MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'European Journal of Social Psychology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 02:31:44 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5669687&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1848 AbstractEmotions influence information processing because they are assumed to carry valuable information. We predict that induced anger will increase ethnic but not gender intergroup bias because anger is related to conflicts for resources, and ethnic groups typically compete for resources, whereas gender groups typically engage in relations of positive interdependence. Furthermore, we also predict that this increased ethnic intergroup bias should only be observed among men because men show more group‐based reactions to intergroup conflict than women do. Two studies, with 65 and 120 participants, respectively, indeed show that anger induction increases ethnic but not gender intergroup bias and only for men. Intergroup bias was measured with an implicit measure. In Study 2, we additionall... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5669687 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5669687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5651802&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1851 AbstractAfter making a preliminary decision, a balanced search for information that is consistent and inconsistent with one's decision is associated with effective decision making. However, whereas searching for information that is inconsistent with one's preliminary preference arouses the aversive motivational state of cognitive dissonance, evokes negative emotions, and threatens the self, preference‐consistent information reduces dissonance, evokes positive emotions, and has positive implications for the self. Thus, searching for information in a balanced way requires the willingness to face the negative implications of searching for preference‐inconsistent (relative to preference‐consistent) information. Social exclusion has been shown to be associated with impulsive, undercontrol... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5651802 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5651802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5631324&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1850 AbstractPsychological research has repeatedly shown that victims are more likely to forgive socially close than distant others, but little research has addressed the question whether forgiveness in these two cases actually has the same psychological meaning. As one approach to this issue, the present research investigates how acts of forgiveness aid the restoration of victims' justice feelings through different processes, depending on the closeness of their relationship to the offender. In two studies (Study 1 using a scenario method, Study 2 an autobiographical recall), the victim's perceptions of value consensus with the offender mediated justice‐restoring effects of forgiveness expressed towards a close offender, whereas feelings of status/power mediated justice‐restoring effects of... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5631324 Fri, 27 Jan 2012 07:31:43 +0100 5631324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5651803&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1850 AbstractPsychological research has repeatedly shown that victims are more likely to forgive socially close than distant others, but little research has addressed the question whether forgiveness in these two cases actually has the same psychological meaning. As one approach to this issue, the present research investigates how acts of forgiveness aid the restoration of victims' justice feelings through different processes, depending on the closeness of their relationship to the offender. In two studies (Study 1 using a scenario method, Study 2 an autobiographical recall), the victim's perceptions of value consensus with the offender mediated justice‐restoring effects of forgiveness expressed towards a close offender, whereas feelings of status/power mediated justice‐restoring effects of... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5651803 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5651803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5631326&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1849 Discussion focused on the specific process through which MS affects reading comprehension of worldview relevant ideas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5631326 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5631326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5631325&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.874 AbstractThis research examined whether self‐fulfilling prophecies and perceptual confirmation effects accumulated across people. Trios of same‐sex participants, each consisting of two interviewers and one target, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions that served to manipulate interviewers' expectations (i.e., non‐hostile vs. hostile) and the similarity of their expectations (i.e., similar vs. dissimilar) for targets. Each trio participated in an interaction in which interviewers asked targets questions. Targets' hostility during the interaction and interviewers' impressions of targets' hostility following the interaction served as the primary dependent variables. Results indicated that perceptual confirmation effects accumulated across interviewers. Even though targets' b... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5631325 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5631325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5631327&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1845 AbstractThe typical mortality salience manipulation asks participants to reflect on two questions, one about the emotions associated with the thought of death and the other about what happens after one dies. In five experiments, we separated these two questions and gave participants either one or a control question. In Experiment 1, participants' responses to the afterlife question were coded as being informed more by cultural knowledge and values compared with responses to the emotion question. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that participants responding to the afterlife question showed greater stereotype usage compared with those responding to the emotion or a control question. In Experiment 4, results illustrate that the afterlife and emotion question differ on various coding dimension... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5631327 Wed, 25 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5631327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621837&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1843 AbstractResults of three studies indicate that intrinsic religiosity and mortality salience interact to predict intergroup hostility. Study 1, conducted among 200 American Christians and Jews, reveals that under mortality salience, intrinsic (but not extrinsic or quest) religiosity is related to decreased support for aggressive counterterrorism. Study 2, conducted among 148 Muslims in Iran, demonstrates that intrinsic religiosity predicts decreased out‐group derogation under mortality salience. Study 3, conducted among 131 Polish Christians, shows that under mortality salience, priming of intrinsic religious concepts decreases support for aggressive counterterrorism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621837 Tue, 24 Jan 2012 07:19:03 +0100 5621837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621839&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1847 AbstractThe present research is based on the notion of confluence—that associated mental elements have a tendency to become more consistent with each other over time, even if some of them are logically irrelevant to the issue at hand. This idea was applied to a voting paradigm where participants were exposed to varying numbers of valenced beliefs about a candidate. Two experiments tested the idea that although valenced beliefs influence attributions and voting intentions, there is an additional process whereby evaluations of irrelevant beliefs also are influenced. Not surprisingly, as more positive or negative beliefs were presented, voting intentions became more positive or more negative, respectively. More dramatically, however, positive or negative evaluations of irrelevant beliefs be... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621839 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621838&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1841 AbstractThere are ongoing debates both in personality psychology and social psychology on the causes and consequences of personality stability and change. Recent work on social roles suggests that as people change roles (e.g. employee to manager), different experiences and demands are internalised into one's self‐concept shaping identity and personality. In this paper, the emphasis moves beyond ‘roles’ to other group memberships (e.g. ethnicity) in shaping one's self‐view and self‐rated personality (e.g. Neuroticism). The results of two experiments demonstrated that the salience of a particular group membership (as a Non‐Aboriginal Australian) did significantly impact on Neuroticism. Such findings suggest that social identity processes may offer a hitherto neglected avenue for ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621838 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612395&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1839 AbstractThis virtual special issue presents a collection of 23 articles that present theory and research on collective action in the European Journal of Social Psychology. The articles are organized according to four major themes that emerged. In the first section, articles on identification with the disadvantaged group, identification with the superordinate group, and identity content as predictors of collective action are summarized. The second section combines articles examining the role of sociostructural variables (permeability, legitimacy, and stability) for collective action. The third section comprises articles on the psychological implications of sociostructural variables (emotions, efficacy beliefs, threat perceptions) as predictors of collective action. In the final section, art... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612395 Sat, 21 Jan 2012 07:02:27 +0100 5612395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612394&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1846 (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612394 Sat, 21 Jan 2012 07:02:24 +0100 5612394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5612393&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1842 AbstractAdult attachment has been studied as an important predictor of romantic relationship quality in many empirical studies. This meta‐analysis quantitatively summarized the associations between the two insecure adult attachment dimensions, anxiety and avoidance, and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral indicators of romantic relationship quality based on 73 previous studies with 118 independent samples of 21 602 individuals. More importantly, we examined the different effects of anxiety and avoidance on relationship quality. We also tested the potential moderating effects of gender on the strength of these associations. Meta‐analytic results confirmed that both anxiety and avoidance were detrimental to the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of relationship quality. Comp... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5612393 Sat, 21 Jan 2012 07:01:59 +0100 5612393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5554038&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1838 AbstractThe present research seeks to explain cross‐cultural differences in two strategies for coping with unsuccessful outcomes (consideration of multiple options and persistence) through regulatory fit, a development of the self‐regulation theory. We propose that, because of regulatory fit, eager consideration of multiple options is more encouraged in promotion‐focused cultures, whereas vigilant persistence is more encouraged in prevention‐focused cultures (a culture‐strategy regulatory fit). In addition, if an incentive is introduced to motivate the use of these strategies, a gain‐framed incentive is more effective in promotion‐focused cultures whereas a loss‐framed incentive is more effective in prevention‐focused cultures (a culture‐incentive regulatory fit). The h... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5554038 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5554038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5554037&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.867 AbstractIntergroup anxiety has become important in understanding the success or failure of intergroup contact. In this paper, we suggest that intergroup anxiety is made up from two constructs: self‐anxiety (anxiety over thinking or doing something that is prejudiced) and other‐anxiety (anxiety that the other might do something to you). Over four studies, we show how these two dimensions have different correlates and independently predict psychophysiological reactivity to an intergroup interaction. Other‐anxiety was associated with negative intergroup attitudes and negative affect. In contrast, self‐anxiety had no simple relationship with conventional measures of intergroup attitudes but was associated with a flattening of responses that were indicative of freezing (Study 3) and sim... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5554037 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5554037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528123&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1837 AbstractPast research has provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggression and aggression‐related variables. In contrast, little is known whether and why video game exposure may also decrease aggressive behavior. In fact, two experiments revealed that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game reduces aggressive behavior. Mediational analyses showed that differences in both aggressive cognition and aggressive affect underlie the effect of type of video game on aggressive behavior. These findings are in line with assumptions of the General Learning Model and point to the importance of the cognitive and affective routes in predicting how aggressive behavior is affected by exposure to video games. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528123 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5600292&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.1844 AbstractThe acceptance of migrant populations and the definition of an “appropriate” migrant are controversial issues in many countries. The present research focuses on the ideological determinants of how newcomers are evaluated by a host population in a Western country with a strongly rooted meritocratic ideology. We carried out two studies to examine how the expression of meritocratic beliefs by a male potential migrant affects the way he is evaluated by the host population. We measured the host population's perception of the potential migrant's ability to integrate into society, his tendency to adopt the host country's culture, and the general desirability of his world vision for all newcomers. We also noted the host population's judgments of the target's agency and communality. The... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5600292 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5600292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5563093&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.872 AbstractWhen confronted with violations of justice, people may be motivated not only to punish the violator, but also to compensate the victim. Whereas prior research has primarily concentrated on the question of when people are willing to punish, we provide a more comprehensive picture by also studying the willingness to compensate and by assessing the moderating role of empathic concern. Study 1 introduces the altruistic compensation game and shows that especially high empathic (compared to low empathic) people are willing to give up parts of their own resources to financially compensate the victims of distributive injustice. Study 2 completes the picture by directly comparing altruistic compensation with altruistic punishment. The study showed that high empathic people decided to compen... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5563093 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5563093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5554036&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.871 AbstractRecent stereotype threat research has demonstrated that negative stereotypes about women's math ability can impair their mathematical learning. This experiment extends this research by examining whether presenting “gender fair” information can reduce learning decrements (on a focal and transfer task) and if the timing of this information matters. Women (N = 140) and men (N = 60) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control, stereotype threat only, stereotype threat removed before learning, and stereotype threat removed after learning. Compared with women in the control condition and women who had stereotype threat removed before learning, learning and transfer were poorer for women in the stereotype threat only condition and women who had stereotype threat ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5554036 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5554036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5539891&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.873 AbstractGoal priming typically leads to goal‐consistent behavior. This uniform pattern is surprising given other types of priming effects, which have been found to be more variable. On the basis of previous research on judgment priming effects, we predicted that a comparative mindset to focus on similarities versus differences also affects the direction of goal priming. Two studies show that assimilation to a primed goal results if participants focus on similarities, whereas a focus on differences leads to contrast. In Study 1, participants induced to focus on similarities behaved more neatly after being primed with neatness rather than the goal to be carefree. For participants induced to focus on differences, the opposite pattern emerged. In Study 2, a similarity focus led to assimilati... