Addressing the specific context of mining culture, this study proposes a rather different picture. The analysis of a famous mining metaphor in The Advancement of Learning shows us how Bacon's project of reform of knowledge could find an apt correspondence in civic and entrepreneurial values of his time. Also, Bacon had interesting and so far unexplored links with the early modern English mining enterprises, like the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, ofwhich he was a shareholder. Moreover, Bacon's notes in a private notebook, Commentarius Solutus, and records of patents of invention... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3120646 Fri, 25 Dec 2009 16:56:02 +0100 3120646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3120645&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20027761%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schleiner W In early modern medicine, both green sickness (or chlorosis) and hysteria were understood to be gendered diseases, diseases of women. Green sickness, a disease of young women, was considered so serious that John Graunt, the father of English statistics, thought that in his time dozens of women died of it in London every year. One of the symptoms of hysteria was that women fell unconscious. The force of etymology and medical tradition was so strong that in one instance the gender of the patient seems to have been changed by the recorder to make the case fit medical theory. PMID: 20027761 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3120645 Fri, 25 Dec 2009 16:56:02 +0100 3120645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2927849&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19852380%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kusukawa S This paper examines the inter-relationship between image, text and object in the Codex Kentmanus, which is one of the earliest records of the plants in the botanical garden at Padua, studied by Johannes Kentmann (1518-77). The manuscript shows that "observation" for Kentmann involved a gradual process of assimilating knowledge from other physicians, apothecaries, and books in order to make the plants which were originally encountered at a specific time and place into a more generalised object of study for learned physicians. PMID: 19852380 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2927849 Tue, 27 Oct 2009 10:46:03 +0100 2927849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902209&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19831225%26dopt%3DAbstract The simple ontology of kalăm atomism: an outline. Early Sci Med. 2009;14(1-3):68-78 Authors: Sabra AI This paper aims to present concisely the Islamic kalăm atomism as an alternative philosophy to Hellenizing falsafa. Kalăm is a theological-philosophical discourse which, first (in the third/ninth century) ventured to rival the falsafa represented early by al-Kindĭ (d.ca. 252/866), then by al-Fărăbĭ and Avicenna in the fourth/tenth and fifth/ eleventh centuries, and which eventually (in the sixth/twelfth century and after) appeared to be inclined to propose a mingling of the kalăm discourse with falsafa in a series of varied "syntheses".--Focusing on the simple ontology of the basic kalăm atomism, and noting the hybrid charac... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902209 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 04:40:03 +0100 2902209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902208&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19831226%26dopt%3DAbstract This study traces the early developments of the concept of experiment with a view of extending the subject in both content and approach. It extends the content of the subject slightly backward, prior to the methodological breakthroughs of the Optics of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen, d. ca. 1040), which are credited as a "significant landmark in the history of experimental science." And it extends the approach to the subject slightly forward, from the premise that early science was "largely carried out in books," to a close examination of the books through which the footprints of'experiment' may be traced. The point of departure is the Optics of Ahmad ibn 'Isă, a revealing text for the early developments of concepts such as 'demonstration' and 'experiment', and one through which ... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902208 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 04:40:03 +0100 2902208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902207&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19831227%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McVaugh M We should not assume that medieval physicians did not take pains to found their practice upon evidence. Academic physicians at Montpellier ca. 1300 were cautious about accepting textbook claims for the powers of drugs, and tried to verify each drug's physiological effects before using it; yet they were also flexible, ready to believe that powerful new medicines might be discovered empirically that were unknown to their authorities or superficially inconsistent with existing knowledge. Likewise, physicians were careful to observe their patients closely and to try to identify the condition from which each was suffering, and when they were unsure of the nature of an illness, they feared to administer medicines lest their known effects might be harmful to the patient. An... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902207 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 04:40:03 +0100 2902207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902206&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19831228%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Raizman-Kedar Y In this paper I challenge the claim that Bacon considered the operation of species as limited to the physical and sensory levels and demonstrate that in his view, the very same species issued by physical objects operate within the intellect as well. I argue that in Bacon the concept of illumination plays a secondary role in the acquisition of knowledge, and that he regarded innate knowledge as dispositional and confused. What was left as the main channel through which knowledge is gained were species received through the senses. I argue that according to Bacon these species, representing their agents in essence, definition and operation, arrive in the intellect without undergoing a complete abstraction from matter and while still retaining the character of agen... