MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Forensic Science International' source. Fri, 10 Feb 2012 01:09:49 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657443&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073812000394%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657443 Sat, 04 Feb 2012 05:54:50 +0100 5657443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657442&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381200031X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657442 Sat, 04 Feb 2012 05:54:50 +0100 5657442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657450&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100524X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In this paper we present the first assessment of the new German driving licence re-granting medical and psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines by comparing over 3500 urine samples tested under the old MPA cut-offs to over 5000 samples tested under the new MPA cut-offs. Since the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) technology used previously was not sensitive enough to screen for drugs at such low concentrations, as suggested by the new MPA guidelines, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening kits were used to screen for the drugs of abuse at the new MPA cut-offs. The above comparison revealed significantly increased detection rates of drug use or exposure during the rehabilitation period as follows: 1.61, 2.33, 3.33, and 7 times higher for 11-nor-delta-9-... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657450 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5657450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397847&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811005147%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397847 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 19:22:14 +0100 5397847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657451&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100510X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: LUCIO®-Direct-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were validated for the screening of drugs of abuse cannabis, opiates, amphetamines and cocaine in urine for the new German medical and psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines with subsequent gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) confirmation. The screening cut-offs corresponding to 10ng/mL 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), 50ng/mL amphetamine, 25ng/mL morphine and codeine and 30ng/mL benzoylecgonine were chosen at the point where the number of false negatives was lower than 1%. Due to their accuracy, ease of use and rapid analysis, these ELISA tests are very promising for cases where a large proportion of the tests are expected to be negative such as for abstinence monito... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657451 Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5657451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657454&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004737%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Hair analysis is an elaborate and time-consuming multi-step process. The immunometric test VMA-T from Comedical has been evaluated as screening assay for hair analysis. From routine work, authentic samples were selected that were positive for opiates, cocaine, MDMA-type drugs, amphetamines, methadone or THC. These hair samples were investigated by LC–MS or GC–MS and the VMA-T procedure, respectively. Using the cut-off values recommended by the Society of Hair Testing, the VMA-T method discriminates with good sensitivity between negative and positive hair samples and is an expedient screening method for drugs in keratinized matrices such as hair. In order to save time and resources, the residue of the VMA-T extraction solution can be reused for confirmation analysis by LC–MS... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657454 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542682&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004452%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study was conducted in a final sample consisting of 1010 orthopantograms, corresponding to Spanish children (485 boys and 525 girls) ages 2–16. Comparing the age of onset of the different stages among the children, evidence was found that girls had an earlier general development than boys. These differences were only statistically significant in teeth and concrete stages. The canine teeth revealed greater gender dimorphism, with significant differences in all stages compared with the upper canines. The method proposed by Demirjian for dental age calculation resulted in a significant overestimation of dental age in relation to the chronological age in boys (average of 0.87 years) and girls (average of 0.55 years). Data from this study may be used as reference for dental maturity, as ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542682 Thu, 22 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542681&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004373%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In stature reconstruction using Fully's method, it is essential that a soft tissue correction factor be added to skeletal height in order to obtain an estimate of living stature. While some anthropologists consider Fully's method to be the most reliable for stature estimation, others consider it to be inadequate as it seems to be underestimating living stature, possibly due to an error in the magnitude of Fully's soft tissue factors. A recent study by Raxter and co-workers revised Fully's technique and also presented a new “universally applicable” soft tissue correction factor. The present study examines the reliability of soft tissue correction factors of Fully and Raxter et al. on a living sample of indigenous South African males. The current study is based on data collecte... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542681 Wed, 21 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542680&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004348%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aims to perform three different characterized digital forensic facial reconstructions (with hair, eyelashes and eyebrows) of a Brazilian subject (based on an international pattern and two Brazilian patterns for soft facial tissue thickness), and evaluate the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photos of the individual and other nine subjects. The DICOM data of the Computed Tomography (CT) donated by a volunteer were converted into stereolitography (STL) files and used for the creation of the digital facial reconstructions. Once the three reconstructions were performed, they were compared to photographs of the subject who had the face reconstructed and nine other subjects. Thirty examiners participated in this recognition process. The target subject was reco... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542680 Wed, 21 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542647&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002180%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which Δ14C analyses could quantify the “age” of recent cocaine seizures. Here “age” of a seized cocaine specimen is defined as the time period between when a coca leaf was harvested in South America and its seizure as cocaine at either the international or domestic street levels. Based on Δ14C analyses of seizure specimens, there were no statistically significant differences in the ages of domestic cocaine HCl and cocaine base specimens seized on the streets in different locations across the United States. Between 2007 and 2009, the average age of a street-level cocaine seizure in the United States was 24.6±1.1months. Cocaine shipment seizures that were in excess of 150kg during this time period had an average age of 18.... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542647 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542695&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004075%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Apart from collisions with road or rail vehicles and falls from height, self inflicted blunt force is a rare suicide method and mainly seen in psychiatric patients. The paper presents a rare case of suicide by active blunt force. A 68-year-old man committed suicide by repeatedly hitting his head with a stone. He sustained a craniocerebral trauma and finally died from hypothermia due to the low outdoor temperature. According to the relatives, the man was not diagnosed with a mental disorder or suicidal tendencies. Uncommon manners of self-harm are challenging for those involved in the investigation, and a differentiation between suicide, accident and homicide can only be made in synopsis of all findings. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542695 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542695 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542673&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003987%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper extends previous research and discussion on the use of multivariate continuous data, which are about to become more prevalent in forensic science. As an illustrative example, attention is drawn here on the area of comparative handwriting examinations. Multivariate continuous data can be obtained in this field by analysing the contour shape of loop characters through Fourier analysis. This methodology, based on existing research in this area, allows one describe in detail the morphology of character contours throughout a set of variables. This paper uses data collected from female and male writers to conduct a comparative analysis of likelihood ratio based evidence assessment procedures in both, evaluative and investigative proceedings. While the use of likelihood ratio... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542673 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205140&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004129%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205140 Sun, 11 Sep 2011 05:55:30 +0100 5205140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542675&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004026%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper describes a method for verifying the authenticity of a seal impression imprinted on a document based on the seal overlay metric, which refers to the ratio of an effective seal impression pattern and the noise in the neighborhood of the reference impression region. A reference seal pattern is obtained by taking the average of a number of high-quality impressions of a genuine seal. A target seal impression to be examined, often on paper with some background texts and lines, is segmented out from the background by an adaptive threshold applied to the histogram of color components. The segmented target seal impression is then spatially aligned with the reference by maximizing the count of matching pixels. Then the seal overlay metric is computed for the reference and the t... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542675 Wed, 07 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542674&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004014%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We present an extension of the formal analysis proposed earlier and we illustrate our approach with an example. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542674 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542672&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003963%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A microcrystalline test for the detection of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) using aqueous solutions of mercury chloride is described. Each of the compounds investigated formed specific drug–reagent crystals within minutes. The uniqueness of the test was confirmed by comparison of the microcrystalline response to that of other psychoactive stimulants and a common cutting agent. The limit of detection and cut-off levels for reference standards were established to 3g/L and 5g/L for mephedrone, 0.5g/L for MDAI and 0.2g/L and 0.3g/L for BZP, respectively. Various mixtures of standards of either mephedrone, BZP or MDAI combined with caffeine were investigated for their microcrystalline response. Results showed th... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542672 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397860&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003999%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article focuses on the comparison of 2 proposed confirmation assays based on gel electrophoresis that were coupled with a new sample immunopurification method. IEF, the classical method used to target erythropoietin (EPO) and its recombinant analogues in athletes’ samples, and SARKOSYL-PAGE were applied to the plasma samples of subjects having received a single injection of C.E.R.A. It was demonstrated that SARKOSYL-PAGE was at least 6 times more sensitive than IEF, with comparable specificity. A longer detection window coupled with easier interpretation criteria led us to recommend the use of SARKOSYL-PAGE to confirm C.E.R.A. presence in athletes’ blood. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397860 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397860 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397859&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811004002%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The Sysmex® UF-500i was capable of providing a snapshot of urine particles present in the samples at the time of the delivery to the laboratory. These particles, BACT in particular, gave a good idea of the possible microbial degradation which had and/or could have occurred in the sample. This information could be used as the first quality control set up in WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) accredited laboratories to determine if steroid profiles, endogenous and prohibited substances have possibly been altered. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397859 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397859 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397854&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003616%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Aerobic sport performance may be strongly influenced by the number of red blood cells available for transport and delivery of oxygen from lungs to muscles. Often, athletes search for an acute increase in red blood cells by means of blood transfusions. This paper reviews the possibilities for detecting such prohibited practice. Flow cytometry methods are able to detect a double population of red blood cell membrane surface antigens, thus revealing an allogeneic transfusion. Other ingenious approaches for total hemoglobin mass measurements or to test for the metabolites of blood bag plasticizers in urine are new trends for facing the detection of autologous transfusions. Steady increase of red blood cell number may be obtained also by erythropoietic stimulant agents such as erythro... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397854 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542671&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003938%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The highly toxic anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum is an organic compound that has two diastereomeric forms. In this paper, we consider the hypothesis that the relative population of the diastereomers is a characteristic of forensic value for the association or source attribution of specimens of brodifacoum. In general, the stereoisomer distribution in an organic compound depends on the reagents, conditions, and methods used for synthesis and purification, and may vary over time due to differential stabilities of the stereoisomers. The stereoisomer distribution may thus serve as an identifier of the production methods and history of samples and provide a basis for comparing recovered specimens. We refer to this novel approach for signature detection as stereoisomer distributi... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542671 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542669&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003896%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Radiologic imaging is crucial in the diagnosis of skull fracture, but there is some doubt as to whether different imaging modalities can accurately identify fractures present on a human skull. While studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of radiologic imaging at other anatomical locations, there have been no systematic studies comparing various CT techniques, including high resolution imaging with and without 3D reconstructions to conventional radiologic imaging in children, we investigated which imaging modalities: high-resolution CT scan with 3D projections, clinical-resolution CT scans or X-rays, best showed fracture occurrence in a pediatric human cadaver skull by having an expert pediatric radiologist examine radiologic images from fractured skulls. The skulls ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542669 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542661&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003690%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The results suggest that the cut-off for exogenous GHB of 5μg/mL could be lowered significantly, with the consequence of winning valuable time for the potential victim, but only if serum is collected for GHB determination or if the whole blood sample is frozen immediately after collection and the procedure well documented. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542661 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657456&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003951%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A method for detection and quantification of 21 benzodiazepines and the pharmacologically related “z-drugs” in human hair samples was developed and fully validated using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). After methanolic and methanolic/aqueous extraction, the analytes were separated using two different LC–MS systems (AB Sciex 3200 QTRAP and AB Sciex 5500 QTRAP). Separation columns, mobile phases and MS modes for both systems were: Phenomenex Kinetex, 2.6μm, 50/2.1; 5mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3.5/methanol, total flow 0.75mL/min; electrospray ionization (ESI), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), information dependent acquisition (IDA), enhanced product ion scan (EPI). The assays were found to be selective for the tested compounds (al... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657456 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542694&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100394X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A 39-year-old woman was found dead at home. She was single, foreign national, chronic alcoholic, and had given shelter to a compatriot for three days. This man found the deceased in her bed, after a night of heavy drinking. The emergency medical team observed numerous recent blue ecchymoses of the upper limbs. Because of the unclear circumstances, a medicolegal autopsy was ordered by the public prosecutor. Massive hemoperitoneum was diagnosed with no visible internal traumatic injury. Autopsy revealed hepatic and pancreatic abnormalities secondary to chronic alcoholism, which were confirmed by pathological study. The source of the hemoperitoneum was not identified despite careful visceral and vascular examination. The authors concluded that death was secondary to idiopathic spont... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542694 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542670&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003914%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The identification of fired bullets and spent cartridge cases is one of the key tasks of forensic science. The traditional comparison of signatures on specimen with a large collection with only a microscope is a very tedious and time-consuming work. Fortunately, electronic systems for performing a pre-selection have been invented since the last 25 years.On the basis of an expansive database the electronic comparison system used by the BKA, Germany, is evaluated and a mathematical value is proposed to rate the correlation quality. This effectiveness criterion can be valuable to give an objective assessment of different electronic comparison systems.Additionally, the applicability of the system on different calibres and land engraved area (LEA) width is discussed. The so called sco... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542670 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542668&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003860%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The aim of our study was to analyse several serum biochemical markers in order to evaluate the discriminant capacity of trace elements individually and jointly in drowning (seawater drowning and freshwater drowning) and their correlation with age, sex, postmortem interval, time in water and concentrations of the trace elements in the drowning medium. Sixty-seven cases of drowning (53 seawater drownings (SWD); 14 freshwater drownings (FWD) and 73 control cases (other asphyxias, n=44, and other causes of death, n=29) were selected according to the scene, cause and circumstances of death, together with autopsy findings. Serum strontium (Sr), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), urea, creatinine (Cr) and cardiac Troponine T (cTn-T) were measured in the... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542668 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542667&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003859%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We describe 43 fatal cases of pulmonary embolism as confirmed by post-mortem examination. The aim of our study was to verify the systematic search for the most common genetic thrombophilias (Factor V Leiden (G1691A) and FII (G20210A) gene variants) and dating the thrombus. As a whole, 41 patients (95.3%) had at least one risk factor. Pre-existing symptoms are described just before fatal embolism in 18 (41.9%) out 43 patients. In 18 out of 43 (41.9%) it was not possible to find the thrombotic site. In 24 out of the remaining 25 cases the involvement of the deep veins of one leg was shown; in 1 case the thrombus was localised in the inferior caval vein. 10 (41.7%) were iliac vein thromboses, 7 (29.1%) femoral, 2 (8.3%) popliteal, 3 (12.6%) posterior-tibial, 1 (4.1%) anterior-tibial and 1 (4.... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542667 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542679&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003884%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Forensic anthropologists frequently use measurements of the human skeleton to determine sex and ancestry. Since the establishment of the Daubert criteria of admissibility of scientific evidence to court, methodologies used by anthropologists came under severe scrutiny. It is therefore important to ensure that the osteometric standards that are used in skeletal analyses are clearly explained, repeatable and reliable. Adams and Byrd (2002) found that measurements of the pelvis that originated from a point inside the acetabulum could not be repeated accurately. The purpose of this paper was to use three different sets of pubic and ischial measurements to establish whether they can be repeated with high precision between four different observers, and also by the observers themselves.... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542679 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542659&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003574%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) is a proven forensic tool and has been used to analyze several kinds of trace evidence. A forensic application of SEM/EDS is the examination of morphological characteristics of tool marks that tools and instruments leave on bone. The microtraces that are left behind by these tools and instruments on the bone are, however, often ignored or not noticed at all.In this paper we will describe the use of SEM/EDS for the analysis of microtraces in invasive sharp-force, blunt-force and bone-hacking traumas in bone. This research is part of a larger multi-disciplinary approach in which pathologists, forensic anthropologists, toolmark and microtrace experts work together to link observed injurie... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542659 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542692&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003835%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We report on two young infants with serious head injuries. The difficult differential diagnosis birth trauma versus non-accidental head injury is discussed and the necessity for cooperation between clinicians, forensic doctors and specialized neuroradiologists is emphasized. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542692 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542697&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003902%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The authors regret that the following acknowledgement was omitted from the above published article. The corresponding author wishes to inform readers of FSI that the work presented in this paper was kindly supported by the Swiss National Foundation (Fund No. PP00P1_123358/1). The author would like to apologise for this important omission and sincerely thank the Swiss National Foundation for its support. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542697 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542696&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003847%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conventional methods for forensic species identification in wildlife crimes are mainly based on morphological and immunological procedures, which have limited applications for old and degraded specimens. DNA based species identification now has become an advent tool in wildlife forensic to investigate confiscated biological samples and is able to reveal whether the source of sample is human or animal, if animal, which species of animal . When morphology is compromised, genetic species identification attempts to match an unknown evidence sample to a known reference sample by comparing sequences of genes, usually mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci that are known to vary between species. Mitochondrial genes attract researchers because these have a high copy number which allows a greater yield of ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542696 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542676&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100377X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The growth of five variables of the tibia (diaphyseal length, diaphyseal length plus distal epiphysis, condylo-malleolar length, sagittal diameter of the proximal epiphysis, maximum breadth of the distal epiphysis) were analysed using polynomial regression in order to evaluate their significance and capacity for age and sex determination during and after growth. Data were collected from 181 (90♂ and 91♀) individuals ranging from birth to 25 years of age and belonging to three documented collections from Western Europe.Results indicate that all five variables exhibit linear behaviour during growth, which can be expressed by a first-degree polynomial function. Sexual significant differences were observed from age 15 onward in the two epiphysis measurements and condylo-malleolar... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542676 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542662&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003720%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Discussion: Our results indicate that PMCT is useful to detect intrahepatic gas. However, several reasons for these findings besides putrefaction e.g. trauma, resuscitation exist. For an elucidation of the exact causation of the gas accumulation further studies are required with longer postmortem examination times (24–72h) to detect more pronounced changes of gas and organ radiopacity but also an earlier start of examination after death is desirable. Moreover, it has to be elucidated whether other organs exhibit a similar behavior and how temperature of the CT-room and the body impacts on these parameters. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542662 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397852&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003707%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: During the past decade OMICS-methods not only continued to have their impact on research strategies in life sciences and in particular molecular biology, but also started to be used for anti-doping control purposes. Research activities were mainly reasoned by the fact that several substances and methods, which were prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), were or still are difficult to detect by direct methods. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in theory offer ideal platforms for the discovery of biomarkers for the indirect detection of the abuse of these substances and methods. Traditionally, the main focus of transcriptomics and proteomics projects has been on the prolonged detection of the misuse of human growth hormone (hGH), recombinant erythropoietin (... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397852 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542693&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003872%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We report a unique case of transmesenteric hernia resulting in death, which went undiagnosed during a recent hospital visit. The victim was a 2.5-year-old girl who – with the exception of chronic constipation – had no medical history. One night she complained of abdominal pains and was taken to a pediatric hospital where doctors performed an abdominal X-ray and echography. No significant findings suggesting bowel obstruction (e.g. air-fluid levels or dilation of the bowel) were obtained on examinations and bloody feces were not observed in this particular episode. As her abdominal pain gradually attenuated, the doctor allowed her to return home. A few hours later, she lost consciousness and expired despite resuscitation efforts attempted at an emergency hospital. A subsequent autopsy r... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542693 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542691&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003811%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Primary cardiac tumours are very uncommon lesions with an estimated incidence of less than 0.03% during autoptic examination. Among these, about 75% are benign, mainly myxomas. The intracardiac tumours occur over a wide range of ages and can progress silently or have many clinical presentations, such as valvular dysfunction, cardiac compression and embolic accidents, mostly in case of atrial localization. Primary atrial tumours often progress asymptomatically. Sudden death could represent the “first symptom” of these pathological findings. Indeed, cardiac neoplasms may cause disorders of atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction, which are manifested by fatal arrhythmias. Two cases of sudden death due to atrial tumours are reported. A complete autoptic examination, with... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542691 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542678&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003823%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study presents the results of a blind test of the revised auricular surface age estimation method proposed by Buckberry and Chamberlain (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119 (2002) 321–329) on a large sample (n=404) of known sex and age from the Sassari collection, housed at the Museum of Anthropology, University of Bologna, Italy. Ilia were scored for five features: transverse organization, surface texture, microporosity, macroporosity, and apical changes, which combined for a composite score.The results indicated that all features and the composite score were positively correlated with known age. Composite scores were significantly different between the sexes, suggesting that males and females should be treated separately. Bias and inaccuracy varied across age intervals. Age tended to be o... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542678 Fri, 19 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542664&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003744%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Because there are no internationally distributed stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic reference materials of human hair, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has prepared two such materials, USGS42 and USGS43. These reference materials span values commonly encountered in human hair stable isotope analysis and are isotopically homogeneous at sample sizes larger than 0.2mg. USGS42 and USGS43 human-hair isotopic reference materials are intended for calibration of δ2H and δ18O measurements of unknown human hair by quantifying (1) drift with time, (2) mass-dependent isotopic fractionation, and (3) isotope-ratio-scale contraction. While they are intended for measurements of the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, they also are suitable for measurements of the stable isotopes of carbo... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542664 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542665&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003793%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Data from 191 post-mortem cases where post-mortem blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and acetone concentrations and vitreous humor glucose concentrations (where available) had been measured were retrospectively investigated to determine the markers required to identify and distinguish between Alcoholic Ketoacidosis (AKA), Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS).Blood βHB concentrations above 250μg/mL were considered significant and it was shown to be the preferred marker of ketoacidosis. All cases with significant βHB detected also had acetone present (greater than 2mg/dL) demonstrating that acetone can be used as a marker to identify ketoacidosis and can be used to indicate when βHB measurement is necessary. Vitreous humor glucose concentrations... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542665 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542663&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003732%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Venlafaxine (VEN) is an antidepressant drug mainly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP2D6 to the active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV). VEN is also metabolized to N-desmetylvenlafaxine (NDV) via CYP3A4. ODV and NDV are further metabolized to N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (DDV). VEN is a racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers and these have in vitro displayed different degrees of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. The aim of the study was to investigate if an enantioselective analysis of VEN and its metabolites, in combination with genotyping for CYP2D6, could assist in the interpretation of forensic toxicological results in cases with different causes of deaths. Concentrations of the enantiomers of VEN and metabolites were determined in fe... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542663 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542690&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003756%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Forensic pathologists are sometimes confronted with microscopic foreign bodies mixed in with soft tissues surrounding wounds and which are thus difficult to identify. This identification, however, could be primordial in investigating a crime and in determining the weapon used. A case of a fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to conjoining suicidal drug intoxication and laryngeal obstruction by a voluminous foreign body giant cell granuloma is presented. The classical histological examination showed exogenous particles in the vocal cord tumor with birefringent qualities. Their analysis with Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry coupled with infrared microscope allows the determination of their chemical nature as polytetrafluoroethylene and to the diagnosis of teflonoma... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542690 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542677&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003781%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study presents a novel, simple technique for validation of the reconstructed nose tip shape based on methods used in actual approximation practice.The data set was comprised of 25 full-head computed tomography (CT) patient scans. In 22 of the 25 patients across all age and sex groups, when the head is tilted so that soft tissue pronasale is superimposed on hard tissue rhinion, the curvature of the nose tip was found to mimic the curvature of the superior portion of the nasal aperture. This occurs when the head is tilted dorsally by approximately 60° (55.87±5.91). Individuals with snub noses presented a much wider tip curvature. The method was highly repeatable and was evaluated through inter- and intra-observer studies (error=3.15%). (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542677 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542666&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100380X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Country made scare gun also called as bandook in the vernacular language designed with an intention of scaring away the menacing animals is not only unique and effective but also potentially lethal and has found wide spread usage in the rural parts of India. Here an attempt has been made to study the characteristic features such as physical dimensions, mechanism of action of this weapon and to compare its penetrating ability with that of air gun, whose potential lethality is a well-documented fact, using the ballistic gelatine blocks at various ranges. It is hoped that keeping the existence of such firearms in mind by the forensic experts might help to solve the unexplained and bizarre firearm injuries encountered in day to day practice. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542666 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397849&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003586%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: When action against doping began, sport itself was, as a rule, responsible for anti-doping measures and governments often had only a subsidiary function. However, due to doping scandals or doping allegations, the formation of independent Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs) was already discussed in the 1990s in some countries as guarantors for clean sports. In the course of the doping scandal at the Tour de France in 1998 and the systematic intervention of the French state, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was founded 1999 at an international level. In the following years, the WADA-model was often copied at a national level and a multitude of independent NADOs came into being. NADOs play a key role worldwide in combating doping. Their influence in developing an international anti... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397849 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397848&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003239%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes During the last two decades, top-level sport has undergone a spectacular evolution. Doping and the science of doping analysis more or less inevitably followed suit. At the end of the nineties, the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) by the Olympic movement and governmental bodies was intended to boost a similar evolution of the fight against doping by uniting the different forces and stakeholder in concerted action. The WAD-Code has been written with the purpose of advancing the anti-doping effort through universal harmonization of core anti-doping elements. Its intention was to be specific enough to achieve harmonization where it is unanimously required and to permit flexibility in the implementation of anti-doping regulations. Undoubtedly, a further aim of this harmonization ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397848 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542655&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003343%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper describes the use of a diamond cell Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methodology for the analysis of black toners commercialised in Portugal. A total of one hundred and thirty-eight samples from eighteen manufacturers were analysed in transmittance mode through a diamond cell. This methodology was considered to be non-destructive as it allows the forensic analysis of the questioned documents while preserving their integrity. The questioned documents’ substrate (paper sheets) has no influence on the final result. This technique shows high repeatability and intermediate precision. Spectra were organized in twenty distinct groups based on their main chemical characteristics and relative peak intensity; and a black toner infrared spectral library was develo... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542655 Thu, 11 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397862&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003768%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The fight against doping is mainly focused on direct detection, using analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in biological samples. However, the World Anti-Doping Code also defines doping as possession, administration or attempted administration of prohibited substances or methods, trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or methods. As these issues correspond to criminal investigation, a forensic approach can help assessing potential violation of these rules.In the context of a rowing competition, genetic analyses were conducted on biological samples collected in infusion apparatus, bags and tubing in order to obtain DNA profiles. As no database of athletes’ DNA profiles was available, the use of information from the location detection as... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397862 Thu, 11 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397862 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542689&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003719%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Clozapine is a uniquely effective antipsychotic, but is very toxic in clozapine-naïve subjects. A 34-year-old male patient in a mental health facility, who was not prescribed clozapine, took 350mg clozapine obtained from another patient at night. He was found dead the next morning. The presence of cardiomegaly related to obesity may have increased the risk of suffering an acute cardiac event after ingestion of clozapine. The medication prescribed to the patient was not thought to have contributed to the fatal outcome. Post mortem femoral blood clozapine and norclozapine concentrations were 0.48 and 0.20mg/L, respectively. By way of comparison, audit of 104,127 plasma samples (26,796 patients) assayed for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes 1993–2007, showed plasma clozapine 0... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542689 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542653&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003318%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The present study aimed determines lead (Pb), antimony (Sb) and barium (Ba) as the major elements present in GSR in the environmental air of the Ballistics Laboratory of the São Paulo Criminalistics Institute (I.C.-S.P.), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Micro environmental monitors (mini samplers) were located at selected places. The PM2.5 fraction of this airborne was collected in, previously weighted filters, and analyzed by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (SF-HR-ICP-MS). The higher values of the airborne lead, antimony and barium, were found at the firing range (lead (Pb): 58.9μg/m3; barium (Ba): 6.9μg/m3; antimony (Sb): 7.3μg/m3). The mean value of the airborne in this room during 6 monitored days was Pb: 23.1μg/m3; Ba: 2.2μg/m3; Sb: 1.5μg/m3. In the ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542653 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397858&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003550%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Anti-doping authorities have high expectations of the athlete steroidal passport (ASP) for anabolic–androgenic steroids misuse detection. However, it is still limited to the monitoring of known well-established compounds and might greatly benefit from the discovery of new relevant biomarkers candidates. In this context, steroidomics opens the way to the untargeted simultaneous evaluation of a high number of compounds. Analytical platforms associating the performance of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and the high mass-resolving power of quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometers are particularly adapted for such purpose. An untargeted steroidomic approach was proposed to analyse urine samples from a clinical trial for the discovery of relevant biomark... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397858 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397858 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542660&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003604%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Accurate age estimation has always been a problem for forensic scientists, and apposition of secondary dentine is often used as an indicator of age. Since 2004, in order to examine patterns of secondary dentine apposition, Cameriere et al. have been extensively studying the pulp/tooth area ratio of the canines by panoramic and peri-apical X-ray images. The main aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between age and age-related changes in the pulp/tooth area ratio in monoradicular teeth, with the exception of canines, by orthopantomography. A total of 606 orthopantomograms of Spanish white Caucasian patients (289 women and 317 men), aged between 18 and 75 years and coming from Bilbao and Granada (Spain), was analysed. Regression analysis of age of monoradicular teeth ind... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542660 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542658&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003549%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: With advancements in technology allowing for the miniaturization of consumer electronics, criminal investigations of all types frequently involve the forensic examination of electronic devices, such as cellular telephones, smartphones, and portable flash memory; in some extreme, violent cases, these devices are found covered in blood. Due to the complexity of such devices, standard operating procedures for the complete removal of blood had not previously been established by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police prior to this study. The electronics industry has adopted the use of the ultrasonic cleaner for sanitizing printed circuit boards (PCBs) by removing residues and contaminants. High frequency sound waves created by the machine penetrate and remove dirt and residues; however, ea... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542658 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397855&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003562%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Since the first anti-doping tests in the 1960s, the analytical aspects of the testing remain challenging. The evolution of the analytical process in doping control is discussed in this paper with a particular emphasis on separation techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These approaches are improving in parallel with the requirements of increasing sensitivity and selectivity for detecting prohibited substances in biological samples from athletes. Moreover, fast analyses are mandatory to deal with the growing number of doping control samples and the short response time required during particular sport events. Recent developments in mass spectrometry and the expansion of accurate mass determination has improved anti-doping strategies with the possibility ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397855 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542657&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003367%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Gelatine is a recognized tissue simulant in wound ballistic research. The deceleration of a bullet causes a temporary cavity which provokes radial fissures by stretching the gelatine. The evaluation of gelatine destruction was performed with very different methods yet, widely known are the wound profile by Fackler and the total crack length (TCL) method. Aims of the presented experimental study were to cover a wide range of kinetic bullet energy, to gather all destruction associated parameters and to correlate them to energy dissipation.According to recommendations of the Technical Guideline Commission of the German police and to Fackler, a 10% solution of Gelita Ballistic 3 gelatine was moulded in 20cm×20cm×50cm dimensioned blocks. In the front of the blocks a 2mm thin and 8cm... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542657 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542654&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003331%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Fundamental to any ballistic armour standard is the reference projectile that is to be defeated. Typically, for certification, consistency of bullets is assumed. Therefore, practical variations in bullet jacket dimensions can have far reaching consequences. Traditionally, internal dimensions could only be analysed by cutting bullets which rules out any subsequent ballistic assessment. Therefore, the use of a non-destructive X-ray computed tomography (CT) method is explored in this paper. A set of 10 bullets (9mm DM11) was taken for analysing both intra and inter bullet jacket thickness variation. CT measurements of jacket thickness were validated with high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. An image based analysis methodology has been developed to extract the j... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542654 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397861&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100329X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Recently, pharmaceutical industry developed a new class of therapeutics called Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) to substitute the synthetic anabolic drugs used in medical treatments. Since the beginning of the anti-doping testing in sports in the 1970s, steroids have been the most frequently detected drugs mainly used for their anabolic properties. The major advantage of SARMs is the reduced androgenic activities which are the main source of side effects following anabolic agents’ administration.In 2010, the Swiss laboratory for doping analyses reported the first case of SARMs abuse during in-competition testing. The analytical steps leading to this finding are described in this paper. Screening and confirmation results were obtained based on liquid chromatography t... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397861 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397861 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397851&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003276%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We describe a screening ELISA and a confirmation assay consisting of immune-purification followed by separation with SDS-PAGE and revelation with Western double blotting. Both assays can detect 0.5ng/mL concentrations of peginesatide in blood samples, enabling detection for several days after administration of a physiologically relevant dose. This initial report describes experimental characterization of these assays, including testing with a blinded set of samples from a clinical study conducted in healthy volunteers. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397851 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205184&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003069%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study we compare the two of the most common methods applied in age estimation by hand/wrist radiographs: the Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist made by Greulich and Pyle (GP), 1959,and the Sempé method developed for computer – Maturos 4.0 (MT) program.These methods were applied to a sample of 230 radiographs of the hand and wrist from Portuguese children and adolescents of known sex age and age, aged between 12 and 20 years, who performed medical examination at the University of Coimbra Hospitals during 2005.The methods achieved different performances, depending on the age group. Between 12 and 15 years the bone age with the MT program is closer to the chronological age, whereas in older ages the GP Atlas method is more trustworthy.At the ages with ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205184 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542688&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003288%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Following a health complaint a food supplement was brought in for analysis on the suspicion of being adulterated with a synthetic drug substance. When the capsule content did not show evidence of adulteration, the capsule shell was investigated. Using HPLC-DAD and HPLC–MS the capsule shell was found to contain 2.85mg of the erectile dysfunction drug tadalafil. Using microscopy and RAMAN spectroscopy the presence of tadalafil was shown throughout the gelatine matrix as particles and dissolved into the matrix. The adulteration is probably carried out by adding tadalafil powder to a gelatine jelly in the manufacturing of the capsules shells. Because this technique may also be used for other drug substances, capsules shells should be considered a vehicle for hiding drug substances ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542688 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542656&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003355%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A range of chemical techniques were utilised for the enhancement of footwear impressions deposited on a variety of fabric types of different colours with urine as a contaminant. A semi-automated stamping device was used to deliver test impressions at a set force to minimise the variability between impressions; multiple impressions were produced and enhanced by each reagent to determine the repeatability of the enhancement. Urine samples from different donors were analysed using a spectrofluorophotometer revealing differences between individuals. Results indicated that the enhancement of footwear impressions in urine was possible using amino acid staining techniques whereas protein stains failed to achieve successful enhancement. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542656 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542652&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003306%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: With the availability of the powerful editing software and sophisticated digital cameras, region duplication is becoming more and more popular in image manipulation where part of an image is pasted to another location to conceal undesirable objects. Most existing techniques to detect such tampering are mainly at the cost of higher computational complexity. In this paper, we present an efficient and robust approach to detect such specific artifact. Firstly, the original image is divided into fixed-size blocks, and discrete cosine transform (DCT) is applied to each block, thus, the DCT coefficients represent each block. Secondly, each cosine transformed block is represented by a circle block and four features are extracted to reduce the dimension of each block. Finally, the feature... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542652 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542651&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003264%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: 3-Naphthoyl- and 3-phenylacetylindoles represent a group of substances of cannabimimetic activity with affinities – strongly influenced by their functional groups – to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Some of them have been described as ingredients of herbal blends also known as “smart products” by several research groups. Recently further cannabimimetic substances possessing new chemical structures like benzoylindoles and adamantoylindoles have emerged. In Hungary, two powder samples were seized by the authorities and identified as 1-pentyl-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole (AM-679) and 1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole. Structure elucidation was carried out by LC–UV–MS/MS, LC–TOF–MS, GC–MS and NMR. The benzoylindole AM-679 is a known agonist of cannabinoid receptors whi... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542651 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542650&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003240%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Piophila megastigmata McAlpine, 1978, for many years only known from South Africa, was recently recorded in Spain. The present work reports for the first time the occurrence of P. megastigmata in human corpses in Portugal. The species was also collected in succession studies conducted with piglet carcasses, where it coexisted with Stearibia nigriceps (Meigen, 1826), showing similar periods of presence in the carcass. However, P. megastigmata was more abundant than S. nigriceps in autumn, with the opposite in summer. During winter neither species was able to colonize carrion and in spring, only S. nigriceps. This first record of P. megastigmata in human corpses confirms it as a potentially useful forensic species in Europe. The species, well established in the Iberian Peninsula, p... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542650 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542684&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003100%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: As the new drug Spice hit the market in 2006 and was a hot topic in the media, the general issue of legal highs has been brought to the attention of a large number of (young) people. One of these so called legal highs are the seeds of Argyreia nervosa, also known as Hawaiian Baby Woodrose, which contains the psychotropic alkaloid lysergic acid amide (LSA). A study was designed to assess how driving ability is affected by Argyreia nervosa. However, the study could not be continued due to severe adverse effects in 3 of 4 subjects, such as cardiovascular dysregulation in two and a psychosis like state in one subject. All of the participants recovered completely within 9h after ingestion. Despite body normalized doses interindividually highly differing reactions in type and intensity... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542684 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205174&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003112%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in pubic, axillary and beard hair were measured and the correlation between the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and pubic hair from same cannabis users were evaluated. The papers on body hair analysis for THCCOOH were rarely found although police officers submit body hair as a complimentary specimen to forensic laboratories in case cannabis users had no hair.Head, pubic, axillary, and beard hair were collected. All hair samples were cut into 0.5mm segments and decontaminated with methanol, digested with 1mL of 1M NaOH at 85°C for 30min and extracted in 2mL of n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) two times after adding 1mL of 0.1N sodium acetate buffer (pH=4.5) and 200μL of acetic acid followed by d... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205174 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542687&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003252%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We present a case of sudden cardiac death where diagnosis was based on cardiac postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (pmMRI) findings already prior to autopsy: the heart's anterior basal ventricular septum showed hypointensities in T2-weighted images that raised suspicion of peracute ischemia. The lumen of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) exhibited a lack of otherwise discernible postmortem sedimentation of cellular blood components. Instead of a sharp border between serum and erythrocytes a homogeneous signal was seen within the narrowed lumen of the beginning LAD over a length of 1cm. Based on this, a thrombotic occlusion was assumed. Subsequent autopsy confirmed peracute septal myocardial ischemia secondary to a thrombotic occlusion of the LAD as concluded from the pmMRI. (Sour... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542687 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542685&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003197%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A 48-year-old man died from a transnasal intracranial stab wound caused by an umbrella. The track of the stab passed from the right nostril, through the sphenoid sinus, the left side of the sella turcica and anterior clinoid process, and finally reached the surface of the brain. The stab wound crossed the left internal carotid artery, causing an exsanguination and aspiration of blood into the airway, resulting in death. It is extremely rare that an umbrella tip used during a struggle would stab the nostril of the victim. Transnasal intracranial stab wounds can be overlooked and require sensitive handling. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542685 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205173&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003082%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Photoanthropometry is a metric based facial image comparison technique. Measurements of the face are taken from an image using predetermined facial landmarks. Measurements are then converted to proportionality indices (PIs) and compared to PIs from another facial image. Photoanthropometry has been presented as a facial image comparison technique in UK courts for over 15 years. It is generally accepted that extrinsic factors (e.g. orientation of the head, camera angle and distance from the camera) can cause discrepancies in anthropometric measurements of the face from photographs. However there has been limited empirical research into quantifying the influence of such variables. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of photoanthropometric measurements between diff... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205173 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205141&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002970%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Among the insects which are typically considered of forensic interest, the family Piophilidae (Diptera) is frequently cited because of its common occurrence on carcasses in different stages of decay. Piophilids are mainly known from the cosmopolitan species Piophila casei, which can be also a major pest for the food industry and an agent of myiasis. However, many other species of Piophilidae occur frequently on carrion, including human corpses; hence, it is essential to ensure a careful identification of specimens. Reviews of relevant published information about the Piophilidae species of potential forensic use, including recent interesting records, are presented. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205141 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542686&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003203%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We present the case of a 40-year-old woman cyclist who was struck by a car while wearing a helmet, and was neurologically near normal immediately thereafter at Emergency. She presented 48h later with acute right hemiparesis, decreasing level of consciousness, and unsteadiness. CT revealed massive cerebellar infarction. CT angiography was normal. The patient died in coma 7 days after injury and autopsy revealed bilateral edematous cerebellar infarction and bilateral vertebral artery dissection. Rotational neck injury and mural tear in the wall of the Atlantic parts of both vertebral arteries is suggested as the possible mechanism of the arterial injury. Head and neck injuries are reported as a precipitating cause of vertebral artery injury. The possible influence of trauma may be further un... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542686 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542649&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003227%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: It is a well-known fact that the length of an artery in situ and the length of an excised artery differs. Retraction of blood vessels is usually observed. This pre-tension plays crucial role in arterial biomechanics. It augments an artery wall load-bearing capacity. This paper presents the longitudinal pre-strain of the human aorta as an index of human age. The length of abdominal aortas was measured during autopsies before and after segment resection. The longitudinal pre-strain was calculated in 130 donors; 100 male and 30 female bodies. The pre-strain was defined as the ratio between in situ length and the length after the excision. The mean pre-strain was found to be 1.18±0.10 for male and 1.14±0.10 for female sample (mean±standard deviation). The age in the male group was... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542649 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542648&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003215%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study demonstrates that there are partly quantitative differences, particularly with a statistically significant increase in cystic medial necrosis (p (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542648 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397856&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003173%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In conclusion, this study showed the crucial importance of reliable quantification methods to assess low differences in hormonal patterns. In regard to these results and to anti-doping requirements and constraints, blood together with urine matrix should be included in the anti-doping testing program. Together with a longitudinal follow-up approach it could constitute a new strategy to detect a hCG abuse, applicable to further forms of steroid or other forbidden drug manipulation. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397856 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205178&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003161%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, we use ultrasound to measure the size of the inferior vena cava (IVC) as a surrogate of central venous return in the standing position, prone position, and with weight force applied to the thorax in the prone position.Methods: This was a prospective, observational study of volunteer human subjects. The IVC was visualized from the abdomen in both the longitudinal and transverse section in the standing and prone positions without weight force applied, and with 100lbs (45kg) and 147lbs (67kg) of weight force on the upper back in the prone position. Maximum and minimum measurements were determined in each section to account for possible respiratory variation of the IVC.Results: The IVC significantly decreased in size with each successive change: from standing to prone, from pron... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205178 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061745&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003392%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061745 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 20:29:58 +0100 5061745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205194&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002982%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this report, we present the analysis of common alcoholic beverages found in clubs and bars spiked with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Our analysis of the spiked beverages consisted of using 1H NMR with a water suppression method called Presaturation Utilizing Relaxation Gradients and Echoes (PURGE). The following beverages were analyzed: water, 10% ethanol in water, vodka–cranberry juice, rum and coke, gin and tonic, whisky and diet coke, white wine, red wine, and beer. The PURGE method allowed for the direct identification and quantitation of both compounds in all beverages except red and white wine where small interferences prevented accurate quantitation. The NMR method presented in this paper utilizes PURGE water suppression. Thanks to the use of a ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205194 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205179&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003185%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The flourishing number of publications on the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in forensic science denotes the enthusiasm and the attraction generated by this technology. IRMS has demonstrated its potential to distinguish chemically identical compounds coming from different sources. Despite the numerous applications of IRMS to a wide range of forensic materials, its implementation in a forensic framework is less straightforward than it appears. In addition, each laboratory has developed its own strategy of analysis on calibration, sequence design, standards utilisation and data treatment without a clear consensus.Through the experience acquired from research undertaken in different forensic fields, we propose a methodological framework of the whole process using IRMS... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205179 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205177&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003148%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Due to sensitive limits of detection of chromatographic methods and low limit values regarding the screening of drugs under the terms of impairment in safe driving (§ 24a StVG, Street Traffic Law in Germany), preliminary immunoassay (IA) tests should be able to detect also low concentrations of legal and illegal drugs in serum in forensic cases. False-negatives should be avoided, the rate of false-positive samples should be low due to cost and time. An optimization of IA cutoff values and a validation of the assay is required for each laboratory.In a retrospective study results for serum samples containing amphetamine, methylenedioxy derivatives, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, cocaine (metabolites), methadone and opiates obtained with CEDIA drugs of abuse reagents on a Hitachi 9... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205177 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205143&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100315X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: During the analysis of “seized samples”, suspected of containing 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and N-ethylcathinone (ethcathinone) additional compounds were observed in the GCMS chromatogram. These compounds were suspected to be the corresponding phenylacetone isomers of mephedrone and ethcathinone respectively. These isomers are referred to as iso-mephedrone and iso-ethcathinone, respectively. The identity of these compounds was verified by synthesising the isomers from known starting materials and comparing them with the compounds found in the seized samples. Analytical data, GCMS, NMR and IR on these compounds are provided. Possible explanations for the presence of these compounds in the seized samples are explored. Contaminated starting material is one suggestion. Re... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205143 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205191&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003094%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Prevalence regression may be a useful tool in estimating equivalent cutoff concentrations in blood and oral fluid. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205191 Wed, 20 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542683&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003070%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Homicide–suicide is an event in which the murderer commits suicide after the homicide. There are at least 14 epidemiological studies on the topic, and all have found that homicide–suicide is more common among family members. The murderers are most often males and the victims females. There is no recent research on this phenomenon in Italy. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of homicide–suicide in Italy over a period of 24yrs and to compare Italian data with published international data. We used information gathered by press agencies and from the four major Italian newspapers. Between 1985 and 2008, 662 cases of homicide–suicide were identified, with 1776 deaths. The murderer was male in 84.6% of the cases, typically using a firearm. The most common mot... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542683 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205183&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003057%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Teeth are useful indicators of age-at-death and non-destructive methods ensure preservation of dental evidentiary material which could be used for court presentation. No previous data exists on estimating age from extracted teeth per se in Indians. This paper examined four parameters—dental attrition, periodontal ligament (PDL) attachment level, root dentin translucency and root color—on a heterogeneous sample of 106 teeth extracted from as many subjects (age range=20–78 years). A number of well-established methods that used both visual grading and measurements were utilized in assessing these changes. Linear and stepwise regression analyses revealed low correlation (r/R=0.05–0.46) and high standard errors of estimate (±13.1–4.6 years). PDL attachment level graded usin... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205183 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205182&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003045%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Several studies have attempted to describe the morphology of the hyoid bone, while other authors have focused on discovering the role of this bone in the occurrence of fractures. Hyoid fractures are known to be dependent on the force applied against the bone, or on the location at which the force is applied. We wished to assess the value of defining one or more models of the hyoid bone by analyzing variations in the size and angle of the various component parts of the bone relative to the sex and morphology of an individual (height and weight) in a sample of 72 bones obtained during forensic autopsy at our institution. Statistical analyses were developed using SAS software (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2). We observed that the length of the hyoid bone and the angle betw... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205182 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205176&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003136%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Discussion: Cannabinoids, in general, exhibited a mean and median central:peripheral (C:P) concentration ratio of less than 2 following death. A trend was observed for greater PMR with increasing postmortem interval between death and sampling. To our knowledge, these are the first data on THC PMR in humans, providing important scientific data to aid in the interpretation of postmortem cannabinoid concentrations in medico-legal investigations. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205176 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205175&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003124%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses drug purity, frequency of appearance and concentration ranges of adulterants of 471 illicit cocaine and 962 illicit heroin samples seized in Luxembourg from January 2005 to December 2010. For cocaine samples the mean concentration was lowest in 2009 (43.2%) and highest in 2005 (54.7%) but no clear trend could be observed during the last 6 years. 14 different adulterants have been detected in cocaine samples, from which phenacetin has been the most abundant in terms of frequency of appearance and concentration until 2009. In 2010 the veterinary antihelminthic drug levamisole has become the most abundant adulterant detected in cocaine samples, its concentrations however remained low (1.5–4.1%). The mean heroin concentration was 26.6% in 2005, a decline has been obser... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205175 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205172&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811003008%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its main metabolite 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) as well as cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) were measured in oral fluid following realistic exposure to marijuana in a Dutch coffee-shop. Ten healthy subjects, who were not marijuana smokers, volunteered to spend 3h in two different coffee shops in Groningen, The Netherlands. Subjects gave two oral fluid specimens at each time point: before entering the store, after 20min, 40min, 1h, 2h, and 3h of exposure. The specimens were collected outside the shop. Volunteers left the shop completely after 3h and also provided specimens approximately 12–22h after beginning the exposure. The oral fluid specimens were subjected to immunoassay screening; ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205172 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205171&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002957%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Time of flight mass spectrometry provides new possibilities of substance identification by determination of the molecular formula from accurate molecular mass and isotope pattern. However, the huge number of possible isomers requires additional evidence. As a suitable way for routine performance of systematic toxicological analysis, a method for combined use of liquid chromatography–hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) was developed and applied to blood samples from 77 death cases. The blood samples were prepared by extraction with CH2Cl2 and by protein precipitation with acetonitrile (1:4 (v/v)). The evaporated extracts were reconstituted in 35% acetonitril/0.1% formi... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205171 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542646&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002994%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Metal phosphides in general and aluminium phosphide in particular are potent insecticides and rodenticides. These are commercially used for protection of crops during storage, as well as during transportation. However, these are highly toxic substances. Their detrimental effects may range from nausea and headache to renal failure and death. It is, therefore, pertinent to ensure their circumspect handling to avoid poisoning episodes. Its poisoning has a high mortality and recent years have seen an increase in the number of poisoning cases and deaths caused by suicidal ingestion. Yet due to their broad spectrum applications, these chemicals cannot be written off. The present communication reviews the various aspects of toxicity associated with metal phosphides. (Source: Forensic Sc... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542646 Fri, 15 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5542646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397853&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002969%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: With the constantly increasing sensitivity and robustness of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based instruments combined with enhanced reproducibility as well as mass accuracy and resolution, LC–MS(/MS) has become an integral part of sports drug testing programs particularly concerning the detection of peptide hormones. Although several of the relevant peptidic drugs such as insulins (Humalog LisPro, Novolog Aspart, etc.), growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs, e.g., GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, etc.), and insulin-like growth factors (e.g., IGF-1, IGF-2, long-R3-IGF-1) are currently analyzed using dedicated top-down analytical procedures, i.e. employing specifically tailored sample preparation procedures followed by targeted LC–MS(/MS) measurements focusing on intac... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397853 Wed, 13 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205165&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002775%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A decaying cadaver emits volatile organic compounds that are used by necrophilous and necrophagous insects in order to find their brood substrate. Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released by carcasses have been identified, little is known about the specific compounds that are used by these insects while searching for a brood substrate. Therefore, we have investigated the chemical ecology involved in the attraction of the necrophagous hide beetle Dermestes maculatus, which feeds as an adult and larva upon decomposing carcasses. Our aims have been to identify the responsible compounds in the odours of the carcass that are important for the attraction of the beetles. Furthermore, we have studied sex- and age-related differences in beetle attraction and tested whe... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205165 Mon, 11 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397850&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002696%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Most substances used for doping in sport are legitimate pharmaceutical products deviated from their intended therapeutic applications. One of the major challenges for anti-doping authorities, in anticipation of future doping trends, is to assess the doping potential of drugs in development by the health industry and to timely develop anti-doping analytical methods to detect their abuse before such drugs become available to athletes intending to use them as doping agents. In this regard, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has recently consolidated several agreements with representatives from the pharmaceutical sector in order to establish a framework of collaboration and to facilitate the identification and transfer of information on drugs in development. The context of the colla... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397850 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205170&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002830%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A method to reliably distinguish menstrual blood from blood in the normal circulation (peripheral blood) would be of considerable use in the forensic analysis and interpretation of evidence in sexual offence investigations. Previous attempts to address this issue have explored microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase isozyme identification, mRNA and miRNA profiling, and identification of the products of fibrinolysis. Here, four assays for D-dimer, a terminal degradation product of fibrinolysis, are evaluated for their specificity and sensitivity in detection of menstrual blood. In addition the effect of exercise, and sample storage upon D-dimer detection was investigated. Comparison of different assays revealed significant differences in results given. Nevertheless, no positive results ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205170 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205164&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002763%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Entomological succession and trophic roles of arthropods associated with different stages of carcass decomposition were studied to estimate the post-mortem submersion interval in two freshwater ecosystems in the Colombian Andes, at an altitude of 2614m. Pig carcasses were employed as models placed 68m apart, one in a stream (lotic) and another in an artificial lake (lentic). Decomposition time to skeletal remains was 74 days in the lake and 80 days in the stream. Six phases of decomposition were established: submerged fresh, early floating, floating decay, bloated deterioration, floating remains and sunken remains. A total of 18,832 organisms associated with the carcasses were collected: 11,487 in the lake (four orders, 19 families and 33 species) and 7345 in the stream (eight or... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205164 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205164 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205163&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100274X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Judiciary currently faces difficulties in adequately estimating the yield of illicit indoor cannabis plantations. The latter data is required in penalization which is based on the profits gained. A full factorial experiment in which two overhead light intensities, two plant densities and four varieties were combined in the indoor cultivation of cannabis (Cannabis spp.) was used to reveal cannabis drug yield and quality under each of the factor combinations. Highest yield was found for the Super Skunk and Big Bud varieties which also exhibited the highest concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Results show that plant density and light intensity are additive factors whereas the variety factor significantly interacts with both plant density and light intensity factors. Ad... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205163 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205163 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205161&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002726%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, the potential for highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to be generated from the overheating of cyanoacrylate was investigated. Two commercial cyanoacrylate adhesives and two quantitative methods for the determination of HCN were employed: (i) the sodium picrate method; and (ii) the picrate–resorcinol method. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was used to confirm the presence of cyanide. In addition, the thermal decomposition of cyanoacrylate was studied using simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA–DTA). It was determined that detectable and quantifiable amounts of HCN were generated from the thermal decomposition of cyanoacrylate monomer and polymer at temperatures as low as 200°C. Using an optimised picrate–resorcinol method, ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205161 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205149&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002295%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Differentiation of living fingers, fake fingers and fingers from dead bodies was investigated using spectral analysis. For this purpose, reflection and transmission spectra in the wavelength region from 400 to 1650nm were recorded from living volunteers and corpses. In an additional small test series (one living volunteer, three cadavers), time-resolved spectral images were prepared using reflectance (derived from pulse oximetry). The dynamic differences in the curves (including the absorption changes caused by the blanching effect and the pulse) provide initial approaches for the realisation of systems for liveness detection. Significant differences that would be useful for the integration into fingerprint recording systems of methods to defend against forgeries are discussed. (... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205149 Wed, 06 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205190&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002805%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Since most sensor pattern noise based image copy-move forensics methods require a known reference sensor pattern noise, it generally results in non-blinded passive forensics, which significantly confines the application circumstances. In view of this, a novel passive-blind image copy-move forensics scheme is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a color image is transformed into a grayscale one, and wavelet transform based de-noising filter is used to extract the sensor pattern noise, then the variance of the pattern noise, the signal noise ratio between the de-noised image and the pattern noise, the information entropy and the average energy gradient of the original grayscale image are chosen as features, non-overlapping sliding window operations are done to the images to divide them... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205190 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205162&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002738%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Anecdotal evidence from forensic practitioners and studies conducted under controlled conditions have indicated that the reaction between 1,2-indanedione and the amino acids present in latent fingermark deposits is highly susceptible to ambient humidity. The addition of catalytic amounts of zinc chloride to the 1,2-indanedione working solution – usually in the order of 1:25 to 1:4 molar ratio (indanedione:zinc) – significantly improves the colour and luminescence of fingermarks treated under dry conditions but appears to have a negligible effect on fingermarks treated in humid environments. The results presented in this paper confirmed that zinc(II) ions added to the 1,2-indanedione working solution act as a Lewis acid catalyst, stabilising a key intermediate during a rate-li... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205162 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205162 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397857&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002659%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Tobacco consumption is a global epidemic responsible for a vast burden of disease. With pharmacological properties sought-after by consumers and responsible for addiction issues, nicotine is the main reason of this phenomenon. Accordingly, smokeless tobacco products are of growing popularity in sport owing to potential performance enhancing properties and absence of adverse effects on the respiratory system. Nevertheless, nicotine does not appear on the 2011 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List or Monitoring Program by lack of a comprehensive large-scale prevalence survey. Thus, this work describes a one-year monitoring study on urine specimens from professional athletes of different disciplines covering 2010 and 2011. A method for the detection and quantification of n... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397857 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5397857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205181&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002751%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A multi-factorial method for estimating age was devised based on the development of the 3rd molar tooth, the medial clavicular epiphysis, and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, using multiple regression as the means to construct age estimation formulae and CT scanning as the imaging modality. The sample consisted of approximately 600 individuals from a contemporary Australian population, between the ages of 15 and 25 years, who were admitted to the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia, for the purposes of medico-legal death investigation. Results show that the spheno-occipital synchondrosis does not contribute to the age estimation model for this age cohort. The regression computation for the 3rd molar tooth and medial clavicle, when combined into a sin... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205181 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205169&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002829%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Pedestrian protection is one of the key topics for safety measures in traffic accidents all over the world. To analyze the relation between the collision site of the vehicle bumper and the severity of the lower extremity injuries, we performed biomechanical experiments. We compared the applied external force and the risks of subsequent injuries between the impact of the center and side positions of the front bumper. These comparisons were performed by practical impact tests with eight typical different types of cars which were typical of the current vehicle fleets. The tests were made using the TRL legform impactor which was a mechanical substitute of a pedestrian lower extremity. The TRL impactor is used all over the world for assessing the safety of car bumpers. It was found th... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205169 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205168&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002817%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A novel method for the non-destructive age determination of a blood stain is described. It is based on the measurement of the visible reflectance spectrum of the haemoglobin component using a microspectrophotometer (MSP), spectral pre-processing and the application of supervised statistical classification techniques. The reflectance spectra of sample equine blood stains deposited on a glazed white tile were recorded between 1 and 37 days, using an MSP at wavelengths between 442nm and 585nm, under controlled conditions. The determination of age was based on the progressive change of the spectra with the aging of the blood stain. These spectra were pre-processed to reduce the effects of baseline variations and sample scattering. Two feature selection methods based on calculation of... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205168 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205167&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002799%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: 520 glass fragments were taken from 105 glass items. Each item was either a container, a window, or glass from an automobile. Each of these three classes of use are defined as glass categories. Refractive indexes were measured both before, and after a programme of re-annealing. Because the refractive index of each fragment could not in itself be observed before and after re-annealing, a model based approach was used to estimate the change in refractive index for each glass category. It was found that less complex estimation methods would be equivalent to the full model, and were subsequently used. The change in refractive index was then used to calculate a measure of the evidential value for each item belonging to each glass category. The distributions of refractive index change ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205167 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205160&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002714%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Research has been conducted to establish the effect that changes in relative humidity have on both the effectiveness of the cyanoacrylate fuming technique and the microstructures formed by the polymerisation reaction during the development of the marks. The study investigated ‘natural’ fingermarks and deliberately groomed eccrine and sebaceous marks, all exposed to relative humidity levels in the range 60–100%. It was found that the optimum level of relative humidity for the development of the most high quality marks is approximately 80%, in accord with current recommendations for operational implementation which are based on previous unpublished work. The eccrine constituents of the fingerprints are most influenced by humidity changes. Three humidity regimes were identifie... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205160 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205160 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205159&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002702%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Pupal survival of three blowfly species, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, and Chrysomya putoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and the parasitoid species Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was studied after the pupae were experimentally submerged in water. Non-parasitized pupae at different developmental stages, 0, 24, 48, and 72h, and parasitized pupae after 3, 8, 10, and 12 days of development were submerged for 6, 24, 48, or 72h. Control groups for each pupal developmental stage (parasitized or not), which were not submerged, were also observed in order to compare the adult emergence rates. The survival of white pupae (0h/age) decreased with time of submergence for all three blowfly species, showing the lowest rates compared with other experimental pupa groups... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205159 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205166&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002787%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: While estimating post-mortem interval from entomological evidence it is useful to divide it into two separate intervals: the pre-appearance interval (PAI) and the development interval in the case of immature insects and PAI and the presence interval in the case of adult insects. An accurate estimate of PAI is critically important particularly in the case of those insects which appear on remains late in decomposition. In this paper the possibilities of PAI estimation from temperature are evaluated in late-arriving, forensically important carrion beetle Necrodes littoralis. The relationship between PAI of adult and larval N. littoralis and temperature was modelled by using results of succession experiments in forests of Central Europe. In both stages PAI was found to be strongly, i... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205166 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205180&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002660%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The purpose of this study was to acquire accurate data of craniofacial soft tissue thickness (CFSTT) and nasal profile in Chinese people of Han population. A total of 31 anatomical landmarks and 4 nasal profile parameters were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 425 subjects (233 males and 192 females). In the present study, the mean CFSTT values of male subjects exceeded those of female subjects at most anatomical landmarks except at seven (22.58%) and 6 out of the 7 landmarks were bilateral anatomical landmark points. The age-related and sex×age interactions were found to be statistically significant at all landmarks. Significant differences were found in the nasal profile data of males and females, and 15 out of 20 different groups had significant differences... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205180 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975125&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002866%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975125 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 20:55:56 +0100 4975125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205189&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002672%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Postmortem animal feeding activity may cause considerable damage to bodies resulting in the modification of wounds, loss of identifying features and injury. Certain postmortem lesions may appear inflicted or non-inflicted antemortem injuries. At present, apart from cases in sea water, no data are available about post mortal lesions performed by aquatic organisms. This note that represents the first report concerning colonisation of a dead body by crustaceans a few hours after death, describes injuries caused by the amphipod Niphargus elegans on the face, and in particular on the eye region, of a young man dead by drowning.The lesions recorded in this case are comparable with the lesions caused by ants. The high plasticity in the food choice can allow Amphipoda to colonise drownin... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205189 Mon, 27 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205158&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002684%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In the present study we examined how consistently and completely the role of acute alcohol (ethanol) intake as a cause of death is reported on death certificates, how complete and specific the statistical recording of cause-of-death data on acute alcohol-induced deaths is, and how the information ultimately appears in the national mortality statistics.Data on all alcohol-positive deaths with blood alcohol concentration of ≥0.5‰ (g/kg) in Finland in 2005 (N=2348) were reviewed.Overall, a concentration-dependent association was found between forensic-toxicologically determined blood alcohol concentrations and acute alcohol-specific cause-of-death diagnoses. Based on a medico-legal re-evaluation of death certificates, acute alcohol-specific causes were found to be underreported ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205158 Mon, 27 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205158 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061761&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811000648%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The authors regret that during the publication of this paper the legends of and Figs. 12 and 13 are reversed. The corrected figures and their legends are reproduced below. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused to the readers of this journal. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061761 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5061761 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205153&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002349%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Despite numerous instrumental achievements, canines are still considered the most effective field method for explosive detection. However, due to strict explosive regulations and safety requirements, it can be a challenge for agencies with “bomb dogs” to train using neat explosive materials. This establishes a need for non-explosive canine training aids with the same volatile component profiles as the explosives that they represent. In order to compare mimic materials to their explosive counterparts, a technique must be established that not only allows for identification of volatile compounds but also can monitor changes in the headspace profile over time with respect to time and temperature. The Automated Training Aid Simulation using SPME (or ATASS) was developed for that p... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205153 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657463&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002581%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We describe three cases of suicidal tolperisone poisoning in three healthy young subjects in the years 2006, 2008 and 2009. In all cases, macroscopic and microscopic autopsy findings did not reveal the cause of death.Systematic toxicological analysis (STA) including immunological tests, screening for volatile substances and blood, urine and gastric content screening by GC–MS and HPLC–DAD demonstrated the presence of tolperisone in all cases. In addition to tolperisone, only the analgesics paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen and naproxen could be detected. The blood ethanol concentrations were all lower than 0.10g/kg. Tolperisone was extracted by liquid–liquid extraction using n-chlorobutane as the extraction solvent. The quantification was performed by GC–NPD analysis of blood, ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657463 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205188&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002556%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We report a fatal case of acute esophageal necrosis (black esophagus) in an elderly male with alcohol abuse who was found dead with coffee-ground vomiting. A postmortem examination revealed severe anemia and marked black coloring of the esophagus from the upper to the bottom end. This was accompanied by histologic evidence of extensive mucosal necrosis. Alcohol abuse and esophagitis-related vomiting were both considered to be factors that led to the acute fatal esophageal necrosis. The cause of death was undetermined. We discuss the possible role of acute esophageal necrosis in the cause of sudden death. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205188 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205157&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002544%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Seasonal and habitat calliphorid abundance and distribution were examined weekly for two years (2001–2003) in Santa Clara County, California, using sentinel traps baited with bovine liver. Of the 34,389 flies examined in three defined habitats (rural, urban, and riparian), 38% of the total catch represented Compsomyiops callipes (Bigot) and 23% represented Phormia regina (Meigen). Other flies collected in this survey included Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), Calliphora latifrons (Hough), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), and Lucilia mexicana (Macquart), which is a new record for the area. Multivariate MANOVA and ANOVA (P≤0.05) analysis indicate significant seasonal habitat preference for all fly species examined. This information may be used to identify ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205157 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657449&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002271%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Oral fluid (OF) has become a popular specimen to test for presence of drugs, particularly in regards to road safety. In Victoria, OF specimens from drivers have been used to test for the presence of methylamphetamine (MA) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) since 2003 and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) since 2006. LC–MS/MS has been used to test the most recent 853 submitted OF specimens from Victoria Police for 31 drugs of abuse including those listed in the Australian Standard AS4760-2006. At least one proscribed drug was detected in 96% of drivers, of which MA was the most common (77%), followed by THC (42%), MDMA (17%) and the combination of all three (3.9%). Opioids were detected in 14% of drivers of which 4.8% were positive for 6-acetylmorphine and 3.3% for m... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657449 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205156&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002532%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: In this population, Sturdivan's equation formula which is based on the individual's body weight provides valid approximation values for the chest wall thickness and may be used for the optimal design of protective devices and personal body armor as well as for the development of anthropomorphic based test methodologies. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205156 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205155&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002362%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The use of alcohol or drugs before driving was a significant contributing factor in fatal road traffic accidents, particularly in single vehicle accidents, and particularly among young male drivers. Alcohol was the most significant intoxicant, but multi-substance use was also significantly prevalent. The majority of the drivers with alcohol or drug findings were strongly impaired. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205155 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205152&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002337%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Dental forensics forms a vital branch of forensic science which deals with proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidences for identification of victims of crime, accidents or calamities. Therefore skull and teeth often provide the identification material. The aim of the study was to investigate the accuracy of odontometric methods in sex determination of permanent teeth and to compute new formula to differentiate male and female teeth using discriminant function analysis for South Indian population. A total of 100 subjects were selected for the study from a parent population of 4800 students by simple random sampling method. Alginate impressions of the upper dental arch were made and casts were poured immediately. A digital vernier calliper was used for the measu... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205152 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205152 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205148&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002283%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper analyses and discusses arguments that emerge from a recent discussion about the proper assessment of the evidential value of correspondences observed between the characteristics of a crime stain and those of a sample from a suspect when (i) this latter individual is found as a result of a database search and (ii) remaining database members are excluded as potential sources (because of different analytical characteristics). Using a graphical probability approach (i.e., Bayesian networks), the paper here intends to clarify that there is no need to (i) introduce a correction factor equal to the size of the searched database (i.e., to reduce a likelihood ratio), nor to (ii) adopt a propositional level not directly related to the suspect matching the crime stain (i.e., a pr... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205148 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061760&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002131%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The introduction of protocols to facilitate sampling of brains at autopsy, so minimising organ retention, proved successful and, whilst there has been a reduction in neuropathology referrals, cases in which neuropathology input is deemed best practice remained static. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061760 Sun, 12 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5061760 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205193&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002301%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study describes an innovative application of a well-established method of age determination. The conventional method of aspartic acid racemization (AAR) is based on estimation of the d–l-aspartic acid ratio in slow turnover tissues, such as tooth tissue, to reflect the age of an individual. This method has been recently applied to age estimation in forensic investigations, and is also widely used for archeological dating of fossils. We suggest that the aspartic acid racemization method could be applied to a significant, although unresolved, forensic issue: that of bloodstain dating. Standard kinetic experiments were used to describe the characteristics of the racemization reaction in bloodstains, which were then employed to estimate the age of various samples. The soluble protein fr... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205193 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205185&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002179%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This report describes the histological changes observed in the heart a young methamphetamine abuser who died of heart failure. Most of the microscopic changes in the heart have previously been described in experimental animals, but never clearly illustrated in man. Gross examination of the heart revealed concentric myocardial hypertrophy (heart weight 470g versus median predicted weight of 312g). Areas of old myocardial infarction were also evident, along with enzymatic evidence indicating that a new infarct had occurred. Myocardial remodeling was extensive with perivascular and interstitial fibrosis, cellular vacuolization, and ongoing myocyte destruction with proliferation of fibromyocytes in the intestitum. Of note were the widespread, bizarre looking, distorted, cell nuclei. They were ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205185 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205154&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002350%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis can be difficult for clinical features may not always be evident in necropsy. Therefore post mortem determination of tryptase and other blood parameters can be helpful in verifying the diagnosis. We compared post mortem tryptase, histamine and diamine oxidase (DAO) serum levels of two patients who had died after a Hymenoptera sting and one patient who died of bronchospasm during anaesthesia with data obtained from 55 control subjects who had died from other causes than anaphylaxis.In the three anaphylactic cases, serum tryptase level was 880, 68 and 200μg/l (normal range in living subjects: 45μg/ml. Significantly higher histamine levels were seen in blood samples taken more than 24h post mortem (p (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205154 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205154 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205151&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002325%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In the process of questioned document examination, the discrimination of inkjet printing inks is becoming more necessary due to increasingly frequent counterfeiting of documents printed by inkjet printers. Therefore, a method based on micellar electrophoretic capillary chromatography (MECC) has been developed and applied to analysis of such inks extracted from paper. With the use of an optimized and validated analytical procedure, multielectropherograms of inks taken from various models of printers made by various producers (Hewlett-Packard, Epson, Brother, Lexmark and Canon) were created. It was shown that effective differentiation of individual inks was possible in terms of migration time, order and specific shapes of characteristic peaks. By comparison of recorded UV–Vis spe... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205151 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205150&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002313%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a powerful new technique for the non-invasive detection and identification of concealed substances and drugs. Here, we demonstrate the SORS technique in several scenarios that are relevant to customs screening, postal screening, drug detection and forensics applications. The examples include analysis of a multi-layered postal package to identify a concealed substance; identification of an antibiotic capsule inside its plastic blister pack; analysis of an envelope containing a powder; and identification of a drug dissolved in a clear solvent, contained in a non-transparent plastic bottle. As well as providing practical examples of SORS, the results highlight several considerations regarding the use of SORS in the field, including the a... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205150 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205150 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975126&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811001733%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Fingermarks formed in or by blood often require specific development techniques. This review examines techniques and materials that may be used to enhance and record fingermarks deposited in blood or fingermarks generated by blood-contaminated papillary ridges. A large number of techniques are presented here and are discussed from a chemical as well as practical perspective. It is concluded that an optimized sequence of techniques targeting both latent (non-bloody) and bloody fingermarks must be applied to detect and enhance the maximum number of marks, and therefore optimize the information content from exhibits that may bear marks in blood. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975126 Thu, 09 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4975126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657464&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002234%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Venlafaxine is a phenethylamine derivative widely prescribed for the treatment of depression which inhibits both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). In treatment with antidepressants of patient with depression and other psychiatric disorders there is also increased risk of suicidal thought and behaviour. Several lethal intoxications involving venlafaxine usually among psychotic patients have been reported in the literature. Sample preparation is of the greatest significance for a successful toxicological analysis. The development of simple, effective and rapid extraction procedures of drugs from post-mortem biological samples is a challenge. Headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) offers significant advantages such as simplicity, low cost, compatibility with ana... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657464 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657458&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002222%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study we have tried to compare cocaine concentration in hair samples with self-reported drug intake. We enrolled 113 subjects (61 Africans, 52 Caucasians) who had been recently sent to jail. They were asked to tell about their use of illicit drugs during the last three months and then submitted to hair analysis. Hair segments (3cm) were analyzed by GC–MS for amphetamines, cocaine and opiates. Useful data was obtained from 82 subjects, separated into two main groups on account of ethnic origin (African or Caucasian) and divided further into daily, weekly and monthly users. The results showed qualitative results and self-reported consumption to be in good agreement, although the correlation between frequency of consumption and concentration in hair revealed sometimes higher concent... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657458 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205187&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100226X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We present two non fatal cases of intoxication with carbofuran (CBF) documented by hair analysis. Carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran (OHCBF, its main metabolite) hair concentrations were determined using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The obtained results were surprising if we consider several hair analyses previously published and based on a theory of the presence of xenobiotic in the only segment that comprised its intake. Among the two intoxication cases, we noticed the presence of CBF and OHCBF in hair segments corresponding to 45 days before, and more than 100 days after, the day of intoxication. Additionally, repeated hair samplings and subsequent analysis revealed a decrease of the carbofuran's concentration during the hair life. (Source: Forensic Science... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205187 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205147&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002258%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The most common causes of acute myocarditis and the possible consequence of dilated cardiomyopathy are virus infections. The receptor of the two most common viruses connected to these myocardial diseases was identified as Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor. The purpose of this study was to assess Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor mRNA expression in the myocardium and search for mutations in the Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor gene to compare dilated, inflammatory and ischemic cardiomyopathy with control group. All the myocardial samples were obtained from 35 explanted hearts during heart transplantation, than DNA and RNA were isolated from the muscle samples. cDNA was generated from RNA using reverse transcription, and real-time PCR was performed with relative quantification by β-actin gen... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205147 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205146&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002192%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study was designed to measure the number of impressions currently not recovered or not considered for examination, and to assess the usefulness of these impressions in terms of the number of additional detections that would result from their examination. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205146 Mon, 06 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975163&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100140X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aims to show that sensitive detection of ethyl glucuronide in dried blood spotted onto various surfaces after a period of 24h is feasible. At present, there is insufficient information how tightly ethyl glucuronide (EtG) binds to various materials and how easily it can be eluted. 4ml aliquots of blood samples obtained from seven volunteers after consumption of alcoholic beverages were applied to six different surfaces. After drying and a 24h-storage at 20±2°C the samples were re-dissolved in water, and EtG was subsequently analyzed by a LC-MS Paul-type ion trap. A comparison was made between dried and corresponding fluid samples. EtG was detectable in all subjects’ samples following consumption of alcohol. EtG was also detectable after a storage time of four weeks at 4°C in... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975163 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4975163 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657476&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002209%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We examined the pharmacological activities of three synthetic cannabinoids; cannabicyclohexanol (CCH), CP-47,497 and JWH-018; by analyzing EEG power spectra and locomotor activity after intraperitoneal administration to rats and compared them with those of Δ9-THC. The three compounds significantly increased the EEG power in the frequency range of 5.0–6.0Hz for the first 3h, while Δ9-THC decreased the power spectra in the wide range of 7.0–20.0Hz during the first hour. These results indicate that the effect of the three compounds on EEG is different from that of Δ9-THC. Additionally, CCH, CP-47,497 and JWH-018 significantly decreased the locomotor activity for 11.5h, 11h and 4.5h, respectively, after administration which was longer than that of Δ9-THC (3.5h). Furthermore, all three ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657476 Fri, 03 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657473&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002210%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The Thai government has recognized the possibility for legitimate cultivation of hemp. Further study of certain cannabinoid characteristics is necessary in establishing criteria for regulation of cannabis cultivation in Thailand. For this purpose, factors affecting characteristics of cannabinoids composition of Thai-grown cannabis were investigated. Plants were cultivated from seeds derived from the previous studies under the same conditions. 372 cannabis samples from landraces, three different trial fields and seized marijuana were collected. 100g of each sample was dried, ground and quantitatively analyzed for THC, CBD and CBN contents by GC–FID. The results showed that cannabis grown during March–June which had longer vegetative stages and longer photoperiod exposure, had ... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657473 Fri, 03 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205186&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002246%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We present the autopsy and histopathological findings, toxicological analysis, and results of animal experiment done on samples from those seven cases. As an important herbal Chinese medicine, Aconitum species deserve special attention, especially because it contains poisonous alkaloids. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205186 Fri, 03 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4882970&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002398%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4882970 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 00:41:01 +0100 4882970 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205192&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002143%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This preliminary communication describes seven babies with β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) positive axonal swellings in nerve roots at multiple levels of the spinal cord. All seven babies died of natural causes. Two died in utero providing evidence for nerve root injury in the absence of trauma, two died within one day of birth and the possibility of birth related injury has to be considered. Three babies were over one month of age and had no history or pathological evidence of trauma.These findings show that if axonal injury is carefully sought in every infant death, not just in babies where trauma is suspected, it will be found in a proportion of babies dying from natural diseases. While spinal nerve root axonal injury in infants may suggest trauma, it is not, in itself, d... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205192 Mon, 30 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205145&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002167%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Height estimations based on security camera footage are often requested by law enforcement authorities. While valid and reliable techniques have been established to determine vertical distances from video frames, there is a discrepancy between a person's true static height and their height as measured when assuming different postures or when in motion (e.g., walking). The aim of the research presented in this report was to accurately record the height of subjects as they performed a variety of activities typically observed in security camera footage and compare results to height recorded using a standard height measuring device.Forty-six able bodied adults participated in this study and were recorded using a 3D motion analysis system while performing eight different tasks. Height... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205145 Mon, 30 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205144&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002155%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Since 2008, our laboratory has adopted a systematic approach to the examination of gunshot residues (GSR) in casework by analysing, whenever possible, the inorganic composition present in ammunition (cartridge cases and unused ammunition). By compiling the results of these analyses in a database, it is possible to observe some trends during the period of interest: on the one hand, the prevalence of primers containing lead, barium and antimony is about 50%, and even as high as 70% when including lead–barium–antimony based primers also containing tin; on the other hand, the prevalence of non-toxic primers is for the time being very low. Still using the same approach, test firings were performed with recovered weapons and litigious ammunition whenever possible in order to estima... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205144 Mon, 30 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061756&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002088%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In this paper we have adapted a technique, previously used to determine the presence of urea in aqueous samples of wine and urine, to detect trace levels of urea nitrate explosives. The procedure involves the reaction of the uronium ion (protonated urea) with a fluorophore, xanthydrol. By modification of the procedure to utilize non-aqueous reagents, in neutral conditions, it can be made specific to the presence of the urea nitrate ion pair. The procedure includes selective detection of derivatization products by UV and fluorescence following separation by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Analytical method development included optimization of HPLC conditions (solvent, gradient), UV and fluorescence wavelengths, and derivatization parameters (xanthydrol amount, react... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061756 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5061756 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975168&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002118%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Determining the age at death of females by skeletal features is extremely difficult and important, both in forensics and in physical anthropology. Our previous study of male pubic symphysis suggests that the indicators of morphological changes provide the best results for personal age identification. The indicators that help deduce of the age of females was approximately the same as males except for two specific indicators, which are bone density of the symphysial surface and viz. Viz are ridges and furrows on the symphysial surface, ossific nodules, lower extremities, ventral and ridge of the rampart, dorsal margin, ventral beveling and general macroscopic changes on the symphysial surface. Samples were drawn from 338 female individuals. The study procedures are as follows: Firs... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975168 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4975168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061757&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002106%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread problem in the last decade. Various analytical techniques have been applied to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit products. Among these, Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy provided promising results.The present study offers a methodology allowing to provide more valuable information for organisations engaged in the fight against counterfeiting of medicines.A database was established by analyzing counterfeits of a particular pharmaceutical product using Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Unsupervised chemometric techniques (i.e. principal component analysis – PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis – HCA) were implemented to identify the classes within the datasets. Gas Chromatography coupled... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061757 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5061757 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975169&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100212X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The estimation of stature is a very important step in developing a biological profile for forensic identification. However, little previous work has been done on stature estimation among modern Thai people, despite a growing number of forensic cases in Thailand in recent years. The current study was carried out on a sample of 200 skeletons from a northern Thai population (132 males and 68 females), ranging in age from 19 to 94 years. The maximum lengths of six long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula) were measured and stature reconstruction formulae generated using linear regression. These equations were then tested on a holdout sample of 15 females and 15 males. Results reveal that the three lower limb bones are the most accurate estimators of stature among th... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975169 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4975169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657455&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811001605%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A preliminary initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LUCIO®-Direct ELISA kit) and a preliminary DRI® enzyme immunoassay were evaluated for drug detection in head hair with respect to lowered cutoff values recommended in Germany for the control of abstinence in cases of re-granting of drivers’ licences. Following drug classes were included: cannabinoids, opiates, cocaine like substances, amphetamine, methamphetamine (and methylenedioxyamphetamines), methadone, and benzodiazepines. 759 analyses were performed using LUCIO®-Direct ELISA kits and 936 analyses using DRI® enzyme immunoassay tests. Sample size for each drug group and immunoassay test reached from 74 to 178.The LUCIO®-Direct ELISA kit revealed a sensitivity of 91% for amphetamine up to 98% for methadone (metham... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657455 Wed, 25 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5657455 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205142&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002076%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We present GCMS, NMR and IR data for the three isomers. We show that the three isomers can be separated by GCMS and that the IR spectra for the three compounds can be used to distinguish between them. A seized sample was analysed and it was found to contain 4-methylmethcathinone and benzocaine. (Source: Forensic Science International) Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205142 Wed, 25 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061758&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS037907381100209X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: With the increasing use of medical imaging in forensics, as well as the technological advances in rapid prototyping, we suggest combining these techniques to generate displays of forensic findings. We used computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surface scanning with photogrammetry in conjunction with segmentation techniques to generate 3D polygon meshes. Based on these data sets, a 3D printer created colored models of the anatomical structures.Using this technique, we could create models of bone fractures, vessels, cardiac infarctions, ruptured organs as well as bitemark wounds. The final models are anatomically accurate, fully colored representations of bones, vessels and soft tissue, and they demonstrate radiologically visible pathologies... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061758 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5061758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061755&cid=s_35576_142_f&fid=35576&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsijournal.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0379073811002039%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The effect of clothing on carcass decomposition and patterns of insect succession onto remains were investigated in two separate years during autumn in Western Australia. The progression of decomposition differed between clothed and unclothed carcasses in both years of the study. The presence of clothing markedly prolonged the wet decay stage in both years with larval feeding occurring across the moist skin surface underneath clothing, as well as within and under the carcasses. Ambient temperatures were higher in the second year of the study and corresponded to marginally faster rates of decay throughout decomposition. Within years, insect arrival and oviposition were largely consistent between clothed and unclothed carcasses with a few notable exceptions. The green blow fly, Luc... Forensic Science International journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061755 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5061755