MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Forensic Toxicology' source. Sun, 21 Mar 2010 17:22:14 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362257&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn266711w07162151%2F Abstract  An entire procedure for simultaneous analysis of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, and phalloidin in mushrooms by liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has been optimized and established. We used a hydrophilic interaction column TSK-gel Amide-80 3 μm for LC separation, which enabled the simultaneous detection of the three toxins and internal standard microcystin RR. After homogenizing mushroom debris with methanol acidified with trifluoroacetic acid, the extract solution was subjected to solid-phase extraction with an Oasis HLB cartridge. The eluate was applied to the LC-ESI-TOF MS instrument. The calibration curves for the three toxins showed good linearity over the range of 100–1000 ng/g. The detection li... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362257 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 16:18:45 +0100 3362257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362256&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxq154w613404721r%2F Abstract  Blonanserin is a novel antipsychotic agent having dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist properties. In this communication, a simple method for analysis of blonanserin in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using hexobarbital as internal standard (IS) is presented. One milliliter of plasma containing blonanserin and 50 ng of IS was mixed well with 0.5 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 2.5 ml of distilled water; the mixture was applied to an Oasis HLB cartridge. The cartridge was washed with 5 ml of distilled water, and the target compound and IS were eluted with 2 ml of chloroform. The eluate was evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 50 μl of methanol for use in GC-MS analysis. The... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362256 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 16:18:45 +0100 3362256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163536&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe3653883t24t52v0%2F Abstract  Hallucinogenic tryptamine analogues, an important class of drugs of abuse, can be naturally occurring or chemically synthesized compounds. In Japan, psilocin and psilocybin (ingredients of “magic mushrooms”) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; a synthetic tryptamine) seem to be particularly problematic due to their extensive abuse. This review is focused on human metabolism and forensic toxicological analyses of the above three tryptamine analogues. In humans, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to form psilocin, and most of the psilocin is eventually conjugated to form its glucuronide. On the other hand, 5-MeO-DIPT is mainly metabolized via O-demethylation, 6-hydroxylation, and N-deisopropylation, partly followed by conjugation to form their... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163536 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:16:08 +0100 3163536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163537&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5674343p1355111m%2F Abstract  Patterns of poisoning are known to be different in different countries, because of the local environmental, cultural, and religious situations. Therefore, in Japan, it is important to know the pattern of poisoning in our own country and to prepare for every poisoning case by establishing an efficient systematic toxicological analysis system in forensic practice. We conducted a retrospective study of the kinds of compounds causing poisonings and the frequency of their use based on two series of reports dealing with poisoning cases in Japan prepared by the National Research Institute of Police Science and the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine for 2003 to 2006. From these reports, 459 and 177 compounds, respectively, were extracted as poisonous compounds over the st... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163537 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:16:07 +0100 3163537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3114805&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft60210322l6175x3%2F Abstract  Excellent reproducibility of chiral capillary electrophoresis for methamphetamine (MA) and its related compounds was obtained using a chemically modified capillary having diol groups. The data were compared with those using an untreated fused-silica capillary and a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-coated capillary. For five replicate analyses of a standard mixture, relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the migration times of analytes with diol or PVA-coated capillaries were less than 0.1%, which were lower than those obtained with an untreated fused-silica capillary (ca. 0.4%). The diol capillary gave reproducible migration times especially in analyses of real samples, such as crude human urine. In the analyses of five spiked urine samples, the RSD values of migration t... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3114805 Mon, 21 Dec 2009 06:40:31 +0100 3114805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3106655&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw00t033516x63486%2F Abstract  Six novel hallucinogens classed as (tetrahydrobenzodifuranyl) aminoalkanes or (benzodifuranyl)aminoalkanes, which are known by the common names of “FLY” and “DragonFLY,” respectively, were synthesized. These compounds were simultaneously analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, and LC-MS-MS. GCMS analysis of their free bases was not satisfactory for both mass spectral and chromatographic measurements, and thus trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization was employed. However, it was found that the usual TFA derivatization procedure using trifluoroacetic anhydride caused dehydrogenation of FLYs to the corresponding DragonFLYs. Therefore, TFA derivatization of FLYs was reinvestigated; the presence of triethylamine c... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3106655 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 07:07:31 +0100 3106655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088984&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F62263m874u1w5m58%2F Abstract  The accumulation of intravenously administered methamphetamine (MAMP) in the stomach contents was investigated as part of a process used to discriminate between oral and intravenous administration of MAMP. Eight forensic autopsy cases, in which intravenous administration of MAMP was confirmed, were used. Total amounts and pH values of stomach contents were in the ranges of 20–500 g and 3–5 (determined in seven cases), respectively. Intervals between the last MAMP administration and each death could be roughly estimated in four cases: 1–3 h in two cases and 3–6 h in two cases. MAMP levels in stomach contents and whole blood were in the ranges of 0.816–43.4 µg/g (total amounts: 0.114–1.95 mg) and 0.236–14.6 µg/ml, respectively. The mean ratio of MAMP... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088984 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:21 +0100 3088984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088987&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd1480x8p61324g81%2F In this study, we established a detailed procedure for analysis of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCA), the main metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) using SBSE with liquid desorption. For quantitative analysis, an external calibration method was used. A urine sample was fi rst hydrolyzed under strong alkaline conditions, followed by SBSE with a Twister stir bar at about pH 3. The analyte was desorbed from the bar with a small amount of ethyl acetate. After evaporation of the solvent, it was reconstituted in water-methanol mixture for LC-MS-MS analysis in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curve for THCA was linear in the range of 10–200 ng/ml urine. The lower limit of de... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088987 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:20 +0100 3088987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088986&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm299215518m7351q%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0082-1Authors Kenji Tsujikawa, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanKenji Kuwayama, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanHajime Miyaguchi, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanTatsuyuki Kanamori, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanYuko T. Iwata, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanHiroyuki Inoue, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088986 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:20 +0100 3088986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088985&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw49r172w30517720%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0085-yAuthors Fumio Moriya, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Welfare Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088985 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:20 +0100 3088985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865363&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp03305pj5q27164q%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0080-3Authors Pinjia Meng, Chinese People’s Public Security University Department of Forensic Science Muxidi Nanli 1# Xicheng District, Beijing 100038 P.R. ChinaPierre Margot, University of Lausanne Institute de Police Scientifique Lausanne-Dorigny Switzerland Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865363 Fri, 02 Oct 2009 05:51:27 +0100 2865363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865364&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx3p1m2471j835582%2F Abstract  Since 1992, California police have been using pepper sprays containing oleoresin capsicum (OC) as a nonlethal method to subdue delirious or violent individuals. Capsaicin is a primary ingredient in OC spray. From January 1993 to June 1995, at least 20 deaths in California were associated with OC and stimulant drug (cocaine, amphetamines, or ephedrines) exposure. Based on this background, we hypothesized a direct potentiation of cocaine toxicity by capsaicin. We performed animal experiments and also reviewed human data involving capsaicin and stimulants. The lethal effects of capsaicin administered with cocaine (both compounds administered intraperitoneally) were assessed in 14 groups of 20–40 male mice. Capsaicin at 10 mg/kg increased the lethality of cocaine in... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865364 Fri, 02 Oct 2009 05:51:26 +0100 2865364 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2683727&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa1m794h16v0nn817%2F We describe a homicide case involving Aconitum tuberous roots, in which formalin-fixed solid tissues were analyzed for diester-type Aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolysates by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The specimens were taken from a cadaver 12 days after death, and preserved in formalin solution for 5 years. Polymer-based solid-phase extraction was employed for sample cleanup. This procedure allowed detection of 0.10 ng/g for each of the spiked alkaloids from the formalin-fixed liver by quadrupole LC-MS-MS, and 10 pg/g for benzoylaconine and benzoylmesaconine by ion-trap LC-MS-MS. Sub-parts-per-billion levels of benzoylaconine and benzoylmesaconine could be detected from the formalin-fixed liver, kidney, and lung specimens. Content Type Journal Art... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2683727 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 13:13:50 +0100 2683727 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507003&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg614737p24524058%2F Abstract  A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for assays of five barbiturates in human urine using a new thermoresponsive polymer separation column, which is composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). By elevating the column temperature from 10°C to 50°C, the barbiturates metharbital, primidone, phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and pentobarbital became well separated by this method. The five barbiturates showed good linearity in the range of 0.2–10 μg/ml. Good accuracy, precision, and recoveries for these drugs were obtained at 1 and 5 μg/ml urine. The method with this new column type seems to have high potential for extensive use in forensic toxicology for analysis of many drugs and poisons by HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry. Conten... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507003 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 06:15:33 +0100 2507003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507005&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm06985237q258183%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0077-yAuthors Wonkyung Yang, National Institute of Scientific Investigation 331-1, Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu Seoul 158-707 Republic of KoreaSooyeun Lee, National Institute of Scientific Investigation 331-1, Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu Seoul 158-707 Republic of KoreaYoungshik Choi, National Institute of Scientific Investigation Central District Office Daejeon Republic of KoreaHeesun Chung, National Institute of Scientific Investigation 331-1, Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu Seoul 158-707 Republic of Korea Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507005 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 06:08:04 +0100 2507005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507004&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw5v014k706m78q2w%2F Abstract  Triazolam (Trz) concentrations in body fluids and organ tissues of eight autopsy cases were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Blood Trz concentrations in seven out of eight cases ranged from less than 2 to 274 ng/g. The distribution of Trz in various organ tissues could be demonstrated in four cases. These distribution data are useful for cadavers that lack blood in forensic autopsy cases. In addition, urinary levels of 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam and 4-hydroxytriazolam, the main metabolites of Trz, were also determined with and without β-glucuronidase treatment by GC-MS for the eight cases. Using the ratios of urine Trz concentration to blood Trz concentration and the ratios of urine 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam concentration to urine 4-hydroz... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507004 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 06:08:04 +0100 2507004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2446471&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa24r612m6089t612%2F Abstract  A very simple method for analysis of naphthalene in human whole blood and urine by headspace gas chromatography (GC) is presented. It does not require solid-phase microextraction or cryogenic trapping devices, but needs only a conventional capillary GC instrument with flame ionization detection. The advantage of the method is that as much as 5 ml of headspace vapor can be injected into a GC instrument in splitless mode for sensitive detection. After heating a diluted whole blood or urine sample containing naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene (internal standard, IS) in a 7.0-ml vial at 80°C for 30 min, 5 ml of the headspace vapor was drawn with a glass syringe and injected into the gas chromatograph. Before injection, the column temperature was set at 50°C to trap... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2446471 Fri, 29 May 2009 06:57:56 +0100 2446471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2423290&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F844284p0k8564841%2F We report very rapid and simultaneous chiral analysis of urinary amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs), including amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with a simple procedure. A urine sample containing ATSs was subjected to extractive derivatization on a diatomaceous earth tube with trifluoroacetyl-l-prolyl chloride in a single step. The concentrated sample was analyzed by GC-MS, using a short narrow-bore capillary column (10 m × 0.1 mm i.d.) in split injection mode. All chiral isomers of the ATSs targeted in this study were chromatographically distinguishable within 5 min. By our method, ATSs in urine could be measured in the concentrati... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2423290 Sat, 16 May 2009 05:57:49 +0100 2423290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2414269&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy81p24x5u1x00962%2F In this study, a method for simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-OH-mitragynine, and other indole alkaloids (speciogynine, speciociliatine, and paynantheine), present in the raw materials and commercial products of kratom, was developed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). By this method, mitragynine, 7-OH-mitragynine, and the other alkaloids were detected in 11 of the 13 products. The content of mitragynine in the products ranged from 1% to 6%, and that of 7-OH-mitragynine from 0.01% to 0.04%. Because 7-OH-mitragynine is much more potent than morphine, M. speciosa abuse is a matter of major concern. The present analytical method is considered useful for the screening of M. speciosa products in the drug market. Content Type Journal Ar... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2414269 Sun, 10 May 2009 05:47:57 +0100 2414269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2414268&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F027744502g8356h2%2F Abstract  Melamine is a raw ingredient for the manufacture of plastics, but it is frequently misused by adding it to food to raise the nitrogen content, thereby giving the false impression of a high protein content. Varied amounts of melamine were added to samples of dried milk obtained from five manufacturers in Japan. The samples were illuminated by a small cross section of a laser beam and the scattered light was examined. The presence of melamine in milk could be immediately detected without any chemical or physical alteration of the milk by interpreting its Raman scattering spectra. Among the many Raman bands, an intense band at 676 cm−1 was the most useful for detecting melamine; the detection limit was about 1% (w/w). Because this method does not extract melamine f... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2414268 Sun, 10 May 2009 05:47:57 +0100 2414268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2387662&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6p2363463778n17r%2F This study evaluated the use of Cozart DDS for postmortem screening of some drugs of abuse in vitreous humor (VH) prior to forensic autopsies. The Cozart DDS is an on-site drug detection system that has been validated for oral fluid. Seventy-one VH specimens were obtained from cadavers. Causes of death included injury, drug poisoning, natural disorders, and traffic accidents. The samples were tested for cannabis, cocaine, opiate, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. Thirty-three of 71 samples were positive for drugs of abuse (42% for cocaine, 28% for cannabis, 26% for opiates, and 3% for methamphetamine). The positive specimens for opiates and methamphetamine were reexamined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); benzoylecgonine (cocaine product) was detected by liquid chromat... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2387662 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 05:57:25 +0100 2387662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329464&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq4233270p71l4731%2F In this study, we conducted in vitro experiments to examine the interaction between ethanol and CA at high concentrations by observing mixed-function oxidation reaction using human liver microsomes. After incubation of the mixtures, CA and its three main metabolites theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine, TB), paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine, PX), and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. As results, the production of PX, the main metabolite of CA, was consistently inhibited by 24%–53% (P < 0.05) by high ethanol concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mM), but that of TP or TB was not. These results suggest that pharmacological or toxicological effects of CA may be enhanced by simultaneous use of ethanol ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329464 Tue, 31 Mar 2009 05:50:55 +0100 2329464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2298797&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F804047g241x37813%2F Abstract  Although postmortem production of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been confirmed, its production pathways and substrates have not been sufficiently clarified. To confirm that the residual enzymes are involved in GHB production during the early postmortem period, endogenous GHB concentrations in the postmortem blood and liver samples obtained from charred cadavers were compared with those from noncharred cadavers within 50 h after death. The endogenous GHB concentrations in blood and the livers of charred cadavers were significantly lower than those of noncharred cadavers, showing that heat denaturation of enzyme proteins had prevented the postmortem GHB production. In addition, in vitro experiments with rabbit liver homogenates were carried out for inhibition of ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2298797 Tue, 24 Mar 2009 07:02:03 +0100 2298797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2284685&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5422n31876766340%2F Abstract  A cannabimimetic indole has been identified as a new adulterant in a herbal product being sold illegally in Japan for its expected narcotic effect. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the product contained two major compounds. One was identified as a cannabinoid analog (1RS,3SR)-3-[4-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (1) by direct comparison with the authentic compound, which we reported previously. The other compound (2) showed a molecular weight of 341 daltons, and accurate mass spectral measurements showed its elemental composition to be C24H23NO. Both mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric data revealed that 2 was 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole [or naphthalen-1-yl-(1... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2284685 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 10:22:36 +0100 2284685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2172045&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw870765734286n25%2F Abstract  Unique calibration-locking databases were constructed for rapid and semiquantitative drug screening by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). In addition to the free-drug database of 127 drugs, a drug database with acetylating reagents was constructed to increase the number of detectable compounds in the analysis by GC-MS; 156 drugs, including 30 drugs of abuse, 42 hypnotics and their metabolites, 18 antipsychotic drugs, 15 antidepressants, and 12 antipyretic analgesic agents, were registered with parameters, such as the mass spectrum, retention time, qualifier ion/target ion percentage, and calibration curve using the novel GC-MS software NAGINATA. Diazepam-d 5 was used as internal standard for construction of each calibration curve in the range of 0.01–5... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2172045 Sat, 07 Feb 2009 10:16:42 +0100 2172045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2166844&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9m40n27334789h51%2F Abstract  A man aged in his thirties was found dead in his room, wearing a gas mask connected with two plastic bags. An empty canister of Air Duster was in one of the plastic bags. Toxicological analysis by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-flame ionization detection revealed the presence of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), which is a component of the Air Duster aerosol. Quantitative analysis showed that the concentration of 1,1-difluoroethane in his heart blood was as high as 546 μg/ml. The cause of death was diagnosed as acute poisoning by 1,1-difluoroethane. It was supposed that he abused the Air Duster product to obtain euphoria and inhaled 1,1-difluoroethane at excessive concentrations with the peculiar tight-fitting gas inhalation device, resulting in hi... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2166844 Thu, 05 Feb 2009 07:45:30 +0100 2166844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2152454&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl89822374w022238%2F In this study, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method was developed for As3+ in plasma using electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). After washing plasma with trichloroethylene (TCE), As3+ in the aqueous layer was reacted with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDC, C4H8NCSS-), and the produced As(PDC)3 was extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK); a 1-µl aliquot of the MIBK layer containing As(PDC)3 was introduced into the MS-MS instrument in the direct-flow injection mode. Other arsenic compounds such as As5+, monomethyl arsonic acid, dimethyl arsinic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, and tetramethyl arsonium did not produce As(PDC)3. Therefore, without liquid chromatographic separation, As3+ alone could be detected after washing with TCE followed by solvent extr... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2152454 Sun, 01 Feb 2009 06:42:04 +0100 2152454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2128248&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg230206287830u1q%2F Abstract  The metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline was studied in vitro in the presence of the main metabolite nortriptyline to simulate the steady state with amitriptyline and nortriptyline present in the ratio 1:1. The metabolism of the active metabolite nortriptyline in the presence of amitriptyline was also studied. The contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 was assessed by in vitro experiments at therapeutic (5 μM) and toxic (50 μM) concentrations for amitriptyline or nortriptyline with human liver microsomes (HLM). The results indicated that nortriptyline acted as a competitive inhibitor at the steady-state concentrations, lowering the amitriptyline metabolism, and thus changed the importance of different metabolic pathways... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2128248 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 08:53:05 +0100 2128248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2128247&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq420618451661173%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0059-5Authors Kenji Hara, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 JapanMasayuki Kashiwagi, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 JapanMitsuyoshi Kageura, Fukuoka University General Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Fukuoka JapanAya Matsusue, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 JapanShin-ichi Kubo, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-89... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2128247 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 08:53:05 +0100 2128247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2097569&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0q96t721t7872446%2F Abstract  Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an effective therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In the present study, the concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and arsenic compounds [(dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), As(V), and As(III)] in urine of an APL patient were determined during ATO treatment. The concentrations of 8-OHdG, DMA, and MMA were increased, especially during the fi rst consolidation therapy. Signifi cant positive correlations were observed between concentrations of 8-OHdG and DMA, between concentrations of 8-OHdG and MMA, and between concentrations of 8-OHdG and the sum of arsenic compounds. The present study supports the idea that urinary 8-OHdG can be a marker for arsenic poisoning, when it is detect... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2097569 Sun, 11 Jan 2009 07:07:50 +0100 2097569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2072880&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj2m24820l85h4863%2F Abstract  A simple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and carefully validated for quantitation of fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and five other organophosphorus pesticides (acephate, cyanophos, methidathion, ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, and malathion) in human urine samples. Following deproteinization by acetonitrile, the extracts were injected into an LC system and quantitated by MS in the negative ionization mode. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.25–0.75 μg/ml for each analyte, and the method was validated on its accuracy and precision over the concentration range of 1–15 μg/ml. The method was successfully applied to an actual poisoning case and should prove useful in clinical and f... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2072880 Tue, 30 Dec 2008 06:58:18 +0100 2072880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2072881&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc4769110788107u5%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure has been established for simultaneous analysis of aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, and jesaconitine in whole blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The method uses a new unique polymer column (Shodex ODP2 HP-4B) for separation, which enabled the injection of relatively crude organic extracts without complicated pretreatments. Quantitation was made by mass chromatography with each product ion referenced against dextromethorphan as internal standard. Aconitine and its three analogues showed good linearity over the range of 1.25–40 ng/ml; the detection limits were 0.3–0.5 ng/ml. Validation data including accuracy, precision, and recovery rates are presented. To further validate the present method, the mix... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2072881 Sun, 28 Dec 2008 06:55:42 +0100 2072881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2032426&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F74124l454v1k5q43%2F Abstract  Automated high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with backflush column-switching was established for ultra-fast determination of theophylline and caffeine. A 400-μl portion of serum sample diluted with ultrapure water was injected and transferred to an Oasis HLB cartridge used as a precolumn for extraction. After switching the valves, the analytes trapped in the precolumn were eluted in the backflush mode and separated with a Chromolith Performance RP-18e column (C18-bonded monolithic silica); the compounds in column effluents were then detected by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. The present method successfully provided high-throughput determination of theophylline and caffeine within 2 min. Satisfactory linearity, r... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2032426 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 11:59:43 +0100 2032426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2016369&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb7nu046441866t5u%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0057-7Authors Dominick A. Labianca, University of New York (CUNY) Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of The City Brooklyn New York 11210 USA Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2016369 Fri, 05 Dec 2008 09:29:17 +0100 2016369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1944813&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa75745m7u4483367%2F Abstract  Four nonfatal and six fatal cases of opiate use are presented with careful toxicological analysis. Levels of morphine (M), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) in blood specimens were measured by the sophisticated method of liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Fatal cases were characterized by much higher levels of free M than the nonfatal cases; this caused lower ratios of M6G/M and M3G/M in the fatal cases when compared with the nonfatal cases. Among the six fatal cases, the M6G/M ratios were especially low in four cases, in which rapid deaths were estimated. The present data are compared with data previously reported by other groups, and we discuss the ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1944813 Thu, 06 Nov 2008 00:31:32 +0100 1944813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3096387&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk0254r9n2875kmr1%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and their metabolites including the conjugates in whole blood by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) has been established. The methods were well validated and applied to users’ blood specimens. The blood concentrations of MA users (n = 11) ranged from <1.0 to 131 ng/ml (from <6.1 to 794 nM) for p-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA), from <2.0 to 46.7 ng/ml (from <5.9 to 137 nM) for p-OHMA-glucuronide (p-OHMA-Glu), and from 3.8 to 495 ng/ml (from 15.5 to 2020 nM) for p-OHMA-sulfate (p-OHMA-Sul). The molar conjugation percentage [(p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu)/(p-OHMA + p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu) × 100%] ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3096387 Tue, 28 Oct 2008 05:55:13 +0100 3096387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1917595&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk0254r9n2875kmr1%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and their metabolites including the conjugates in whole blood by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) has been established. The methods were well validated and applied to users’ blood specimens. The blood concentrations of MA users (n = 11) ranged from <1.0 to 131 ng/ml (from <6.1 to 794 nM) for p-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA), from <2.0 to 46.7 ng/ml (from <5.9 to 137 nM) for p-OHMA-glucuronide (p-OHMA-Glu), and from 3.8 to 495 ng/ml (from 15.5 to 2020 nM) for p-OHMA-sulfate (p-OHMA-Sul). The molar conjugation percentage [(p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu)/(p-OHMA + p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu) × 100%] ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1917595 Tue, 28 Oct 2008 05:55:13 +0100 1917595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1910986&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw2jv518g87523712%2F Abstract  We investigated the distribution of zolpidem throughout femoral vein blood, urine, stomach contents, the brain, lung, liver, and kidney in five autopsy cases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Four out of the five cases showed toxic levels of zolpidem. Only one case showed a lethal blood level. The zolpidem concentrations in solid organ tissues were generally several times higher than that in blood. Among four solid organ tissues, the differences in concentration were not drastic; they were similar or within the same order of magnitude except for one case. These results suggested that measurements of zolpidem concentrations in multiple solid organ tissues are useful for estimating whether zolpidem poisoning is related to the cause of death, especially whe... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1910986 Sat, 25 Oct 2008 08:19:46 +0100 1910986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1905137&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F02x3163203232268%2F Abstract  Some major metabolic pathways of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have been shown to be dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes by in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of these CYP enzymes for in vivo metabolism of MDMA with respect to two pathways using rats: N-demethylation of MDMA to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and O-demethylenation of MDMA to 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA)followed by O-methylation to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA). Rats were pretreated with phenobarbital (PB, 80 mg/kg i.p.) or β-naphthoflavone (BNF, 80 mg/kg i.p.) once a day for 3 days before administration of MDMA (10 mg/kg i.p.). Metabolic changes were monitored by measuring the urinary excretion of MDMA and its metabolites. Twen... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1905137 Thu, 23 Oct 2008 06:27:46 +0100 1905137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1885772&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F854n0x4w4439t661%2F Abstract  Lormetazepam is a benzodiazepine widely used as a hypnotic for management of insomnia. It is considered to be a safe drug when not combined with alcohol or other psychoactive substances. Indeed, we could neither fi nd its toxic nor lethal concentrations in the literature. In the present article, we report a fatal case in which lormetazepam and its metabolite lorazepam were the only drugs found in body fl uids. The concentration measured in blood was more than 100 times higher than the therapeutic one. Therefore, we concluded that the death was due to the drug and that the measured levels could be regarded as lethal. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0053-yAuthors Carmelo Furnari, Tor Vergata University Forensic Toxicology La... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1885772 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:58:16 +0100 1885772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1885771&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq628103rn1317j00%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simple and rapid analysis of acephate, an organophosphorous pesticide, and its metabolite methamidophos in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established. The method included solid-phase extraction with activated charcoal, which gave high recoveries of both analytes. After validation of the method, it was successfully applied to a serum sample obtained from an actual poisoning case. The present method seems very useful, especially in forensic and environmental toxicology. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0052-zAuthors Nobuyuki Adachi, Hyogo College of Medicine Department of Legal Medicine 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya Hyogo 663-8501 JapanHiroshi Kinoshita, Hyogo College ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1885771 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:58:16 +0100 1885771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1840369&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg038jx52451617q2%2F Abstract  Very recently, β-keto derivatives of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDAs) have appeared on the illicit drug market. In the present study, we synthesized three isomers of β-keto derivatives of MDAs, 2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butan-1-one (bk-MBDB), 2-ethylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) propan-1-one (bk-MDEA), and 2-dimethylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one (bk-MDDMA), and measured their electron ionization mass spectra without and with trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although the spectral profiles of the three isomers were very similar to each other in both the free and TFA-derivatized forms, there were characteristic peaks at m/z 44 and 140, for bk-MDEA without and with TFA ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1840369 Sat, 27 Sep 2008 14:06:04 +0100 1840369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1823976&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5597u25838778l55%2F Abstract  The in-matrix alkyl chloroformate derivatization method for amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was adapted for use with the whole blood matrix. This derivatization method was followed by automated headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The sensitivity of this method, expressed as limit of detection, was approximately 10 ng/ml for these analytes tested in the blood matrix, which was sufficient to detect toxic concentrations of amphetamines in blood. The limit of quantitation for target analytes ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 μg/ml. The intraday precision and accuracy studies generally showed satisfactory results for all target compou... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1823976 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 10:24:24 +0100 1823976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1805697&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg82t1648m8g04155%2F Abstract  A simple, rapid and sensitive method using tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) has been developed for the determination of chromate Cr6+ in urine. Cr6+ is a substantial component of Urine Luck, which is used to conceal the presence of drugs in urine. Cr6+ was complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and extracted with isoamyl alcohol in the presence of citric acid. Then a 1-μl aliquot of isoamyl alcohol containing Cr-DDC complex was directly injected into an MS-MS instrument without chromatographic separation. The quantification was performed using selected reaction monitoring at m/z 363.8 of product ion CrO(DDC)2 + obtained by collision-induced dissociation from the precursor ion, CrOH(DDC)3 + at m/z 513.1. This method was validated with the analysis urine sample... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1805697 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 09:37:59 +0100 1805697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1493956&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F37m366787l043423%2F We report a case of sudden death after gingival injection of lidocaine, which made us suspect overdosing or anaphylactic shock. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we measured the lidocaine concentrations in whole blood and tissues including the gingivae. The lidocaine concentration in blood (0.70 μg/ml) was lower than the therapeutic level. Lidocaine levels distributed to various organs were also low. Among them, the lung showed the highest level, followed by the liver, brain, and spleen. The concentrations in the gingivae with and without pus were 938 μg/g and 1048 μg/g, respectively. Together with the above analytical data, we made histopathological examinations, and tryptase and immunoglobulin E (IgE) assays as markers of anaphylactic shock. Macroscopically,... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1493956 Tue, 03 Jun 2008 06:05:25 +0100 1493956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1463221&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0837650uh0515672%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for sensitive analysis of acetaminophen (APAP) in human hair segments by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is reported. The limit of quantitation was as low as 0.1 ng/mg. The linear concentration range of the assay was 0.1–10 ng/mg. The interday and intraday coefficients of variation were below 10%. The method was successfully applied to hair analysis of APAP in an actual poisoning case. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0044-zAuthors Takeshi Saito, Tokai University School of Medicine Emergency and Critical Care Medicine 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1143 JapanSeiji Morita, Tokai University School of Medicine Emergency and Critical Care Medicine 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1463221 Wed, 21 May 2008 05:57:14 +0100 1463221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1463222&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy822l76850n3247j%2F Abstract  A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in São Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Δ9-THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as “drug type.” ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1463222 Wed, 21 May 2008 05:57:13 +0100 1463222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1460563&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0n56qk5413u451p7%2F Abstract  Four tetracyclic antidepressants, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline, were extracted from human whole blood and plasma samples by disk solid-phase extraction with Empore C18 cartridges. They were determined by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Recoveries of maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline spiked into whole blood or plasma were more than 83%. Regression equations for the four drugs showed excellent linearity in the range of 25–1000 ng in 0.2 ml whole blood and in 0.5 ml plasma. The limits of detection for the drugs were 4.1–18.2 ng per 0.2 ml for whole blood and 3.4–13.5 ng per 0.5 ml for plasma. The limits of quantification for the four drugs were 25 ng in 0.2 ml whole blood and in 0.5 ml plasma... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1460563 Sun, 18 May 2008 05:54:37 +0100 1460563 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1414570&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy78322436g113356%2F This study undertook a multiparameter evaluation of the death of a 21-year-old woman known to be an abuser of heroin and cocaine. The toxicological analysis of multiple postmortem specimens such as blood and hair was carried out using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS-MS). The blood specimens of the deceased showed the presence of opium components such as morphine and its glucuronides together with cocaine and benzoylecgonine. The detected xenobiotic levels probably explained the cause of her death resulting from combined action of unintentional illicit drug overdose. By analysis of four 2-cm long hair segments, a heroin-cocaine addiction for at least 8 months antemortem was able to be documented; the presence of 6-mon... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1414570 Wed, 30 Apr 2008 07:00:27 +0100 1414570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1414571&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff55743w404200mjv%2F Abstract  We developed a simple and sensitive method for determination of fluoride in human whole blood and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fluoride was alkylated with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in a mixture of acetone and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The derivative obtained was analyzed by GC-MS in the positive-ion electron-impact mode. The lower limit of detection for the compound was 0.5 mg/l for both matrices. The calibration curve for fluoride was linear over the concentration range of 1–100 mg/l. The precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated, and relative standard deviation was within 10%. Using this method, levels of fluoride in whole blood and urine were determined in a case of poisoning caused by hydrofluoric acid exposure. Con... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1414571 Wed, 30 Apr 2008 07:00:25 +0100 1414571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1307464&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg4323lk844380k69%2F Abstract  Extensive data are presented for simultaneous analysis of six phenethylamine-type designer drugs. The drugs are 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H), 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOB), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-I), and 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI). The data include their proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, infrared spectra, retention times detected by liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) data using seven solvent mixture systems, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra without derivatization, and electron ionization (EI) mass spectra with trifl uoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization. Quantitative reliab... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1307464 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 07:32:42 +0100 1307464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100306&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5241456633712027%2F Abstract  Eleven chemically modified 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)-piperidine (fentanyl) analogues were synthesized and their analgesic activities were evaluated by the acetic acid writhing method in mice. Their effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50) values were compared with those of morphine and fentanyl. The synthesized fentanyl analogues were categorized into three groups: a mono-methylated group, a group in which hydrogen in the para-position of the aromatic ring bound to the propionylanilino group was substituted with F, Cl, CH3, or OCH3, and a group in which the propionyl moiety was changed to an acetyl one. 3-Methylfentanyl showed the strongest analgesic activity among these compounds, and the most frequently abused fentanyl derivative, α-methylfentanyl... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100306 Thu, 06 Mar 2008 16:48:25 +0100 3100306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1287171&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5241456633712027%2F Abstract  Eleven chemically modified 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)-piperidine (fentanyl) analogues were synthesized and their analgesic activities were evaluated by the acetic acid writhing method in mice. Their effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50) values were compared with those of morphine and fentanyl. The synthesized fentanyl analogues were categorized into three groups: a mono-methylated group, a group in which hydrogen in the para-position of the aromatic ring bound to the propionylanilino group was substituted with F, Cl, CH3, or OCH3, and a group in which the propionyl moiety was changed to an acetyl one. 3-Methylfentanyl showed the strongest analgesic activity among these compounds, and the most frequently abused fentanyl derivative, α-methylfentany... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1287171 Thu, 06 Mar 2008 16:48:25 +0100 1287171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1246006&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F346g806474036x2n%2F We present a method for simple and simultaneous determination of methamphetamine (MA) and dimethyl sulfone (DMS) in seized crystalline MA by fast gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Samples dissolved in distilled water at 2 mg/ml were added to 80% potassium carbonate solution and extracted with dichloromethane/2-propanol (3: 1) containing diphenylmethane as internal standard. The use of a narrow-bore capillary column gave fast and complete separation of three compounds within 1.3 min. The method was fully validated and applied to quantification of MA and DMS in MA hydrochloride crystal or powdered samples recently seized in Japan. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0040-8Authors Hiroyuki Inoue, National Research Institut... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1246006 Tue, 19 Feb 2008 15:40:49 +0100 1246006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1074395&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx783n040722416jm%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ObituaryDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0038-2Authors Hans Brandenberger, University of Zurich Department of Forensic Chemistry Zurich Switzerland Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1074395 Wed, 05 Dec 2007 16:37:26 +0100 1074395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1000477&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg33274075hr2v411%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0035-5Authors Babiker M. El-Haj, Sharjah Police Forensic Science Laboratory PO Box 29 Sharjah United Arab Emirates (UAE)Abdelkader M. Al-Amri, Sharjah Police Forensic Science Laboratory PO Box 29 Sharjah United Arab Emirates (UAE)Heyam S. Ali, Dubai Pharmacy College Dubai UAE Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1000477 Thu, 01 Nov 2007 16:24:48 +0100 1000477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=946671&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff484v07647vw432u%2F In this study, we investigated the in vitro interaction between ethanol and imipramine at high concentrations by observing a mixed-function oxidation reaction using human liver microsomes. Imipramine and its three main metabolites (desipramine; 2-hydroxyimipramine, 2-OHI; 2-hydroxydesipramine, 2-OHD) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The production of 2-OHD, the main metabolite of imipramine, was significantly inhibited, by 15%–50% (P < 0.05), by ethanol, but that of desipramine or 2-OHI was not. These results suggest that enhanced toxicity is attained by simultaneous use of ethanol and high dose of imipramine in the human body. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0036-4Authors Einos... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=946671 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 15:23:42 +0100 946671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=946672&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F722p085674143q0k%2F Abstract  A simple, rapid, and sensitive method has been developed for determination of platinum (Pt) in blood and urine by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Pt4+ in wet-ashed blood or acid-treated urine was complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), extracted with isoamyl alcohol, and acidified with oxalic acid; a 1-μl aliquot of the isoamyl alcohol layer containing the Pt-DDC complex was directly injected into the MS-MS instrument without chromatographic separation. The quantitation was performed using selected reaction monitoring at m/z 491 of the product ion Pt(DDC) 2 + , which was produced by collision-induced dissociation from the precursor ion Pt(DDC) 3 + at m/z 639. This method was validated for the analysis of blood and urine samples; the limits of quantitat... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=946672 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 15:23:41 +0100 946672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=946670&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx3678215t0q1w777%2F Abstract  Three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sertraline, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine) in human serum specimens were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a new polymer column (Shim-pack MAYI-ODS), which enabled direct injection of crude biological samples without complicated pretreatments. Quantitation was made by mass chromatography for each product ion using dextromethorphan as internal standard. The recoveries of the three drugs from human serum were 29.2%–45.7% at 20 ng/ml and 52.0%–53.7% at 80 ng/ml. The regression equations showed good linearity for the three drugs in the range of 5–80 ng/ml. Each drug had a detection limit of 1–3 ng/ml. Thus, the present method of using a new polymer column is effective for rapid and sen... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=946670 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 15:23:41 +0100 946670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=881808&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnj3053127443j512%2F Abstract  Thiosulfate is a sulfide metabolite and a biological marker, especially in urine, of exposure to hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). In many suspected poisoning cases, victims are known to be exposed to low concentrations of H2S, but it is difficult to establish the degree of exposure to H2S responsible for the poisoning. In such cases it is necessary to account for a possible chronic exposure signal by subtracting any background thiosulfate from the measured total. However, no data exist on the background levels of thiosulfate in individuals exposed to relatively low levels of H2S. We obtained preexposure and postexposure urine thiosulfate data from eight individuals exposed to H2S in the ppb to low ppm range. Mean thiosulfate concentrations in urine increased from 4.6 to 11... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=881808 Mon, 17 Sep 2007 17:47:30 +0100 881808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=809367&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9278080252w23434%2F Abstract  The differentiation between legal and illegal opiate product use through the detection of marker compounds in urine is one of the most important subjects in forensic toxicology. Thebaine, an opium alkaloid, can be detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and has been suggested as a good marker of poppy seed use in differentiation from that of illicit heroin. In the present study, thebaine was targeted as a urinary marker of opium use because it is a major constituent of opium. Although thebaine lacks the conventional functional group, it was found to form a trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative. This has made it possible to simultaneously detect thebaine together with morphine and codeine in the same urine sample to confirm opium use, thus saving time an... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=809367 Sun, 19 Aug 2007 06:41:08 +0100 809367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=807165&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F32762456gn01g772%2F Abstract  During our extensive routine analyses of drugs of abuse and other drugs such as benzodiazepines using both immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we have noticed that the EMIT II benzodiazepine assays for urine samples sometimes gave false-negative results for bromazepam use or abuse. The negative benzodiazepine immunoassays and positive GC-MS results for bromazepam in urine could be explained by the absence (or below the detection limit) of 3-hydroxybromazepam (3HB) and the presence of 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-bromobenzoylpyridine (AHBBP), which are the two major metabolites of bromazepam. 3HB cross-reacted with the antibody contained in the EMIT II, but AHBBP did not, due to their structural characteristics. To avoid such false-negative result... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=807165 Sat, 18 Aug 2007 06:48:23 +0100 807165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=776003&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4p1754tv5487g074%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, amphetamine, methadone, and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in human hair segments by liquid chromatography (LC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) was established. Hair samples were pulverized and extracted with methanol. The blank hair obtained from healthy subjects showed no interfering impurity peaks. Good linearity was obtained for all compounds in the range of 0.2–20 ng/mg. Accuracy and precision data were also satisfactory. Using the established method, the opiates, amphetamine, methadone, and EDDP in hair segments were measured for 20 patients undergoing methadone therapy. Complet... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=776003 Thu, 02 Aug 2007 06:56:21 +0100 776003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=756378&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffg3284gm16xpr01p%2F In this report, the BTA system has been further evaluated for toxin subtypes and the detection ability of manufactural lots of the BTA strips. The SEB strips failed to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin A, C, and D; the BTX strips generally failed to detect BTXs C, D, E, and F, but one lot showed positive results for BTXs C and D with very low sample values. Differences were observed in sample values at 1 μg/ml for all main toxins according to the different manufactural strip lots: 3.9-fold difference for SEB, 6.3-fold difference for BTX A, 10.9-fold difference for BTX B, and 6.4-fold difference for ricin. The ricin strips showed high cross reactivity toward RCA120. The BioWarfare Agent Detection Devices system showed much lower sensitivity than the BTA system for BTX and ricin (det... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=756378 Mon, 23 Jul 2007 18:43:48 +0100 756378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=724378&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg24m075465r50570%2F In this study, the capability of the BTA system was further assessed. With 10 min of preheating at 60C, all toxins could be detected, but with preheating at 80C, BTX A and B and ricin became undetectable. About 20% SEB could be detected after heating at 80C, but this detection ability was completely removed after heating at 100C. The effects of chemicals usually used for decontamination, such as sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and sodium nitrite, on the detectability of SEB, BTX A, or ricin in the BTA system were also tested. The concentrations giving 50% line intensity for SEB, BTX A, and ricin were 3.1, 11, and 15 μM for sodium hypochlorite and 88, 210, and 60 mM for formaldehyde, respectively. The addition of hydrogen peroxide or sodium nitrite did not decre... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=724378 Sun, 08 Jul 2007 08:13:25 +0100 724378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=593804&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx121128k83m8g150%2F Abstract  We investigated the tissue and body fluid distribution of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), an active metabolite of lidocaine, in 20 critical care patients who received lidocaine jelly for intubation, and survived for various periods after treatments. Our study population consisted of seven patients (Group A) who were transported to hospitals in conscious state and survived for 1–56 h, six patients (Group B) who arrived at hospitals in comatose state and survived for 5–91 h, and seven patients (Group C) who were in cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival at hospitals and survived for 3–59 h after their heartbeat was recovered by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At autopsy, blood from different sources, cerebrospinal fluid, the cerebrum, lung, liver, kid... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=593804 Wed, 02 May 2007 07:10:40 +0100 593804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=593805&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr0478k58656686k5%2F Abstract  Our laboratory received hair samples of three children after alleged exposure to Feminax tablets, which contain scopolamine as an ingredient; it was regarded as an offense by the police because a woman had repeatedly beaten her children and forced each of them to take four to ten Feminax tablets per day. Neither blood nor urine samples of the children had been obtained at the time of the alleged offense. Thus, hair strands were obtained from the children as specimens in acquiring evidence of the offense. We conducted segmental hair analysis of scopolamine using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), which is highly sensitive and specific, and enabled the measurements of scopolamine at subpicogram-permilligram levels presen... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=593805 Thu, 26 Apr 2007 08:22:06 +0100 593805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=526675&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fex77862464n04302%2F Abstract  A sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of sibutramine in human plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse-phase column and analyzed by MS-MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+/product ions, m/z 280/125 for sibutramine and m/z 325/262 for citalopram as internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 30–6000 pg/ml for sibutramine in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 30 pg/ml with a relative standard deviation of less than 4%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the stan... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=526675 Thu, 05 Apr 2007 07:02:59 +0100 526675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=526674&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw3j66x41313124q8%2F We describe a mysterious fatal case of poisoning by fenitrothion of a male adult. No typical external signs of organophosphate poisoning were found; we observed patchy mucosal hemorrhages of the bronchi and slight parenchymal hemorrhages of the lower lobe of the left lung at autopsy. The stomach contained 10 g of a faintly purplish/reddish viscous fluid with no chemical smell. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of blood specimens revealed substantial amounts of fenitrothion. The concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humor, and urine are also presented. We concluded that the victim probably died of delayed respiratory insufficiency caused by acute fenitrothion poisoning. Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISS... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=526674 Thu, 05 Apr 2007 07:02:59 +0100 526674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=526673&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6261608r7531p375%2F Abstract  Urine samples for cases of drug abuse are regularly screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after enzyme hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization. During such routine analysis, two compounds (labeled as X1 and X2) were detected in urine samples of opium and illicit heroin users as their TMS derivatives, which led us to tentatively characterize the compounds. It was found that the compounds were noscapine metabolites as determined by GC-MS in both electron-impact ionization (EI) and chemical ionization modes. Together with the analysis of fragment ions in the EI mass spectra, the X1 and X2 compounds were further assigned as 6,7-dihydroxynoscapine and its desmethyl product at either position 6′ or 7′, respect... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=526673 Thu, 05 Apr 2007 07:02:59 +0100 526673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=500080&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7364563107164334%2F Abstract  We have previously reported basic data on the specificity of the color reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and related drugs with chromotropic acid (CTA) and sulfuric acid. In this communication, we report an extended line of experiments that optimized reaction conditions, and we describe the application of this method to screening for MDMA or 3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MDA) in seized tablets. The optimal concentration of CTA and optimal reaction time at room temperature were 1.0 mM and 30 min, respectively. Final concentrations of MDMA of less than 100 μM should be used to avoid nonspecific color development. The CTA-dependent color reaction was also studied using aqueous extracts from seized tablets containing MDMA or MDA. On the basis of our resu... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=500080 Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:17:11 +0100 500080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=500079&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff23772723215h073%2F Abstract  Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, was found to be converted to 9α-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (9α-OH-HHC) and 8-hydroxy-iso-hexahydrocannabinol (8-OH-iso-HHC) together with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a psychoactive cannabinoid, and cannabinol in artificial gastric juice. These cannabinoids were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by comparison with the spectral data of the authentic compounds. Pharmacological effects of 9α-OH-HHC and 8-OH-iso-HHC in mice were examined using catalepsy, hypothermia, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, and antinociception against acetic acid-induced writhing as indices. The ED50values (effective dose producing a 50% reduction of control; mg/kg, i.v.) of 9α-OH-HHC and 8-OH-iso-HHC for... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=500079 Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:17:11 +0100 500079 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=467127&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy115v17875223r20%2F Abstract??An automated on-line method for simultaneous analysis of five phenothiazine drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry (SSI-MS) has been established, using backflush column switching. A 400-?l portion of serum sample diluted 81-fold with distilled water was subjected to the on-line system. In the system, an Oasis HLB cartridge was used as the precolumn for extraction; large molecules such as proteins in serum were discarded by use of distilled water containing 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase. After switching a valve, the analytes trapped in the precolumn were eluted in the backflush mode and separated by a Chromolith Performance RP-18e column, which is composed of C18-bonded monolithic silica. The column effluents were then ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=467127 Thu, 08 Mar 2007 08:02:09 +0100 467127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=424981&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa6m6774050421161%2F In this report, the clinical and laboratory features in a case of acute poisoning by amitraz and xylene in an adult are presented. A 72-year-old man accidentally swallowed about 40 g of Mitac 20, a commercial formulation of amitraz dissolved in xylene. The ingested dose was estimated to be about 10 g of amitraz and 35 g of xylene. Initial symptoms were dizziness and nausea, followed by coma, respiratory insufficiency, miosis, and hyperglycemia. As an ?2-adrenergic agonist, amitraz usually causes bradycardia, but the present patient showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, which was successfully treated by digoxin. Amitraz itself and xylene metabolites were confi rmed in his blood and urine, respectively, by instrumental analysis. Supportive and symptomatic measures were ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=424981 Sat, 17 Feb 2007 08:08:55 +0100 424981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=386583&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm820p872n34vn660%2F Abstract??A simple method for analysis of 5-methoxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine (5-MeO-DPT) in urine has been developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with tetradecadeuterated 5-MeO-DPT as internal standard, which is useful for discrimination from 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). These tryptamine designer drugs were extracted from urine with Extrelut, and derivatized with trifl uoroacetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. The recovery of 5-MeO-DPT from urine was 90.7%; the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 0.01?2.0 ?g/ml. When urine samples containing two different concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 ?g/ml) of 5-MeO-DPT were analyzed, the coeffi cients of variation for intraday and interday testing ranged from 3.11% to 5.82%. The established met... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=386583 Fri, 26 Jan 2007 09:43:11 +0100 386583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=305015&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpp175h2287186421%2F Abstract??Mercury and arsenic concentrations were determined in ecstasy tablets, which were obtained from different police seizures in Spain, by electrochemical techniques; mercury by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a rotating gold disk electrode, and arsenic by cathodic stripping voltammetry in the differential pulse mode with a hanging mercury drop electrode. The performance of the procedures was compared with cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for mercury, and with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for arsenic. The procedures were applied to the determination of both elements in nine ecstasy samples; mercury was the element present in higher concentrations, ranging from 0.05 to 1.23 mg/kg, while the range of arsenic concentrations was 0.04?0.49 mg... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=305015 Thu, 30 Nov 2006 08:50:18 +0100 305015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=246844&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2q8vn61v67x23h37%2F Abstract  Metabolism of cannabinol (CBN) was studied in vitro using hepatic microsomes from human livers. The metabolites formed were analyzed by thinlayer chromatography (TLC) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. 11-Hydroxy-CBN, the major metabolite, was detected together with a smaller amount of another mono-hydroxylated metabolite. The minor metabolite was identified as 8-hydroxy-CBN, after comparing its Rf value by TLC, retention time by GC, and the mass spectrum with those of the authentic compound. 8-Hydroxy-CBN was confirmed to be a new metabolite of CBN formed by human hepatic microsomes. Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=246844 Fri, 20 Oct 2006 07:02:26 +0100 246844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243613&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw0h456t767321304%2F We describe a case of poisoning by arsenic trioxide of a young man found dead at home. There were no obvious external signs of arsenic poisoning; but we observed marked endocardial hemorrhages, hepatomegaly, diffuse gastric mucosal hemorrhages, and slight brain edema at autopsy. The Reinsch test for the stomach contents and liver homogenate was positive for arsenic. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry combined with the Reinsch test showed that fatal levels of arsenic were present in blood and tissues. The cause of death was diagnosed as circulatory collapse caused by arsenic trioxide. Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243613 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:02:03 +0100 243613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243614&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm666171852p0385m%2F Abstract  A new analytical method for acetaminophen (ACAP) in serum was developed by modifying an existing method used for amphetamines, which used extractive derivatization followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. After a serum sample was adjusted to pH 12.8, it was applied onto a diatomaceous earth tube; the analyte was simultaneously extracted and heptafluorobutyrylated during elution with a solvent containing a derivatizing reagent. Three internal standard (IS) candidates were tested: N-acetyl-d 3-paminophenol, N-acetyl-m-aminophenol, and N-acetyl-4-amino-m-cresol. All ISs gave good linear relationships (r 2 > 0.999) for ACAP in the concentration range from 1 to 200μg/ml. The detection limit for ACAP using each IS was estimated to be 0.05–0.1μg/ml. Intraday precisio... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243614 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:02:02 +0100 243614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243615&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd070018210444u27%2F Abstract  Platinum (Pt) levels were determined in various tissues and body fluids obtained from a patient who died 181 days after cisplatin overdosing. The symptoms of cisplatin overdose, however, might have almost disappeared by day 40, and the patient’s death was ascribed to the recurrence of malignant lymphoma. Determination of Pt derived from cisplatin was performed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using silver (Ag) as internal standard. Pt and Ag complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) in wetashed blood, and tissue solutions were extracted into isoamyl alcohol, and then acidified with oxalic acid. By injecting an aliquot of the isoamyl alcohol layer into a mass spectrometer in the direct flow injection mode, the quantitation was performed using the s... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243615 Sun, 15 Oct 2006 06:01:16 +0100 243615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243616&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F520p251518pq255m%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243616 Sun, 15 Oct 2006 06:01:15 +0100 243616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=204838&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh7805j3j77615685%2F Abstract  A fully automated method for analysis of amphetamine-related drugs in human hair by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and in-matrix derivatization. Amphetamines were extracted from hair under alkaline conditions, and were simultaneously derivatized to N-ethoxycarbonyl amphetamines with ethylchloroformate in a vial. An SPME fiber was then exposed to the headspace at 80°C for 10 min for extraction. The derivatives extracted into the stationary phase of the fiber were desorbed by exposing the fiber in an injection port of a GC-MS instrument. The calibration curves showed linearity up to 10ng/mg in hair. The detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 ng/mg according to the compound identity. No interfer... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=204838 Thu, 21 Sep 2006 10:02:29 +0100 204838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=188081&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F69jl7gk7558g1w75%2F Abstract  A rapid and simple method for determination of oxazolobenzodiazepines (oxazolam, haloxazolam, mexazolam, cloxazolam, and flutazolam) in sera was developed by gas chromatography (GC) using nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) and a methyl silicone fused-silica wide-bore capillary (DB-1) column. Underivatized oxazolobenzodiazepine drugs gave relatively low sensitivity, because of decomposition during their passage through the column. On the other hand, on-column methylation of the oxazolobenzodiazepines with 0.4 mM trimethylanilium hydroxide in methanolic solution resulted in higher sensitivity; detection was possible at levels at least two to eight times lower than those without derivatization. The average recoveries of five oxazolobenzodiazepines from 0.5-ml volumes of ser... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=188081 Sat, 09 Sep 2006 07:34:57 +0100 188081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179762&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq6032m3100q21342%2F In this study, we used this column for solid-phase extraction of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP) in urine. Chromatographic separation was achieved by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with double-spray detection of each spot. For extraction of amphetamines in urine, samples were mixed with phosphate buffer (pH 3.0, containing 20mM sodium octanesulfate), and the analytes were adsorbed to the column by passing the mixture through it. They were then eluted with a 10-μl volume of ethyl acetate and directly spotted onto a TLC plate. After development, the detection of MA was performed with Simon’s reagent. The plate was air-dried, and then over-sprayed with fluorescamine reagent for detection of AP. A fluorescent spot of AP was observed at 365 nm using an ultraviolet viewing sy... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179762 Wed, 02 Aug 2006 09:25:11 +0100 179762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179763&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd248176u064x3836%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 Journal VolumeVolume 24 Journal IssueVolume 24, Number 1 / July, 2006 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179763 Fri, 30 Jun 2006 19:57:07 +0100 179763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179765&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffm6192h627661qqj%2F Abstract  Conversion of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) to a fluorescent derivative using 3-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinoxaline-2-one (Br-DMEQ), and its application to drug screening were studied. Br-DMEQ reacted with the carboxyl group of sodium GHB in the presence of a potassium salt and crown ether to produce a fluorescent derivative, which could be easily detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). An electrospray ionization mass spectrum of the fluorogenic product supported the expected structure. The Br-DMEQ-derivatized GHB gave an Rf value of 0.49 on TLC, which was easily distinguished from 19 other carboxylic acids; all of the latter had Rf values over 0.61. Various sodium carboxylates including sodium GHB reacted with Br-DMEQ in the presence of KCl, but... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179765 Sat, 17 Jun 2006 17:19:10 +0100 179765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179764&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7586842276542262%2F Abstract  Psilocin glucuronide (PCG) was directly identified in serum specimens of a “magic mushroom” user by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS, together with the free (unconjugated) psilocin (PC). A major part of serum PC existed in the conjugated form. To quantify the total (conjugated plus free) PC in serum, enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were optimized using the user’s urine as the source of PCG; PCG in serum could be completely hydrolyzed by Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase. Using the established procedure, both total and free PC in the serum specimens of the user collected at various intervals were quantified. For the first specimen collected 5h after magic mushroom ingestion, 71.0 ng/ml of total PC and 13.3 ng/ml of free PC were detected. Th... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179764 Sat, 17 Jun 2006 17:19:10 +0100 179764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179766&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp2k3rwp443p3u920%2F Abstract  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) is the preferred method for the analysis of drugs/metabolites in biological specimens with use of isotopically labeled analogs of the analytes as internal standards (ISs). An important aspect of the chemical derivatization (CD) for GC-MS analysis is that the CD products derived from the analyte and the selected IS must generate ions suitable for designating the analyte and the IS. These ions should not have significant cross contribution (CC), i.e., IS contribution to the intensities of the ions designated for the analyte, and vice versa. With this in mind, the authors have conducted a search of isotopically labeled analogs of commonly abused cocaine and related compounds (cocaine, norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, ecgo... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179766 Fri, 16 Jun 2006 07:35:29 +0100 179766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179767&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc4225606jv1gu02k%2F Abstract  A field-portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (the Hapsite system) was evaluated for onsite determination of nerve gases and blistering agents. The analytical sequence involved gas sampling for 1 min, microtrap concentration (1 min), apolar capillary gas chromatographic separation (10 min), electron ionization, quadrupole mass spectrometric data acquisition, and personal computer-based data analysis. Vapor containing 1mg/m3 sarin (GB), 1mg/m3 soman (GD), 3mg/m3 tabun (GA), and 0.5mg/m3 mustard gas (HD) was analyzed using the Hapsite system. The chemical warfare agents (CWAs) were detected within 10 min, and identified from their respective mass spectra according to the built-in NIST library database. Being based on the signal levels of the CWA peaks observed in mass... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179767 Thu, 27 Apr 2006 18:03:58 +0100 179767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179768&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq3l879580v405555%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for analysis of four antiallergic drugs, ketotifen, olopatadine, cetirizine, and ibudilast, in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) using a new polymer column (MSpak GF), which enables direct injection of crude biological samples, is presented. The protein and/or macromolecule matrix compounds were first eluted from the column, while the drugs were retained on the polymer stationary phase. The analytes retained on the column were then eluted into an acetonitrile-rich mobile phase using a gradient separation technique. All compounds showed base peaks due to [M + H]+ ions by HPLC-MS with positive ion electrospray ionization, and the product ions were produced from each [M + H]+ ion by HPLC-MS-MS. ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179768 Thu, 13 Apr 2006 07:27:58 +0100 179768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179769&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp5428w1j7883572j%2F Abstract  Urine Luck, the main component of which is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), is a popular adulterant used to conceal drugs present in urine samples. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with direct flow injection was employed to identify and quantitate PCC after complex formation of chromium (Cr6+) in PCC with diethyldithiocarbamate and its extraction with isoamyl alcohol. The quantitation was performed by selected ion monitoring at m/z 513, and the detection limit was 20 pg PCC (equivalent to 5pg Cr6+) in 1 µl of an injected volume. The integrated area of the mass chromatogram was proportional to the amount up to 2000 pg PCC with the limit of quantitation of 60 pg PCC in an injected volume. The recoveries of PCC from 50µl of urine spiked at 10−7 and 10−6M were 9... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179769 Tue, 11 Apr 2006 09:00:13 +0100 179769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179770&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fww7p2834860n2758%2F Abstract  Two simple methods for enantiomeric analyses of amphetamines in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using l-amphetamine-d 3 and l-methamphetamine-d 6 as internal standards are presented. One method (method A) employs extractive derivatization on a diatomaceous column with (S)-(-)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)prolyl chloride (TPC) followed by separation with a conventional capillary column. The second method (method B) uses headspace solid-phase microextraction (HD-SPME) after derivatization with heptafluoro-n-butyryl chloride (HFB), followed by separation with an enantiomeric capillary GC column. By the two methods, all enantiomers were well separated in each chromatogram, and good linearity was obtained in practical concentration ranges (0.1–1.6μg/ml for meth... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179770 Sun, 09 Apr 2006 06:44:38 +0100 179770