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902206 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 04:40:03 +0100 2902206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902205&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19831229%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marrone SP The turn to modern science in the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century is typically characterized as dependent on the novel adoption of a mechanical hypothesis for operations in nature. In fact, the Middle Ages saw a partial anticipation of this phenomenon in the scholastic physics of the thirteenth century. More precisely, it was just the two factors, denial of action at a distance and an emphasis on the primary materiality of causation, that constituted this early mechanism--or "protomechanism." The latter's emergence can be seen most clearly where scholastic thinkers-here, William of Auvergne, Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome--confronted the theoretical limits of natural cause and effect in their efforts to determine the reality of magic and locate it... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902205 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 04:40:03 +0100 2902205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1519134&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18548902%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Timmermann A This is a case study on a series of at least thirty-four sixteenth-century notebooks from the Sloane collection, which reconsiders early modern notetaking techniques and the organisation of knowledge. These notebooks were written by an anonymous compiler, a physician who read widely in the alchemical and medical literature available in his lifetime, the late sixteenth century. In the alchemica, he devotes individual volumes to specific alchemical substances, which are connected with each other by means of a complex system of cross-referencing; they are constantly revised and change appearance according to the physician's latest ideas about alchemical medicines. As a result, the notebooks not only preserve received information (a task otherwise performed by commonp... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1519134 Sat, 14 Jun 2008 23:47:51 +0100 1519134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1519133&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18548903%26dopt%3DAbstract This article considers these differences in the two graduates' theses, both as intimations of their subsequent divergent notions of the boundaries of alchemy and its relations with medicine and magic, and also as evidence of the surprisingly unstable academic status of Paracelsian philosophy in Basel, its main publishing centre, at the end of the sixteenth century. PMID: 18548903 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1519133 Sat, 14 Jun 2008 23:47:51 +0100 1519133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942193&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17575920%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Killeen K This essay explores Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia epidemica (1646), with its lengthy book on 'errors' in animal lore. In the limited critical literature on Browne's natural history, this author is generally seen as stumbling towards a zoological idiom and clearing away the emblematic 'clutter' of earlier writers on natural history--Gesner, Aldrovandi, Topsell or Franzius. This essay proposes that Browne is working with a more complex set of co-ordinates in his thought, beyond his experimental inclinations and his Aristotelian assumptions. It will explore the extent to which his studies of animals emerge from, and duplicate, the presumptions of his biblical hermeneutics, and it will suggest that Browne regularly exports terms from scriptural exegesis--the categories of ... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942193 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 01:23:51 +0100 942193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942199&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17146949%26dopt%3DAbstract This article questions the belief expressed in various histories of pharmacy that the tenth-century Arab physician Avicenna introduced the tradition of coating pills with gold and silver. Although an examination of his Canon documents Avicenna's interest in the medicinal application of gold and silver, no mention is made of coating pills. Nor do other Islamic physicians seem to have been familiar with this practice, any more than such medieval European authors as Arnaldus of Villanova, Raymund Lull or Johannes de Rupescissa. The same is true of medicinal compendia representative of later periods, such as the Ortus sanitatis, Valerius Cordus' Dispensatorium or the Secrets of Alessio Piemontese. The earliest known mention of coating pills with precious metals occurs in a non-medical book, Th... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942199 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 942199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942198&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17146950%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cheung T In eighteenth-century French natural history, the notion of preformation was not only a model for a small preexisting embryo that gradually extended its shape through the influx of particles, but also for an order that coordinated the dynamic relation between organic parts. Preformation depended therefore also on a hidden order behind the continuity of visible forms. Louis Bourguet, Charles Bonnet, and Georges Cuvier distinguished three organizational levels: First, the synchronic or functional order of organic systems; second, the diachronic order of the initiation of mechanical processes; and third, the hierarchical order that regulates the interaction of organic parts. In this essay, I reconstruct and compare the three organizational levels in the writings of Bourg... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942198 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 942198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942197&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17146951%26dopt%3DAbstract This article takes some first steps towards the establishment of the intellectual biography of the medical historian, classicist, and moral philosopher Ludwig Edelstein (1902-1965). Based on scattered archival records, it sheds light on Edelstein's early career in Germany, the decisions he was forced to make in 1933 when he left Germany and the events that led to his appointment as associate professor at Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University in the autumn of 1934. The representative nature of Edelstein's case will be highlighted in terms of both the history of exile and the history of the academic disciplines involved (medical history and classics); in doing so, the article attempts to reinscribe Edelstein's achievements and influence back into their respective discourses. PMID: 1714695... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942197 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 942197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942196&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17152390%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maclean I This paper reassesses the role of sceptical thinking in the emergence of the new science of the seventeenth century, in the context of the seminal but contestable History of Scepticism by Richard Popkin. It investigates the anti-sceptical essay by Galen De optimo modo docendi (on the best method of teaching), which was retranslated in the sixteenth century by Erasmus and later published as an adjunct to the works of Sextus Empiricus, in order to highlight the currency of ideas about hyperbolic doubt, and links this to the long tradition of free enquiry (libertas philosophandi) in which doubting authority is seen as a profitable exercise closely associated with the independence of philosophy from theological domination; and it argues that this long tradition (along wi... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942196 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 942196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942195&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17152391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McVaugh MR In the first half of the fourteenth century, Niccolò da Reggio translated more than fifty works by Galen from Greek into Latin, and by mid-century most if not all of them had reached the papal court at Avignon, where Guy de Chauliac praised their accuracy and cited them regularly in his Great Surgery of 1363. Yet contemporary physicians at nearby Montpellier almost never referred to them, ordinarily preferring to quote from the older Arabic-Latin translations. Examining a particular context, the ways in which urological conditions were described in the old and new versions of Galen, suggests that medical teachers and commentators may have found it difficult to give up the familiarity of the traditional language in favor of Niccolò's new terminology. PM... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942195 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 942195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942194&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17152392%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Klemm M This paper examines a set of questions concerning moralia in Peter of Abano's Expositio Problematum (1310) and shows that its author takes a naturalistic approach, heavily reliant on medical doctrine, to propose that not only the lower virtues, but also those dependent on the rational soul, are closely tied to physiological states. For the irrational soul, this close connection with the body is not surprising. However, in the case of the rational virtues, the dependence on the body is more unusual and offers a significant example of Peter's application of medical doctrine beyond the established bounds of the discipline. His is a very different approach to human virtue than that of his contemporaries, and it blurs the distinction between moral virtue and natural virtue ... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942194 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 942194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942212&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15040391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rocca J PMID: 15040391 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942212 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942211&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15043046%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jami C PMID: 15043046 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942211 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942210&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15043047%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hanson M In the last month of 1739, the third f the Manchu rulers, the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736-1795), ordered the compilation of a treatise on medicine "to rectify medical knowledge" throughout the empire. By the end of 1742, eighty participants chosen from several offices within the palace bureaucracy based in Beijing completed the Golden Mirror of the Orthodox Lineage of Medicine, the only imperially commissioned medical text the Qing government's Imperial Printing Office published. The Golden Mirror represents both the limitations in the power of the Qianlong emperor and the dominance in the Manchu court of Chinese scholarship from the Jiangnan region during the first decade of his reign. Chinese scholars participating in the compilation of the Golden Mirror fashioned a m... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942210 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942209&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15043048%26dopt%3DAbstract This article shows how this difference contributes to explaining some of the particularities of rangaku in its initial phase. A case in point is Shizuki Tadao's introduction of Newtonian physics and astronomy. Yet, Sugita Genpaku, a major representative of the Edo scholarly community, gave an account of the beginning of Dutch learning that attempted to minimise, or even to erase, the contribution of the Nagasaki interpreters, who were dismissed as unscholarly. This attempt, too, is best understood in the light of the difference between the two communities. PMID: 15043048 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942209 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942208&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15043049%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moog FP, Karenberg A In Christian Europe of the High Middle Ages, saints played a central role in the everyday life of the ailing. Alongside healing attempts which involved magic and/or scientifically-based medicine, the invocation of specific patron saints for protection against evils or for the curing of ailments was a widespread practise. A large choice of patron saints was "ävailable" for a wide range of diseases, especially those nowadays classified as neurologic or psychiatric. For the falling sickness alone, e.g., there is evidence of some twenty patron saints reputed to have a particular involvement. Surprisingly, there is no evidence of a comparable devotion to patrons for apoplectics. This "negative result"is confirmed by a thorough examination of medieval sourc... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942208 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942207&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15043054%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shackelford J Paracelsian medicine and natural philosophy was formed during the Radical Reformation and incorporated metaphysical propositions that were incompatible with the Lutheran confession as codified in the Confessio Augustana and elaborated in the ultra-orthodox Formula of Concord. Although Paracelsian ideas and practices were endorsed by important philosophers and physicians in late-sixteenth century Denmark without raising serious alarm, the imposition of strict Lutheran orthodoxy in the Danish Church and a concomitant resurgence of Aristotelian philosophy drew attention to the religious heterodoxies inherent in Paracelsianism. Unacceptable theological and religious propositions, which reached Denmark in Rosicrucian texts and were implicit in certain medical and phil... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942207 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942206&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15043056%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carmichael A PMID: 15043056 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942206 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942202&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15045995%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Welie JV There are present 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States, which together offer more than 50 health sciences degree programs. But as the Society's membership is shrinking and the financial risks involved in sponsoring health sciences education are rising, the question arises whether the Society should continue to sponsor health sciences degree programs. In fact, at least eight Jesuit health sciences schools have already closed their doors. This paper attempts to contribute to the resolution of this urgent question by reexamining Ignatius own views on health sciences education and, more specifically, his prohibition of the Society's sponsoring medical education. It concludes on the basis of an historical analysis of Ignatius' views that there is insuff... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942202 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 942202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942221&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12030269%26dopt%3DAbstract Francisco Vallés and the Renaissance reinterpretation of Aristotle's Meteorologica IV as a medical text. Early Sci Med. 2002;7(1):1-30 Authors: Martin C In this paper I describe the context and goals of Francisco Vallés In IV librum Meteorologicorum commentaria (1558). Vallés' work stands as a landmark because it interprets a work of Aristotle's natural philosophy specifically for medical doctors and medical theory. Vallés' commentary is representative of new understandings of Galenic-Hippocratic medicine that emerged as a result of expanding textual knowledge. These approaches are evident in a number of sixteenth-century commentaries on Meteorologica IV; in particular the works of Pietro Pomponazzi, Lodovico Boccadiferro, Jacob Schegk, and Francesco Vimerca... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942221 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942220&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12049065%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chang KM This paper examines Georg Ernst Stahl's first book, the Zymotechnia Fundamentalis, in the context of contemporary natural philosophy and the author's career. I argue that the Zymotechnia was a mechanical theory of fermentation written consciously against the influential "fermentational program" of Joan Baptista van Helmont and especially Thomas Willis, Stahl's theory of fermentation introduced his first conception of phlogiston, which was in part a corpuscular transformation of the Paracelsian sulphur principle. Meanwhile some assumptions underlying this theory, such as the composition of matter, the absolute passivity of matter and the "passions" of sulphur, reveal the combined scholastic and mechanistic character of Stahl's natural philosophy. In the conclusion I sh... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942220 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942215&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15040323%26dopt%3DAbstract The certitude of astrology: The scientific methodology of Al-Qabīsī and Abū Ma'shar. Early Sci Med. 2002;7(3):198-213 Authors: Burnett C Abū Ma'shar (787-886) and al-Qābīsī (mid-10th century) were active astrologers and defenders of the scientific character of their discipline. They wrote works on criticisms brought forward against the discipline and challenged practitioners whom they considered as detrimental for the esteem and future fate of their science. Nevertheless, both writers can be seen as heirs to a single tradition of thought, which took its origins in Ptolemy's Tetrabiblios and developed largely independently of the religious philosophical beliefs of a specific community. The arguments developed for proving the scientific v... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942215 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942214&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15040374%26dopt%3DAbstract This article furthermore documents the degree to which the actual cures prescribed by the physician in the consilia agreed with the doctrinal works of the Galenic tradition. It is explained how medieval university-trained physician had to compete with other practitioners and how they tried to outrival them by applying the doctrines of learned medicine to the individual cases at hand. PMID: 15040374 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942214 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942213&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15040382%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Walmsley J PMID: 15040382 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942213 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942205&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15045992%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses chapters 15 and 16 of the ancient midrash (allegorical commentary) Leviticus Rabba (IV -V AD) and its view of leprosy. The phenomenon of Biblical leprosy is here not investigated from a paleo-pathological point of view. The focus lies on its physiological, aetiological, pathological and therapeutic aspects as represented in Leviticus Rabba. It is argued that the medical views of Leviticus Rabba show a certain resemblance to some of the view of the Hippocratic School, notably with respect to humoral theory, the belief in the correspondence between the macrocosm and the individual microcosm, and the notion of paideia as a way of healing. Finally, it is shown that the ancient myth of the two floods (of water and of fire) is connected to the understanding of leprosy in L... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942205 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942204&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15045993%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study the critiques of two contemporaneous scholars, Moses Maimonides and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, are compared. Maimonides criticized Hellenistic authorities, mainly Aritotle. However, the starting point for his critique was Aristotle's admission of the limitations of his own inquiries. Maimonides admired Aristotle's questioning of his own conclusions, indeed, his own thought was characterized by constant selfdoubt. Al-Rāzī criticized an earlier Muslim scholar, Ibn Sinā (Avicenna), an intellectual giant whose imprint was strongly felt in philosophy and medicine. Al Rāzī used his commentaries on a number of Ibn Sīnā's books as a stage for criticizing the master and for arguing for his own, alternative viewpoints. PMID: 15... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942204 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942203&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15045994%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Anstey PR PMID: 15045994 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942203 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 942203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942225&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11873782%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siraisi NG PMID: 11873782 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942225 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942224&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11873783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Otterspeer W Leiden University was founded in 1575, not only in the midst of great political turmoil, but also in a time that experimented intensely with new forms of higher education. In due course Leiden was to choose an eclectic attitude, remaining loyal on the one hand to late medieval, scholastic traditions, but on the other hand emancipating the arts faculty in agreement with humanist ideas. The thesis this article wants to examine is that the curriculum of Leiden University during the first 75 years of its existence was characterised by a high level of pre-university, Latin schooling, and, linked up with this, a differentiation and specialisation of the arts faculty. These developments, however, had social rather than scientific goals. The arts courses did not prepare t... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942224 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942223&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11873784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Freedman JS During the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, physics was regularly taught as part of instruction in philosophy and the arts at Central European schools and universities. However, physics did not have a special or privileged status within that instruction. Three general indicators of this lack of special status are suggested in this article. First, teachers of physics usually were paid less than teachers of most other university-level subject-matters. Second, very few Central European academics during this period appear to have made a career out of teaching physics. And third, Reformation Era schools and universities in Central Europe emphasized language instruction; such instruction not only was instrumental in promoting the confessional--i.e., Calvinist, ... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942223 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942222&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11876171%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohen HF PMID: 11876171 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942222 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942216&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15025109%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guerrini A PMID: 15025109 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942216 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942201&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15072042%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meli DB Multiple authorship is so common and pervasive in our world that it is tempting to take it for granted. Prior to the twentieth century, however, multiple authorship was exceedingly rare. This essay addresses the issue of whether in the past collaboration was less common or was acknowledged in different forms. I focus on the 1660s circle of intellectuals fluctuating around the Cimento Academy because the Cimento is generally considered the first academy devoted to experimental philosophy, this essay highlights the existence of a wide range of conventions about authorship even within a geographically and temporally limited area, and suggests that collaboration was more common than title pages would suggest. PMID: 15072042 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942201 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942200&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15072043%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baldwin M PMID: 15072043 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942200 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 942200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942219&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15025075%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the alchemical ideas and practices of the sixteenth-century Italian surgeon Leonardo Fioravanti. I argue that Fioravanti's "search for the philosopher's stone" was as much an effort at self-fashioning as a search for alchemical gold. Exploiting the fashion for alchemical drugs, he framed a "new theory" of healing that relied on the use of distilled drugs as a means of purging bodily corruptions. His theory resonated with popular culture, and made him the focus of an alternative medical movement. I conclude that Fioravanti's alchemy was not Paracelsianism, but relied much more on more immediate sources such as Arnald of Villanova, the pseudo-Lull, and the contemporary Milanese alchemist Ettore Ausonio. PMID: 15025075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Sc... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942219 Mon, 01 May 2000 04:00:00 +0100 942219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942228&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11624444%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Monti MT The present essay analyzes an eighteenth-century phase of the querelle des monstres and highlights two main points. 1) As the cases of Lemery and Winslow demonstrate, in the period when preformation was the dominant view, the dispute over the origin of monsters carried into the very field of preformation the contrast which had originally opposed it to the now defeated model of epigenesis, namely the alternative between mechanical genesis and pre-existence of the monstrous form itself. 2) One of the most important episodes in the shift of teratology from a primarily theological or metaphysical issue to a purely natural one was due to Albrecht von Haller. Haller shifted the dispute from anatomy to embryology, and it is on an embryological base and not on metaphysics tha... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942228 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 942228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942227&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11624445%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Grossgrove W The "vernacularization" of medieval texts dealing with scientific subjects was a more complicated process than earlier views would suggest. While popularizations were certainly important, some vernacular texts were written for specialists (especially in medicine). Certain texts describing practical knowledge had no Latin original to draw from or relied on models from Antiquity quite unrelated to contemporary practice. Their study is further complicated by the state of research, which in some cases is relatively good (e.g. treatises on hunting) but in others doesn't even allow for a preliminary overview (e.g. surgeries). Other complicating factors are distribution (the limited circulation, e.g., of 'encyclopedias" against the presence of the ps.-Aristotelian Secret... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942227 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 942227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942226&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11624446%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luthy C PMID: 11624446 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942226 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 942226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942218&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15025078%26dopt%3DAbstract This article sets out to investigate aspects of the uptake of Renaissance law and medicine from some of the logical and natural-philosophical components of the university arts course. Medicine is shown to have a much laxer operative logic than law, reflecting its commitment to the theory of idiosyncrasy as opposed to the demands made upon the law by the need for a uniform application of justice. Symptomatic of the different uptake are the contrasting meanings of "regulariter" and "generaliter" in the two disciplines. Whereas the law treats the rule as inviolable and the exception as only valid if made explicit in due legal form, medicine is able to conceive of a nature as a field of knowledge broader than that encompassed by its rules of art. Both law and medicine approach evidence in ways... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942218 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 942218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942217&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15025079%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Walmsley J John Locke engaged in a systematic study of medicine from the late 1650's. In this period he acquainted himself with the three main competing natural philosophical theories of the time -Galenism, Paracelsianism and Mechanism. He was particularly interested in the work of Sennert, Helmont and Doyle. In 1666, just after the publication of Boyle's The Origine of Formes and Qualities, Locke wrote a short paper entitled Morbus. This paper gave Locke's own view of the nature of disease. Locke went out of his way to criticise Boyle's attempts to give mechanical explanations for biological phenomena. He endorsed Helmont's theory that disease was caused by "ferments" and "Archei" and re-introduced Galenic temperaments as factors of susceptibility in seminal diseases. Locke d... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942217 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 942217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942230&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11623773%26dopt%3DAbstract This study analyzes the dissemination and readership of two medieval medical works in Catalan. Combining the use of diverse sources such as the manuscripts themselves, post-mortem inventories, and the prologues written by the translators, the study shows how the diffusion of these works exemplifies the two main audiences to which vernacular texts were addressed. These were, on the one hand, literate but not Latinate surgeons and other practitioners interested in the new medicine emanating from the emerging universities; and on the other, nobles and burghers interested in issues of health and disease and in natural philosophy in general. The framework for the study is the general process of consolidation of the new medical system which developed in late medieval Latin Europe. PMID: 1162... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942230 Sat, 01 May 1999 04:00:00 +0100 942230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942229&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11623774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eldredge LM This paper traces the history in print of a treatise on ophthalmology by Benvenutus Grassus, De probatissima arte oculorum, originally written in Latin in the late thirteenth century and translated into English in the fifteenth century. It presents evidence of the appearance in print of the English translation as a section of Philip Barrough's The Method of Phisicke in 1583, a book that went through ten subsequent reprintings, the last appearing in 1652. Other evidence is presented on the influence of Benvenutus treatise in ophthalmological works published in the earlier half of the seventeenth century, and both greater and lesser traces are shown to exist. The last appearance of the treatise is in an auctioneer's catalogue of 1713, where apparently the book failed... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942229 Sat, 01 May 1999 04:00:00 +0100 942229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942233&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620556%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ariew R I discuss some of Leibniz's pronouncements about fringe phenomena--various monsters; talking dogs; genies and prophets; unicorns, glossopetrae, and other games of nature--in order to understand better Leibniz's views on science and the role these curiosities play in his plans for scientific academies and societies. However, given that Leibniz's sincerity has been called into question in twentieth-century secondary literature, I begin with a few historiographical remarks so as to situate these pronouncements within the Leibnizian corpus. What emerges is an image of Leibniz as a sober, cautious interpreter, a skeptic one might say but one who is prepared to concede the possibility of many strange phenomena. Leibniz expects these fringe phenomena to take their place among... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942233 Sun, 01 Nov 1998 05:00:00 +0100 942233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942232&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620557%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bakker PJ PMID: 11620557 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942232 Sun, 01 Nov 1998 05:00:00 +0100 942232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942231&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620558%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vermij R Aristotle described the earth as a cold and dry body and paid no attention to the phenomenon of terrestrial heat. Renaissance physicians, by contrast, when seeking to understand the origin of hot springs in the context of their balneological studies, came to defend a theory of subterranean fires. This tradition, which started in Italy, became widely known through the works of Georgius Agricola. But although it had implications for the explanation of further natural phenomena, it remained almost exclusively confined to medical circles. As far as physics as an academic discipline was concerned, the ideas concerning subterranean fire were hardly taken note of. Only with the collapse of Aristotelian philosophy in the seventeenth century could these by then "old innovation... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942231 Sun, 01 Nov 1998 05:00:00 +0100 942231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942240&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620244%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holbrook SE Wynkyn de Worde published c. 1495 the first printed edition of John Trevisa's English translation of an influential work of science composed by Bartholomew the Englishman in Latin in the thirteenth century, De Proprietatibus Rerum (DPR). The design of the Worde's book, the use of Latin in the rubrics, and the visual vocabulary of the illustrations bring readers of English into the circle of learning. First, the plan of organization of Bartholomew's encyclopedic work is analyzed and both that structure and the expository style of the work are related to memorial reading and use as a textbook. Next, the widespread use of DPR in Latin and vernacular languages is reviewed, the suggestion that certain of its books seem to have been used more than others is made, and the... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942240 Fri, 01 May 1998 04:00:00 +0100 942240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942239&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620245%26dopt%3DAbstract This article proposes a model for linguistic analysis of scientific thought-styles, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses in the variationist frame and focusing on writings of the scholastic period. The first part of the article considers factors that led to the vernacularisation of scientific writings in fifteenth-century England and the sources, underlying traditions and audiences of these writings. The empirical part focuses on two features typical of scholasticism: references to authorities and the use of prescriptive phrases. The results show statistical differences between varieties of writing. A close semantic analysis reveals a pattern which is related to the underlying layers of tradition and to the sociohistorical background of the texts. The material comes from a compu... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942239 Fri, 01 May 1998 04:00:00 +0100 942239 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942238&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620246%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crossgrove W PMID: 11620246 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942238 Fri, 01 May 1998 04:00:00 +0100 942238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942237&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620247%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Demaitre L PMID: 11620247 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942237 Fri, 01 May 1998 04:00:00 +0100 942237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942236&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620327%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eamon W The outbreak of syphilis in Europe elicited a variety of responses concerning the disease's origins and cure. In this essay, I examine the theory of the origins of syphilis advanced by the 16th-century Italian surgeon Leonardo Fioravanti. According to Fioravanti, syphilis was not new but had always existed, although it was unknown to the ancients. The syphilis epidemic, he argued, was caused by cannibalism among the French and Italian armies during the siege of Naples in 1494. Fioravanti's strange and novel theory is connected with his view of disease as corruption of the body caused by eating improper foods. His theory of bodily pollution, a metaphor for the corruption of society, coincided with Counter-Reformation concepts about sin and the social order. PMID: 11... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942236 Sun, 01 Feb 1998 05:00:00 +0100 942236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942235&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Newman WR, Principe LM The parallel usage of the two terms "alchemy" and "chemistry" by seventeenth-century writers has engendered considerable confusion among historians of science. Many historians have succumbed to the temptation of assuming that the early modern term "chemistry" referred to something like the modern discipline, while supposing that "alchemy" pertained to a different set of practices and beliefs, predominantly the art of transmuting base metals into gold. This paper provides the first exhaustive analysis of the two terms and their interlinguistic cognates in the seventeenth century. It demonstrates that the intentional partition of the two terms with the restriction of alchemy to the sense of metallic transmutation was not widely accepted until the end of th... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942235 Sun, 01 Feb 1998 05:00:00 +0100 942235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942234&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11620329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guerrini A PMID: 11620329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942234 Sun, 01 Feb 1998 05:00:00 +0100 942234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942241&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11618896%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taub L PMID: 11618896 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Early Science and Medicine) Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942241 Sat, 01 Feb 1997 05:00:00 +0100 942241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942243&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11618915%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lüthy CH Recent scholarship, focusing on the rapid decline of microscopy after the late 1680's, has shown that the limitations of microscopy and the ambivalent meaning of its findings led to a wide-spread sense of frustration with the new instrument. The present article tries to connect this fall from favor with the microscope's equally surprising but hitherto little noticed late rise to prominence. The crucial point is that when the microscope, more than a decade after the telescope, finally managed to arouse the interest of natural philosophers, it did so as a corpuscularian tool, and as such it came to share the difficult fate of seventeenth-century corpuscularianism. The essay ends with the claim that the fall of microscopy was not only due to the failure of microscop... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942243 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 05:00:00 +0100 942243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=942242&cid=s_36500_163_f&fid=36500&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11618916%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harris SJ The ability of the Society of Jesus to engage in a broad and enduring tradition of scientific activity is here addressed in terms of its programmatic commitment to the consolidation and extension of the Catholic confession (i.e., to a multipronged program of confession-building) and its mastery of the administrative apparatus necessary to operate long-distance networks. The Society's early move into two major apostolates, one in education and the other in the overseas missions, brought Jesuits into regular contact with the educated elites of Europe and at the same time placed the society's missionaries in remote parts of the natural world. The modes of organization of travel and communication required by the Society's long-distance networks (i.e., the training and de... Early Science and Medicine journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=942242 Mon, 01 Jan 1996 05:00:00 +0100 942242