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5539891 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5539891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528122&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.870 This study investigates discriminatory peer aggression among primary school aged children as a function of minority status (based on nationality, ethnicity, religion) of the target and the relative proportions of minority and majority children in the school. Participants were 925 8‐ to 12‐year‐olds attending schools in Britain. Children of minority status were no more likely than children of majority background to experience peer aggression in general. However, minority children were more likely to experience being the victims of discriminatory aggression. Two contrasting predictions were tested: that discriminatory aggression would be more likely when the minority group was relatively small in number or, alternatively, that as the proportions of children of minority backgrounds incr... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528122 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5479224&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.868 AbstractPortrayals of women in advertisements have a significant impact on the maintenance of gender stereotypes in society. Therefore, the present research investigates the effectiveness of communal and agentic female characters in advertisements as well as the question how evaluations of such characters are influenced by perceivers' sexist attitudes toward women. Results show that communal female advertising characters are evaluated more favorably than agentic ones and that these evaluations predict advertising effectiveness. Benevolent sexism predicts more positive evaluations of communal female advertising characters (studies 1 and 2). Moreover, hostile sexism predicts less positive evaluations of agentic female advertising characters when it is assessed under time pressure (Study 2). ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5479224 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5479224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5443893&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.869 (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5443893 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 19:44:12 +0100 5443893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5443892&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.866 (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5443892 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 19:44:11 +0100 5443892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5424483&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.859 AbstractThree experiments tested whether the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is sensitive to the perceived accuracy of newly learned associations. In experiment 1, participants learned to associate positive or negative attributes with two novel groups. Participants in one condition were told that the attributes accurately described the groups; in a second condition, prior to learning, they were made aware that the attributes were randomly assigned to the groups. Participants were given an IAT and an explicit measure testing attitudes towards the two groups. When the participants were told that the attributes were accurate, their IAT performance and explicit measure responses indicated a preference for the more positively described group but when the attributes were known to be arbitrary, p... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5424483 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5424483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5424482&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.864 We examined how a group's claim to moral superiority influences evaluations of rule‐breaking by ingroup members. Moral superiority was manipulated among researchers (Study 1) and British citizens (Study 2), after which group members were presented with ingroup rule‐breakers: a researcher violating ethical rules (Study 1) and British soldiers abusing Iraqi prisoners (Study 2). In both studies, higher and lower identifiers in the control condition perceived the rule‐breaking as equally damaging, evaluated the rule‐breakers equally negatively and recommended equally harsh punishments. When the group had taken the moral high ground, lower identifiers perceived the rule‐breaking as more damaging than did higher identifiers. In addition, higher identifiers evaluated the rule‐breakers... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5424482 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5424482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5368019&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.858 AbstractWhen unknown groups and equal status groups are compared by contrasting one group (“the effect to be explained”) against another (“the linguistic norm”), the group positioned as the norm is sometimes perceived as more powerful, more agentic, and as less communal. Such perceptions may contribute to status‐linked stereotypes, as group differences are spontaneously described by positioning higher‐status groups as the linguistic norm. Here, 103 participants considered gender differences in status to be larger and more legitimate and applied gender stereotypes more readily upon reading about gender differences in leadership that were framed around a male rather than a female linguistic norm. These effects did not generalize to 113 participants who read about gender differenc... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5368019 Wed, 02 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5368019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350881&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.849 AbstractThe current research investigates whether implicit–explicit attitudinal discrepancy (IED) weakens attitudes as explicit discrepancies do. Across two experiments, we found that IED is an indicator of weak attitudes. In Experiment 1, we found that individuals with greater IED toward exercise were more swayed by a self‐perceptual manipulation than individuals with lower IED toward exercise. In Experiment 2, we found that the stability and predictive power of attitudes toward alcohol were lessened for participants who had greater IED. These effects occurred independently of the participants' levels of explicit ambivalence and evaluative–cognitive consistency. The present research broadens our understanding of the ways in which evaluations that may not be easily verbalized can aff... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350881 Sun, 23 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350880&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.847 AbstractBeyond cognizing persons and social relationships, people also think about combinations of relationships: metarelational models (MeRMs). If relationships are words, then MeRMs are syntax; if relationships are atoms, MeRMs are chemical compounds. MeRMs are the motivated, emotionally experienced, morally directive models for generating, understanding, coordinating, planning, evaluating, modulating, sanctioning, and redressing configurations of social relationships. Previous research and theory on triads and balance, networks, cross‐cutting ties, and kinship systems has explored the causal connections among social relationships, but MeRM theory posits something more: shared, culturally informed MeRMs that people use to jointly construct meaningful coordinated action. The social inte... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350880 Sun, 23 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5317740&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.850 AbstractResearch has demonstrated that narratives can be effective in eliciting attitude change, especially when recipients become transported into the narrative. In three studies, we addressed whether some people are predisposed to be influenced by narratives and whether narrative and rhetorical appeals are differentially effective for different people. In Study 1, participants read an experimental or a control narrative, and completed measures of attitudes, need for affect (NFA), need for cognition (NFC), transportation, and transportability. The results revealed that NFA and NFC were positively correlated with transportation and transportability. In Study 2, participants read either a narrative appeal or a rhetorical appeal about cervical cancer and completed a measure of attitudes and ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5317740 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5317740 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5317739&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.857 AbstractWe investigated the assumption that independent versus interdependent self‐construals yield different manifestations of psychological reactance in different group contexts. We expected collectivists (interdependent) to value the collective freedom of an ingroup more in face of an outgroup threat than individualists (independent) who should be protective of their individual freedom especially within an ingroup. In Study 1, we showed that collectivists (Taiwanese students) did not show reactance when a threat to their freedom of choice originated in the ingroup, but they did show reactance when it originated in an outgroup. In Study 2, Austrian students showed more reactance the more interdependent their self‐construal was when confronted with an outgroup restriction. However, th... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5317739 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5317739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288618&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.855 AbstractResearch has established that targets who express disagreement with prejudicial comments directed toward their social group may be viewed negatively by those they confront or by members of social outgroups. Less research has examined how non‐target individuals who confront prejudicial remarks are perceived. The current studies were designed to examine how non‐targets who confronted racist (Study 1) and heterosexist (Study 2) comments would be perceived as a function of the level of offensiveness of the comment and the confrontation style used. The studies also examined whether confronting behavior would affect perceptions of the individual who made the prejudicial comment. Undergraduate participants read vignettes depicting a situation with a high or low offensive prejudicial c... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288618 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288617&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.854 AbstractSocial acceptance and the development of one's competencies and status are fundamental aspects of the human experience, but the former (communion) should take precedence over the latter (agency) in self‐judgment. Study 1 results indicated that (i) people across two cultures judged themselves as possessing higher communion than agency characteristics; (ii) communion self‐judgments were more consistent across temporal perspective; and (iii) level of self‐enhancement across cultures was similar for communion but different for agency. In Study 2, people across culture reported being more troubled and demonstrated a greater desire to repair their reputation when they imagined others perceived them as lacking in communion compared with agency. These findings support the idea that s... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288617 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288616&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.852 AbstractThe role that shared group membership plays in decisions to trust others is now well established within social psychology. A close reading of this literature, however, shows that this process is often moderated by other variables. Currently, we examined one potential moderator of this process. In particular, we evaluated the role that common knowledge of a shared social group membership between self and a to‐be‐trusted stranger provides as a basis for trusting this stranger. This common knowledge emerges when the truster knows the group membership of the to‐be‐trusted other, and believes that this other also knows the group membership of the truster. In two experiments, using pre‐existing and minimal groups, we show that people are more likely to trust an in‐group membe... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288616 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5433776&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.863 AbstractThreat has been linked to conformity, but little is known about the specific effects of different kinds of threat. We test the hypothesis that perceived threat of infectious disease exerts a unique influence on conformist attitudes and behavior. Correlational and experimental results support the hypothesis. Individual differences in Perceived Vulnerability to Disease predict conformist attitudes; these effects persist when controlling for individual differences in the Belief in a Dangerous World. Experimentally manipulated salience of disease threat produced stronger conformist attitudes and behavior, compared with control conditions (including a condition in which disease‐irrelevant threats were salient). Additional results suggest that these effects may be especially pronounced... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5433776 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5433776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5424481&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.865 AbstractWe propose that the perceived continuity between a group's past and present can be a psychological resource that provides confidence in the group's future vitality, thereby reducing the need to preserve identity. In two studies, English participants were told that there was continuity or discontinuity between England's past and present. Both studies showed that higher identifiers (but not lower identifiers) experienced more collective angst (i.e., concern for the group's future) and were more opposed to immigration when English history was presented as discontinuous compared with continuous. Importantly, collective angst mediated the effect of the historical continuity manipulation on opposition to immigration. We conclude that, particularly among those higher in group identificati... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5424481 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5424481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5391688&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.860 AbstractThe cohesiveness of a society depends, in part, on how its individual members manage their daily activities with respect to the goals of that society. Hence, there should be a degree of social agreement on what constitutes action and what constitutes inaction. The present research investigated the structure of action and inaction definitions, the evaluation of action versus inaction, and individual differences in these evaluations. Action–inaction ratings of behaviors and states showed more social agreement at the ends of the inaction–action continuum than at the middle, suggesting a socially shared construal of this definition. Action–inaction ratings were also shown to correlate with the valence of the rated behaviors, such that the more active the behavior, the more positi... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5391688 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5391688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5368018&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.856 AbstractThe present contribution tested the general hypothesis that individual tendencies in the choice of terms at different levels of abstraction are enhanced when the same descriptions are formulated by a group. We compared the level of abstraction of individual and collective written judgements about applicants for a job position and found that the selection linguistic bias collectively expressed by hiring committees became more extreme in the direction established by initial individual judgements. Negative terms used to describe rejected applicants became more abstract, and those used to describe selected applicants became more concrete from individual to collective judgements. Conversely, positive terms employed to describe rejected applicants were more concrete in collective than in... