MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America' source. Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:17:29 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183324&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001236%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183324 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183323&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000930%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Hugh Montgomery's discovery of the first of more than 239 fitness genes together with rapid advances in human gene therapy have created a prospect of using genes, genetic elements, and cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance (to paraphrase the World Anti-Doping Agency's definition of gene doping). This brief overview covers the main areas of interface between genetics and sport, attempts to provide a context against which gene doping may be viewed, and predicts a futuristic legitimate use of genomic (and possibly epigenetic) information in sport. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183323 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183322&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000851%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Endurance athletes demonstrate an exceptional resistance to fatigue when exercising at high intensity. Much research has been devoted to the contribution of aerobic capacity for the economy of endurance performance. Important aspects of the fine-tuning of metabolic processes and power output in the endurance athlete have been overlooked. This review addresses how training paradigms exploit bioenergetic pathways in recruited muscle groups to promote the endurance phenotype. A special focus is laid on the genome-mediated mechanisms that underlie the conditioning of fatigue resistance and aerobic performance by training macrocycles and complements. The available data on work-induced muscle plasticity implies that different biologic strategies are exploited in athletic and untrained population... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183322 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183321&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001078%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the inevitable use of growth factors for enhancing muscle strength and athletic performance. Much effort has been expended on developing a treatment of muscle wasting associated with a range of diseases and aging. Frailty in the aging population is a major socioeconomic and medical problem. Emerging molecular techniques have made it possible to gain a better understanding of the growth factor genes and how they are activated by physical activity. The ways that misuse of growth factors may be detected and verified in athletes and future challenges for detecting manipulation of signaling pathways are discussed. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183321 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183320&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS088985290900108X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The female athlete triad is an increasingly prevalent condition involving disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. An athlete can suffer from all 3 components of the triad, or just 1 or 2 of the individual conditions. The main element underlying all the aspects of the triad is an adaptation to a negative caloric balance. Screening for these disorders should be an important component of an athlete's care. Prevention and treatment should involve a team approach, including a physician, a nutritionist, and a mental health provider. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183320 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183319&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000875%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses procedures for monitoring recombinant erythropoietin and its analogues in doping for athletic performance. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183319 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183318&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000917%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is secreted by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and is converted into potent sex steroids in peripheral target cells. As oral DHEA administration can lead to dose-dependent increases in circulating androgens, which may reach high supraphysiologic levels in women, it has been included in the list of prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, evidence for an ergogenic activity of DHEA is still largely nonexistent. Randomized trials in elderly subjects with an age-dependent decrease in DHEA have provided little or no evidence for enhanced physical performance after long-term administration of DHEA, 50 mg/d, and smaller short-term studies in healthy male athletes using higher doses were completely negative. Thus the widely per... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183318 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183318 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183317&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS088985290900084X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article shows that there is scientific evidence that GCs mediate ergogenic effects in animals and humans. Moreover, the health risks of using GCs are well characterized. GCs are doping agents and should remain on the World Antidoping Agency's list of banned products. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183317 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:33 +0100 3183317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183316&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000942%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Stimulants have been frequently detected in doping control samples and represent a structurally diverse class of compounds. Comprehensive sports drug-testing procedures have been developed using gas or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection, and they have revealed various adverse analytical findings, as demonstrated with 2 examples, 4-methylhexan-2-amine and methoxyphenamine. Moreover, the necessity of controlling the use or misuse of stimulating agents is outlined by means of pseudoephedrine, a compound that was prohibited in sports until the end of 2003. Since the ban was lifted, monitoring programs proved a significant increase in pseudoephedrine applications as determined from urine samples collected in competition. As a consequence, a reimplementation of this... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183316 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:32 +0100 3183316 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183315&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000887%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The potential ergogenic effects of asthma medication in athletes have been controversially discussed for decades. The prevalence of asthma is higher in elite athletes than in the general population. The highest risk for developing asthmatic symptoms is found in endurance athletes and swimmers. In addition, asthma seems to be more common in winter-sport athletes. Asthmatic athletes commonly use inhaled β2-agonists to prevent and treat asthmatic symptoms. However, β2-agonists are prohibited according to the “Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency” (WADA). Until the end of 2009 an exception was only allowed for the substances formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, and terbutaline by inhalation, as long as a so-called therapeutic use exemption has been applied for and was granted b... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183315 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:32 +0100 3183315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183314&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001091%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is an individual electronic document that collects data regarding a specific athlete that is useful in differentiating between natural physiologic variations of selected biomarkers and deviations caused by artificial manipulations. A subsidiary of the endocrine module of the ABP, that which here is called Athlete Steroidal Passport (ASP), collects data on markers of an altered metabolism of endogenous steroidal hormones measured in urine samples. The ASP aims to identify not only doping with anabolic–androgenic steroids, but also most indirect steroid doping strategies such as doping with estrogen receptor antagonists and aromatase inhibitors. Development of specific markers of steroid doping, use of the athlete's previous measurements to define indi... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183314 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183314 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183313&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001108%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. As with all natural steroids, it is biosynthesized from cholesterol. Phase I metabolism employs some very specific enzymes and pathways. Phase II metabolism and excretion follow more general patterns. The effects of testosterone are twofold: anabolic and androgenic. Because of its anabolic effects, testosterone is frequently abused in sports. Because of its endogenous nature, testosterone doping is difficult to detect. The standard procedure is based on the evaluation of the urinary steroid profile. Conspicuous samples then are submitted to compound-specific 13C/12C analysis. Synthetic and endogenous steroids differ in this measure. Numerous xenobiotic compounds have been derived from testosterone. The modifications typically aim at a reducti... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183313 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183312&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000863%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes It is believed that insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are abused by professional athletes, either alone or in combination with growth hormone (GH) and anabolic steroids. The recent introduction of IGF-I to clinical practice is likely to increase its availability and abuse. Insulin and IGF-I work together with GH to control the supply of nutrients to tissues in the fasted and fed state. The actions of insulin and IGF-I that may enhance performance include increased protein anabolism and glucose uptake and storage. The detection of IGF-I and insulin abuse is challenging. There are established mass spectrometry methods for insulin analogs. The feasibility of using GH-dependent markers to detect IGF-I use is being assessed. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183312 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183311&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000899%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Catching athletes abusing human growth hormone (GH) by official antidoping tests is challenging because of specific properties of the hormone. Furthermore, the chemical structure of recombinant GH (rGH) is identical to that of the main GH isoform secreted by the pituitary, making it difficult to discriminate between endogenous and injected GH molecules by biochemical tests. The approaches developed to solve the problem include the “marker approach,” which measures changes in concentration of GH-dependent proteins that are inappropriately elevated after rGH injection, and the “isoform approach,” which detects changes in the spectrum of circulating GH isoforms after administration of rGH. A more widespread use of these tests in out-of-competition controls will enhance the likelihood ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183311 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183311 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183310&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000905%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Human growth hormone (GH) is widely abused by athletes; however, there is little evidence that GH improves physical performance. Replacement of GH in GH deficiency improves some aspects of exercise capacity. There is evidence for a protein anabolic effect of GH in healthy adults and for increased lean body mass following GH, although fluid retention likely contributes to this increase. The evidence suggests that muscle strength, power, and aerobic exercise capacity are not enhanced by GH administration, however GH may improve anaerobic exercise capacity. There are risks of adverse effects of long-term abuse of GH. Sustained abuse of GH may lead to a state mimicking acromegaly, a condition with increased morbidity and mortality. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183310 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183309&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000929%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes the worldwide endeavor to combat doping in sports. It describes the historical reasons the movement began and outlines the current status of this effort by international sports groups, governments, and the World Anti-Doping Agency. The purposes, strengths, and limitations of the various entities are illustrated; and recommendations for improvements are made. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183309 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183308&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001145%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The extensive use of drugs in society, and specifically in sport, is by no means a new phenomenon. What has changed, however, are the methods applied, and the drugs used are now more sophisticated. Throughout history there are plenty of indications that athletes have used “magic” potions to give them an extra punch to gain an unfair advantage and hopefully win. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183308 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:29 +0100 3183308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183307&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001157%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Doping in sports has a long history, and Drs. Kamber and Mullis describe the history of the abuse and the establishment of world bodies that arose as anti-doping regulators. The World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) was created following years of scandals and controversy. Its job is to test and regulate doping in sport—a very challenging task! This historical perspective is a great introduction to the topic of this issue. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183307 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:28 +0100 3183307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183306&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001224%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183306 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:28 +0100 3183306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3183305&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001212%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3183305 Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:14:28 +0100 3183305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035055&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001029%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035055 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:21 +0100 3035055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035054&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000723%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Congenital hypothyroidism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia are included in many newborn screening (NBS) panels worldwide and in all state-sponsored programs in the United States. Both conditions meet the fundamental prerequisites for NBS: high incidence in the population; biomarkers in the dried blood specimen that are easily detected; and, effective therapies to lessen, if not prevent, the sequelae of late or no treatment. In this review, the history of NBS is discussed for these 2 conditions. The technologies and protocols used in their detection, and related subjects such as genetics, and treatment and outcomes, are also discussed. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035054 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:21 +0100 3035054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035053&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000802%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article summarizes the salient points of the latest consensus statements jointly developed by multiple endocrine societies including the Lawson Wilkins Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. As much as possible, the original intent and language of the statements was respected and paraphrased. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035053 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:21 +0100 3035053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035052&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000814%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), also referred to as holistic, or integrative, medicine, are terms that describe a heterogeneous collection of nontraditional therapies, from chemical substances, to biofeedback, to prayer. This review focuses on CAM in pediatric patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. CAM prevalence in this population and the specific modalities that have been studied in children are described. Randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective studies in young adults are evaluated for their applicability to pediatric patients. CAM's “complementary” role is emphasized, as there is evidence of significant morbidity when CAM replaces standard-of-care therapy. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035052 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:21 +0100 3035052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035051&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000711%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Prevention of loss of β cells in type 1 diabetes is a major goal of current research. Knowledge of the genetic susceptibility, increasing ability to predict who may be at risk, recognition of the potential clinical impact of residual insulin secretion after diagnosis, and development of new immunomodulatory agents have supported an increasing number of clinical trials to prevent β-cell loss. Interventions can be targeted at 3 stages: before the development of autoimmunity (primary prevention), after autoimmunity is recognized (secondary prevention), or after diagnosis when significant numbers of β cells remain (tertiary prevention). Thus far, several agents show promise when given shortly after diagnosis, but no interventions before diagnosis have shown benefit. Knowledge in this area h... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035051 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:21 +0100 3035051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035050&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000747%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Whether for the prepubertal or pubertal child, the goal of fertility preservation is to obtain cells or tissues to be used to produce future children. For the prepubertal child, preservation efforts involve germ cells, earlier forms of sperm, and immature follicles, rather than mature spermatozoa or follicles. Options for prepubertal children include for boys freezing testicular tissue and extracting testicular sperm or for girls obtaining ovarian cortical or follicular tissue for storage. These procedures involve extraction and storage of immature gametes for subsequent in vitro maturation, although attempts for sperm currently involve only animal studies. For adolescent subjects who have sufficient gonadal development and reserve, sperm, oocytes, and ovarian cortex can be retrieved as am... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035050 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035049&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000796%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the wide gamut of etiologies of primary amenorrhea, the US appearance of pathologic processes that result in primary amenorrhea, and helps the reader understand when additional higher tech imaging is indicated. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035049 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035049 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035048&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000735%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Adequate functioning at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is necessary for normal gonadal development and subsequent sex steroid production. Deficiencies at any level of the axis can lead to a hypogonadal state. The causes of hypogonadism are heterogeneous and may involve any level of the reproductive system. This review discusses various causes of hypogonadism, describes the evaluation of hypogonadal states, and outlines treatment options for the induction of puberty in affected adolescents. Whereas some conditions are clearly delineated, the exact etiology and underlying pathogenesis of many disorders is unknown. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035048 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035047&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000760%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews adrenal steroidogenesis and the pathophysiology of 21 hydroxylase deficiency. The three forms of CAH are then discussed in terms of clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment, and genetic basis. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment are also reviewed. The goal of therapy is to correct the deficiency in cortisol secretion and suppress androgen overproduction. Glucocorticoid replacement has been the mainstay of treatment for CAH, but new treatment strategies continue to be developed and studied. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035047 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035046&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000784%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Evaluation of the sella and surrounding structures in pediatric endocrinopathies is best performed with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Adequate assessment relies not only on determining the size and shape of the gland but also on confirming normal signal characteristics and homogeneous parenchymal enhancement. Surrounding structures, including the hypothalamus-infundibulum-stalk and the skull base and midline structures about the cerebral hemispheres, warrant careful attention to identify any associated abnormalities. Tumors, whether they arise in the gland or affect gland function through mass effect, are usually well resolved on today's scanners and imaging provides accurate characterization of these lesions. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035046 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035045&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000759%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article focuses on the principal disorders of water balance, diabetes insipidus, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035045 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035044&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000826%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Part II of the issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America focusing on Pediatric Endocrinology contains contributions that reflect some of the more recent advances in the field. New thoughts on diabetes insipidus and its diagnosis are coupled with newer insights on imaging of the brain with MRI. Updates on congenital adrenal hyperplasia and gonandal disorders are coupled with findings on ultrasonographic visualization of the gonands along with current and future prospects for fertility preservation. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035044 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035043&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000838%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The problems of water and electrolyte imbalance are well described in the article by Drs. Ranadive and Rosenthal. First, they describe the normal physiology of water and electrolyte homeostasis. They follow with a discussion of the two common abnormalities, hyponatremia and hypernatremia, and the mechanisms causing these disorders. The authors describe the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and diabetes insipidus, central and nephrogenic. Diagnostic dilemmas and the established and newer therapies are also discussed in detail. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035043 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035042&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001017%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035042 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3035041&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909001005%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3035041 Sat, 28 Nov 2009 14:10:20 +0100 3035041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754121&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS088985290900067X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754121 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754120&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000528%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The combination of targeted gene knockout studies in animals and human mutational analysis has demonstrated the key role of the IGF system in mammalian growth, both in utero and postnatally. The concept of IGF deficiency as a diagnostic category for children with growth failure first was proposed in the mid 1990s, and has gained support through the demonstration of patients with mutations in key components of the growth hormone (GH)-IGF axis, as well as the widespread use of IGF-I assays for evaluating short stature. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved IGF-I therapy for treating children who have severe primary IGF deficiency, defined as a height SD score ≤-3 and a serum IGF-1 SD score ≤-3, normal serum GH. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of IGF-I ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754120 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754119&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000516%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The approach to the child with growth retardation who is in puberty remains an important clinical challenge. The use of high-dose growth hormone (GH), suppression of puberty with GnRH analogs in combination with GH, and the use of selective inhibitors of the aromatase enzyme with aromatase inhibitors (also in combination with GH) are all therapeutic choices that have been studied. Aromatase blockade effectively blocks estrogen production in males with a reciprocal increase in testosterone, and a new generation of aromatase inhibitors, including anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane, is under investigation in adolescent subjects with severe growth retardation. This class of drugs, if judiciously used for a window of time, offers promise as an adjunct treatment of growth delay in pubertal pa... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754119 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754118&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000498%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes its historical use, current indications and studies for possible future uses. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754118 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754117&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000577%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Children's growth is a hallmark of their normal development and the association between nutrition and linear growth in children is well accepted. Growth requires an adequate supply of many different nutritional factors, some form the “building materials,” whereas others play regulatory roles. In this article we describe the growth of the growth plate and discuss the role of nutritional affected hormones on this process. In addition we describe the effect of local regulators and nutritional factors on the growth process and suggest the involvement of new regulatory factors in the translation of nutrition to growth. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754117 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754116&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS088985290900053X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article addresses the causes of metabolic syndrome and the relevance of obesity in the pediatric population. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754116 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754115&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000553%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews factors that contribute to excessive weight gain in children and outlines current knowledge regarding approaches for treating pediatric obesity. Most of the known genetic causes of obesity primarily increase energy intake. Genes regulating the leptin signaling pathway are particularly important for human energy homeostasis. Obesity is a chronic disorder that requires long-term strategies for management. The foundation for all treatments for pediatric obesity remains restriction of energy intake with lifestyle modification. There are few long-term studies of pharmacotherapeutic interventions for pediatric obesity. Bariatric surgical approaches are the most efficacious treatment but, because of their potential risks, are reserved for those with the most significant compl... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754115 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754114&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000504%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article describes the most common conditions and current knowledge regarding management. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754114 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754113&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000565%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article summarizes the ontogenesis and genetics of the thyroid with regards to its possible congenital dysfunction and briefly refers to the roles of the mother-placenta-fetal unit, iodine effect, and organic and functional changes of the negative feedback mechanism, as well as maturity and illness, in some forms of congenital hypo- and hyperthyroidism. This article also describes the published literature and the authors' data on the clinical aspects of congenital hypothyroidism, on the alternating hypo- and hyperthyroidism in the neonatal period, and on neonatal hyperthyroidism. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754113 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754112&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000541%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article introduces some of these concepts and some of the genetic techniques being used. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754112 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754111&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000589%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The last issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America dedicated to pediatric endocrinology was published in 2005. The great volume of significant scientific advances since then in endocrinology in general and pediatric endocrinology in particular has made it impossible to cover even the most salient advances in just one volume. Therefore, I am grateful to the editor, Dr. LeRoith, as well as the publisher for agreeing to produce a two-volume series on pediatric endocrinology. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754111 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754111 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754110&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000590%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes These issues contain a potpourri of endocrinological conditions important to the pediatric endocrinologist. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754110 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754109&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000668%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754109 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754109 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2754108&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000656%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2754108 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2754108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350493&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000401%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350493 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:27 +0100 2350493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350492&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000024%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The parathyroid glands are an infrequent target for autoimmunity, the exception being autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, in which autoimmune hypoparathyroidism is the rule. Antibodies that are directed against the parathyroid cell surface calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have recently been recognized to be present in the serum of patients with autoimmune hypoparathyroidism. In some individuals, these anti-CaSR antibodies have also been shown to produce functional activation of the receptor, suggesting a direct pathogenic role in hypocalcemia. Additionally, a few hypercalcemic patients with autoimmune hypocalciuric hypercalcemia owing to anti-CaSR antibodies that inhibit receptor activation have now been identified. Other novel parathyroid autoantigens are starting to be elucidated, s... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350492 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:24 +0100 2350492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350491&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000085%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndromes are variable in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome can be difficult at an early age when often only one manifestation is present, and it may take years for others to appear. Increased awareness of polyendocrinopathy syndromes, combined with analysis of specific autoantibodies and molecular genetics, should help earlier diagnosis of these conditions and prevent serious complications. Further definition of susceptibility genes and autoantigens, as well as a better understanding of the pathogenesis, is required to improve the diagnosis and management of these patients. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350491 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:23 +0100 2350491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350490&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000097%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Despite treatment with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the ability to work and quality of life of patients who have adrenal insufficiency remains low. There are no helpful objective measures of optimal glucocorticoid replacement, so this is best achieved by careful clinical assessment. Adequacy of mineralocorticoid replacement may be judged by assessing postural change in blood pressure, serum electrolytes, and plasma renin activity. Novel delayed-release and sustained-release formulations of hydrocortisone seem to more closely mimic diurnal serum cortisol rhythms than conventional hydrocortisone tablets. Such preparations are currently being evaluated and may play a role in management of patients who have adrenal insufficiency. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of Nort... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350490 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:22 +0100 2350490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350489&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000115%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Autoimmune Addison's disease and autoimmune ovarian insufficiency are caused by selective targeting by T and B lymphocytes to the steroidogenic apparatus in these organs. Autoantibodies toward 21-hydroxylase are a clinically useful marker for autoimmune Addison's disease. Autoantibodies to 21-hydroxylase are found in premature ovarian insufficiency, but others also can be present, notably antibodies against side-chain cleavage enzyme. The autoimmune response primarily targets the theca cells, yielding elevated concentrations of inhibin, which is emerging as a useful diagnostic marker for autoimmune etiology of ovarian insufficiency. Little is known about its immunogenetics, but in contrast to Addison's disease, several experimental models of autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency are a... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350489 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:22 +0100 2350489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350488&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS088985290900005X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is the most frequent and troublesome nonthyroidal complication of Graves' disease. It is mandatory to determine whether sight-threatening orbitopathy is present, as this requires prompt and aggressive treatment. Therapies for non–sight-threatening disease range from supportive measures only to medical therapies for active eye disease and surgical rehabilitation for burnt-out disease. Intravenous steroids and orbital radiotherapy are the mainstays of medical therapy. Rehabilitative surgery is frequently a staged process that may involve sequentially: orbital decompression, strabismus surgery, and eyelid procedures. Smoking cessation is recommended at all disease stages. Treatment within a multidisciplinary team consisting of both endocrinologists and ophthal... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350488 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:20 +0100 2350488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350487&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000103%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article reviews the current evidence so the reader can evaluate advantages and disadvantages of these treatment modalities. Surgery is rarely used, except for patients who have a large goiter or ophthalmopathy. Fewer than 50% of patients treated with ATD remain in long-term remission. Therefore, radioactive iodine is used increasingly. No data as yet support the routine use of biologic therapies (eg, rituximab). Prospective, randomized studies comparing available and any novel therapeutic options for GD are needed. The focus of these studies should include, but not be limited to, cost and quality of life. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350487 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:19 +0100 2350487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350486&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000048%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the pursuit of a better experimental model for hyperthyroid Graves' disease and outlines how this research has clarified the immunology of the disease. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350486 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:16 +0100 2350486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350485&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000073%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) has a central role in thyrocyte function and is also one of the major autoantigens for the autoimmune thyroid diseases. We review the post-translational processing, multimerization, and intramolecular cleavage of TSHR, all of which may modulate its signal transduction. The recent characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the TSHR, including stimulating, blocking, and neutral antibodies, have also revealed unique biologic insights into receptor activation and the variety of these TSHR antibodies may help explain the multiple clinical phenotypes seen in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Knowledge of the structure/function relationship of the TSHR is beginning to provide a greater understanding of thyroid physiology and thyroid autoimmunity. (Sour... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350485 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:15 +0100 2350485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350484&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000061%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Refinements in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of Type 1 diabetes from studies of animal models and clinical observation have led to new clinical trials to prevent disease progression and restore the loss of ß-cells that defines the disease. Antigen-specific agents have shown initial promise and non–antigen-specific agents now have improved safety compared with older agents. In addition, preclinical studies with other agents have shown efficacy. Ultimately, a combination of immunologic and cellular therapies may be needed to restore metabolic control. Agents that augment recovery of dysfunctional ß-cells, and other compounds that may be able to induce ß-cell replication, are logical additions once immune tolerance is achieved. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clini... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350484 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:14 +0100 2350484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350483&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000127%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The search for the susceptibility alleles for the complex genetic conditions of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid diseases has gained momentum in recent years. Studies have revealed several novel disease susceptibility alleles of relevance to both conditions, which brings the total number of genetic variants contributing to type 1 diabetes to ten. Additional genetic loci remain to be discovered, particularly in the autoimmune thyroid diseases. In the future, the density and coverage of single nucleotide polymorphisms available for high throughput genotyping will improve, and detailed analysis of the role of copy number variants in these diseases will shed new light on the pathogenesis of these common endocrinopathies. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350483 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:14 +0100 2350483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350482&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000139%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 clinically manifests as the triad of hypoparathyroidism, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Mutations in the gene that encodes the autoimmune regulator protein, AIRE, have been identified as the cause of the autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1. The loss of immunologic tolerance to tissue-restricted antigens consequent to an absence of AIRE expression in the thymus results in the thymic export of autoreactive T cells that initiate autoimmunity. In this article, we discuss the role of AIRE in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 and identify issues that still need to be addressed to fully understand the molecular pathophysiology of this complex syndrome. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics o... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350482 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:13 +0100 2350482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350481&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000036%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector functions. In humans, loss of function mutations in genes that regulate T-cell development and function have been associated with TR cell deficiency or dysfunction and syndromes of autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. Augmentation of TR cells by immunotherapy and pharmacologic agents is a promising strategy for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350481 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:12 +0100 2350481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350480&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000140%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Autoimmune disorders are among the most frequently encountered conditions in endocrine practice. Despite this, and disregarding minor developments in drug delivery, treatment has remained effectively unchanged for more than 50 years for thyroid disorders and even longer for autoimmune diabetes. This situation might be acceptable if the existing treatments were perfect and if patient quality of life and satisfaction were high; however, this is clearly not the case. In particular, people who have autoimmune diabetes, Addison's disease, and thyroid eye disease are left with chronic and morbid conditions, manageable only to a certain extent. Thus far, the promises of the 1980s and 1990s from the emerging fields of molecular immunology and molecular genetics have failed (by any objective measur... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350480 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:10 +0100 2350480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350479&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000322%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics focuses on clinical and molecular advances in autoimmune endocrine conditions. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350479 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:10 +0100 2350479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350478&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000395%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350478 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:10 +0100 2350478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2350477&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS0889852909000383%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2350477 Tue, 21 Apr 2009 08:34:10 +0100 2350477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308415&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328408%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: LeRoith D PMID: 19328408 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308415 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:12:10 +0100 2308415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308413&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328409%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pearce SH PMID: 19328409 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308413 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:11:57 +0100 2308413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308411&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328410%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chatila TA CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector functions. In humans, loss of function mutations in genes that regulate T-cell development and function have been associated with TR cell deficiency or dysfunction and syndromes of autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. Augmentation of TR cells by immunotherapy and pharmacologic agents is a promising strategy for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases. PMID: 19328410 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of N... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308411 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:11:28 +0100 2308411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308409&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328411%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shikama N, Nusspaumer G, Holländer GA Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 clinically manifests as the triad of hypoparathyroidism, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Mutations in the gene that encodes the autoimmune regulator protein, AIRE, have been identified as the cause of the autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1. The loss of immunologic tolerance to tissue-restricted antigens consequent to an absence of AIRE expression in the thymus results in the thymic export of autoreactive T cells that initiate autoimmunity. In this article, we discuss the role of AIRE in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 and identify issues that still need to be addressed to fully understand the molecular pathophysiology of this complex s... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308409 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:11:13 +0100 2308409 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308407&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328412%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pearce SH, Merriman TR The search for the susceptibility alleles for the complex genetic conditions of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid diseases has gained momentum in recent years. Studies have revealed several novel disease susceptibility alleles of relevance to both conditions, which brings the total number of genetic variants contributing to type 1 diabetes to ten. Additional genetic loci remain to be discovered, particularly in the autoimmune thyroid diseases. In the future, the density and coverage of single nucleotide polymorphisms available for high throughput genotyping will improve, and detailed analysis of the role of copy number variants in these diseases will shed new light on the pathogenesis of these common endocrinopathies. PMID: 19328412 [PubMed - in... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308407 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:10:48 +0100 2308407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308405&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328413%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Waldron-Lynch F, Herold KC Refinements in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of Type 1 diabetes from studies of animal models and clinical observation have led to new clinical trials to prevent disease progression and restore the loss of beta-cells that defines the disease. Antigen-specific agents have shown initial promise and non-antigen-specific agents now have improved safety compared with older agents. In addition, preclinical studies with other agents have shown efficacy. Ultimately, a combination of immunologic and cellular therapies may be needed to restore metabolic control. Agents that augment recovery of dysfunctional beta-cells, and other compounds that may be able to induce beta-cell replication, are logical additions once immune tolerance is achieved.... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308405 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:09:47 +0100 2308405 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308403&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328414%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Latif R, Morshed SA, Zaidi M, Davies TF The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) has a central role in thyrocyte function and is also one of the major autoantigens for the autoimmune thyroid diseases. We review the post-translational processing, multimerization, and intramolecular cleavage of TSHR, all of which may modulate its signal transduction. The recent characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the TSHR, including stimulating, blocking, and neutral antibodies, have also revealed unique biologic insights into receptor activation and the variety of these TSHR antibodies may help explain the multiple clinical phenotypes seen in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Knowledge of the structure/function relationship of the TSHR is beginning to provide a greater understanding ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308403 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:09:09 +0100 2308403 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308401&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328415%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the pursuit of a better experimental model for hyperthyroid Graves' disease and outlines how this research has clarified the immunology of the disease. PMID: 19328415 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308401 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:07:55 +0100 2308401 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308399&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328416%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the current evidence so the reader can evaluate advantages and disadvantages of these treatment modalities. Surgery is rarely used, except for patients who have a large goiter or ophthalmopathy. Fewer than 50% of patients treated with ATD remain in long-term remission. Therefore, radioactive iodine is used increasingly. No data as yet support the routine use of biologic therapies (eg, rituximab). Prospective, randomized studies comparing available and any novel therapeutic options for GD are needed. The focus of these studies should include, but not be limited to, cost and quality of life. PMID: 19328416 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308399 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:07:02 +0100 2308399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308397&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328417%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dickinson J, Perros P Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is the most frequent and troublesome nonthyroidal complication of Graves' disease. It is mandatory to determine whether sight-threatening orbitopathy is present, as this requires prompt and aggressive treatment. Therapies for non-sight-threatening disease range from supportive measures only to medical therapies for active eye disease and surgical rehabilitation for burnt-out disease. Intravenous steroids and orbital radiotherapy are the mainstays of medical therapy. Rehabilitative surgery is frequently a staged process that may involve sequentially: orbital decompression, strabismus surgery, and eyelid procedures. Smoking cessation is recommended at all disease stages. Treatment within a multidisciplinary team consisting of ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308397 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:06:18 +0100 2308397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308396&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328418%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Husebye ES, Løvås K Autoimmune Addison's disease and autoimmune ovarian insufficiency are caused by selective targeting by T and B lymphocytes to the steroidogenic apparatus in these organs. Autoantibodies toward 21-hydroxylase are a clinically useful marker for autoimmune Addison's disease. Autoantibodies to 21-hydroxylase are found in premature ovarian insufficiency, but others also can be present, notably antibodies against side-chain cleavage enzyme. The autoimmune response primarily targets the theca cells, yielding elevated concentrations of inhibin, which is emerging as a useful diagnostic marker for autoimmune etiology of ovarian insufficiency. Little is known about its immunogenetics, but in contrast to Addison's disease, several experimental models of autoi... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308396 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:05:58 +0100 2308396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308395&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328419%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reisch N, Arlt W Despite treatment with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the ability to work and quality of life of patients who have adrenal insufficiency remains low. There are no helpful objective measures of optimal glucocorticoid replacement, so this is best achieved by careful clinical assessment. Adequacy of mineralocorticoid replacement may be judged by assessing postural change in blood pressure, serum electrolytes, and plasma renin activity. Novel delayed-release and sustained-release formulations of hydrocortisone seem to more closely mimic diurnal serum cortisol rhythms than conventional hydrocortisone tablets. Such preparations are currently being evaluated and may play a role in management of patients who have adrenal insufficiency. PMID: 19328419 [Pub... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308395 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 21:05:28 +0100 2308395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308394&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328420%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Owen CJ, Cheetham TD The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndromes are variable in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome can be difficult at an early age when often only one manifestation is present, and it may take years for others to appear. Increased awareness of polyendocrinopathy syndromes, combined with analysis of specific autoantibodies and molecular genetics, should help earlier diagnosis of these conditions and prevent serious complications. Further definition of susceptibility genes and autoantigens, as well as a better understanding of the pathogenesis, is required to improve the diagnosis and management of these patients. PMID: 19328420 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinolo... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308394 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 20:56:43 +0100 2308394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2308393&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19328421%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brown EM The parathyroid glands are an infrequent target for autoimmunity, the exception being autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, in which autoimmune hypoparathyroidism is the rule. Antibodies that are directed against the parathyroid cell surface calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have recently been recognized to be present in the serum of patients with autoimmune hypoparathyroidism. In some individuals, these anti-CaSR antibodies have also been shown to produce functional activation of the receptor, suggesting a direct pathogenic role in hypocalcemia. Additionally, a few hypercalcemic patients with autoimmune hypocalciuric hypercalcemia owing to anti-CaSR antibodies that inhibit receptor activation have now been identified. Other novel parathyroid autoantigens are starti... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2308393 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 20:52:06 +0100 2308393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2277115&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19294401%26dopt%3DAbstract We report a case with an extensive papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland treated by external beam radiotherapy as a cytoreductive therapy followed by total thyroidectomy. Postoperatively the patient was given radioactive iodine. The patient is free from tumor a year after the treatment. PMID: 19294401 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2277115 Wed, 18 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2277115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2196769&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217508%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: LeRoith D PMID: 19217508 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2196769 Fri, 20 Feb 2009 08:31:41 +0100 2196769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2196768&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217509%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith DA PMID: 19217509 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2196768 Fri, 20 Feb 2009 08:31:33 +0100 2196768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192841&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217508%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroith D PMID: 19217508 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192841 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:39 +0100 2192841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192840&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217509%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith DA PMID: 19217509 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192840 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:36 +0100 2192840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192839&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217510%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews studies that compare these different lipoprotein variables, describes advanced methodologies of lipoprotein testing, and suggests goals of treatment and clinical situations in which these tests might be ordered. PMID: 19217510 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192839 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:32 +0100 2192839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192838&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217511%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilson PW Risk scores for the prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) have greatly improved in the past 30 years. While standardized baseline measurements and modern technology aid in the development of increasingly accurate CHD risk algorithms, recent reports have shown that simple prediction tools using a basic set of variables, including age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, hypertension, exercise, body mass index, diabetes, and family history are predictive of CHD risk and can potentially be self-administered. PMID: 19217511 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192838 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:28 +0100 2192838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192837&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217512%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses specific dietary factors as well as dietary patterns that affect the major coronary heart disease (CHD) lipid risk factors (ie, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG). Based on a very large evidence base, it is clear that diet and lifestyle practices can markedly affect these major CHD lipid risk factors, and consequently decrease CHD risk substantively. PMID: 19217512 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192837 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:24 +0100 2192837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192836&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217513%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the efficacy and safety of available statins, bile acid sequestrants, and ezetimibe in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. PMID: 19217513 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192836 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:20 +0100 2192836 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192835&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217514%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stein EA Although the past 30 years have been fruitful and productive in lipid research, from basic science to drug development to demonstration of clinical benefit, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized societies. With the rapid industrialization of countries, such as India and China, cardiovascular disease rapidly is becoming the leading cause of global death and disability. Although most of the effective lipid-lowering drugs, the statins, have become generic and inexpensive, there remains a need for effective and safe agents. Hopefully, some of those discussed in this article will fill that need. PMID: 19217514 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192835 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:15 +0100 2192835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192834&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217515%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Venero CV, Thompson PD Approximately 10% of patients treated with statins experience some form of muscle-related side effects in clinical practice. These can range from asymptomatic creatine kinase (CK) elevation, to muscle pain, weakness, and its most severe form, rhabdomyolysis. Higher risk patients for statin myopathy are those older than 80, with a small body frame, on higher statin doses, on other medications, or with other systemic diseases including hepatic or renal diseases, diabetes mellitus, or hypothyroidism. The cause of statin myopathy is presumed to be the same for its variable presentation but has not been defined. In patients with myopathic symptoms, their symptoms and CK levels determine whether statin therapy can be continued or must be stopped. PMID: 192... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192834 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:10 +0100 2192834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192833&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217516%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Goldberg IJ The treatment of elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is standard medical practice supported by conclusive outcome data. Less definitive information exists for hypertriglyceridemia. Only in the setting of severe hyperchylomicronemia is the benefit of triglyceride lowering clear: it is a means to reduce the risk of pancreatitis. The relationship of triglycerides and cardiovascular disease is still unclear. Moreover, the cardiovascular benefits of reducing triglycerides and of using triglyceride-lowering medications remain unproved. Nonetheless it has become almost standard to reduce the levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are a major component of plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. PMID: 19217516 [PubMed - as supplied by ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192833 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:06 +0100 2192833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192832&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217517%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the development of newer treatments targeted at raising HDL-C and HDL particle numbers to reduce residual risk in patients at risk for CHD. PMID: 19217517 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192832 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:17:02 +0100 2192832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192831&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217518%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zappalla FR, Gidding SS Atherosclerosis begins in childhood, and early initiation of prevention through behavioral means may lower the risk of future cardiovascular disease. The obesity epidemic threatens the cardiovascular health of today's children. Genetic dyslipidemias such as familial hypercholesterolemia and the presence of multiple risk factors in the same child or adolescent may require pharmacologic therapy. PMID: 19217518 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192831 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:16:57 +0100 2192831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192830&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217519%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nair AP, Darrow B Elderly individuals are at higher risk for cardiovascular events, and thus this population stands to gain a greater reduction in events from lipid therapy than younger individuals. Multiple primary and secondary prevention trials have demonstrated that the benefits of statins in geriatric patients are equivalent to, or greater than, those seen in younger patients. Combination therapy with non-statin agents should be considered in patients who do not meet cholesterol goals or who have concomitant hypertriglyceridemia or low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although increased side effects may occur with high-dose statin therapy, careful vigilance of drug interactions and limiting polypharmacy can reduce these effects. PMID: 19217519 [PubMed -... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192830 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:16:52 +0100 2192830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192829&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217520%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aberg JA Dyslipidemia now is recognized as a significant potential adverse event in HIV-infected patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Providers must treat the HIV infection first; if dyslipidemia develops, patients should be prescribed lipid-lowering therapies or should consider modifying their current antiretroviral therapy, if indicated. Evidence for these two strategies is discussed. PMID: 19217520 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192829 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:16:41 +0100 2192829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2192828&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217521%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in CKD, dialysis, and renal transplant patients, the therapeutic options, and their association with clinical outcomes. Whenever possible, comparisons are made to outcomes in the general population. PMID: 19217521 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2192828 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:16:12 +0100 2192828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111571&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026931%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroith D PMID: 19026931 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111571 Mon, 01 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2111571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111570&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karnieli E PMID: 19026932 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111570 Mon, 01 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2111570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986679&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026931%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroith D PMID: 19026931 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986679 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:52 +0100 1986679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986678&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026932%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karnieli E PMID: 19026932 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986678 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:49 +0100 1986678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986677&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026933%26dopt%3DAbstract This article provides an integrated perspective on how metabolic signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, and other peripheral organs target the brain to regulate feeding, energy expenditure, and hormones. The pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed. PMID: 19026933 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986677 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:46 +0100 1986677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986676&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026934%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Buettner C, Camacho RC The liver plays a pivotal role in the regulation of glucose metabolism because it is the key organ that maintains glucose levels during fasting. An emerging body of literature has demonstrated the important role of the hypothalamus in controlling hepatic glucose production (HGP). The hypothalamus senses circulating nutrients and hormones, conveying the energy status to the central nervous system, which, in turn, controls HGP in part by way of the autonomic nervous system. Overfeeding results in the failure of the hypothalamus to sense circulating nutrients and hormones, and in a loss of the central control of HGP. PMID: 19026934 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986676 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:43 +0100 1986676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986675&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026935%26dopt%3DAbstract This article emphasizes intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid accumulation as components of the insulin resistance syndrome. It examines the mechanisms responsible for the interrelationships among ectopic fat deposition, insulin resistance, and associated metabolic traits. These relationships are complex and vary according to diet, exercise, weight loss, and racial identity. Overall, there is a high degree of association of both intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipids with insulin resistance and associated cardiometabolic risk factors. It concludes that further research is necessary to determine the orchestrated roles of adipose and nonadipose tissue compartments in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, and mechanisms explaining racial differences in the insulin resistanc... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986675 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:40 +0100 1986675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986674&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026936%26dopt%3DAbstract This article summarizes advances in the field of host-microbe interactions in the gut. The human gut is home to a complex community of microbes (the microbiota) that plays a critical role in host nutrient acquisition and metabolism, development of intestinal epithelial cells, and host immune system. Genetic background, nutritional status, and environmental factors influence the structure and function of the gut microbiota. Networks for cell-cell communication include microbes actively communicating with microbes of the same and other species; host cells recognizing and interacting with commensal versus pathogenic organisms; and microbes releasing peptides that resemble peptide hormones of vertebrates, possibly influencing host cell function. PMID: 19026936 [PubMed - in process] (Source... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986674 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:36 +0100 1986674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986673&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026937%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the scientific evidence of the various dietary manipulations for weight loss and the challenges of maintaining a reduced obese state. PMID: 19026937 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986673 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:33 +0100 1986673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986672&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026938%26dopt%3DAbstract This article addresses the debate regarding the relative effects of physical exercise itself and the effect of exercise-induced weight loss. PMID: 19026938 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986672 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:30 +0100 1986672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986671&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026939%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the unique influence of cognitive, behavioral, and metabolic factors on weight loss and weight-loss maintenance, and how future treatment packages might be modified to improve long-term weight loss outcomes. PMID: 19026939 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986671 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:25 +0100 1986671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986670&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026940%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bray GA Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost everyone. For higher-risk patients, such as those planning intestinal bypass or who have sleep apnea, a wider range of drugs may be considered. Obesity is a chronic disease that has many causes. Treatment is aimed at palliation-that is, producing and maintaining weight loss. Regardless of the primary site of action, the net effect must be a reduction in food intake or increase in energy expenditure. PMID: 19026940 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrino... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986670 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:22 +0100 1986670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1986669&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19026941%26dopt%3DAbstract This article delineates the current types of bariatric surgery, their respective outcomes, and their impact on obesity-related medical comorbidities. PMID: 19026941 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1986669 Thu, 27 Nov 2008 03:55:19 +0100 1986669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1935813&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: LeRoith D PMID: 18775350 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1935813 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1935813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1935812&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karnieli E PMID: 18775351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1935812 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1935812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1935811&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D, Karnieli E In today's society with the escalating levels of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome is receiving considerable attention and is the subject of much controversy. Greater insight into the mechanism(s) behind the syndrome may improve our understanding of how to prevent and best manage this complex condition. PMID: 18775352 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1935811 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1935811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777332&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroith D PMID: 18775350 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777332 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777331&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karnieli E PMID: 18775351 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777331 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777330&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gallagher EJ, Leroith D, Karnieli E In today's society with the escalating levels of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome is receiving considerable attention and is the subject of much controversy. Greater insight into the mechanism(s) behind the syndrome may improve our understanding of how to prevent and best manage this complex condition. PMID: 18775352 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777330 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777329&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775353%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reaven GM Insulin-mediated glucose disposal varies at least sixfold in apparently healthy individuals. The adverse effect of decreases in the level of physical fitness on insulin sensitivity is comparable to the untoward impact of excess adiposity, with each accounting for approximately 25% of the variability of insulin action. It is the loss of insulin sensitivity that explains why obese individuals are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease, but not all overweight/obese individuals are insulin resistant. At a clinical level, it is important to identify those overweight individuals who are also insulin resistant and to initiate the most intensive therapeutic effort in this subgroup. Finally, it appears that the adverse impact of overall obesity, as estimated by body ma... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777329 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777328&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775354%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Razani B, Chakravarthy MV, Semenkovich CF Insulin resistance characterizes type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, disorders associated with an increased risk of death due to macrovascular disease. In the past few decades, research from both the basic science and clinical arenas has enabled evidence-based use of therapeutic modalities such as statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to reduce cardiovascular (CV) mortality in insulin-resistant patients. Recently, promising drugs such as the thiazolidinediones have come under scrutiny for possible deleterious CV effects. Ongoing research has broadened our understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, implicating detrimental effects of inflammation and the cellular stress response on the vasculature. In... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777328 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777327&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775355%26dopt%3DAbstract This article focuses on the mechanisms involved in the development of the proatherogenic lipid changes associated with obesity. PMID: 18775355 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777327 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777326&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775356%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boden G Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels are elevated in obesity. FFAs cause insulin resistance in all major insulin target organs (skeletal muscle, liver, endothelial cells) and have emerged as a major link between obesity, the development of the metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerotic vascular disease. FFAs also produce low-grade inflammation in skeletal muscle, liver, and fat, which may contribute to cardiovascular events. The challenges for the future include the prevention or correction of obesity and elevated plasma FFA levels through methods that include decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure, the development of methods to measure FFAs in small blood samples, and the development of efficient pharmacologic approaches to normalize increased plasma F... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777326 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777325&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775357%26dopt%3DAbstract This article, reviews the current knowledge on obesity-related hypertension. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this epidemic will be important in devising future treatment avenues. PMID: 18775357 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777325 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777324&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775358%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zalesin KC, Franklin BA, Miller WM, Peterson ED, McCullough PA The epidemiology of cardiovacular disease risk factors is changing rapidly with the obesity pandemic. Obesity is independently associated with the risks for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure. Intra-abdominal obesity is also unique as a cardiovascular risk state in that it contributes to or directly causes most other modifiable risk factors, namely, hypertension, dysmetabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity can also exacerbate cardiovascular disease through a variety of mechanisms including systemic inflammation, hypercoagulability, and activation of the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems. Thus, weight reduction is a key strategy for simultaneous improvement in glo... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777324 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777323&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775359%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the implications of pathway-selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium, interactions between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, and therapeutic interventions that may simultaneously improve both metabolic and cardiovascular physiology in insulin-resistant conditions. PMID: 18775359 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777323 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777322&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775360%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the latest advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle in T2D and obesity, with a focus on possible links between insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID: 18775360 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777322 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777321&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775361%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ranadive SA, Vaisse C Human obesity has a strong genetic component. Most genes that influence an individual's predisposition to gain weight are not yet known. However, the study of extreme human obesity caused by single gene defects has provided a glimpse into the long-term regulation of body weight. These monogenic obesity disorders have confirmed that the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin system is critical for energy balance in humans, because disruption of these pathways causes the most severe obesity phenotypes. Approximately 20 different genes and at least three different mechanisms have been implicated in monogenic causes of obesity; however, they account for fewer than 5% of all severe obesity cases. This finding suggests that the genetic basis for human obesity is like... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777321 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777320&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775362%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Halberg N, Wernstedt-Asterholm I, Scherer PE Adipose tissue contains many cell types. Among the more abundant are adipocytes, preadipocytes, immune cells, and endothelial cells. During times of excess caloric intake, these cells have to adjust and remodel to accommodate the increased demand for triglyceride storage. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the total adipose tissue secretome, this article focuses on three areas of adipokine biology: (1) How does the adipocyte interact with the extracellular matrix over the course of obestiy? (2) Does the adipocyte, per se, play a role in the innate immune response? (3) How is the angiogenic profile of adipose tissue linked to the development of insulin resistance? The authors present a comprehensive overview of all of the currently... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777320 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1777319&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18775363%26dopt%3DAbstract This article summarizes the physiology of the major gut hormones implicated in appetite regulation, and reviews clinical evidence that gives us insight into their potential as clinical treatments for obesity. PMID: 18775363 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1777319 Mon, 01 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1777319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1629248&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: LeRoith D PMID: 18502326 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1629248 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1629248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1629247&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502327%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ezzat S, Asa SL PMID: 18502327 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1629247 Sun, 01 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1629247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468080&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroith D PMID: 18502326 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468080 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:31 +0100 1468080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468079&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502327%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ezzat S, Asa SL PMID: 18502327 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468079 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:28 +0100 1468079 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468078&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baloch ZW, Livolsi VA Thyroid neoplasms are classified into three major categories: epithelial, nonepithelial, and secondary. Most primary epithelial tumors of thyroid are derived from follicular cells. These include follicular adenoma and carcinoma (Hürthle and non-Hürthle), and papillary carcinoma and its variants. Other primary epithelial tumors include medullary carcinoma, mixed medullary and follicular carcinomas, insular and poorly differentiated carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and the least common squamous carcinoma and related tumors. The nonepithelial tumors are rare; the most common include malignant lymphoma and tumors arising from the mesenchymal elements. The secondary tumors represent metastatic tumors to the thyroid usually originating in lung, kidney... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468078 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:25 +0100 1468078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468077&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Giordano TJ There is much interest in the application of genome biology to the field of thyroid neoplasia, despite the relatively low mortality rate associated with thyroid cancer in general. The principal reason for this interest is that the field of thyroid neoplasia stands to benefit from the application of genomic information to address a variety of pathologic and clinical issues. In addition to practical patient care issues, there is an excellent opportunity of expand the basic understanding of thyroid carcinogenesis. In this article, the most relevant genomic work on thyroid tumors performed to date is reviewed along with some general comments about the potential impact of genomic biology on thyroid pathology and the management of patients with thyroid nodules and cancer... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468077 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:21 +0100 1468077 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468076&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502330%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sobrinho-Simões M, Máximo V, Rocha AS, Trovisco V, Castro P, Preto A, Lima J, Soares P The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins of the stimulatory family mutations in hyperfunctioning tumors; mutations in RAS and other genes and aneuploidy; PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements; BRAF mutations; mutations in oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs cycle genes in Hürthle cell tumors; mutations in succinate dehydrogenase genes in medullary carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia; ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468076 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:17 +0100 1468076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468075&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502331%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the data about the mechanism of activation of downstream signal transduction pathways by RET oncoproteins. Collectively, these findings have advanced the understanding of the processes underlying thyroid carcinoma formation. PMID: 18502331 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468075 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:13 +0100 1468075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468074&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502332%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paes JE, Ringel MD The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is an important regulator of many cellular events, including apoptosis, proliferation, and motility. Enhanced activation of this pathway can occur through several mechanisms, such as inactivation of its negative regulator, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), and activating mutations and gene amplification of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA). These genetic abnormalities have been particularly associated with follicular thyroid neoplasia and anaplastic thyroid cancer, suggesting an important role for PI3K signaling in these disorders. In this article, the role of PI3K pathway activation in thyroid cancer is discussed, with a focus on recent advances.... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468074 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:08 +0100 1468074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468073&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502333%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the evidence for epigenetic gene dysregulation in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas including papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. The authors also discuss future applications of epigenetics as ancillary diagnostic tools and in the design of targeted therapies for thyroid cancer. PMID: 18502333 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468073 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:04 +0100 1468073 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468072&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502334%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the sonographic features of thyroid nodules associated with malignancy and the role of ultrasound in the management of patients with thyroid cancer. PMID: 18502334 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468072 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:55:01 +0100 1468072 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468071&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502335%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a risk-adapted follow-up paradigm to guide both intensity and methodology of follow-up testing based on initial risk stratification, ongoing risk stratification, and secondary risk stratification that incorporates each of the well-known risk factors for recurrence and death from thyroid cancer, with a response to therapy variable as well as duration of disease-free survival. With a proper understanding of the biology of the disease and with accurate assessments of response to therapy, clinicians are better able to tailor a risk-appropriate follow-up approach to individual patients, minimizing excessive testing while still providing adequate testing to detect clinically significant disease recurrence in a timely fashion. PMID: 18502335 [PubMed - as supplied by publ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468071 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:58 +0100 1468071 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468070&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502336%26dopt%3DAbstract This article includes discussions of the surgical approach to benign and malignant disease and the role of prophylactic thyroidectomy and nodal dissection for medullary thyroid cancer. The controversy regarding the extent of dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer and the role of lymph node dissection are reviewed also. A description of the authors' surgical technique for thyroidectomy is detailed. Finally, several emerging technologies are introduced. PMID: 18502336 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468070 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:54 +0100 1468070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468069&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502337%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sawka AM, Brierley JD, Tsang RW, Thabane L, Rotstein L, Gafni A, Straus S, Goldstein DP Radioactive iodine remnant ablation (RRA) is used to destroy residual normal thyroid tissue after complete gross surgical resection of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer. The article updates a prior systematic review of the literature to determine whether RRA decreases the risk of thyroid cancer-related death or recurrence at 10 years after initial surgery, including data from 28 studies. No long-term randomized trials were identified, so the review is limited to observational studies. The incremental benefit of RRA in low risk patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer after total or near-total thyroidectomy who are receiving thyroid hormone suppressive therapy remains unclear. ... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468069 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:50 +0100 1468069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468068&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502338%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jiménez C, Hu MI, Gagel RF Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is responsible for 13.4% of the total deaths attributable to thyroid cancer in human beings and research on MTC over the last 40 years has identified the RET proto-oncogene as a very relevant component of development of both sporadic and hereditary MTC. An activating germline RET proto-oncogene mutation responsible for a multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2) or a familial hereditary MTC syndrome is carried by 25% to 35% of patients with MTC. The recognition of RET proto-oncogene mutations by genetic sequencing has allowed us to differentiate hereditary from sporadic MTC, so that it is now possible to identify and treat children at risk for this disease before development of metastasis. Thanks to th... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468068 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:41 +0100 1468068 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468067&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502339%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the role of external beam radiotherapy (XRT) in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC), medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Although there are no randomized controlled studies on the use of XRT in thyroid cancer, evidence supports its use to treat gross disease after surgery or unresectable cancer and its use as an adjuvant after resection of a known high-risk disease in WDTC, and, to a lesser extent, in medullary thyroid cancer. The use of XRT for the palliation of symptomatic disease and recent advances in the technology of radiation delivery also will be discussed. PMID: 18502339 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468067 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:37 +0100 1468067 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468066&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502340%26dopt%3DAbstract This article focuses on findings from key studies that reflect the new paradigms for treatment. PMID: 18502340 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468066 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:34 +0100 1468066 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1468065&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18502341%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Neff RL, Farrar WB, Kloos RT, Burman KD Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an uncommon, typically lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. The mean survival time is usually less than 6 months from the time of diagnosis and, unfortunately, this outcome is not fundamentally altered by available treatments. Histologic tissue confirmation is recommended if the diagnosis is not absolutely certain to exclude tumors with better prognosis or that require different treatment. Patency of the airway should be kept in mind throughout the patient's course and individuals with impending airway obstruction, in the absence of imminent death from other sites of disease, should be considered for a tracheostomy to secure the airway. Enrollment in meaningful clinical trials... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1468065 Tue, 27 May 2008 13:54:30 +0100 1468065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1187386&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18226726%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroith D PMID: 18226726 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1187386 Wed, 30 Jan 2008 19:47:05 +0100 1187386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1187385&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18226727%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barkan AL PMID: 18226727 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1187385 Wed, 30 Jan 2008 19:47:03 +0100 1187385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1187384&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18226728%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sam S, Frohman LA The anterior pituitary is a complex heterogeneous gland that exerts a central role in the integration of several regulatory systems. Its six key hormones affect peripheral glands or target tissues and are essential for reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, adaptation to external environmental changes, and stress. Each of the pituitary hormones is regulated by the central nervous system through neuroendocrine pathways involving the hypothalamus, by feedback effects from peripheral target gland hormones, and by intrapituitary mechanisms. The hormones are secreted in a pulsatile manner, which is distinct for each hormone and reflects the influence of its individual neuroendocrine control mechanisms. PMID: 18226728 [PubMed - in process] (Source: E... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1187384 Wed, 30 Jan 2008 19:47:01 +0100 1187384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1187383&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18226729%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Levy A A significant proportion of pituitary macroadenomas, and by definition all microadenomas, regain trophic stability after an initial period of deregulated growth. Classical proto-oncogene activation and tumor suppressor mutation are rarely responsible, and no histologic or molecular markers reliably predict behavior. GNAS1 activation and the mutations associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Carney complex, aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene mutations, and a narrowing region of chromosome 11q13 in familial isolated acromegaly together account for such a small proportion of pituitary adenomas that the pituitary adenoma pathogenic epiphany is surely yet to come. PMID: 18226729 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Cl... Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1187383 Wed, 30 Jan 2008 19:46:57 +0100 1187383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1187382&cid=s_33223_15_f&fid=33223&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18226730%26dopt%3DAbstract This article summarizes the surgical approach to different neoplastic processes affecting the sellar region. PMID: 18226730 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1187382 Wed, 30 Jan 2008 19:46:55 +0100 1187382