MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Epidemiologic Reviews' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 11:21:03 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567380&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F156%3Frss%3D1 The relatively large birth cohort between 1946 and 1964, combined with the economic recession in the first decade of the 21st century, have led to an increase in the proportion of older workers in the US workplace. Understanding the health and safety needs of an aging workforce will be critical, especially in the construction industry, where physical job demands are high. This paper reviews the epidemiologic literature on the impact of age on injury among workers in the construction industry in terms of cause, type, and cost. PubMed was searched by using the following terms: older workers, construction, construction industry, injury, and age. The available studies reported that, among the construction industry workforce, older age at injury was related to higher injury costs but not to num... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567380 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567379&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F145%3Frss%3D1 Humanitarian relief work is a growing field characterized by ongoing exposure to primary and secondary trauma, which has implications for workers’ occupational mental health. This paper reviews and summarizes research to date on mental health effects of relief work. Twelve studies on relief workers and 5 studies on organizations that employ relief workers are examined to determine whether relief work is a risk factor for trauma-related mental illness. Although studies are inconsistent regarding methods and outcomes documenting trauma-related mental illness among relief workers, it appears that relief workers, compared with the general population, experience elevated trauma rates and suffer from more posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Organizations that employ rel... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567379 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567378&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F129%3Frss%3D1 Asian countries account for approximately 60% of the world’s suicides, but there is a great mismatch in the region between the scale of the problem and the resources available to tackle it. Despite certain commonalities, the continent itself is culturally, economically, and socially diverse. This paper reviews current epidemiologic patterns of suicide, including suicide trends, sociodemographic factors, urban/rural living, suicide methods, sociocultural religious influences, and risk and protective factors in Asia, as well as their implications. The observed epidemiologic distributions of suicides reflect complex interplays among the traditional value/culture system, rapid economic transitions under market globalization, availability/desirability of suicide methods, and sociocultural... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567378 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567377&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F120%3Frss%3D1 Peer victimization is a common problem among school-aged children, and those with chronic conditions are at an increased risk. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to explore the increased risk of peer victimization among children with chronic conditions compared with others, considering a variety of chronic conditions; and to assess intervention programs designed to reduce negative attitudes or peer victimization at school toward children with chronic conditions. Various data sources were used (PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, Web of Science), and 59 studies published between 1991 and 2011 and mainly carried out in North American and European countries were included in the review. A higher level of peer victimization among children with chronic conditions was shown for each type o... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567377 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567376&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F103%3Frss%3D1 Strong evidence links alcohol use to partner violence perpetration among adults, but the relation between youth alcohol use and dating violence perpetration (DVP) is not as well studied. The authors used meta-analytic procedures to evaluate current knowledge on the association between alcohol use and DVP among youth. The authors reviewed 28 studies published in 1985–2010; most (82%) were cross-sectional. Alcohol use was measured in 3 main ways: 1) frequency or quantity of use, 2) frequency of heavy episodic drinking, or 3) problem use. Collectively, results support the conclusion that higher levels of alcohol use are positively associated with youth DVP. With fixed-effects models, the combined odds ratios for DVP for frequency/quantity, heavy episodic drinking, and problem use were 1... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567376 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567375&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F89%3Frss%3D1 A substantial proportion of injuries worldwide are attributable to alcohol consumption, and US estimates indicate that the drinking patterns of racial/ethnic groups vary considerably. The authors reviewed evidence from 19 publications regarding racial/ethnic differences in overall alcohol-attributable injury as well as percent blood alcohol content positivity for injury deaths in the United States. They found that Native Americans evidence higher rates of alcohol-attributable motor vehicle crash fatality, suicide, and falls compared with other racial/ethnic groups; conversely, Asians evidence lower rates of alcohol-attributable injury than other racial/ethnic groups. The rate of alcohol positivity and intoxication among Hispanics is disproportionately high relative to estimates of alcohol ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567375 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567374&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F73%3Frss%3D1 In the United States, the American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population has the highest motor vehicle death rate, which is significantly greater than that of any other race or ethnic group. To better understand why this significant disparity exists and how to eliminate it, the authors conducted a systematic review of the published scientific literature. Included studies were published between January 1, 1990, and January 31, 2011, and identified risk factors, or implemented and tested interventions, targeting motor vehicle deaths among the AI/AN population. Only 14 papers met the study’s inclusion criteria. Most of the epidemiologic studies explored alcohol use as a risk factor for deaths of both motor vehicle occupants and pedestrians; few studies addressed risk factors speci... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567374 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567373&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F65%3Frss%3D1 Since 1996, 16 states and the District of Columbia in the United States have enacted legislation to decriminalize marijuana for medical use. Although marijuana is the most commonly detected nonalcohol drug in drivers, its role in crash causation remains unsettled. To assess the association between marijuana use and crash risk, the authors performed a meta-analysis of 9 epidemiologic studies published in English in the past 2 decades identified through a systematic search of bibliographic databases. Estimated odds ratios relating marijuana use to crash risk reported in these studies ranged from 0.85 to 7.16. Pooled analysis based on the random-effects model yielded a summary odds ratio of 2.66 (95% confidence interval: 2.07, 3.41). Analysis of individual studies indicated that the heightene... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567373 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567372&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F57%3Frss%3D1 Occupants of smaller, lighter passenger cars are more likely to be killed or injured in collisions with larger, heavier sport utility vehicles and light trucks than in collisions with other cars. Interventions are needed to reduce this vehicle "incompatibility" and its consequences. The authors conducted a systematic literature review to identify evaluations of interventions to reduce incompatibility. They reviewed engineering, biomedical, and other technical literature. To be included, a study must have 1) evaluated an intervention to reduce vehicle incompatibility, or its consequences, in a crash; 2) reported new research; and 3) been published in English from 1990 to 2010. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were designed to reduce the aggressivity of larger vehi... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567372 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567371&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F46%3Frss%3D1 Changing the built environment is a sound, but often underutilized approach to injury control. The authors reviewed the literature and conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence on the association of roadway characteristics with risk of pediatric pedestrian injury. To synthesize the data, they converted results to odds ratios based on direct results or abstracted outcomes and used Bayesian meta-analytic approaches by modeling outcomes as the logit of a normally distributed set of outcomes with vague prior distributions for the central measure of effect and its variance. On the basis of 10 studies of roadway features restricted exclusively to pediatric populations, the synthesized effect estimate for the association of roadway characteristics with pedestrian injury risk was 2.5 (9... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567371 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567370&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F32%3Frss%3D1 This study is the first known to use network meta-analysis to simultaneously evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to increase the prevalence of functioning smoke alarms in households with children. The authors identified 24 primary studies from a systematic review of reviews and of more recently published primary studies, of which 23 (17 randomized controlled trials and 6 nonrandomized comparative studies) were included in 1 of the following 2 network meta-analyses: 1) possession of a functioning alarm: interventions that were more "intensive" (i.e., included components providing equipment (with or without fitting), home inspection, or both, in addition to education) generally were more effective. The intervention containing all of the aforementioned components was identified as bei... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567370 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567370 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567369&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F17%3Frss%3D1 The value of measuring the population burden of fatal and nonfatal injury is well established. Population health metrics are important for assessing health status and health-related quality of life after injury and for integrating mortality, disability, and quality-of-life consequences. A frequently used population health metric is the disability-adjusted life-year. This metric was launched in 1996 in the original Global Burden of Disease and Injury study and has been widely adopted by countries and health development agencies alike to identify the relative magnitude of different health problems. Apart from its obvious advantages and wide adherence, a number of challenges are encountered when the disability-adjusted life-year is applied to injuries. Validation of disability-adjusted life-y... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567369 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567368&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F4%3Frss%3D1 The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used to categorize diseases, injuries, and external causes of injury, and it is a key epidemiologic tool enabling storage and retrieval of data from health and vital records to produce core international mortality and morbidity statistics. The ICD is updated periodically to ensure the classification system remains current, and work is now under way to develop the next revision, ICD-11. It has been almost 20 years since the last ICD edition was published and over 60 years since the last substantial structural revision of the external causes chapter. Revision of such a critical tool requires transparency and documentation to ensure that changes made to the classification system are recorded comprehensively for future reference. In this pa... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567368 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567367&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 This volume of Epidemiologic Reviews features 13 articles covering a variety of injury problems and research topics. In this commentary, the authors highlight the remarkable achievements in injury control and the important role the Haddon Matrix has played in understanding injury causation and developing preventive strategies; comment on the individual articles included in this volume in the broad categories of research methods, childhood injury, motor-vehicle-related injury, alcohol-related injury, intentional injury, and occupational injury; and outline research gaps and future directions in injury epidemiology and prevention. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567367 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567366&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2FNP-c%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567366 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567365&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2FNP-b%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567365 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567365 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567364&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2FNP-a%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567364 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567364 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5567363&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F34%2F1%2FNP%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5567363 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5567363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016331&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F165%3Frss%3D1 Screening for breast cancer has been evaluated by 9 randomized trials over 5 decades and recommended by major guideline groups for more than 3 decades. Successes and lessons for cancer screening from this history include development of scientific methods to evaluate screening, by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; the importance of randomized trials in the past, and the increasing need to develop new methods to evaluate cancer screening in the future; the challenge of assessing new technologies that are replacing originally evaluated screening tests; the need to measure false-positive screening test results and the difficulty in reducing their frequency; the unexpected emergence of overdiagnosis due to cancer screening; t... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016331 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016330&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F148%3Frss%3D1 Current approaches to genetic screening include newborn screening to identify infants who would benefit from early treatment, reproductive genetic screening to assist reproductive decision making, and family history assessment to identify individuals who would benefit from additional prevention measures. Although the traditional goal of screening is to identify early disease or risk in order to implement preventive therapy, genetic screening has always included an atypical element—information relevant to reproductive decisions. New technologies offer increasingly comprehensive identification of genetic conditions and susceptibilities. Tests based on these technologies are generating a different approach to screening that seeks to inform individuals about all of their genetic traits a... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016330 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016329&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F135%3Frss%3D1 Cancer screening participation shows a strong, graded association with socioeconomic status (SES) not only in countries such as the United States, where insurance status can be a barrier for lower income groups, but also in the United Kingdom, where the National Health Service provides all health care to residents, including screening, for free. Traditionally, the literature on socioeconomic inequalities has focused on upstream factors, but more proximal (downstream) influences on screening participation also need to be examined, particularly those that address the graded nature of the association rather than focusing specifically on underserved groups. This review offers a framework that links some of the components and corollaries of SES (life stress, educational opportunities, illness e... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016329 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016328&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F122%3Frss%3D1 Screening often leads to finding conditions that are not at the stage or level that would classify them as disease but, at the same time, are not at a stage or level at which people can be declared entirely disease free. These "in-between" states have sometimes been designated as "predisease." Examples include precancerous lesions, increased intraocular pressure ("preglaucoma"), prediabetes, and prehypertension. When the goal of preventing adverse health outcomes is kept in mind, this review poses the idea that "predisease" as a category on which to act makes sense only if the following 3 conditions are met. First, the people designated as having predisease must be far more likely to develop disease than those not so designated. Second, there must be a feasible intervention that, when targ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016328 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016327&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F111%3Frss%3D1 Estimates of overdiagnosis in mammography screening range from 1% to 54%. This review explains such variations using gradual implementation of mammography screening in the Netherlands as an example. Breast cancer incidence without screening was predicted with a micro-simulation model. Observed breast cancer incidence (including ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer) was modeled and compared with predicted incidence without screening during various phases of screening program implementation. Overdiagnosis was calculated as the difference between the modeled number of breast cancers with and the predicted number of breast cancers without screening. Estimating overdiagnosis annually between 1990 and 2006 illustrated the importance of the time at which overdiagnosis is measured. ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016327 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016326&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F101%3Frss%3D1 Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an ideal target for early detection and prevention through screening. Noninvasive screening options are the guaiac fecal occult blood test and the fecal immunochemical test. Organized screening offers the promise of uniformly delivering screening to all members of a population who are eligible and due. Organized screening is defined as an explicit policy with defined age categories, method, and interval for screening in a defined target population with a defined implementation and quality assurance structure, and tracking of cancer in the population. The UK National Health Service; the Ontario, Canada Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; and the US Veteran's Health Administration have used varied organized approaches to deliver guaiac fecal occult blood test sc... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016326 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016325&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F88%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this review was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the different colorectal cancer screening methods and to determine the preferred method from a cost-effectiveness point of view. Five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, the British National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, and the lists of technology assessments of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) were searched for cost-effectiveness analyses published in English between January 1993 and December 2009. Fifty-five publications relating to 32 unique cost-effectiveness models were identified. All studies found that colorectal cancer screening was cost-effective or even cost-saving compared with no screening. However, the studies disagreed as to which screening met... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016325 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016324&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F63%3Frss%3D1 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dysglycemia (impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose) are increasingly contributing to the global burden of diseases. The authors reviewed the published literature to critically evaluate the evidence on screening for both conditions and to identify the gaps in current understanding. Acceptable, relatively simple, and accurate tools can be used to screen for both T2DM and dysglycemia. Lifestyle modification and/or medication (e.g., metformin) are cost-effective in reducing the incidence of T2DM. However, their application is not yet routine practice. It is unclear whether diabetes-prevention strategies, which influence cardiovascular risk favorably, will also prevent diabetic vascular complications. Cardioprotective therapies, which are... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016324 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016323&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F46%3Frss%3D1 This article examines the evidence for performance of diabetes risk scores in adults by 1) systematically reviewing the literature on available scores and 2) their validation in external populations; and 3) exploring methodological issues surrounding the development, validation, and comparison of risk scores. Risk scores show overall good discriminatory ability in populations for whom they were developed. However, discriminatory performance is more heterogeneous and generally weaker in external populations, which suggests that risk scores may need to be validated within the population in which they are intended to be used. Whether risk scores enable accurate estimation of absolute risk remains unknown; thus, care is needed when using scores to communicate absolute diabetes risk to individu... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016323 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016321&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F36%3Frss%3D1 Randomized trials involving large numbers of people and long follow-up have helped measure the mortality reductions achievable by screening for cancer. However, in many of these trials, the reported reductions have been modest. Part of the reason is the inappropriate way the reductions have been calculated. Analyses have largely ignored the fact that there is a time window in the first several years after screening begins in which there cannot be a sizable mortality reduction, followed by one in which the reductions become evident, and—unless screening is continued—a third window in which mortality rates in the screened group revert to those in the unscreened group. This review uses time-specific mortality ratios to address the timing and extent of the reductions achieved in tr... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016321 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016320&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F20%3Frss%3D1 In 1968, Wilson and Jungner published 10 "principles" for evaluating screening programs (Public Health Papers No. 34. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization), criteria widely used since then. The 4 authors of this review (all current or former members of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) have found a different paradigm more useful for evaluating screening programs. This review was written independently of the USPSTF; the authors speak only for themselves and not for the USPSTF. They suggest evaluating screening programs not as a checklist but as a balance between the magnitude of benefits and the magnitude of harms, each estimated from a systematic review of the evidence. To emphasize a focus on health outcomes, the authors suggest reframing the target of screening as an umb... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016320 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016319&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F7%3Frss%3D1 This article reviews principles of screening, explains specific issues related to screening for human immunodeficiency virus, reviews the discrepancies between the US Preventive Services Task Force and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines and the methods used in each guideline, and describes potential reasons for the discrepancies. The case of screening for human immunodeficiency virus illustrates how discrepancies between guidelines may be related to different guideline development methods as well as the different perspectives of the guideline development groups. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016319 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016318&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 This volume of Epidemiologic Reviews continues a discussion about screening within the evidence community that has been going on for many years. From various perspectives, the authors of these reviews consider the benefits and harms of screening for multiple conditions; the balance between benefits and harms (and costs) is often not clear. With few exceptions, the contribution of screening to improving the health of the public is small, yet it has become a popular and growing form of prevention. It may be that we are learning that the magnitude of benefit from screening is less than we hoped, and the harms may be greater than we thought. Perhaps we should not think of screening as our primary prevention strategy but rather use screening to make a real, but limited contribution to populatio... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016318 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016318 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016317&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2FNP-c%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016317 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016316&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2FNP-b%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016316 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016316 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016315&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2FNP-a%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016315 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5016314&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F33%2F1%2FNP%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5016314 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5016314 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729011&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F175%3Frss%3D1 Malaria is a location-specific, dynamic infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and is influenced by environmental, vector, parasite, and host factors. The principal purposes of malarial epidemiology are 1) to describe the malarial distribution in space and time along with the physical, biologic, and social etiologic factors and 2) to guide control objectives for either modeling impact or measuring progress of control tactics. Mapping malaria and many of its causative factors has been achieved on many different levels from global distribution to biologic quantitative trait localization in humans, parasites, and mosquitoes. Despite these important achievements, a large degree of uncertainty still exists on the annual burden of malarial cases. Accurate, sensitive detection and... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729011 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729010&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F152%3Frss%3D1 Family planning is hailed as one of the great public health achievements of the last century, and worldwide acceptance has risen to three-fifths of exposed couples. In many countries, however, uptake of modern contraception is constrained by limited access and weak service delivery, and the burden of unintended pregnancy is still large. This review focuses on family planning's efficacy in preventing unintended pregnancies and their health burden. The authors first describe an epidemiologic framework for reproductive behavior and pregnancy intendedness and use it to guide the review of 21 recent, individual-level studies of pregnancy intentions, health outcomes, and contraception. They then review population-level studies of family planning's relation to reproductive, maternal, and newborn ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729010 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729009&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F137%3Frss%3D1 Men who have sex with men (MSM) have borne a disproportionate burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and remain a markedly underresourced population globally. To better describe HIV epidemics among MSM in low- and middle-income countries, the authors conducted a systematic review of published and unpublished literature available after January 1, 2000 (2000–2009). A total of 133 HIV prevalence studies from 50 countries met the search criteria. Data were used to develop an algorithmic approach to categorize these epidemics. The authors found that the HIV epidemic in low- and middle-income countries may be described using the following 4 scenarios: 1) settings where MSM are the predominant contributor to HIV cases; 2) settings where HIV transmission among MSM occurs in t... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729009 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729008&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F121%3Frss%3D1 Globally, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a significant source of morbidity and disproportionately impact the health of women and children. The number of randomized controlled trials testing interventions to prevent STIs has dramatically increased over time. To assess their impact, the authors conducted a systematic review of interventions to prevent sexual transmission or acquisition of STIs other than human immunodeficiency virus, published in the English-language, peer-reviewed literature through December 2009. Ninety-three papers reporting data from 74 randomized controlled trials evaluating 75 STI prevention interventions were identified. Eight intervention modalities were used: behavioral interventions (36% of interventions), vaginal microbicides (16%), vaccines (16%... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729008 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729007&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F110%3Frss%3D1 According to the World Health Organization, unintentional injuries were responsible for over 3.9 million deaths and over 138 million disability-adjusted life-years in 2004, with over 90% of those occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This paper utilizes the year 2004 World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Study estimates to illustrate the global and regional burden of unintentional injuries and injury rates, stratified by cause, region, age, and gender. The worldwide rate of unintentional injuries is 61 per 100,000 population per year. Overall, road traffic injuries make up the largest proportion of unintentional injury deaths (33%). When standardized per 100,000 population, the death rate is nearly double in LMIC versus high-income countries (65 vs. 35 per 100,... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729007 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729006&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F93%3Frss%3D1 Recently, global health and global health surveillance have received unprecedented recognition of their importance because of the newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, new cycles of pandemics, and the threats of bioterrorism. The aim of this review is to provide an update of the current state of knowledge on health surveillance in a globalized world. Three key areas will be highlighted in this review: 1) the role of the new International Health Regulations, 2) the emergence of new global health networks for surveillance and bioterrorism, and 3) the reshaping of guidelines for the collection, dissemination, and interventions in global surveillance. A discussion is also presented of the more important challenges of global health surveillance. Global surveillance has been reshape... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729006 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729005&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F82%3Frss%3D1 Health has long been intertwined with the foreign policies of states. In recent years, however, global health issues have risen to the highest levels of international politics and have become accepted as legitimate issues in foreign policy. This elevated political priority is in many ways a welcome development for proponents of global health, and it has resulted in increased funding for and attention to select global health issues. However, there has been less examination of the tensions that characterize the relationship between global health and foreign policy and of the potential effects of linking global health efforts with the foreign-policy interests of states. In this paper, the authors review the relationship between global health and foreign policy by examining the roles of health... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729005 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729004&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F70%3Frss%3D1 Exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use (IAP) has been linked to approximately 1.5 million annual deaths (World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/fuelforlife/en/index.html)) due to acute lower respiratory infections in children <5 years of age and chronic obstructive lung disease and lung cancer in adults. Emerging evidence suggests that IAP increases the risk of other conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes. To establish the relation of IAP with birth weight and stillbirth, systematic reviews with meta-analyses were conducted. Studies reporting outcomes of mean birth weight, percentage of low birth weight (LBW; <2,500 g), and/or stillbirth and assessing IAP were identified. Five LBW studies (of 982) and 3 stillbirth studies (of 171)... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729004 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729003&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F56%3Frss%3D1 Mobile phone text messaging is a potentially powerful tool for behavior change because it is widely available, inexpensive, and instant. This systematic review provides an overview of behavior change interventions for disease management and prevention delivered through text messaging. Evidence on behavior change and clinical outcomes was compiled from randomized or quasi-experimental controlled trials of text message interventions published in peer-reviewed journals by June 2009. Only those interventions using text message as the primary mode of communication were included. Study quality was assessed by using a standardized measure. Seventeen articles representing 12 studies (5 disease prevention and 7 disease management) were included. Intervention length ranged from 3 months to 12 months... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729003 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729002&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F38%3Frss%3D1 Understanding of global health and changing morbidity and mortality is limited by inadequate measurement of population health. With fewer than one-third of deaths worldwide being assigned a cause, this long-standing dearth of information, almost exclusively in the world's poorest countries, hinders understanding of population health and limits opportunities for planning, monitoring, and evaluating interventions. In the absence of routine death registration, verbal autopsy (VA) methods are used to derive probable causes of death. Much effort has been put into refining the approach for specific purposes; however, there has been a lack of harmony regarding such efforts. Subsequently, a variety of methods and principles have been developed, often focusing on a single aspect of VA, and the resu... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729002 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729001&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F26%3Frss%3D1 In this article, the author reviews current approaches and methods for measuring the scope of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic and their strengths and weaknesses. In recent years, various public health agencies have revised statistical estimates of the scope of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The author considers the reasons underlying these revisions. New sources of data for estimating HIV prevalence have become available, such as nationally representative probability-based surveys. New technologies such as biomarkers that indicate when persons became infected are now used to determine HIV incidence rates. The author summarizes the main sources of errors and problems with these and other approaches and discusses opportunities for improving t... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729001 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729000&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F5%3Frss%3D1 In this review, the authors summarize current knowledge on maternal nutritional requirements during pregnancy, with a focus on the nutrients that have been most commonly investigated in association with birth outcomes. Data sourcing and extraction included searches of the primary resources establishing maternal nutrient requirements during pregnancy (e.g., Dietary Reference Intakes), and searches of Medline for "maternal nutrition"/[specific nutrient of interest] and "birth/pregnancy outcomes," focusing mainly on the less extensively reviewed evidence from observational studies of maternal dietary intake and birth outcomes. The authors used a conceptual framework which took both primary and secondary factors (e.g., baseline maternal nutritional status, socioeconomic status of the study pop... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729000 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3729000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728999&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 In this introduction to volume 32 of Epidemiologic Reviews, the authors highlight the diversity and complexity of global health concerns, and they frame the 12 articles included in this issue within the diverse topics of research in this emerging and ever-expanding field. The authors emphasize the need for ongoing research related to the methods used in global health and for comprehensive surveillance, and they offer suggestions for future directions in global health research. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728999 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3728999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728998&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2FNP-c%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728998 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3728998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728997&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2FNP-b%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728997 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3728997 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728996&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2FNP-a%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728996 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3728996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728995&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F32%2F1%2FNP%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728995 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 13:20:31 +0100 3728995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980069&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F178%3Frss%3D1 For decades, racial residential segregation has been observed to vary with health outcomes for African Americans, although only recently has interest increased in the public health literature. Utilizing a systematic review of the health and social science literature, the authors consider the segregation-health association through the lens of 4 questions of interest to epidemiologists: How is segregation best measured? Is the segregation-health association socially or biologically plausible? What evidence is there of segregation-health associations? Is segregation a modifiable risk factor? Thirty-nine identified studies test an association between segregation and health outcomes. The health effects of segregation are relatively consistent, but complex. Isolation segregation is associated wi... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980069 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980068&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F152%3Frss%3D1 A new focus within both social epidemiology and political sociology investigates how political systems and priorities shape health inequities. To advance—and better integrate—research on political determinants of health inequities, the authors conducted a systematic search of the ISI Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases and identified 45 studies, commencing in 1992, that explicitly and empirically tested, in relation to an a priori political hypothesis, for either 1) changes in the magnitude of health inequities or 2) significant cross-national differences in the magnitude of health inequities. Overall, 84% of the studies focused on the global North, and all clustered around 4 political factors: 1) the transition to a capitalist economy; 2) neoliberal restructuring; 3) welfare... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980068 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980068 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980067&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F130%3Frss%3D1 Research shows that racial discrimination is related to illness among diverse racial and ethnic populations. Studies of racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans, however, remain underdeveloped. In this paper, the authors review evidence on racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans, identify gaps in the literature, and provide suggestions for future research. They identified 62 empirical articles assessing the relation between discrimination and health among Asian Americans. The majority of articles focused on mental health problems, followed by physical and behavioral problems. Most studies find that discrimination was associated with poorer health, although the most consistent findings were for mental health problems. This review suggests that future studies sho... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980067 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980067 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980066&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F113%3Frss%3D1 Elimination of health disparities in the United States is a national health priority. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity are key features of what is now referred to as the "cardiometabolic syndrome," which disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority populations, including Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI). Few studies have adequately characterized the cardiometabolic syndrome in high-risk populations such as NHOPI. The authors systematically assessed the existing literature on cardiometabolic disorders among NHOPI to understand the best approaches to eliminating cardiometabolic health disparities in this population. Articles were identified from database searches performed in PubMed and MEDLINE from January 1998 to December 2008; 43 studies were included... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980066 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980066 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980065&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F99%3Frss%3D1 In this review, the authors provide an approach to the study of health disparities in the US Latino population and evaluate the evidence, using mortality rates for discrete medical conditions and the total US population as a standard for comparison. They examine the demographic structure of the Latino population and how nativity, age, income, and education are related to observed patterns of health and mortality. A key issue discussed is how to interpret the superior mortality indices of Latino immigrants and the subsequent declining health status of later generations. Explanations for differences in mortality include selection, reverse selection, death record inconsistencies, inequalities in health status, transnational migration, social marginality, and adaptation to environmental condit... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980065 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980064&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F84%3Frss%3D1 Very preterm birth (<32 weeks’ gestation) occurs in approximately 2% of livebirths but is a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity in the United States. African-American women have a 2-fold to 3-fold elevated risk compared with non-Hispanic white women for reasons that are incompletely understood. This paper reviews the evidence for the biologic and social patterning of very preterm birth, with attention to leading hypotheses regarding the etiology of the racial disparity. A systematic review of the literature in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and EMBASE indices was conducted. The literature to date suggests a complex, multifactorial causal framework for understanding racial disparities in very preterm birth, with maternal inflammatory, vascular, or neuroendocrine dysfunc... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980064 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980064 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980063&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F67%3Frss%3D1 One of the most persistent disparities in American health status is the pronounced difference in birth outcomes between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women. Poor pregnancy outcomes have a substantial impact on mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Increasing evidence indicates that environmental exposures are associated with poor birth outcomes. This paper reviews the latest research on how environmental exposures affect pregnancy outcomes and then discusses how these exposures may be embedded within a context of significant social and host factor stress. The analysis suggests that environmental, social, and host factors are cumulatively stressing non-Hispanic black women and that this cumulative stress may be a cause of the persistent disparities in pregnancy outcomes. ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980063 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980063 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980062&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F52%3Frss%3D1 Despite numerous studies documenting ethnic inequalities in breast cancer survival between minority and majority ethnic groups worldwide, reasons for these inequalities remain unclear. The authors performed a systematic review of published literature to identify studies that investigated the explanatory power of smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic position (SEP) on ethnic inequalities in breast cancer survival. Sixteen studies were included in the review. From 5 studies, the authors found that differences in breast cancer survival between ethnic groups may be in part explained by BMI, but there was little evidence to implicate smoking or alcohol consumption as explanatory factors of this inequality. From 12 studies, the authors found that SEP explains par... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980062 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980062 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980061&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F21%3Frss%3D1 Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Obesity in adulthood may be a biologic mechanism. Objectives were to systematically review literature published between 1998 and 2008 that examined associations of childhood SEP with adulthood obesity. Five databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched for studies from any country, in any language. Forty-eight publications based on 30 studies were identified. In age-adjusted analyses, inverse associations were found between childhood SEP and adulthood obesity in 70% (14 of 20) of studies in females and 27% (4 of 15) in males. In studies of females showing inverse associations between childhood SEP and adulthood obesity, typical effect s... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980061 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:37 +0100 2980061 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980060&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F7%3Frss%3D1 In the United States, health disparities in obesity and obesity-related illnesses have been the subject of growing concern. To better understand how obesity-related health disparities might relate to obesogenic built environments, the authors conducted a systematic review of the published scientific literature, screening for studies with relevance to disadvantaged individuals or areas, identified by low socioeconomic status, black race, or Hispanic ethnicity. A search for related terms in publication databases and topically related resources yielded 45 studies published between January 1995 and January 2009 with at least 100 participants or area residents that provided information on 1) the built environment correlates of obesity or related health behaviors within one or more disadvantaged... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980060 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:36 +0100 2980060 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980059&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 In this introduction to volume 31 of Epidemiologic Reviews, the author traces the history of health disparities research in epidemiology and situates the 10 review articles comprising this edition within this history. With the aid of a conceptual model describing the key determinants of health disparities, he offers several suggestions for improving future epidemiologic research on health disparities. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980059 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:36 +0100 2980059 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980058&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2FNP-c%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980058 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:36 +0100 2980058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980057&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2FNP-b%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980057 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:36 +0100 2980057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980056&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2FNP-a%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980056 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:36 +0100 2980056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2980055&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F31%2F1%2FNP%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2980055 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 17:23:36 +0100 2980055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913803&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F155%3Frss%3D1 The purpose of this review is to systematically appraise the peer-reviewed literature about clustered forms of psychopathology and to present a framework that can be useful for studying comorbid psychiatric disorders. The review focuses on four of the most prevalent types of mental health problems: anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, and substance abuse. The authors summarize existing empirical research on the distribution of concurrent and sequential comorbidity in children and adolescents and in adults, and they review existing knowledge about exogenous risk factors that influence comorbidity. The authors include articles that used a longitudinal study design and used psychiatric definitions of the disorders. A total of 58 articles met the inclusion criteria and were assessed. Current... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913803 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913802&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F133%3Frss%3D1 Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of injury and death worldwide. Information about the epidemiology of such behavior is important for policy-making and prevention. The authors reviewed government data on suicide and suicidal behavior and conducted a systematic review of studies on the epidemiology of suicide published from 1997 to 2007. The authors' aims were to examine the prevalence of, trends in, and risk and protective factors for suicidal behavior in the United States and cross-nationally. The data revealed significant cross-national variability in the prevalence of suicidal behavior but consistency in age of onset, transition probabilities, and key risk factors. Suicide is more prevalent among men, whereas nonfatal suicidal behaviors are more prevalent among women and persons who ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913802 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913801&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F118%3Frss%3D1 This review is based on a literature search made in January 2007 on request by the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries. The search in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO resulted in more than 1,000 publications. This was reduced to 14 after the titles, abstracts, and papers were evaluated by using the following criteria: 1) a longitudinal study, 2) exposure to work-related psychosocial factors, 3) the outcome a measure of depression, 4) relevant statistical estimates, and 5) nonduplicated publication. Of the 14 studies, seven used standardized diagnostic instruments as measures of depression, whereas the other seven studies used self-administered questionnaires. The authors found moderate evidence for a relation between the psychological demands of the job and the development of depressi... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913801 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913800&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F101%3Frss%3D1 Unipolar major depression ranks among the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. Although established risk factors for depression include a variety of individual-level characteristics, neighborhood etiologic factors have been relatively understudied, with several such attributes (neighborhood socioeconomic status, physical conditions, services/amenities, social capital, social disorder) possessing plausible linkages to depression. Using the PubMed database (1966–2008) and the Social Sciences Citation Index database (1956–2008), the author undertook a systematic review of the published literature on the associations between these characteristics and depression in adults. Across studies, the evidence generally supports harmful effects of social disorder and, to a l... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913800 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913800 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913799&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F84%3Frss%3D1 One important line of epidemiologic inquiry implicating social context in the etiology of psychosis is the examination of spatial variation in the distribution of psychotic illness. The authors conducted a systematic review of evidence from urbanicity and neighborhood studies regarding spatial variation in the incidence of psychosis in developed countries since 1950. A total of 44 studies (20 of urbanicity and 24 of neighborhood) were culled from three databases with similar time frames: Medline (1950–2007), PsychInfo (1950–2007), and Sociological Abstracts (1952–2007). With a special emphasis on social factors potentially relevant to etiology, the authors elucidated contributions, limitations, and issues related to study design, measurement, and theory. Evidence from bot... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913799 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913799 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913798&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F77%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, children and adolescents with poor cognitive abilities in childhood are at increased risk of schizophrenia. This suggests that poor cognitive function is either directly causal or associated with causal factors that are involved in etiology. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913798 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913798 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913797&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F67%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, the epidemiology of schizophrenia is characterized by prominent variability and gradients that can help guide future research. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913797 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913796&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F35%3Frss%3D1 The prevention of neurodegenerative dementias, such as Alzheimer disease, is a growing public health concern, because of a lack of effective curative treatment options and a rising global prevalence. Various potential risk or preventive factors have been suggested by epidemiologic research, including modifiable lifestyle factors, such as social contacts, leisure activities, physical exercise, and diet, as well as some preventive pharmacologic strategies, such as hormone replacement therapy, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and Ginkgo biloba. Some factors have been targeted by interventions tested in randomized controlled trials, but many of the results are in conflict with observational evidence. The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiologic data linking potential protective fac... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913796 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913796 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913795&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F15%3Frss%3D1 Dementia of the Alzheimer type is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative condition characterized by deterioration in cognition and memory, progressive impairment in the ability to carry out activities of daily living, and a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms. This narrative review summarizes the literature regarding descriptive epidemiology, clinical course, and characteristic neuropathological changes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Although there are no definitive imaging or laboratory tests, except for brain biopsy, for diagnosis, brief screening instruments and neuropsychiatric test batteries used to assess the disease are discussed. Insufficient evidence exists for the use of biomarkers in clinical practice for diagnosis or disease management, but promising discoveries are summari... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913795 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913795 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1913794&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F30%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 In the last decade, there has been an increase in interest in the burden of chronic and disabling health conditions that are not necessarily fatal, such as the mental disorders. This review systematically summarizes data on the burden associated with 11 major mental disorders of adults. The measures of burden include estimates of prevalence, mortality associated with the disorders, disabilities and impairments related to the disorders, and costs. This review expands the range of mental disorders considered in a report on the global burden of disease, updates the literature, presents information on the range and depth of sources of information on burden, and adds estimates of costs. The purpose is to provide an accessible guide to the burden of mental disorders, especially for researchers a... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1913794 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1913794 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1554030&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F6%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1554030 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1554030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729359&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F160%3Frss%3D1 Obesity rates in the United States are a function of socioeconomic status. Higher rates are found among groups with lower educational and income levels, among racial and ethnic minorities, and in high-poverty areas. Yet, the relation between obesity, nutrition, and diet continues to be viewed in biologic terms, with the search for likely causes focused on consumption of specific macronutrients, foods, or food groups. Epidemiologic evidence linking diet composition and body weight has mostly relied on ecologic comparisons, time trends, and analyses of cross-sectional studies. Plausible physiologic mechanisms have included the metabolic effects of dietary components, mostly sugars and fats, on regulation of food intake and deposition of body fat. However, the evidence could not have been con... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729359 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729359 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729358&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F144%3Frss%3D1 With global increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, there has never been a more urgent need for effective physical activity programs. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of interventions that report physical activity outcomes in children aged 4–12 years and adolescents aged 13–19 years. A systematic search of electronic databases identified 76 interventions. Most interventions were delivered via the school setting (57 interventions), nine through the family setting, six via primary care, and four in community- or Internet-based settings. Children's physical activity interventions that were most effective in the school setting included some focus on physical education, activity breaks, a... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729358 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729357&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F129%3Frss%3D1 Obesity results from a complex interaction between diet, physical activity, and the environment. The built environment encompasses a range of physical and social elements that make up the structure of a community and may influence obesity. This review summarizes existing empirical research relating the built environment to obesity. The Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "obesity" or "overweight" and "neighborhood" or "built environment" or "environment." The search was restricted to English-language articles conducted in human populations between 1966 and 2007. To meet inclusion criteria, articles had to 1) have a direct measure of body weight and 2) have an objective measure of the built environment. A total of 1,506 abstracts were obtained, ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729357 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729356&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F115%3Frss%3D1 Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio have been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes. From the clinical perspective, central obesity (approximated by waist circumference or waist/hip ratio) is known to generate diabetogenic substances and should therefore be more informative than general obesity (body mass index). Because of their high correlation, from the statistical perspective, body mass index and waist circumference are unlikely to yield different answers. To compare associations of diabetes incidence with general and central obesity indicators, the authors conducted a meta-analysis based on published studies from 1966 to 2004 retrieved from a PubMed search. The analysis was performed with 32 studies out of 432 publications initially identified. Measures of ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729356 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729355&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F98%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this review is to identify potential early biomarkers resulting from obesity and associated with cardiovascular disease. Studies were initially identified through the search engine PubMed by using the keywords "obesity" and "biomarker." Subsequently, combinations of the keywords "obesity," "biomarker," "cardiovascular risk," "adipose tissue," "adipokine," "adipocytokine," and "oxidative stress" were used. The SOURCE database and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were used to obtain more information on the biomarkers. Results of the searches yielded a large number of potential biomarkers that occur in obesity and which either correlate with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or predict subsequent cardiovascular events. Several biomarkers are promising regardin... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729355 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729354&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F88%3Frss%3D1 Both obesity and prostate cancer are epidemic in Western society. Although initial epidemiologic data appeared conflicting, recent studies, especially large prospective studies published in the past 6–12 months, have clarified the association between obesity and prostate cancer. The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiologic data linking obesity and prostate cancer, with an emphasis on new data published since 2005. A PubMed search was done on the keywords, "prostate cancer" and "obesity." Relevant articles and their references were reviewed for data on the association between obesity and prostate cancer. Recent data suggest that obesity is associated with reduced risk of nonaggressive disease but increased risk of aggressive disease. This may in part be explained by an inheren... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729354 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729353&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F77%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, clinical and epidemiologic studies of abdominal fat and liver fat content suggest a direct association between abdominal fat and liver fat content which is probably accounted for by visceral fat. However, results from the included studies do not allow strong conclusions regarding the temporal sequence of events. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to obtain additional information on associations and mechanisms. Both abdominal fat depots and other body compartments of interest should be included to further investigate the association between specific fat depots and liver fat content. Biomarkers may provide insight into underlying mechanisms. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729353 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729352&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F62%3Frss%3D1 The incidence of chronic disease is escalating much more rapidly in developing countries than in industrialized countries. A potential emerging public health issue may be the increasing incidence of childhood obesity in developing countries and the resulting socioeconomic and public health burden faced by these countries in the near future. In a systematic review carried out through an electronic search of the literature from 1950–2007, the author compared data from surveys on the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome among children living in developing countries. The highest prevalence of childhood overweight was found in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, whereas India and Sri Lanka had the lowest prevalence. The few studies conducted in developing countrie... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729352 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729351&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F49%3Frss%3D1 Obesity has become a global epidemic and contributes to the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, some types of cancer, and premature death worldwide. Obesity is highly heritable and arises from the interactions of multiple genes, environmental factors, and behavior. In this paper, the authors reviewed recent developments in genetic epidemiologic research, focusing particularly on several promising genomic regions and obesity-related genes. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions of obesity were also discussed. Published studies were accessed through the MEDLINE database. The authors also searched the Obesity Gene Map Database (http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu/) and conducted a manual search using references cited in relevant papers. Heritabilities for obesit... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729351 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729350&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F29%3Frss%3D1 The objective of this review was to update Sobal and Stunkard's exhaustive review of the literature on the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity (Psychol Bull 1989;105:260–75). Diverse research databases (including CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, and Social Science Abstracts) were comprehensively searched during the years 1988–2004 inclusive, using "obesity," "socioeconomic status," and synonyms as search terms. A total of 333 published studies, representing 1,914 primarily cross-sectional associations, were included in the review. The overall pattern of results, for both men and women, was of an increasing proportion of positive associations and a decreasing proportion of negative associations as one moved from countries with high levels of socioeconomic development t... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729350 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729349&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F6%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729349 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=729348&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F29%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=729348 Thu, 12 Jul 2007 04:00:00 +0100 729348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119126&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F126%3Frss%3D1 In conclusion, since 1984, the national hepatitis B vaccination program has been successful in preventing acute and chronic liver diseases in Taiwan. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119126 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119125&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F112%3Frss%3D1 Worldwide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. This comprehensive review of hepatitis B epidemiology and vaccines focuses on definitive and influential studies and highlights current trends, policies, and directions. HBV can be transmitted vertically, through sexual or household contact, or by unsafe injections, but chronic infections acquired during infancy or childhood account for a disproportionately large share of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Vaccination against HBV infection can be started at birth and provides long-term protection against infection in more than 90% of healthy people. In the 1990s, many industrialized countries... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119125 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119124&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F101%3Frss%3D1 The World Health Organization estimates an annual total of 1.5 million clinical cases of hepatitis A worldwide, but seroprevalence data indicate that tens of millions of hepatitis A virus infections occur each year. In the United States in the 1980s–1990s, an average of 26,000 acute hepatitis A cases were reported per year, representing approximately 270,000 infections annually. Since licensure of effective hepatitis A vaccines in the mid-1990s, US hepatitis A rates have fallen precipitously—particularly since 1999, when routine childhood vaccination was recommended in states with consistently elevated rates. By 2004, the overall rate had declined to 1.9/100,000 population, the lowest rate ever recorded and 79% lower than any previously recorded nadir. These marked declines occ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119124 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119123&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F88%3Frss%3D1 Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, other anogenital cancers, genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Clinical studies have demonstrated that a prophylactic HPV vaccine can prevent infection, genital warts, and the precancerous lesions that lead to cervical cancer. Given the absence of data on the long-term effectiveness of HPV vaccination, a number of mathematical models have been developed to provide insight to policy makers by projecting the long-term epidemiologic and economic consequences of vaccination and evaluate alternative vaccination policies. This paper reviews the state of these models. Three types of HPV mathematical models have been reported in the literature: cohort, population dynamic, and hybrid. All have dem... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119123 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119122&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F81%3Frss%3D1 This review summarizes the practical aspects of rubella immunization programs in both developed and developing countries. Routine use of rubella vaccine is gradually resulting in the elimination of endemic rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developed world, and routine use of vaccine in young children is now being implemented in many developing countries. However, such programs must achieve high immunization rates or be supplemented by the immunization of seronegative women of childbearing age to prevent a paradoxical increase in CRS as the burden of illness is shifted to an older age group. There are many successful prenatal screening programs for rubella immunity in developed countries, but screening prior to pregnancy could theoretically prevent even more cases of CRS.... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119122 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119121&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F71%3Frss%3D1 Compared with nonindigenous people, indigenous people in first-world countries have experienced much higher rates of many vaccine preventable diseases. This systematic review of published scientific literature, government reports, and immunization guidelines from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States compares pre- and postvaccination disease rates and vaccination policy for indigenous people in these four countries. Nationally funded universal vaccination programs are clearly the most effective way of reducing disease in indigenous populations. Most successful have been programs for viral diseases in which strain variations are not important and herd immunity is high, such as measles and hepatitis B. For bacterial infections, strain variations (pneumococcal disease), heavy ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119121 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119120&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F54%3Frss%3D1 Vaccine distribution programs have historically targeted individuals at high risk of complications due to influenza. Despite recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, vaccination coverage among high-risk populations has been generally low. This review systematically summarizes the recent literature evaluating programs in different settings, from within medical settings to venue-based and community-based approaches, in an effort to identify successful program components. The published literature was identified by using the MEDLINE database from 1990 to 2006 covering studies that reported on interventions or programs aimed at vaccinating high-risk populations. The authors reviewed 56 studies. In the United States, the Healthy People 2010 goals included 90% vaccin... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119120 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119119&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F47%3Frss%3D1 Pregnant women have an increased risk of influenza infection and complications. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices currently recommends vaccination for women who are pregnant during influenza season. The authors review the literature concerning influenza vaccine safety, effectiveness, and coverage rates during pregnancy, as well as opportunities to improve vaccination rates during pregnancy. No study has demonstrated an increased risk of maternal complications or adverse fetal outcomes associated with inactivated influenza vaccine. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy, and the results from these studies are inconsistent, with some showing a protective effect and others showing no effect. Despite the proven safety of vaccination and the p... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119119 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119118&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F41%3Frss%3D1 Recent research indicates that influenza vaccination of children may decrease the influenza disease burden in adults to a greater extent than targeting vaccination to populations at high risk of serious disease. Possible new policies reflecting these results would add groups most likely to transmit disease to existing vaccination recommendations. Interdisciplinary research combining epidemiology with economics is needed to answer critical questions about the desirability and feasibility of potential new policies, such as what additional resources medical providers might need to expand vaccination to larger groups or what opportunity costs parents might incur in vaccinating their children annually. In this paper, the authors provide background for some of the changes in influenza vaccinatio... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119118 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119117&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F27%3Frss%3D1 Control of vaccine-preventable diseases depends on maintaining high levels of immunization coverage. Immunization coverage among preschool children remains suboptimal in some areas and sociodemographic subgroups, as well as for more recently introduced vaccines, leaving susceptible young children vulnerable to complications from vaccine-preventable diseases. This paper reviews approaches historically used to measure immunization coverage among preschool children in the United States. The strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to measuring immunization coverage among preschool children are explored, with emphasis on the current means to measure national immunization coverage—the National Immunization Survey. Methods for measuring immunization coverage among preschool children ... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119117 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119116&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F3%3Frss%3D1 This article consolidates content from several previous historical reviews, adds additional sources, and cites primary literature regarding military contributions and accomplishments. Discussion emphasizes smallpox, typhoid fever, tetanus, influenza, meningococcal disease, adenovirus, yellow fever, pneumococcal disease, and anthrax. Delivery issues include documentation, simultaneous immunization, seroscreening, safety surveillance, jet injection, and cold-chain management. Immunization policies for each major US conflict are described. Military immunization programs need to be individualized on the basis of personal contraindications and prior immunity. The proper conduct of military immunization programs respects the need for detailed education of military personnel, maximizes quality in... Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119116 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=119115&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F28%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=119115 Thu, 20 Jul 2006 06:00:00 +0100 119115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8501&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F115%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8501 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8500&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F107%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8500 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8499&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F92%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8499 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8498&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F78%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8498 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8497&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F67%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8497 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8496&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F56%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8496 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8495&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F47%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8495 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8494&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F36%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8494 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8493&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F21%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8493 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8492&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F13%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8492 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8491&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F9%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8491 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8490&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F3%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8490 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8489&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F27%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8489 Wed, 15 Jun 2005 06:00:00 +0100 8489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8513&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F124%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8513 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8513 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8512&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F112%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8512 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8511&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F104%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8511 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8511 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8510&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F92%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8510 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8510 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8509&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F78%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8509 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8509 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8508&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F63%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8508 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8508 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8507&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F53%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8507 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8506&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F36%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8506 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8505&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F22%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8505 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8504&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F7%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8504 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8503&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F2%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8503 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8502&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F26%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8502 Fri, 02 Jul 2004 06:00:00 +0100 8502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8523&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F90%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8523 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8522&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F77%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8522 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8522 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8521&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F65%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8521 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8521 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8520&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F60%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8520 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8519&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F51%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8519 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8518&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F43%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8518 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8517&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F24%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8517 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8516&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F20%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8516 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8515&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F3%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8515 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=8514&cid=s_28381_54_f&fid=28381&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F25%2F1%2F1%3Frss%3D1 (No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews) Epidemiologic Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=8514 Fri, 22 Aug 2003 06:00:00 +0100 8514