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5368018 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5368018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350879&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.862 AbstractThis paper reports a meta‐analysis of the empirical literature on the effects of speakers' accents on interpersonal evaluations. Our review of the published literature uncovered 20 studies that have compared the effects of standard accents (i.e., the accepted accent of the majority population) versus non‐standard accents (i.e., accents that are considered foreign or spoken by minorities) on evaluations about the speakers. These 20 studies yielded 116 independent effect sizes on an array of characteristics that were selected by the original researchers. We classified each of the characteristics as belonging to one of three domains that have been traditionally discussed in this area, namely status (e.g., intelligence, social class), solidarity (trustworthiness, in‐group–out�... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350879 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339306&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.861 AbstractHedonic overconsumption is often considered to be caused by impulsive factors. The current paper investigates whether self‐licensing, relying on reasons to justify subsequent gratification, can also be included as a significant contributor to hedonic consumption. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether self‐licensing can account for an increase in hedonic consumption while ruling out impulsive factors such as resource depletion, negative affect, and visceral state as alternative explanations. A pilot study indicated that perceiving oneself as having invested greater effort and thus having a self‐licensing cue did not lead to a decline in self‐control capacity compared with not having a self‐licensing cue. The main study employed the same procedure and establishe... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339306 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5317738&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.853 AbstractA three‐phase longitudinal study (spread over a month's time) was carried out to investigate attitude's persistence and linkage to behavior as it may be affected by the processing of information about the communication source. The following three independent variables were manipulated: (i) contents of the source of information (implying the communicator to be expert or inexpert on the topic of the communication); (ii) length of the source information (brief versus lengthy); and (iii) message recipients' involvement in the issue at hand (high versus low). Replicating prior research when the source information was brief, it exerted greater persuasive impact under low versus high involvement, and when it was lengthy, it exerted greater persuasive impact under high versus low involve... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5317738 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5317738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288615&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.848 AbstractAlthough it is generally accepted that colors carry meaning, experimental research about individual, situational, and cultural differences in the meaning of colors is scarce. The current research examines whether the Dutch national color functions as a perceptual representation of The Netherlands. A person dressed in orange clothing was judged to identify more with his nation compared with the same person dressed in blue (Study 1). When national identification was salient, such as during (versus before/after) the European soccer championship, or when participants recalled an experience in which they identified (versus not identified) with The Netherlands, and people were more aware of the use of the color orange as a perceptual representation of The Netherlands, orange was evaluate... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288615 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5277115&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.846 AbstractWe propose morality shifting as a mechanism through which individuals can maintain a moral image of the ingroup. We argue that a shift from the moral principles of harm and fairness to those of loyalty and authority occurs when assessing a potentially threatening event, particularly among high ingroup glorifiers. Three studies confirmed this hypothesis using three different methodologies. Study 1 compared the use of language related to four moral foundations formulated in moral psychology in response to ingroup‐ and outgroup‐committed wrongdoings. Results showed that loyalty‐ and authority‐related words were used more, whereas harm‐ and fairness‐related words were used less in response to ingroup‐ compared with outgroup‐committed wrongdoings. Study 2 replicated this... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5277115 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5277115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264105&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.844 AbstractAn abundance of evidence suggests that the consequences of collective ingroup victimization can traverse generations, even among group members who are not direct descendants of victims. It nevertheless remains unclear why only some group members experience vicarious victimization. To examine the role of collective identification in the transmission of trauma across generations, we surveyed members of a Jewish community—including descendants of holocaust survivors and others who were not descendants of the holocaust survivors. Among non‐descendants, Jewish identification was negatively associated with symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, among descendants, Jewish identification was positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Further, familial willingne... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264105 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 21:28:52 +0100 5264105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264107&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.842 AbstractCan good or bad moods influence people's tendency to rely on irrelevant information when forming impressions (halo effects)? On the basis of recent work on affect and cognition, this experiment predicted and found that positive affect increased and negative affect eliminated the halo effect. After an autobiographical mood induction (recalling happy or sad past events), participants (N = 246) read a philosophical essay, with an image of the writer attached, showing either an older man or a young woman (halo manipulation). Judgements of the essay and the writer revealed clear mood and halo effects, as well as a significant mood by halo interaction. Positive affect increased halo effects consistent with the more assimilative, constructive processing style it recruits. Negative aff... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264107 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264106&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.845 AbstractSelf‐handicapping is an anticipatory self‐protective strategy in which individuals create or claim obstacles to success prior to an important performance to excuse potential failure. The present research sought in four studies to document the anticipatory nature of self‐handicapping, examining the role of prefactual (“what if …?”) thoughts in this strategy. Individuals prone to self‐handicap were more likely to generate prefactuals, identifying ways to undermine their performance. Moreover, inducing individuals to consider these thoughts increased self‐handicapping behavior, whereas focusing individuals on ways to improve their performance actually reduced self‐handicapping behavior. Implications of this work for understanding the cognitive processes underlying se... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264106 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241475&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.843 AbstractCross‐sectional research has shown that frequency of self‐disclosure to outgroup members mediates the positive relationship between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes. The current research investigated the relationship between self‐disclosure and attitudes in more depth. New undergraduate students were asked to nominate an ingroup or outgroup friend and then report the intimacy of their disclosures to them, their anxiety and attitudes towards a series of social groups, in the first week of the semester and 6 weeks later. Intimacy of disclosure predicted more positive attitudes towards outgroups over time, but this association was only found among participants who nominated an outgroup friend. In the ingroup friend condition, a negative association was found. These... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241475 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 20:01:20 +0100 5241475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149759&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.841 This study tested whether subliminal priming with alcohol‐related cues would similarly result in expectancy‐consistent cognitive performance decrements. Additionally, the moderating role of alcohol use was examined. After assessing participants' baseline math performance, participants were primed with alcohol‐related or neutral words and then completed a post‐treatment math task. Whereas impairment expectancies had no influence on math performance in control participants, expectancies predicted math performance for participants primed with alcohol‐related words. As hypothesized, expectancy‐consistent impairment in performance was only observed among high alcohol users. The current findings suggest that, in the presence of alcohol‐related cues in the environment, some people m... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149759 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149758&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.840 AbstractThe detrimental consequences of negative stereotypes on performance have been demonstrated in a variety of social groups with various stereotypes. The present studies investigate the minimal conditions for stereotype threat using newly created groups. Results of three experiments (total N = 184) demonstrate that in the negative stereotype condition, the more participants identified with their novel group, the stronger was their decrease in performance. In the control condition, identification was either not related to performance, or it had by trend a positive effect. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed with regard to stereotype threat and social identity theory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Soci... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149758 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5112785&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.838 AbstractUnlike other forms of positive thinking (e.g., expectations), research finds that positive fantasies (experiencing one's thoughts and mental images about the future positively) predict low effort and little success in several domains. However, for vocational education students of low socioeconomic status and minority ethnicity, for whom the present environment is especially difficult, perhaps it would be appropriate to indulge in positive fantasies that depict the future as bright and easily attained. Three studies show that this is not the case. Positive future fantasies measured early in the program predicted more days absent (Studies 2–3) and lower grades at the end of the program (Studies 1–3), even when adjusting for initial academic competence, expectations of successful ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5112785 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5112785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5082440&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.839 AbstractFacial electromyography (EMG) was used to gauge emotional responding towards images of slim and overweight individuals, and findings were compared with data from a series of alternative measures including two implicit attitudinal procedures, the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit measures of anti‐fat prejudice and discriminatory behavior. Images of slim individuals elicited EMG responses consistent with more positive affect. Data from both the IRAP and IAT indicated higher levels of bias than were revealed on the explicit measures, and the IRAP also corroborated the EMG pattern by indicating responses consistent with pro‐slim rather than anti‐fat bias. The IRAP was moderately correlated with both EMG and the I... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5082440 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5082440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5072791&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.835 AbstractStereotype threat is an uncomfortable psychological state that has been shown to impair cognitive ability test scores. It is an open question whether and in what ways it affects processes involved in learning and knowledge acquisition. This research examined whether stereotypes also interfere with test preparation among women in the domain of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Study 1 (N = 1058) revealed that people are aware of a stereotype portraying women as less proficient in STEM‐test preparation than men. Women's note‐taking activities were impaired under stereotype threat (Study 2, N = 40), particularly when domain identification was high (Study 3, N = 79). Moreover, stereotype threat impaired women's performance evaluating the notes of... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5072791 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 17:37:38 +0100 5072791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5072792&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.837 AbstractCurrent theories suggest that social and physical pain overlap in their neurological and physiological outcomes. We investigated how social and physical pain overlap in their psychological responses by testing the hypothesis that both social and physical pain would thwart satisfaction on four human needs, worsen mood, and increase desire to aggress. In Experiment 1, recalling an experience of social or physical pain produced overlapping effects in the form of thwarted self‐esteem and control needs and increased negative affect and desire to aggress. In Experiment 2, we induced social (Cyberball ostracism) or physical pain (cold pressor) within the laboratory session, and found that both pain types produced feelings of being ignored and excluded, and thwarted belonging, self‐est... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5072792 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5072792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043677&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.834 AbstractAuthoritarianism is a stable construct in terms of individual differences (social attitudes based on personality and values), but its manifestations and behavioral outcomes may depend on contextual factors. In the present experiment, we investigated whether authoritarianism is sensitive to religious influences in predicting rigid morality. Specifically, we investigated whether authoritarians, after supraliminal religious priming, would show, in hypothetical moral dilemmas, preference for impersonal societal norms even at the detriment of interpersonal, care‐based prosociality toward proximal persons and acquaintances in need. The results confirmed the expectations, with a small effect size for the religious priming × authoritarianism interaction. In addition, these results were ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043677 Tue, 19 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4995047&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.829 In conclusion, the implications of the findings for understanding gender effects in social psychology are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4995047 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4995047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4995046&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.830 We examined study time, relational memory, and transitive reasoning in both experiments. The results of both experiments indicated that the high‐prejudice participants studied sets of relations presented to them faster than did the low‐prejudice participants. The high‐prejudice participants were also more likely to show impaired relational memory and reasoning about nontarget persons but no such limitations with respect to target persons. This novel evidence that prejudice might substantially impair memory and transitive reasoning processes about nontarget persons is discussed in the light of alternative theoretical frameworks in the social cognition and emotion domains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4995046 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4995046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4995048&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.831 AbstractTwo studies explore how salience of the human category influences responses to intergroup harm and how different images of humanity modify these effects. In Study 1, British participants (n = 86) contemplated acts of terrorism against their group. When the human category (versus intergroup distinctions) was salient and when the prevailing image of humanity was malevolent (versus benevolent), participants were not only more understanding of terrorism, blamed this less on religious group memberships, but also more strongly endorsed the use of extreme force by countries to defend their boarders, preserve the peace and prevent future attacks. In Study 2, British participants (n = 83) contemplated the torture of Iraqi prisoners by British soldiers. When the human category was sa... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4995048 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4995048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4972305&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.828 AbstractMany studies attest to the beneficial and prosocial effects of perspective taking. The present research tests the notion that such perspective taking is a process involving active self‐regulation and, hence, that effects of perspective taking on prosocial behaviour are more pronounced when self‐control resources are high, rather than low. Results confirmed this hypothesis. Across two experiments using acts of compliance as a specific form of prosocial behaviour, perspective‐taking participants were more willing to comply with a request for help by the experimenter (experiment 1) and donated more time to a charitable cause (experiment 2) than participants who did not engage in perspective taking, but only when self‐regulatory resources were in sufficient supply. Under condit... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4972305 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4972305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4907205&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.822 AbstractVictims (N = 200) of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and prisoners (N = 184) accused of genocidal acts reported their genocide‐related emotions and outgroup perceptions before and after their participation to Truth and Reconciliation Gacaca trials. So did control groups of victims (N = 195) and prisoners (N = 176) not yet exposed to Gacaca. The data supported Durkheim's model of social rituals as cultural tools for transforming emotions, reasserting norms, and enhancing cohesion. Specifically, participation entailed the general reactivation of resignation negative emotions, the enhancement of shame among prisoners, and the decrease of shame among victims, whereas the opposite pattern occurred for antagonist emotions. Participation also enhanced social integration by r... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4907205 Sat, 04 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4907205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4907204&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.819 AbstractWe investigated when and how life salience boosts adherence to worldviews. It was hypothesized that, similar to thoughts of mortality, thoughts about a meaningful existence increase adherence to worldviews. Study 1a, 1b, and 1c yielded support for the symmetric effects of life and mortality salience on existential thoughts and worldview adherence. Furthermore, study 2 showed that contemplating life's meaningfulness (versus meaninglessness) increased adherence to worldviews. Study 3 showed increased worldview adherence when contemplating life's meaningfulness (versus meaninglessness), and provided additional evidence that the effect on worldview adherence was mediated by the appraisals of life's meaningfulness. Finally, study 4 suggests that both reflecting on life and mortality lea... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4907204 Sat, 04 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4907204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4907206&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.818 AbstractTerror management theory argues that mortality‐induced terror motivates group identification. Uncertainty–identity theory argues that uncertainty about what happens after death motivates group identification. Two experiments were conducted to test the latter reasoning. In Experiment 1 (n = 187), mortality salience was manipulated, and uncertainty about the afterlife was measured to predict national identification. As hypothesized, mortality salience strengthened identification only among those who were uncertain about the afterlife. In Experiment 2 (n = 177), mortality salience was manipulated as before, but belief in an afterlife was also manipulated—participants were primed to believe that there was an afterlife, there was not an afterlife, or the existence of an af... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4907206 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4907206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043676&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.836 AbstractThis research explored the notion that the use and efficacy of influence tactics launched from different social power bases depends on influence agents' and recipients' need for cognitive closure. In three separate studies conducted in diverse organizational contexts, it was found that, while overall participants exhibited a preference for soft over hard social influence tactics, this preference becomes less pronounced for supervisors high (versus low) on need for closure and becomes more pronounced for supervisors low on the need for closure. Overall, soft tactics were more beneficial for subordinates' performance than hard tactics; however, the benefits of soft tactics decreased as a function of subordinates' need for closure. Finally, organizational outcomes were improved when r... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043676 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013198&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.827 AbstractPrevious research has sought to establish the existence, or gauge the relative strength, of key self‐evaluation motives (i.e., self‐enhancement, self‐verification, self‐assessment, self‐improvement). Here, we attempted, across five samples, to quantify individual differences in self‐motive strength and explore their empirical ramifications. We devised brief self‐report indices for each self‐motive and checked their factor structure, reliability, and validity. We found that self‐enhancement covaried mainly with self‐verification, and that self‐assessment covaried mainly with self‐improvement, thus validating key hypotheses regarding their functional links. Moreover, self‐enhancement and self‐verification covaried with positive personality traits, as well ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013198 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5002246&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.833 AbstractThe social identity approach assumes that group members are internally motivated to adhere to group norms. Even though there is plenty of evidence for this assumption, research on how group norms translate into behavior is scarce. If ingroup norms are internalized, they should elicit the same effect as individual standards. Derived from research on internally motivated individual standards, it was predicted that discrepancies from group norms result in more negative affect, lower levels of well‐being, and—based on self‐completion theory—in compensatory effort in case of an opportunity to reduce the discrepancy. One correlational study and four experiments support these predictions. The results are discussed in relation to self‐regulation approaches and the social identity... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5002246 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5002246 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4995045&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.826 AbstractIn six studies (N = 1045) conducted in three European countries, we demonstrate distinctions between causal responsibility, group‐based guilt, and moral responsibility. We propose that causal responsibility is an antecedent of group‐based guilt linking the ingroup to previous transgressions against the victim group. In contrast, moral responsibility is a consequence of group‐based guilt and is conceptualized as a sociomoral norm to respond to the consequences of the ingroup's transgressions and the current needs of the victim group. As such, moral responsibility can be stimulated by group‐based guilt and directly predicts individual action intentions. Studies 1 and 2 focus on the conceptual distinctions among the three constructs. Study 3 tests the indirect effect of ca... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4995045 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4995045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979309&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.832 AbstractThe Protestant work ethic (PWE), the belief that hard work leads to success, is prevalent in many cultures and has been related to negative attitudes toward disadvantaged groups (prejudice) and social policies targeting them. Given recent theorizing and findings suggesting that PWE is not necessarily associated with prejudice among all people or in all contexts, this meta‐analysis examined the direction and strength of PWE's relation to prejudice (37 eligible studies) and policy attitudes (16 studies) among published and unpublished studies across 38 years. Results revealed not only significant positive relationships between PWE and both types of intergroup attitudes but also significant moderators of these relationships. There were significantly larger effect sizes for PWE's r... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979309 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4972304&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.825 This study examined the roles that identification with the heritage group and identification with the majority group play in the relationship between discrimination (subtle or blatant) and subjective well‐being among ethnic minority group members. Participants were 320 ethnic Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands who completed a questionnaire that measured their well‐being, their perceptions of subtle and blatant discrimination, and their heritage group and majority group identification. The analyses found that relationships between discrimination and well‐being varied as a joint function of the source and strength of people's ethnic identification. Individuals who identified more strongly with their heritage group were more likely to report discrimination than low identifiers but w... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4972304 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4972304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941130&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.810 AbstractTwo studies examined the moderating effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on the relationship between terrorist images (soldiers versus criminals) and preference for counterterrorist actions (military aggression versus criminal prosecution). Study 1 indicated that the perception of Al‐Qaeda terrorists as soldiers was related to preference for military counterterrorism, especially among people high in social dominance orientation. The relationship between the perception of Al‐Qaeda terrorists as criminals and preference for the criminal prosecution of terrorists was strengthened among those high in right wing authoritarianism. Study 2 showed that when terrorists were framed as soldiers, social dominance orientation was related to support for mil... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941130 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941129&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.812 AbstractWe studied the incidence and correlates of status projection—use of material possessions to emphasize social status to others—among 100 adolescents in a historical context of rising affluence. Participants listed 10 possessions, rated each for its value as a status symbol, and chose five to discuss with another participant in a forthcoming interaction. Participants selected especially those of their possessions that they had rated higher in status value (p < .001). This effect was stronger among those reporting upward or downward change in their families' socioeconomic status (p < .05), greater actual‐ideal self‐discrepancies (p < .05), and stronger commitment to materialistic values (p < .01); moreover, the effect of changing status was stronger... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941129 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941128&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.811 AbstractSelf‐image is deeply affected by social evaluations. One source of evaluation is respect, individuals' perceptions of their inclusion within, and value to, the group. Despite the importance of respect to the self‐concept, the study of affective responses to disrespectful experiences has been largely neglected. A series of three studies focused on the following questions: (1) which emotions accompany the experience of disrespect? (2) how does gender influence emotional responses? and (3) how does disrespect differ emotionally from other interpersonal evaluations (i.e., disliking)? Results shed light on gender differences in emotional responses to disrespect, with men appearing to be more concerned with respect and responding to disrespect with more anger, whereas women were more... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941128 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941127&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.814 AbstractThe study presented in this article examined the role of social recognition as an equal in group members' motivation to serve their ingroup as well as actual group‐serving behavior. We predicted and found that social recognition as opposed to non‐recognition as an equal, communicated by fellow group members, increased participants' group‐serving motivation and behavior. In addition, the psychological processes underlying this effect were examined. We theoretically derived a mediational chain, which was then tested empirically. As expected, social recognition as an equal led to experiences of being respected, and perceived equality of self played a mediational role in this relationship. The experience of respect, in turn, was associated with stronger collective identification,... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941127 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941126&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.809 AbstractThe present research investigated the role that threat to social image and self‐conscious emotions play in reaction to deviance. In three studies, participants were invited to imagine themselves in a situation in which they were bystanders of a deviant behavior. We manipulated the threat to the in‐group's social image through the deviant group membership (Study 1), the visibility of the deviant behavior to a third party (Study 2), and the stereotype salience of the deviant behavior (Study 3). Social image concerns, emotional reactions, and intention of sanctioning the deviant were measured. The results revealed that the situations in which the threat to the social image of the group was high provoked the greater intentions to sanction the deviant. Moreover, intentions were acco... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941126 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941125&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.806 AbstractThe body is a carrier of relatively complex cultural values. Three experiments examined links between body comportment and honor (a cultural syndrome prizing female chastity, familial loyalty, and reputation). We put participants from nonhonor (Anglo‐Americans; Experiment 1) and honor (Latinos; Experiment 2) cultures in upright versus slouched postures and primed them with honor versus control words. In our third experiment, we surveyed participants from nonhonor (native Dutch) and honor (Arab and Turkish Dutch) cultures about their attitudes toward honor‐related violence and then measured posture change. Concerns with honor were embodied by men from honor cultures bi‐directionally. For persons from nonhonor cultures, body posture can be connected to honor concerns, if partic... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941125 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941124&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.817 This study examined the effects of face experiences on emotions and self‐esteem in a diary study conducted in Japanese culture, in which face functions as a mechanism to maintain interpersonal harmony. Participants reported the occurrence of face‐related events, maintenance/loss of face, emotions and self‐esteem twice a week for 10 weeks. We predicted and found that (1) the occurrence of one's own face events increased participants' depressiveness, (2) the maintenance of one's own face heightened joyfulness and decreased depressiveness, (3) the maintenance of one's own face heightened participants' self‐esteem, and (4) the maintenance of other people's face increased joyfulness and calmness but did not affect self‐esteem. These findings provided empirical supports for fundament... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941124 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941123&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.808 AbstractPeople often adopt self‐image goals to increase others' regard for them and perhaps their own self‐esteem. But do these impression management goals achieve their intended result in close relationships? And do they endure over time? We suggest that self‐image goals predict decreased self‐esteem and close others' regard for the self through decreased responsiveness to others. In contrast, compassionate goals, which reflect a genuine concern for others' well‐being, predict increased self‐esteem and others' regard through increased responsiveness. We tested these hypotheses in a longitudinal study of college roommates followed across a semester. Path analyses supported both predictions, suggesting a paradox for interpersonal goals in close relationships: explicit attempts t... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941123 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941122&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.813 AbstractOver the past 50 years, research on self‐presentation has revealed a great deal about how people construct social images by managing the impressions that others form of them. However, inspection of the dominant research paradigms reveals that most researchers have not addressed central features of self‐presentation as they occur in everyday life. Using a framework that identifies four primary features of everyday self‐presentation, we compare and contrast the nature of naturalistic self‐presentation in everyday life with the ways in which self‐presentation has been conceptualized, operationalized, and studied by researchers. We also discuss the implications of failing to incorporate naturalistic features of self‐presentation into research contexts and offer recommenda... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941122 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941121&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.820 AbstractSocial image, or the views that others have of us and our groups, plays a role in a wide array of psychological processes, including impression management, interpersonal relationships, mate selection, intragroup and intergroup processes, the experience and expression of emotion, gender differences in behavior, and the construction and maintenance of social status. The 13 papers included in this special issue reflect the centrality of social image in these and other social–psychological processes. Five major themes integrate this diverse selection of papers: (i) self‐presentation of social image; (ii) culture‐specific conceptions of social image; (iii) the role of social image in emotion; (iv) respect and status as reflections of social image; and (v) the influence of social i... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941121 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4941120&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.823 AbstractThree studies examined how a woman's reaction to a man's benevolently sexist offer of help affected observers' perceptions. Results suggest a dilemma for women: A woman who accepted benevolently sexist help was perceived as warm but incompetent and less suited for a competence‐related job (management consultant), whereas a woman who declined help and asserted her independence as a woman was perceived as competent but cold and less suited for a warmth‐related job (day care worker). By contrast, observers viewed the male help‐offerer especially favorably (warmer, more competent, and more qualified as a management consultant) when the female target accepted (versus confronted) his patronizing offer. But only perceivers who endorsed benevolent sexism showed these effects. Implica... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4941120 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4941120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4888140&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.815 AbstractEmbarrassment arises when we reveal an apparent flaw of the self in front of others, for instance, in a faux pas situation. An audience is crucial for embarrassment, but the group membership of the audience has not yet been studied. According to the social identity approach, we assign more importance to evaluations by ingroup than by outgroup members, particularly when we identify highly, and the outgroup is of lower status. A pilot study (N = 30) showed that embarrassment correlated positively with group membership of the audience and with identification. Studies 1 to 3 presented participants with several faux pas scenarios. In Study 1 (between‐participants design; N = 75), participants reported higher embarrassment in ingroup (Norwegian) and equal‐status outgroup (Swe... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4888140 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4888140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4888139&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.807 AbstractResearchers suggest that observers of innocent suffering will negatively evaluate the victim as a strategy for maintaining their belief in a just world. We propose an alternative class of strategies and test whether individual differences in repressive coping style predict the type of strategy people will use. In the first two studies, we exposed repressors versus nonrepressors to victims whose suffering should pose a high versus low threat to the need to believe in a just world. Repressors had a greater tendency to positively reappraise the high threat victim's suffering. Nonrepressors had a greater tendency to negatively evaluate the high threat victim. A third study replicated the results for the high threat conditions and suggested that repressors' positive reappraisal is not b... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4888139 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4888139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4857360&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.803 AbstractMoral failure is thought to damage self‐image when people appraise it as indicating a global self‐defect. This appraisal is thought to be associated with the feeling of shame and thus self‐defensive motivation. However, a damaged social image better explains self‐defensive motivation to hide from and avoid others. Based on an integrative review of theory and research, we offer a conceptual model of how concern for self‐image and social image guides the experience of moral failure. The model distinguishes the appraisals (of self‐defect and other‐condemnation) and feelings (of rejection, inferiority, and shame) embedded in the shame concept. Concern for a damaged social image is represented in an other‐condemnation → rejection combination, whereas concern for a dama... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4857360 Mon, 23 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4857360 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4857359&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.804 AbstractTwo studies examined regional differences in self‐ and other‐presentational styles in the Southern and Northern regions of the USA. A content analysis of 400 personal ads from Northern and Southern newspapers revealed that Northern ads contained more descriptions of the self and desired partner that are context‐free and under personal control, whereas Southern ads depicted more contextualized and less controllable aspects of self and partner (study 1). Moreover, self‐identified Northern and Southern Americans were shown to prefer ads in the style of their region over other ads (study 2). We conclude that not only do regional differences in self‐ and other‐presentations exist in the USA but that these differences are also reinforced by others who share the regional cultu... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4857359 Mon, 23 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4857359 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4808539&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.802 AbstractAppealing to common humanity is often suggested as a method of uniting victims and perpetrators of historical atrocities. In the present experiment (N = 109), we reveal that this strategy may actually work against victim groups' best interests. Appealing to common humanity (versus intergroup identity) increased forgiveness of perpetrators but independently also served to lower intentions to engage in collective action. Both effects were mediated but not moderated by reduced identification with the victim group. We, thus reveal an important feature of appeals to common humanity: That this strategy may reduce social change at the same time as helping to promote more positive intergroup attitudes. These novel findings extend research on the human identity to a new theoretically in... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4808539 Mon, 09 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4808539 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4777260&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.798 This study tested this hypothesis. Using self‐reports, results first showed that the more people have an obsessive passion the more they report experiencing self‐esteem fluctuations that covary with their performances in their passionate activity. In contrast, people with a harmonious passion did not report experiencing more, or less, self‐esteem fluctuations. Second, hierarchical linear modeling confirmed that, in a real‐life setting, the more people report an obsessive passion toward a card game, the greater is the impact of performance on their state self‐esteem. Taken together, these findings suggest that obsessive, but not harmonious, passion triggers contingencies between people's self‐esteem and their passionate activity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (So... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4777260 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4777260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4777259&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.796 We examined whether the effect also occurs when communicators learn about the target's behaviours from visual (nonverbal) input material. In Experiment 1, participants watched a soundless video depicting ambiguous behaviours of a target, described the video to an audience who liked (vs. disliked) the target, and subsequently recalled the video. Both message and recall were biased towards the audience's judgement. In Experiment 2, the video depicted a forensically relevant event, specifically ambiguous behaviours of two persons involved in a bar brawl. Participants tuned their event retellings to their audience's responsibility judgement and remembered the event accordingly. In both experiments, the effect of the audience's judgement on recall was statistically mediated by the extent to whi... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4777259 Mon, 02 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4777259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4925928&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.824 AbstractFocusing on the dehumanization of sexually objectified targets, study 1 tested the extent to which objectified and non‐objectified male and female publicity photos were associated with human compared to animal concepts. Results confirmed the hypothesis that, among all targets, only objectified women were associated with less human concepts. This pattern of results emerged for both male and female participants but likely for different reasons. Study 2 directly looked at female and male participants' affinity with sexually objectified women. Results indicated that the more women distanced themselves from sexually objectified women the more they dehumanized them, whereas men's sexual attraction moderated their tendency to dehumanize female targets. In study 3, this latter motivation... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4925928 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4925928 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4907203&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.816 AbstractThis research examined the relative impact of a hoped‐for, thin body and a feared, overweight body on weight‐loss dieting (WLD) motivation. We hypothesised that the women most motivated to engage in WLD would report a higher similarity to, and a higher cognitive availability of, a feared, overweight body. In study 1, WLD motivation was operationalized as WLD intention and in study 2 as a food choice (chocolate bar versus low‐fat snack bar). As expected, those most similar to the feared body and who had a highly available overweight body had the greatest intention to engage in WLD, and were more likely to choose a low‐fat snack over a chocolate bar. The implications of our findings for future research as well as the development of eating pathology in college women are discus... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4907203 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4907203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4888138&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.821 AbstractDespite widespread conjecture regarding the functions and consequences of gossip, little empirical attention has investigated how gossipers are perceived by others. In the present study, 128 individuals were asked to think about a person who either frequently or rarely discussed others while not in their presence. Gender of the target and valence of the gossip were also manipulated. High‐frequency gossipers were perceived as less powerful and were liked less than low‐frequency gossipers, and those who gossiped negatively were liked less than those who gossiped positively. High‐frequency negative gossipers emerged as the least powerful and least likable targets. These results are discussed in relation to the transfer of attitudes recursively effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wile... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4888138 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4888138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4857358&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.805 Discussions highlight the need for a positive social image when concern about the negative connotations of one's social group membership is raised. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4857358 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4857358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835511&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.801 AbstractOne line of research indicates that people are more aggressive when they are insulted publicly rather than privately, whereas another indicates that subclinical narcissism predicts aggression. Drawing on these lines of research, we predicted that aggression would be increased among participants who scored higher on narcissism (as opposed to lower), received negative (as opposed to positive) self‐relevant feedback, and did so in public (as opposed to private). The findings supported that prediction and further confirmed that narcissism was only predictive of aggression in the negative‐public condition. The findings thus indicate that aggression is influenced by the interaction of situational and dispositional factors. Copyright © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835511 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835511 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4808538&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.800 AbstractTwo experiments tested the hypothesis that the accessibility of disease concerns would be associated with a preference for faces high in symmetry, a cue to good health and pathogen resistance. Disease concerns (perceived vulnerability to disease) were measured as an individual difference in Experiment 1 and were situationally primed in Experiment 2. Across both studies, heightened disease sensitivity predicted a preference for symmetrical faces. Importantly, this increased preference for symmetrical faces when disease threats were salient did not generalize to non‐face stimuli. These results suggest a domain‐specific preference for symmetry in human faces, an adaptive response due to the ability of faces to signal resistance to infectious diseases in individuals and situations ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4808538 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4808538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4777258&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.799 AbstractPeople often forget their long‐term strivings because their environment confronts them with attractive temptations. Previous research suggests that self‐control failures can be prevented by reminding people of their higher‐order goal. Therefore, we hypothesized that using implementation intentions as a tool to directly re‐activate people's higher‐order goal in tempting situations would effectively enhance self‐control. We tested this in the domain of dieting behavior. Results demonstrated that this specific planning strategy activated the dieting goal for unsuccessful dieters when exposed to tempting food cues (Study 1) and reduced their consumption of calorically dense food across 2 weeks (Study 2) compared to those in control conditions. This suggests that preparing p... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4777258 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4777258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4563011&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.790 AbstractPeople often mimic each other's behaviors. As a consequence, they share each other's emotional and cognitive states, which facilitates liking. Mimicry, however, does not always affect liking. In two studies, we investigate whether the mimicry–liking link is influenced by people's social value orientations. More specifically, we examine whether prosocials and proselfs are differently affected when being mimicked or not. Prosocials and proselfs indicated their liking for the interaction partner after being or not being mimicked in a face‐to‐face interaction. The results of two studies showed that prosocials rated the interaction partner as less likeable when they were not mimicked than when they were mimicked. Proselfs, however, were not affected by mimicry. These results show ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4563011 Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4563011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4563010&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.793 AbstractAs previous research has demonstrated numerous times, humans show a robust tendency for cooperation. However, part—or indeed all—of this cooperativeness may be due to socially desirable responding. To address this problem, we propose and apply a new approach for the unbiased measurement of cooperativeness in social dilemma games. Specifically, we employ an extension of the randomized‐response technique (RRT). The RRT protects the privacy of respondents by adding random noise to their responses. It thus encourages more honest responding and thereby provides less biased estimates of sensitive attributes. In a large‐scale study with 2043 respondents we maximized anonymity in a one‐shot prisoner's dilemma game through use of the RRT. Comparing the prevalence rates for coopera... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4563010 Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4563010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4563009&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.794 This study examined whether cultural values predict individuals' moral attitudes. The main objective was to shed light on the moral universalism and relativism debate by showing that the answer depends on the moral issues studied. Using items from the Morally Debatable Behaviours Scale (MDBS) fielded in the World Value Survey (WVS), we found that moral issues can be differentiated cross‐culturally into attitudes towards (1) dishonest–illegal and (2) personal–sexual issues. Drawing upon evolutionary and cultural theories, we expected that the former moral domain is not related to cultural values, whereas the latter is influenced by cultural conceptions of the self (i.e. independent versus interdependent selves). We used multilevel modelling with Schwartz' cultural values as the indepe... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4563009 Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4563009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4585704&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.797 AbstractIn three studies, we tested whether the need to belong would motivate people to perceive consensus for their opinions on important social issues. In Study 1, a nationally representative telephone survey, participants with a high dispositional need to belong perceived greater consensus for their opinions on immigrant naturalization than did those with a low need to belong. However, this relationship was strongest among participants who reported that the issue was personally important to them. In Study 2, participants primed with rejection‐related (versus acceptance‐related) words, and who reported high levels of issue importance, demonstrated greater false consensus for their opinions on a proposed alcohol tax increase. In Study 3, participants who received random feedback that ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4585704 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4585704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4563008&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.795 AbstractIn two experiments, we examine and find support for the general hypothesis that memory for behavioral information in the context of an impression formation task depends on where that information is located in vertical space. These findings extend earlier work showing that memory for location and shifts of spatial attention are influenced by the “good is up” metaphor. Specifically, we show that person memory is better for behavioral information in metaphor compatible locations (positive in upper space and negative in lower space) than in metaphor incompatible locations (positive in lower space and negative in upper space). These findings show for the first time that person‐specific information, and person memory in general, is structured spatially. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4563008 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4563008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4457081&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.792 AbstractThe present paper investigates how cognitive projection processes instigate social identification. We complement the classical self‐stereotyping approach (i.e., conforming to prototypical group norms) by investigating self‐anchoring (i.e., projection from self to group) as a distinct cognitive route to social identification. Self‐anchoring has mainly been investigated as predictor of intergroup differentiation. Surprisingly, no reliable link has been provided yet between self‐anchoring and social identification. In Study 1, we provide first evidence for this positive link. In Study 2, we add self‐stereotyping to our model and show that self‐anchoring is still positively related to social identification when controlling for self‐stereotyping. Additionally, we show that... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4457081 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4457081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4457080&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.791 We present a Double Perspective Model (DPM) explaining why agency (competence) and communion (warmth) constitute two basic content dimensions of social cognition. Every social action involves two perspectives: of the agent (a person who performs an action) and of the recipient (a person at whom the action is directed). Immediate cognitive goals of the agent and recipient differ, which results in heightened accessibility and weight of content referring either to agency (from the agent's perspective) or to communion (from the recipient's perspective). DPM explains why evaluations of other persons are dominated by communal over agentic considerations and allows a novel hypothesis that self‐esteem is dominated by agentic over communal information. We present several studies supporting this h... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4457080 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4457080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4457079&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.786 AbstractWe propose that to understand how rejection perceptions affect immigrants' acculturation orientations, we need to take account of perceptions of rejection and group identification with both the host society and the country of origin. In line with previous work, we found among Romanians and Moroccan immigrants in France that perceived French rejection directly affected French identification and acculturation orientations. In addition, perceived rejection by the country of origin (Romanians and Moroccans in the country of origin) negatively affected immigrants' identification with this group. In turn, identification with the country of origin positively predicted endorsement of integration and separation orientations, and negatively predicted endorsement of assimilation. Overall, res... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4457079 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4457079 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4452626&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.789 AbstractPrevious research has stressed the positive effects of receiving autonomy‐oriented help over dependency‐oriented help but has overlooked a potential downside in terms of recipients' evaluations of the helper. Participants in the current experiment (n = 77) requested help while working on difficult puzzles and received either autonomy‐ or dependency‐oriented help from either an expert or a peer. In line with previous findings, receiving autonomy‐oriented help led to more self‐competence and positive feelings than dependency‐oriented help. However, in support of our prediction, participants also felt angrier, had less respect for and less trust in the peer who provided autonomy‐oriented help than the peer who provided dependency‐oriented help. No differences in ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4452626 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4452626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4402468&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.788 AbstractWhen people occupy different social positions within a cooperative task they experience discrepant role and situation demands and thus have divergent perspectives. The reported research predicts that exchanging social positions within a cooperative task can overcome divergences of perspective. This prediction was tested in two experiments using the Communication Conflict Situation. The first experiment (n = 88) found that position exchange increased the ability of dyads to solve a communication conflict arising through discrepant perspectives. The second experiment (n = 120) found that the effect of position exchange exceeds that of purely cognitive perspective taking, thus suggesting that it cannot be reduced to a purely cognitive process. Exchanging social positions is a ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4402468 Wed, 26 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4402468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4402467&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.787 AbstractWhen communicators are perceived as likely to bring proposed outcomes to fruition, they have source efficacy. Although perceptions of source efficacy are common in persuasion settings, this construct has received little direct research attention. The present research explored how source efficacy may impact persuasion in different ways at different levels of motivation to process messages. Across three experiments, participants encountered message arguments of varying quality from a source manipulated to be relatively efficacious or inefficacious. When motivation to process the message was low, source efficacy served as a peripheral cue (Experiment 1). When motivation was high, efficacy information learned before the message biased processing of ambiguous messages (Experiment 2), bu... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4402467 Wed, 26 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4402467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4283204&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.784 AbstractWe used a computer harassment paradigm to test the hypothesis that affirming the legitimacy of discrimination against homosexuals increases the likelihood that heterosexual men will engage in verbal gay bashing. Legitimacy of discrimination was varied among heterosexual males (N = 167) by suggesting that denying homosexuals rights and benefits is either illegitimate or legitimate, and participants interacted online with either a gay or straight bogus discussion partner. Results show that (a) participants sent more offensive comments when the legitimacy of discrimination against homosexuals was affirmed, and (b) legitimacy affected gay bashing through its effect on collective guilt. These findings suggest that challenging the legitimacy of discrimination can be an effective stra... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4283204 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4283204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4243660&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.785 AbstractIt is a psychological truism that thought shapes language. However, the idea that language constrains cognition is less well understood and has been debated in philosophy, linguistic, and psychology. The goal of the present research was to investigate the influence of language, as given in linguistic categories, on the formation of evaluations in an interpersonal impression formation context. Specifically, we examined the role of different verb classes in the formation of interpersonal (dis‐)likes within an evaluative conditioning (EC) paradigm. EC refers to the change in liking in a conditioned stimulus (CS) as a result of its' pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US). In contrast to traditional EC accounts that assume the rigid and unrestricted change in valence due to CS–... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4243660 Thu, 09 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4243660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4243659&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.779 AbstractIn two studies, we examined how perceptions of historical continuity affect group members' responses when their group is facing an upcoming merger. We found that perceived historical continuity was a unique predictor of resisting an upcoming merger between various army regiments in Scotland among those associated with the Black Watch (Study 1; N = 308) and those associated with a range of Scottish army regiments (Study 2; N = 498). We found that the perceived break with the past that the merger would involve mediated the relationship between historical continuity perceptions and merger resistance. However, we also found that when there was some reassurance that historical continuity of the pre‐merger group would be preserved in the merged context (i.e. regiments could kee... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4243659 Thu, 09 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4243659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4217283&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.783 AbstractSix studies investigate whether the effect of racist biases on judges' legal decisions on minority defendants is reduced by a “justice focus.” Given that people associate legal decision‐making with the need to do so in a colorblind manner, a justice focus blocks the effect of racist biases on legal decisions. Experiment 1 shows that explicit instructions to adopt a justice goal decrease biases. Experiment 2 shows that a primed justice focus also decreases biases. Experiments 3a and 3b show the role of pre‐existing legal expertise, which makes people more susceptible a justice goal. Experiments 4a and 4b apply these findings by studying the role of a justice focus among professional courtroom judges. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of a justice focus in pr... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4217283 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4217283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4217282&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.781 AbstractThe effect of the cause of a disaster, i.e. whether it was perceived to be caused by human or natural factors, on willingness to donate money to disaster victims was examined. In Study 1 (N = 76), the cause of a fictitious disaster was experimentally varied. In Study 2 (N = 219), participants were asked about their views regarding donations to two real‐life disasters, one of which was perceived to be naturally caused while the other one was perceived to be caused by humans. In Study 3 (N = 115), the cause of a fictitious disaster was experimentally varied, but this time measures of the proposed psychological mediators of the effect on donations were included, namely perceived victim blame and the extent to which victims were thought to make an effort to help themselve... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4217282 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4217282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4217281&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.778 AbstractThe present research hypothesizes that thinking about one's genetic origin (i.e. ancestors) provides people with a positive psychological resource that increases their intellectual performance. To test this line of reasoning, we manipulated whether participants thought about their ancestors or not (manipulation of ancestor salience), and measured their expected as well as actual intellectual performance in a variety of intelligence tasks. Four studies supported our assumptions: participants show higher expected (Study 1) and actual intellectual performance (Studies 2–4) when they are reminded about their ancestors. We also have initial evidence that this effect may be fuelled by increased levels of perceived control and promotion orientation. Theoretical and practical implication... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4217281 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4217281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4153858&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.780 AbstractFour studies examined the relation between the number of equifinal means to a goal, actors' commitment to that goal, and their commitment to the means. In Study 1, participants freely generated varying number of means to two of their work goals. In Study 2, they generated social means to their goals (people they viewed as helpful to goal attainment). In Studies 3 and 4, the number of means to participants' goals was experimentally manipulated. All four studies found that means commitment is negatively related, whereas goal commitment is positively related, to means number. Consistent support was also obtained for the notion that the relation between means number and goal commitment is mediated by the expectancy of goal attainment, and by goal importance. Conceptual and practical im... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4153858 Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4153858 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4137147&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.782 AbstractThe present paper aims to elucidate under what conditions victims of injustice who seek revenge feel satisfied and perceive that everybody got what he or she deserved. Two hypotheses are discussed: The comparative suffering hypothesis states that seeing the offender suffer from fate is sufficient for evoking satisfaction and perceptions of deservingness among victims. The understanding hypothesis states that revenge can only be satisfactory when the offender understands it as a response to his or her prior behavior. These hypotheses were tested in three experimental studies. The comparative suffering hypothesis received only weak support. The understanding hypothesis, on the other hand, received much stronger support: When the offender understood revenge as punishment, revenge led ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4137147 Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4137147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4058297&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.776 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4058297 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4058297 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4034262&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.777 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4034262 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4034262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4026438&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.774 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4026438 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4026438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3990703&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.773 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3990703 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 08:27:34 +0100 3990703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3985415&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.772 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3985415 Tue, 21 Sep 2010 08:49:40 +0100 3985415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3825710&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.766 Studies on dehumanization demonstrated that denying certain human characteristics might serve as a strategy for moral disengagement. Meat consumption - especially in the times of cruel animal farming - is related to the exclusion of animals from the human scope of justice. In the present research, it was hypothesized that the conception of human uniqueness (denying animals certain psychological characteristics) might be a strategy of meat-eaters' moral disengagement. Three studies compared the extent to which vegetarians and omnivores attribute psychological characteristics to humans versus animals. In Study 1, vegetarian participants ascribed more secondary (uniquely human) emotions to animals than did the omnivores; however, there were no differences in primary (animalistic) emotions. St... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3825710 Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3825710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3825711&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.769 The present investigation examined how individuals higher in social dominance orientation (SDO) react to experimentally induced intergroup threat in terms of support for helping immigrants. Participants read editorials describing an incoming immigrant outgroup posing realistic threats (to tangible resources and well-being), symbolic threats (to values and traditions) or no threats. Participants higher in SDO exhibited greater resistance to helping immigrants upon exposure to realistic, symbolic, (Experiments 1 and 2), or combined realistic-symbolic (Experiment 2) intergroup threats, but not when the same immigrants posed no threats. In Experiment 2, SDO exerted indirect effects on modern prejudice through both heightened infra-humanization and intergroup anxiety, with modern prejudice itse... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3825711 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3825711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3811283&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.763 According to the Motivated Information Processing in Groups (MIP-G) model, groups should perform ambiguous (non-ambiguous) tasks better when they have high (low) epistemic motivation and concomitant tendencies to engage in systematic (heuristic) information processing and exchange. The authors tested this prediction in an experiment with four-person groups performing a complex and dynamic decision making task. Group confidence was measured after extensive training and prior to actual group decision-making. Task ambiguity was manipulated. Results showed that when task ambiguity was low, group confidence indeed benefits decision quality and group performance. But when task ambiguity was high, group confidence hurt decision quality and group performance. Implications for theory and practice a... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3811283 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3811283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3897962&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.762 (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3897962 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3897962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838973&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.655 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838973 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838972&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.650 Abstract (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838972 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3801013&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.764 The present study shows that the paradigm relative to Black Sheep Effect (BSE) may be used to reveal normative stakes whose existence is not clearly identified. To this end, our study focuses on alcohol drinking practices among students, specifically with regard to drinking contexts (solitary vs. group). Our hypothesis was that the drinking norms are determined by their context (i.e. social vs. solitary drinking). More specifically, we suggested that social drinking is viewed by students as pro-normative, while solitary drinking is viewed as anti-normative. The results confirmed our hypotheses and enable us to consider that the BSE paradigm has the potential to reveal normative stakes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3801013 Thu, 29 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3801013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3801014&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.765 This paper describes how different self-construals influence people's perception of temporal distance and in turn their task evaluation. We hypothesize that people with a more accessible interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal perceive future events as temporally more proximal, and that people's reaction toward a task is intensified when the temporal distance to the task matches (vs. mismatches) their self-construal. Across four studies, we showed that individuals with a more accessible interdependent self-construal (Study 1) and East Asians (Study 2) perceived future events as more proximal than those with a more accessible independent self-construal and European Americans. Further, when considering a task at a temporal distance that fits their self-construal, individuals perceive... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3801014 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3801014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3797116&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.757 In many non-human primate species, a display of red by a female increases attraction behavior in male conspecifics. In two experiments, we investigate an analogous effect in humans, specifically, whether red on a woman's shirt increases attraction behavior in men. In Experiment 1, men who viewed an ostensible conversation partner in a red versus a green shirt chose to ask her more intimate questions. In Experiment 2, men who viewed an ostensible interaction partner in a red versus a blue shirt chose to sit closer to her. These effects were observed across participants' perceptions of their own attractiveness (Experiment 1) and general activation and mood (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that red acts as a basic, non-lexical prime, influencing reproduction-relevant behavior in like mann... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3797116 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3797116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3797113&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.771 This series of studies examined the effect of temptation strength on self-regulation processes in the context of eating behavior. Based on the critical level model, it was hypothesized that weak, rather than strong, temptations yield the most unfavorable conditions for effective self-regulation, because the negative consequences of the former are underestimated. In line with the assumptions of this model, Studies 1 and 2 showed that weak temptations inhibited the mental accessibility of the weight watching goal, in contrast to strong temptations. Study 3 showed that exposure to weak temptations lead to higher consumption in comparison to exposure to strong temptations. It is concluded that weak temptations, as compared to strong temptations, have an inhibiting effect on self-regulation pro... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3797113 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3797113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3797112&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.770 Negative histories threaten collective identity. Much research has focussed on how group members strategically defend against such threats. However, within certain groups such defence is difficult - because the group's past actions were unambiguously negative and because these were public and continue to frame relations with outgroups. We explored the consequences of this form of identity constraint on the individual's experience of the self. Two studies varied the salience of the past as German participants expressed their national identity to either an ingroup (German) or outgroup (English) audience. In both studies expressing German identity to an outgroup audience when the past was salient resulted in a more fragmented sense of self and reduced self-esteem. This effect was mediated thr... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3797112 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3797112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3797115&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.767 One line of theorizing suggests considering death reminders - i.e., mortality salience (MS) inductions - unique in their effect on worldview defenses (e.g., Pyszczynski et al., ). Other theorizing suggests that meaning and certainty threats produce effects similar to MS and thus that these threats be considered theoretically equivalent (e.g., Proulx & Heine, ; McGregor, ). To help reconcile these discrepant perspectives, we meta-analytically examined MS effects as a function of the control condition utilized (meaning/certainty threats vs. other topics) and the length of delay between threat induction and subsequent defense. Results showed that MS and meaning/certainty threats both increased defensiveness after a short delay. But with a longer delay, MS produced even higher levels of defens... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3797115 Tue, 27 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3797115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3797114&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.768 This research investigates whether explicit goals interact with implicit processing goals that are activated simultaneously. Based on the idea that (a) explicit goals are used as comparison standards, and (b) implicit processing goals have motivational consequences by influencing the process of comparison with those standards, these studies elucidate the mechanism by which explicit and implicit goals combine to influence task performance. Study 1 demonstrated that a primed goal to process similarities versus differences interacted with explicit goal standards in influencing subsequent task performance. High explicit goals resulted in better performance when participants had the implicit goal of processing similarities, whereas low explicit goals resulted in better performance when the impl... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3797114 Tue, 27 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3797114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3745572&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.742 Studies suggest that Mexican-American youths who feel attached to their ethnic group engage in more prosocial behaviors. However, the psychological mechanisms that account for this association are not clear. Drawing on social identity and self-categorization theories, we examined whether the association between ethnic group attachment and tendencies to engage in six distinct types of prosocial behaviors was mediated by familism and Mainstream American values among Mexican American youths. Ethnic group attachment, familism, Mainstream American values, and prosocial tendencies were assessed among 207 Mexican-American early adolescents using an interview format. Latent variable path models showed that ethnic group attachment was associated with greater tendencies to engage in compliant, emoti... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3745572 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3745572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728420&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.748 Research has found the dimensions of warmth and competence to be subject to a negative relation when two targets are compared, a phenomenon which has been called the compensation effect. However, all the available empirical evidence rests on direct traits ratings. The aim of the present work is to test whether compensation is merely a response strategy or whether it has larger implications. In two experiments, we show that the compensation effect is also obtained on indirect measures that rely on attribution theory (Experiment 1) and on implicit measures derived from the Linguistic Category Model (Experiment 2). Results are discussed in terms of the importance of the compensation effect and its consequences on the interpretation of newly acquired information about social targets. Copyright... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728420 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3728420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728422&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.760 How do group members respond when their group wrongfully punishes a group member? In two experiments, participants were presented with an ingroup member who argued for group change on moral (Experiment 1, N = 73) or scientific grounds (Experiment 2, N = 94). Despite being right, the member was treated as deviant by the group. We manipulated whether the group retained its former opinion or adopted the deviant's position, and whether the deviant's punishment was ongoing or whether the deviant was reinstated. We tested opposing predictions about how these group actions would affect group members' negativity towards the deviant. Both studies showed that negativity towards the deviant was highest when the group opinion was unchanged and the deviant was not reinstated. Further, opinion change or... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728422 Mon, 05 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3728422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3728421&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.759 Schooling in a Western cultural environment has been shown to promote context-free (analytic) at the expense of context-dependent (holistic) processing. In the present study, we examined whether these differences in processing styles also induce a tendency to use more abstract (i.e., dispositional) language when describing human behaviors. Portuguese literate, illiterate, and ex-illiterates were asked to freely describe behaviors presented visually. Using the linguistic category model, we found that literates relied on more abstract descriptions than ex-illiterates and illiterates. This effect of schooling was strongly associated with their relative superiority on an analytic (vs. holistic) task. These findings suggest that schooling influences the elaboration of social information. Copyri... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3728421 Mon, 05 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3728421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3661372&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.756 Getting rejected can either push newcomers out of the group or make them try harder to become accepted. It is suggested that newcomers' internal motivation to become a group member and their strategies determine the outcomes of rejection. It was expected that in rejected newcomers, avoidance strategies (but not approach strategies) lead to stronger disidentification. Moreover, the disidentification effect of avoidance strategies is predicted to be buffered by the internal motivation to become a group member. Two studies supported these predictions. Study 1 manipulated the group's feedback (rejection vs. acceptance) and assessed internal motivation and strategies. Study 2 measured feedback and replicated the findings in the field. Thus, by the adoption of the right motivational approach, ne... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3661372 Sun, 13 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3661372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3654553&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.740 Previous research demonstrated that individuals spontaneously prefer ingroup members who display ingroup favoritism rather than egalitarian behaviors (Castelli, Tomelleri, & Zogmaister, 2008). In the current work, we explored what specific strategies toward ingroup favoritism are spontaneously preferred. Results from four studies showed that ingroup members who made it possible for the ingroup to achieve a positive intergroup differentiation were preferred as compared to ingroup members who maximized the absolute gain for the ingroup. Study 5 further demonstrated that in the search for positive distinctiveness people are sensitive to the ratio between the gains of the ingroup and outgroup. Study 6 ruled out a possible alternative explanation. Overall, the current findings indicate that gro... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3654553 Fri, 11 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3654553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3654554&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.743 In contrast to everyday use of the term discrimination, we propose that discrimination can be appraised as either illegitimate or legitimate, and a comprehensive analysis of responses to discrimination needs to account for both ways of experiencing discrimination. We examine how perceived pervasiveness of discrimination and legitimacy appraisals affect group commitment among women in academia (Study 1) and tobacco smokers facing an upcoming smoking ban (Study 2). We found support for our hypothesis that legitimacy of discrimination appraisals moderates the effect of pervasiveness of discrimination. In both studies, group identification and collective action intentions were undermined most when the ingroup claimed that discrimination against them was legitimate and discrimination was percei... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3654554 Thu, 10 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3654554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605878&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.649 Attempts to suppress stereotypes have often been found to result in an increased accessibility of these stereotypes. According to thought suppression literature together with research on prime-to-behavior effects, we hypothesized that suppression of stereotype can lead people to subsequently behave in accordance with its content and that these effects are stronger after suppression (rebound) than after a classical priming condition (i.e., no-suppression condition). Experiment 1 showed that suppression of the stereotype of sportsmen (associated with poor math performance) but not of Italian men (not related to math performance) led participants to subsequently perform worse on a calculus task in comparison to non-suppressors. These effects were replicated in a second experiment with another... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605878 Wed, 26 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3605878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546368&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.744 Research on the two fundamental dimensions of social judgment, namely warmth and competence, has shown that warmth has a primary and a dominant role in information gathering about others. In two studies we examined whether the sociability and morality components of warmth play distinct roles in such a process. Study 1 (N = 60) investigated which traits were mostly selected when forming impressions about others. The results showed that, regardless of the task goal, traits related to morality and sociability were differently processed. Furthermore, participants were more interested in obtaining information about morality than about sociability when asked to form a global impression about others. Study 2 (N = 98) explored the adoption of asymmetric/symmetric strategies when asking questions t... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546368 Sat, 08 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3546368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546372&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.755 Philosophers have argued that when people are objectified they are treated as if they lack the mental states and moral status associated with personhood. These aspects of objectification have been neglected by psychologists. This research investigates the role of depersonalization in objectification. In Study 1, objectified women were attributed less mind and were accorded lesser moral status than non-objectified women. In Study 2, we replicated this effect with male and female targets and extended it to include perceptions of competence and pain attribution. Further, we explored whether target and perceiver gender qualify depersonalization. Overall, this research indicates that when people are objectified they are denied personhood. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Europ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546372 Fri, 07 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3546372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546371&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.754 Moral outrage - anger at violation of a moral standard - is claimed to be a prevalent and powerful moral emotion. However, evidence for moral outrage has been compromised by failure to distinguish it from personal anger - anger at harm to self - felt by victims of a moral violation. Although it does not seem possible to distinguish these two forms of anger by measurement, it is possible to do so by experimental manipulation of their distinct eliciting conditions. Extending previous research, the current study manipulated how a victim (self vs. stranger) was excluded (fairly vs. unfairly) from a favorable experience. Reported anger and behavioral retribution provided evidence of personal anger and revenge, not of moral outrage. These findings suggest that the prevalence and power of moral o... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546371 Fri, 07 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3546371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546370&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.753 Because red pens are closely associated with error-marking and poor performance, the use of red pens when correcting student work can activate these concepts. People using red pens to complete a word-stem task completed more words related to errors and poor performance than did people using black pens (Study 1), suggesting relatively greater accessibility of these concepts. Moreover, people using red pens to correct essays marked more errors (Study 2) and awarded lower grades (Study 3) than people using blue pens. Thus, despite teachers' efforts to free themselves from extraneous influences when grading, the very act of picking up a red pen can bias their evaluations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology) European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546370 Fri, 07 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3546370 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3546369&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.751 Previous theory and research suggests that perceiving shared humanity with others should be a positive force for intergroup relations. The present research considers the alternative possibility, that notions of shared humanity might protect people from feelings of guilt over ingroup perpetrated harm by obscuring the ingroup's unique role in these events. Consistent with this idea, Study 1 (N = 58) found that perceiving shared humanity with a harmed outgroup was associated with less guilt and stronger expectations of forgiveness among members of the perpetrator group. Study 2 (N = 52) demonstrated that these effects only occurred when the moral integrity of the ingroup was open to question. When ingroup morality was instead secure, defensive use of humanity was not apparent. Together, these... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3546369 Fri, 07 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3546369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3470203&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.750 Causal impact is maximal when weak causes have strong effects. Do people understand this logic when they assess causal impact? In four experiments, participants judged the causal impact of strong or weak dietary treatments leading to strong or weak health effects in fictitious health studies. Rather than following the ratio of effect strength to treatment strength, judgments were influenced by three aspects of the detectability of a cause-effect relation. First, because detectability depends on the effect being strong more than on the cause being subtle, causal judgments were mainly determined by effect strength, whereas the strength of the causal treatment necessary to induce an effect was often neglected. Second, if causal input was not ignored, judgments increased when the maximal covar... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3470203 Wed, 14 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3470203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3451893&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.741 This paper examines memory for collective apologies. Our interest was in determining whether people are aware of intergroup apologies and whether this contributes to forgiveness for offending groups. Surveys conducted in three nations affected by Japanese World War II aggression found that participants were more likely to believe (incorrectly) that Japan had not apologized for WWII than to believe (correctly) that they had (Study 1). In contrast, participants were eight times more likely to believe that a corporation had apologized for misconduct than to (correctly) recall that they had not (Study 1). Forgiveness levels were higher among those who believed the group had apologized than among apology deniers, although the effect was weak and inconsistent. However, in a follow-up study that ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3451893 Thu, 08 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3451893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3329626&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.749 Three studies investigated antecedents and consequences of stereotype threat for female employees. The results of Studies 1 and 2 suggest that social comparisons with men are associated with feelings of stereotype threat whereas social comparisons with women are not. Stereotype threat, in turn, was associated with conflict surrounding women's identity as female employees and with decreased perceived likelihood of achieving career goals. Study 3 extended these findings by demonstrating that feelings of stereotype threat are also negatively related to workplace attitudes and turnover intentions. Furthermore, the effect of stereotype threat on these job attitudes and intentions was itself mediated by identity conflict and perceived likelihood of achieving career goals. Implications and limita... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3329626 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3329626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3329628&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.730 In two experiments a self-regulatory strategy combining mental contrasting with the formation of implementation intentions (MCII) was tested for its effectiveness in diminishing unhealthy snacking habits. Study 1 (N = 51) showed that participants in the MCII condition consumed fewer unhealthy snacks than participants in a control condition who thought about and listed healthy options for snacks. In Study 2 (N = 59) MCII was more effective than mental contrasting or formulating implementation intentions alone and mental contrasting was found to increase perceived clarity about critical cues for unhealthy snacking. Together, these findings suggest that MCII is an effective strategy for fighting habits and that one of the underlying processes making MCII superior to implementation intentions ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3329628 Wed, 03 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3329628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3329627&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.731 Objectification theory posits that as a result of pervasive sexual objectification of the female body in American culture, women are socialized to take an observers' perspective towards the self, resulting in self-objectification. This tendency, combined with an objectifying context, is hypothesized to increase cognitive load, thereby impairing performance. Two experiments tested this hypothesis by investigating the joint impact of trait and state objectification on cognitive load among women. Results of the first experiment showed longer response latencies on a Letter Number Sequencing task, specifically among women high in trait self-objectification (TSO), in a highly objectifying condition. The second experiment replicated results from the first while also exploring possible correlates ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3329627 Wed, 03 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3329627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3253023&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.735 We argue that offers in bargaining are guided by the emotions that proposers anticipate when contemplating their offers. In particular, we reason that positive offers may be driven by fear and guilt, where fear is more related to the perceived consequences of having one's offer rejected, and guilt is more related to concerns for the opponents' outcomes. Two studies on ultimatum bargaining corroborate this view. In Study 1, we used two well-documented manipulations to affect the consequences of having one's offer rejected and the initial entitlements of one's opponent. Both factors affected offers: Offers were higher when the consequences of having one's offer rejected were lower, and when the initial entitlements of one's opponent were higher. In agreement with our predictions, the former ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3253023 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3253023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3242089&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.738 Despite the potential benefits of looking young, we predicted that older adults who attempt to look younger than they are would threaten the distinctiveness of young adults' social identity and, for this reason, such "passers" would be evaluated negatively. In three experiments we found that both male and female young adults negatively evaluated older adults who attempt to look younger compared to older adults who do not attempt to do so. Both male and female targets who attempt to look younger were evaluated negatively (Experiment 2), and these negative evaluations were a function of experienced threat to young adults' social identities (Experiment 3). Older adults may attempt to look young to avoid age-based prejudice or conform to existing standards, but doing so can result in negative ... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3242089 Fri, 05 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3242089 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3234044&cid=s_33726_36_f&fid=33726&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Fejsp.728 The present studies investigated the extent to which three basic moral prototypes, "just," "brave", and "caring", are related to moral, prosocial behavior. In five studies, we tested (a) whether people would associate three basic types of moral behavior (helping behavior, moral courage, and heroism) with three moral prototypes, and (b) whether specific emotional precursors of moral behavior and moral behavior itself could be promoted by activating the respective moral prototype. As expected, Studies 1-3 revealed that people associated helping behavior with the caring prototype, moral courage with the just prototype, and heroism with the brave prototype. Studies 4 and 5 showed that the activation of the three prototypes differentially influenced emotional precursors of the three types of mo... European Journal of Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3234044 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3234044