MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Forensic Toxicology' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 01:05:04 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657441&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F340t6104r1542519%2F Abstract  Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent hallucinogen that is primarily metabolized to 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) and N-desmethyl-LSD (nor-LSD) by cytochrome P450 complex liver enzymes. Due to its extensive metabolism, there still is an interest in the identification of new metabolites and new routes of its metabolism in humans. In the present study, we investigated whether LSD could be a substrate for horseradish peroxidase or myeloperoxidase (MPO). Using liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-UV–ESI–MS), we found that both peroxidases were capable of metabolizing LSD to the same compounds that have been observed in vivo (i.e., O-H-LSD and nor-LSD). In addition, we found another major metabolite, ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657441 Mon, 30 Jan 2012 16:06:07 +0100 5657441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594447&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F21647266g472u621%2F Abstract  During our continual surveillance of unregulated drugs in May–June 2011, we found two new compounds as adulterants in herbal products obtained at shops in the Tokyo area. These compounds were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, accurate mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first compound identified was a naphthoylindole (1-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (AM-2202, 1), which is a side-chain hydroxyl analogue of JWH-018. The second compound was (1-(4-pentenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (2), which is side-chain double bond analogue of JWH-018. This is the first report to identify 1 and 2 in a commercial “herbal” product to our knowl... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594447 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 16:49:32 +0100 5594447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594448&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh352mx7521459227%2F Abstract  The analytical system used for determination of 22 illicit and licit drugs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry following liquid–liquid extraction has been extended with an additional extraction step with n-butyl acetate:CH2Cl2 = 1:8 to determine benzoylecgonine from the same oral fluid, blood, or urine samples. The extraction recovery of benzoylecgonine was 39.7% for oral fluid, 14.9% for blood, and 26.7% for urine; the cutoffs were 25, 8.0, and 8.0 ng/ml, respectively. The method was fully validated and proved suitable in further proficiency tests and for analysis of 2738 oral fluid, 197 blood, and 1298 urine samples. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationPages 1-7DOI 10.1007/s11419-011-0128-zAuthors László Institó... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594448 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 16:49:30 +0100 5594448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594449&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq03gp52p86446j4w%2F Abstract  Determination of methamphetamine (MP) and its metabolite amphetamine (AP) in hair and meconium samples from a neonate was performed to estimate the fetal abuse of MP during pregnancy. Five hundred micrograms of the neonate’s hair spiked with 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (internal standard) were used for the determination. After digestion with 1 M NaOH for 20 min, the resultant was extracted with heptane and the organic layer was evaporated and labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. The MP in 10 mg of the neonate’s meconium was determined using the standard addition method. The determination of MP and AP in the hair was performed by a semi-micro-HPLC–peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence method. The hair sample (tota... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594449 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 16:49:27 +0100 5594449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5474197&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faw32133r77138050%2F Abstract  An injured subject receiving transfusions of blood or fluids may present with diluted samples at autopsy. Calculation of blood ethanol concentration at the time of the event can be very challenging, given potential antemortem dilution. From a complete literature survey, it seems that this topic has received little attention. The aim of this study was to investigate a case in which antemortem dilution of blood alcohol had occurred. Before death, the victim (male; 1.70 m, 70 kg) was perfused (left elbow) with a total volume of 3.25 l (1.5 l NaCl 0.9%, 1.5 l Voluven, 0.25 l sodium bicarbonate). He was pronounced dead within minutes after the perfusion. The blood alcohol concentration (right subclavian venous blood) in the autopsy sample w... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5474197 Sat, 03 Dec 2011 16:50:29 +0100 5474197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5474199&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1475214175qm04w5%2F We present a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in bile samples. The method includes protein precipitation with acetonitrile after enzymatic hydrolysis, and solid-phase extraction followed by silylation using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylchlorosilane. The limit of detection was 0.30 ng/ml and the limit of quantitation was 1.00 ng/ml. The calibration curves were linear within the dynamic range of 1.00–500 ng/ml (R 2 ≥ 0.993) and the absolute recovery for both analytes was higher than 87.5%. Accuracy and precision were less than 8.8% and 8.2%, respectively. The developed method was applied for the analysis of bile... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5474199 Fri, 02 Dec 2011 18:10:04 +0100 5474199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5474198&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh42tn65017m643x3%2F Abstract  A rapid and reliable method was developed to identify and quantify the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) in blood. SCN− was reacted with NaAuCl4 to produce Au(SCN)2−, which was extracted with octanol. The extract was injected directly into an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Quantification of SCN− was performed by selected reaction monitoring of the product ion SCN− at m/z 58 that derived from the Au(SCN)2− precursor ion (m/z 313). SCN− could be measured in the quantification range of 0.05–10 μM in aqueous solution with a limit of detection of 0.013 μM within 15 min. Using only 5 μl of blood, the SCN− level of a victim who ingested sodium cyanide was determined to be 32.7 ± 2.1 μM, indicating a quite smal... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5474198 Fri, 02 Dec 2011 18:10:04 +0100 5474198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466067&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F800p6h6810u54475%2F In this study, we established a detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of typical ED drugs (sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil) and their metabolites in human blood and urine by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). Each sample of whole blood and urine containing the three ED treatment drugs, their metabolites, and deuterated internal standards (ISs) was diluted with alkalinized water, loaded onto an Oasis HLB cartridge, washed with dilute ammonium hydroxide solution, and eluted with chloroform. The eluate was acidified with methanol and concentrated HCl and evaporated to dryness. The resulting residue was reconstituted with methanol and mobile phase solution, and 5 μl of the solution was injected into an LC–MS–MS instrument. T... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466067 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 16:50:56 +0100 5466067 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5438122&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe031v64245485g07%2F This article discusses cases of drug-poisoning death in which 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) was identified in blood as evidence for recent use of heroin. We report the demographics of the victims, previous drug-related offences, polydrug use, and the concentrations of free morphine in peripheral blood. After solid-phase extraction, morphine, codeine, and 6-AM were determined in blood samples by isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) using limits of quantitation of 0.005 mg/l for each opiate. The victims of heroin poisoning were mainly men (88%), with a mean age of 35.4 ± 8.4 years (±SD) and no significant gender difference in age (men 35 ± 8.4 years; women 35 ± 8.6 years). The median concentration of free morph... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5438122 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 06:57:13 +0100 5438122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5438123&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm5813301p6568m38%2F We examined the applicability of the constructed database by analyzing whole blood samples spiked with 1 μg/ml each of the 18 NSAIDs. The drugs were extracted with dichloromethane or on a mixed-mode anion-exchange column (OASIS MAX™), subjected to GC-MS after incubation with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), and screened by the database. Among the 18 drugs examined, 15 and 17 drugs were successfully identified, respectively, and the absolute recoveries were 1.5–55.5% and 25.2–86.4%, respectively. The method was also applied to a case of suspected ibuprofen poisoning. Given that the established method showed significant improvement in the time required for data analysis, and qualitative and semiquantitative data were obtained without standard substance... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5438123 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 06:57:12 +0100 5438123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5397846&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx20q82m533235g82%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the editorPages 1-2DOI 10.1007/s11419-011-0122-5Authors William Tormey, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern IrelandTara Moore, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5397846 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 17:14:17 +0100 5397846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5322100&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr464254724pw1382%2F We report a case of seized methamphetamine (MA) samples showing unique drug profiles. Conventional drug profiling such as impurity profiling and chiral analysis as well as stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was performed on seven MA–HCl samples. The results of impurity profiling suggested that the samples were synthesized by reductive amination. The high enantiomeric purities of the samples suggested that the samples were optically resolved. The δ13C and δ15N values gave different grouping patterns from conventional drug profiling. This is the first case report of the use of IRMS with seized MA samples presumptively synthesized by reductive amination. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportPages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s11419-011-0119-0Authors Kenji Tsujikawa, Nat... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5322100 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:44:42 +0100 5322100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302250&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2p52146854264511%2F Abstract  A rapid and specific method for simultaneous quantitation of organophosphates [fenitrothion (MEP), malathion (MAL), and phenthoate (PAP)], glyphosate (GLYP), and glufosinate (GLUF) in human serum and urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was validated. All targeted compounds, together with the internal standards [fenitrothion-d 6 (MEP-d 6) and dl-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (APPA)], were extracted from the serum and urine with a mixed-mode C–C18 monolithic spin column. Extracted samples were derivatized with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) containing 1% tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (TBDMCS). Linear calibration curves for serum and urine spanned the ranges of 0.1–10.0 μg/ml for organophosphates,... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302250 Fri, 07 Oct 2011 15:59:04 +0100 5302250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5257942&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw2211j321k1777r8%2F Abstract  An unusual case of homicide by chronic methanol poisoning is presented. A 37-year-old man with a month-long illness of intermittent nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath presented in the emergency department with severe gastrointestinal pain, diaphoresis, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis, and tachypnea with labored breathing. Stat toxicology testing disclosed a serum methanol level of 750 mg/l. Despite appropriate medical treatment the patient developed multi-organ failure and died. The investigation revealed that bottles of a sport drink ingested regularly by the victim and prepared by a family member were the source of the methanol. The family member was convicted of murder. The use of methanol as an agent for murder is extremely rare. Content Type J... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5257942 Fri, 23 Sep 2011 15:50:44 +0100 5257942 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4951890&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq873147221r8v626%2F Abstract  During our extensive surveillance of opiates in urine specimens of opium users, we noticed the appearance of an unknown peak (compound X) in total ion chromatograms obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) after enzymatic hydrolysis and trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization. We identified the compound X as oripavine. Oripavine was found to be a new and useful putative marker of opium/poppy seed use in differentiation from heroin, pharmaceutical codeine, and pharmaceutical morphine use. The presence of oripavine in the urine of opium users is probably the result of O-demethylation of the opium alkaloid thebaine. Analytical method optimization for GC–MS detection of oripavine in urine was also undertaken. Underivatized oripavine could not be detecte... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4951890 Fri, 17 Jun 2011 10:57:20 +0100 4951890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4920593&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3471230w254x0111%2F Abstract  Mushrooms are ubiquitous in the world. Amateur hunters harvest mushrooms growing in forests to enjoy eating them as seasonal delicacies, and occasionally they cause poisonings and even deaths. In this review, mushroom toxins are tabulated according to mushroom species, symptoms, toxicities and analytical methods on the basis of references. Second, because we constructed a method for analysis of amatoxins, the most virulent mushroom toxins, by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, we introduce it for use in forensic toxicology. Third, an extensive poisoning incident after consumption of the usually edible mushroom Pleurocybella porrigens took place in nine prefectures in Japan from September to December 2004, resulting in 59 poisoned people includi... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4920593 Tue, 07 Jun 2011 05:49:31 +0100 4920593 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4920594&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F55r006h7k0556011%2F Abstract  The in vitro metabolisms of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) were studied using TESTLIVER™-rat and TESTLIVER™-human, which are new three-dimensional rat and human hepatocyte culture systems, respectively. The metabolites produced in the incubation media were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The data obtained with the in vitro system of rat origin were carefully compared with those obtained by rat in vivo experiments; most of the metabolites found in the in vivo experiments could be reproduced in the present three-dimensional in vitro experiments, although quantitative metabolite... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4920594 Sat, 04 Jun 2011 05:58:20 +0100 4920594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840513&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd862700v0t6m6kh6%2F Abstract  During our careful surveillance of unregulated drugs in January to February 2011, we found two new compounds used as adulterants in herbal products obtained via the Internet. These compounds were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, accurate mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first compound identified was a benzoylindole (2-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (1), which is a positional isomer of (4-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4, 4). The second compound was 1-(5-fluoropentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(naphthalene-1-yl)methanone (AM-2201, 2). The compound 2 has been reported to be a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Because the cannabimimetic effects of comp... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840513 Thu, 12 May 2011 18:54:01 +0100 4840513 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4753333&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg36m8566023w13k0%2F This study, therefore, targeted putative voltage sensors as a receptor for ciguatoxins. We constructed mutants, in which 1 of 23 basic residues was substituted with glutamine in the S4 segment for each of four domains. We then examined the effects of a synthetic ciguatoxin congener CTX3C on these mutants. Notably, the suppressive effect of CTX3C on the sodium current (I Na) amplitude of domain 2 mutants, which carried a mutation in the basic S4 residue of domain 2, was either reduced or eliminated. Kinetic analyses of domain 2 mutants in comparison with those of the wild type and other mutants revealed that the negative shift of the steady-state inactivation curve (V 1/2inactΔ) was significantly decreased. The resistance of domain 2 mutants to CTX3C in terms of changes in V 1/2ina... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4753333 Sat, 23 Apr 2011 15:41:47 +0100 4753333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4753334&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5683k3m82540h185%2F Abstract  β-Keto derivatives of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamines (bk-MDPAs), especially 2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one (methylone), 2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butan-1-one (bk-MBDB), and 2-ethylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one (bk-MDEA), are abused as substitutes for 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamines in some countries, causing increased social problems. With the widespread abuse of bk-MDPAs, the analysis of bk-MDPAs and their metabolites in human specimens is quite important in forensic and clinical toxicology. In this review, the metabolisms of bk-MDPAs and simultaneous analytical methods for bk-MDPAs and their metabolites by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and liqui... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4753334 Thu, 21 Apr 2011 17:58:34 +0100 4753334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4723289&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj3475m8p2114v073%2F Abstract  Inhibitory effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) on the catalytic activities of human recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 and CYP2B6 were investigated. Δ9-THC, CBD, and CBN noncompetitively inhibited coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity of recombinant CYP2A6 with the apparent K i values of 28.9, 55.0, and 39.8 μM, respectively. On the other hand, Δ9-THC, CBD, and CBN inhibited 7-benzoxyresorufin O-debenzylase activity of recombinant CYP2B6 in a mixed fashion with the K i values of 2.81, 0.694, and 2.55 μM, respectively. Because the inhibition of CYP2B6 by CBD was the most potent, investigation was conducted to determine which moiety of the CBD structure was responsible for the inhibition. Olivetol and d-lim... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4723289 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 06:54:43 +0100 4723289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4683555&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F03395044421mq043%2F Abstract  Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)–time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used for visual demonstration of methamphetamine (MA) incorporation into human hair. Longitudinal sections of human scalp hair shafts from chronic MA users were directly subjected to imaging MS. Numerous MA-positive spots with various intensities were observed in the specimens, which probably reflect habitual MA abuse and the different MA blood levels upon each administration. This imaging MS method for drugs in hair seems to give much more accurate chronological information on drug use, and clearer discrimination between deliberate drug use and passive exposure, using only a single hair shaft. This is the first report of imaging MS applied to forensic toxicology.... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4683555 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 05:47:25 +0100 4683555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663552&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl0336lw008762187%2F Abstract  A simple and reliable method to determine acephate and methamidophos in mammalian tissues is presented. The method includes solid-phase extraction of tissue extracts with active carbon cartridges followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. During the study, a matrix effect was observed especially at low concentrations of acephate and methamidophos in serum and in brain. To minimize the effect, we prepared calibration curves with relatively short ranges. The validation data, such as the linearity of calibration curves, limits of detection, and coefficients of variation for recovery rates, were generally satisfactory. The present method is useful for determination of acephate and methamidophos in mammalian tissues because of its simplicity and speed... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663552 Tue, 29 Mar 2011 06:08:24 +0100 4663552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4663553&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc192p1g705153246%2F Abstract  During our careful surveillance of unregulated drugs, we found five new compounds used as adulterants in herbal and drug-like products obtained via the Internet. These compounds were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, accurate mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first compound identified was a benzoylindole AM-694, which is 1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2-iodophenyl)methanone (1). The second compound was (4-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (2), which was also classified as a benzoylindole. The three other compounds were identified as naphthoylindoles JWH-210 (4-ethylnaphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone; 3), JWH-122 (4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl-(1-p... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4663553 Tue, 29 Mar 2011 06:08:23 +0100 4663553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4355520&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff887220400161m53%2F Abstract  A number of analogues of phenethylamine and tryptamine, which are prepared by modification of the chemical structures, are being developed for circulation on the black market. Often called “designer drugs,” they are abused in many countries, and cause serious social problems in many parts of the world. Acute deaths have been reported after overdoses of designer drugs. Various methods are required for screening and routine analysis of designer drugs in biological materials for forensic and clinical purposes. Many sample preparation and chromatographic methods for analysis of these drugs in biological materials and seized items have been published. This review presents various colorimetric detections, gas chromatographic (GC)–mass spectrometric, and liquid chr... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4355520 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 07:07:01 +0100 4355520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4284957&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh6643875738k8421%2F In this study, we optimized conditions for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILC)–MS–MS to quantitate TTX, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX with good separation. The relationships between the applied amounts of each TTX analog to the HILC–MS–MS instrument and the peak areas showed good linearity in the ranges examined. The lower limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) were 64 pg on-column for TTX, 128 pg for both 4-epiTTX and 4,9-anhydroTTX, and 180 pg for 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX using an API 2000 mass spectrometer. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11419-010-0106-xAuthors Mari Yotsu-Yamashita, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 J... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4284957 Mon, 20 Dec 2010 22:19:42 +0100 4284957 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4284956&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr12h8v268835r984%2F Abstract  The incorporation profiles for fenfluramine (Fen) and its metabolite norfenfluramine (Norf) into black hair and white hair of Zucker rats and into white hair of Wistar rats after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Fen or N-nitrosofenfluramine (N-Fen) were studied in great detail. The target compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride as a derivatization reagent. After repeated i.p. administration of Fen (5 mg/kg) for 4 days to Zucker rats, shaft and root samples of black and white hair were obtained 1 week after the first administration. It was surprising that Fen and Norf levels in root samples of white hair were much higher than those in... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4284956 Mon, 20 Dec 2010 22:19:42 +0100 4284956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4275048&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp1352r762145g63t%2F Abstract  Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Δ9-THC were mainly oxidized on the pentyl side chain at the 4′-position by mouse brain microsomes. 5′-Hydroxy-THCs were also formed as minor metabolites. However, 11-hydroxy metabolites of THCs, which are major metabolites of the cannabinoids produced by mouse hepatic microsomes, were not detectable as the metabolites formed by mouse brain microsomes. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in the brain microsomal metabolism of Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC were identified by using CYP-selective inhibitors. The 4′- and 5′-hydroxylations of THCs were strongly inhibited by ketoconazole and troleandomycin, the known inhibitors of CYP3A enzymes, but not by other isozyme-selective inhibitors, such as 7,8-benzoflavone (CYP1A), quinidine (... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4275048 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 18:27:02 +0100 4275048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4275049&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn723nj5031210051%2F This study is the first to show the relationship between the levels of 8-OHdG and arsenic compounds in urine of a child APL patient treated with ATO. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11419-010-0104-zAuthors Junko Fujihara, Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501 JapanMasanori Hasegawa, Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Shimane Prefectural Police Headquarters, Matsue, JapanRie Kanai, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, JapanTetsuro Agusa, Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501 JapanHisato Iwata, Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, JapanShinsuke Tanabe, Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehi... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4275049 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 18:26:59 +0100 4275049 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4200248&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fql006r28632222h1%2F Abstract  The neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX) is registered in the list of the Chemical Weapons Convention. In preparation against potential terrorism by STX use, we investigated the performance of a commercially available rapid test kit for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), which is essentially a lateral flow immunoassay kit. Pink lines in the test and control zones appeared after 35 min and were observed by the naked eye and were recorded by a digital scanner. The competitive displacement of gold-labeled antitoxin analog antibody by STX in the test zone was quantitatively shown using the ratio of the intensity of the test zone line to that of control zone line. As the STX concentration increased, the intensity of the pink line in the test zone on the strip decreased. T... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4200248 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 16:46:50 +0100 4200248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4200249&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft6u96r072p634678%2F Abstract  During our careful survey of unregulated drugs in Tokyo, a new compound was disclosed as an adulterant in herbal and powder products. This compound was found to have a molecular weight of 335 by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the accurate mass measurement suggested an elementary composition of C22H26NO2. Using these mass data together with those obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, the compound was identified as 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (JWH-250), which had been reported by Huffman and coworkers in 2005. This compound was classified as a phenylacetylindole and a cannabinoid receptor agonist. For quantitation of the compound in herbal and powder products, each product was extracted wi... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4200249 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 13:22:22 +0100 4200249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4200250&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr585n55n07228116%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11419-010-0099-5Authors Koji Yamaguchi, Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 JapanMakiko Hayashida, Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 JapanHideyuki Hayakawa, Tsukuba Medical Examiner’s Office, Tsukuba, JapanMakoto Nihira, Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 JapanYoukichi Ohno, Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4200250 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 13:22:20 +0100 4200250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4142560&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx51p1705763n23q3%2F Abstract  Six cannabimimetic indoles have been identified as adulterants in herbal or chemical products being sold illegally in Japan, with four of the compounds being new as adulterants to our knowledge. The identifications were based on analyses using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first two compounds were identified as phenylacetyl indoles JWH-251 (2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone; 1) and its demethyl-methoxylated analog JWH-250 (2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone; 2). Compound 2 was identical to that found as an adulterant in the UK and in Germany in 2009. The third compound was naphthoylindole JWH-... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4142560 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 11:05:17 +0100 4142560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695265&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm475283007475382%2F Abstract  A number of reports are available in the literature that describe liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) analysis of amanitins, very toxic mushroom toxins, in biological samples. However, the extractive pretreatment methods and LC separation column materials vary remarkably according to the different reports. This communication presents a very simple and suffi ciently sensitive method for LC-MS analysis of amanitins. A plasma sample was diluted with distilled water and buffer solution, and applied to a Discovery DSC 18 column (500 mg packing material), followed by washing with distilled water and elution with methanol. The extract, after evaporation and reconstitution in mobile phase solution, was subjected to LC... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695265 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 18:37:11 +0100 3695265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695267&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl3h751584x084515%2F Abstract  Six nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in human plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionizationtandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) using a hydrophilic polymer column (MSpak GF-310 4B), which enabled direct injection of crude biological samples. Separation of the six NSAIDs, alminoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, pranoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, and zaltoprofen, was carried out using gradient elution with 10 mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile. The mass spectra obtained by LC-single stage MS showed base peak ions due to [M+H]+ for alminoprofen, zaltoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, and pranoprofen, and [M-H]- for ibuprofen and flurbiprofen. Product ions were produced from each [M+H]+ or [M-H]- ion in the tandem mode. Quantitation was pe... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695267 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 18:37:10 +0100 3695267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695266&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl8xv13gw0v285218%2F Abstract  Carbamazepine (CMZ) and its metabolites, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CMZepo) and 2,2’-iminostilbene (Imi), were simultaneously assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in body fluids and organ tissues taken from victims in five autopsy cases. Clomipramine-HCl was added to each specimen as internal standard (IS); target compounds and IS were simultaneously extracted with an Extrelut NT column before analysis by GC-MS. The concentrations of CMZ were generally much higher in organ tissues than in blood and urine, and were higher in the liver than in the lung in three cases. The concentrations of metabolites CMZepo and Imi were lower than those of CMZ in all body fl uid and organ tissue specimens; the Imi concentrations in the brain were higher than ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695266 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 18:37:10 +0100 3695266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3695268&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fuk93803w11652878%2F Abstract  For forensic toxicological analysis of human specimens, extractive pretreatments are critical for successful analysis of target compounds. Nowadays, solidphase extraction (SPE) cartridges or columns packed with silica-type or polymer-type spherical particles are most widely used. In recent years, monolithic sorbent products, which have sponge-like structures, have been developed for SPE. The most significant advantage of the monolithic sorbent is that it allows very fast flow through the sorbent structure. Utilizing this property, pipette tips and spin columns packed with the monolithic sorbent have become commercially available. In this review, we present some details of SPE techniques using the monolithic pipette tips and spin columns, and discuss their advantag... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3695268 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 18:37:09 +0100 3695268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3629243&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc47r170444487169%2F We report a case of seized methamphetamine (MA) samples showing unique profiles of stable isotopic compositions. Three packages of MA-HCl samples seized simultaneously from one suspect were subjected to gas chromatographic impurity profiling and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The samples showed similar impurity profiles by gas chromatography, but their stable isotopic compositions were complicated. The δ15N values of the samples from each package varied widely when the crystals were analyzed separately; we could differentiate two major groups labeled I and II, and also their subgroups. Each of the three packages contained MA-HCl crystals belonging to multiple groups and subgroups. It was considered that several batches of MA-HCl with starting materials from different ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3629243 Fri, 28 May 2010 15:12:48 +0100 3629243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3566502&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F31611678812g4p37%2F Abstract  The detection performance of a portable ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) (SABRE 4000, Smiths Detection) with 63Ni ionization, air purification, and reduced ion mobility measurements using calibrants was investigated for vapors of chemical warfare agents. In a matter of several seconds, the SABRE 4000 enabled tentative identification of sarin, soman, cyclohexylsarin, tabun, and nitrogen mustard 3, each with a limit of alarm (LOA) of 0.005–0.5 mg m−3 in positive ion collection mode. Hydrogen cyanide could be identified with a LOA of 0.2 mg m−3 in the negative mode. Mustard gas, nitrogen mustards 1, 2, and 3, phosgene, and chloropicrin showed a positive alarm of “HD/Phos” with a LOA of 0.2–2 mg m−3 in negative mode. Lewisite 1, cyanogen chloride, and chlori... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3566502 Thu, 13 May 2010 07:49:37 +0100 3566502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3566503&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa1951256kr4t3036%2F Abstract  A 26-year-old woman under the influence of alcohol assaulted another person at a party in late November 2008. Afterward, she claimed that her drink was spiked with Ritalin, which would account for her bizarre behavior. Neither urine nor blood was sampled, because of the elapsed time after the incident. Hair was collected in late February 2009 and sent to our laboratory for methylphenidate testing. The hair strand was decontaminated twice using methylene chloride and then segmented. Each segment was cut into small pieces and about 30 mg was incubated in an ultrasonic bath for 3 h in buffer solution at pH 5.5 in the presence of 100 ng of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-d 5 used as internal standard (IS). Each mixture was neutralized with NaOH and extracted ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3566503 Thu, 13 May 2010 07:49:35 +0100 3566503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3511251&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F56386k663186l312%2F In this study, we focused on a herbal product being sold as incense, which showed unknown components by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The product did not show any peak corresponding to the above synthetic cannabinoids, but seven other peaks were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and LC-MS. We identified them as N-methyltyramine (1), (R)-normacromerine (2), (R)-macromerine (3), (S)-vasicine (4), mescaline (5), harmaline (6), and harmine (7) by polarimetry, LC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We also used DNA sequence analyses to identify the plant species of the product. As a result of the sequencing of trnL-F, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and rpl16 intron... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3511251 Sat, 24 Apr 2010 08:09:44 +0100 3511251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362257&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn266711w07162151%2F Abstract  An entire procedure for simultaneous analysis of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, and phalloidin in mushrooms by liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has been optimized and established. We used a hydrophilic interaction column TSK-gel Amide-80 3 μm for LC separation, which enabled the simultaneous detection of the three toxins and internal standard microcystin RR. After homogenizing mushroom debris with methanol acidified with trifluoroacetic acid, the extract solution was subjected to solid-phase extraction with an Oasis HLB cartridge. The eluate was applied to the LC-ESI-TOF MS instrument. The calibration curves for the three toxins showed good linearity over the range of 100–1000 ng/g. The detection li... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362257 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 16:18:45 +0100 3362257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362256&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxq154w613404721r%2F Abstract  Blonanserin is a novel antipsychotic agent having dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist properties. In this communication, a simple method for analysis of blonanserin in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using hexobarbital as internal standard (IS) is presented. One milliliter of plasma containing blonanserin and 50 ng of IS was mixed well with 0.5 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 2.5 ml of distilled water; the mixture was applied to an Oasis HLB cartridge. The cartridge was washed with 5 ml of distilled water, and the target compound and IS were eluted with 2 ml of chloroform. The eluate was evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 50 μl of methanol for use in GC-MS analysis. The... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362256 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 16:18:45 +0100 3362256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163536&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe3653883t24t52v0%2F Abstract  Hallucinogenic tryptamine analogues, an important class of drugs of abuse, can be naturally occurring or chemically synthesized compounds. In Japan, psilocin and psilocybin (ingredients of “magic mushrooms”) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; a synthetic tryptamine) seem to be particularly problematic due to their extensive abuse. This review is focused on human metabolism and forensic toxicological analyses of the above three tryptamine analogues. In humans, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to form psilocin, and most of the psilocin is eventually conjugated to form its glucuronide. On the other hand, 5-MeO-DIPT is mainly metabolized via O-demethylation, 6-hydroxylation, and N-deisopropylation, partly followed by conjugation to form their... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163536 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:16:08 +0100 3163536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3163537&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5674343p1355111m%2F Abstract  Patterns of poisoning are known to be different in different countries, because of the local environmental, cultural, and religious situations. Therefore, in Japan, it is important to know the pattern of poisoning in our own country and to prepare for every poisoning case by establishing an efficient systematic toxicological analysis system in forensic practice. We conducted a retrospective study of the kinds of compounds causing poisonings and the frequency of their use based on two series of reports dealing with poisoning cases in Japan prepared by the National Research Institute of Police Science and the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine for 2003 to 2006. From these reports, 459 and 177 compounds, respectively, were extracted as poisonous compounds over the st... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3163537 Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:16:07 +0100 3163537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3114805&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft60210322l6175x3%2F Abstract  Excellent reproducibility of chiral capillary electrophoresis for methamphetamine (MA) and its related compounds was obtained using a chemically modified capillary having diol groups. The data were compared with those using an untreated fused-silica capillary and a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-coated capillary. For five replicate analyses of a standard mixture, relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the migration times of analytes with diol or PVA-coated capillaries were less than 0.1%, which were lower than those obtained with an untreated fused-silica capillary (ca. 0.4%). The diol capillary gave reproducible migration times especially in analyses of real samples, such as crude human urine. In the analyses of five spiked urine samples, the RSD values of migration t... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3114805 Mon, 21 Dec 2009 06:40:31 +0100 3114805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3106655&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw00t033516x63486%2F Abstract  Six novel hallucinogens classed as (tetrahydrobenzodifuranyl) aminoalkanes or (benzodifuranyl)aminoalkanes, which are known by the common names of “FLY” and “DragonFLY,” respectively, were synthesized. These compounds were simultaneously analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, and LC-MS-MS. GCMS analysis of their free bases was not satisfactory for both mass spectral and chromatographic measurements, and thus trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization was employed. However, it was found that the usual TFA derivatization procedure using trifluoroacetic anhydride caused dehydrogenation of FLYs to the corresponding DragonFLYs. Therefore, TFA derivatization of FLYs was reinvestigated; the presence of triethylamine c... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3106655 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 07:07:31 +0100 3106655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088984&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F62263m874u1w5m58%2F Abstract  The accumulation of intravenously administered methamphetamine (MAMP) in the stomach contents was investigated as part of a process used to discriminate between oral and intravenous administration of MAMP. Eight forensic autopsy cases, in which intravenous administration of MAMP was confirmed, were used. Total amounts and pH values of stomach contents were in the ranges of 20–500 g and 3–5 (determined in seven cases), respectively. Intervals between the last MAMP administration and each death could be roughly estimated in four cases: 1–3 h in two cases and 3–6 h in two cases. MAMP levels in stomach contents and whole blood were in the ranges of 0.816–43.4 µg/g (total amounts: 0.114–1.95 mg) and 0.236–14.6 µg/ml, respectively. The mean ratio of MAMP... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088984 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:21 +0100 3088984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088987&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd1480x8p61324g81%2F In this study, we established a detailed procedure for analysis of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCA), the main metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) using SBSE with liquid desorption. For quantitative analysis, an external calibration method was used. A urine sample was fi rst hydrolyzed under strong alkaline conditions, followed by SBSE with a Twister stir bar at about pH 3. The analyte was desorbed from the bar with a small amount of ethyl acetate. After evaporation of the solvent, it was reconstituted in water-methanol mixture for LC-MS-MS analysis in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curve for THCA was linear in the range of 10–200 ng/ml urine. The lower limit of de... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088987 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:20 +0100 3088987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088986&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm299215518m7351q%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0082-1Authors Kenji Tsujikawa, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanKenji Kuwayama, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanHajime Miyaguchi, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanTatsuyuki Kanamori, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanYuko T. Iwata, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 JapanHiroyuki Inoue, National Research Institute of Police Science 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088986 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:20 +0100 3088986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088985&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw49r172w30517720%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0085-yAuthors Fumio Moriya, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Welfare Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088985 Thu, 10 Dec 2009 15:23:20 +0100 3088985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865363&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp03305pj5q27164q%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0080-3Authors Pinjia Meng, Chinese People’s Public Security University Department of Forensic Science Muxidi Nanli 1# Xicheng District, Beijing 100038 P.R. ChinaPierre Margot, University of Lausanne Institute de Police Scientifique Lausanne-Dorigny Switzerland Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865363 Fri, 02 Oct 2009 05:51:27 +0100 2865363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2865364&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx3p1m2471j835582%2F Abstract  Since 1992, California police have been using pepper sprays containing oleoresin capsicum (OC) as a nonlethal method to subdue delirious or violent individuals. Capsaicin is a primary ingredient in OC spray. From January 1993 to June 1995, at least 20 deaths in California were associated with OC and stimulant drug (cocaine, amphetamines, or ephedrines) exposure. Based on this background, we hypothesized a direct potentiation of cocaine toxicity by capsaicin. We performed animal experiments and also reviewed human data involving capsaicin and stimulants. The lethal effects of capsaicin administered with cocaine (both compounds administered intraperitoneally) were assessed in 14 groups of 20–40 male mice. Capsaicin at 10 mg/kg increased the lethality of cocaine in... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2865364 Fri, 02 Oct 2009 05:51:26 +0100 2865364 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2683727&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa1m794h16v0nn817%2F We describe a homicide case involving Aconitum tuberous roots, in which formalin-fixed solid tissues were analyzed for diester-type Aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolysates by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The specimens were taken from a cadaver 12 days after death, and preserved in formalin solution for 5 years. Polymer-based solid-phase extraction was employed for sample cleanup. This procedure allowed detection of 0.10 ng/g for each of the spiked alkaloids from the formalin-fixed liver by quadrupole LC-MS-MS, and 10 pg/g for benzoylaconine and benzoylmesaconine by ion-trap LC-MS-MS. Sub-parts-per-billion levels of benzoylaconine and benzoylmesaconine could be detected from the formalin-fixed liver, kidney, and lung specimens. Content Type Journal Art... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2683727 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 13:13:50 +0100 2683727 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507003&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg614737p24524058%2F Abstract  A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for assays of five barbiturates in human urine using a new thermoresponsive polymer separation column, which is composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). By elevating the column temperature from 10°C to 50°C, the barbiturates metharbital, primidone, phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and pentobarbital became well separated by this method. The five barbiturates showed good linearity in the range of 0.2–10 μg/ml. Good accuracy, precision, and recoveries for these drugs were obtained at 1 and 5 μg/ml urine. The method with this new column type seems to have high potential for extensive use in forensic toxicology for analysis of many drugs and poisons by HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry. Conten... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507003 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 06:15:33 +0100 2507003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507005&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm06985237q258183%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-009-0077-yAuthors Wonkyung Yang, National Institute of Scientific Investigation 331-1, Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu Seoul 158-707 Republic of KoreaSooyeun Lee, National Institute of Scientific Investigation 331-1, Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu Seoul 158-707 Republic of KoreaYoungshik Choi, National Institute of Scientific Investigation Central District Office Daejeon Republic of KoreaHeesun Chung, National Institute of Scientific Investigation 331-1, Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu Seoul 158-707 Republic of Korea Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507005 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 06:08:04 +0100 2507005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507004&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw5v014k706m78q2w%2F Abstract  Triazolam (Trz) concentrations in body fluids and organ tissues of eight autopsy cases were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Blood Trz concentrations in seven out of eight cases ranged from less than 2 to 274 ng/g. The distribution of Trz in various organ tissues could be demonstrated in four cases. These distribution data are useful for cadavers that lack blood in forensic autopsy cases. In addition, urinary levels of 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam and 4-hydroxytriazolam, the main metabolites of Trz, were also determined with and without β-glucuronidase treatment by GC-MS for the eight cases. Using the ratios of urine Trz concentration to blood Trz concentration and the ratios of urine 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam concentration to urine 4-hydroz... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507004 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 06:08:04 +0100 2507004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2446471&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa24r612m6089t612%2F Abstract  A very simple method for analysis of naphthalene in human whole blood and urine by headspace gas chromatography (GC) is presented. It does not require solid-phase microextraction or cryogenic trapping devices, but needs only a conventional capillary GC instrument with flame ionization detection. The advantage of the method is that as much as 5 ml of headspace vapor can be injected into a GC instrument in splitless mode for sensitive detection. After heating a diluted whole blood or urine sample containing naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene (internal standard, IS) in a 7.0-ml vial at 80°C for 30 min, 5 ml of the headspace vapor was drawn with a glass syringe and injected into the gas chromatograph. Before injection, the column temperature was set at 50°C to trap... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2446471 Fri, 29 May 2009 06:57:56 +0100 2446471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2423290&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F844284p0k8564841%2F We report very rapid and simultaneous chiral analysis of urinary amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs), including amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with a simple procedure. A urine sample containing ATSs was subjected to extractive derivatization on a diatomaceous earth tube with trifluoroacetyl-l-prolyl chloride in a single step. The concentrated sample was analyzed by GC-MS, using a short narrow-bore capillary column (10 m × 0.1 mm i.d.) in split injection mode. All chiral isomers of the ATSs targeted in this study were chromatographically distinguishable within 5 min. By our method, ATSs in urine could be measured in the concentrati... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2423290 Sat, 16 May 2009 05:57:49 +0100 2423290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2414269&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy81p24x5u1x00962%2F In this study, a method for simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-OH-mitragynine, and other indole alkaloids (speciogynine, speciociliatine, and paynantheine), present in the raw materials and commercial products of kratom, was developed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). By this method, mitragynine, 7-OH-mitragynine, and the other alkaloids were detected in 11 of the 13 products. The content of mitragynine in the products ranged from 1% to 6%, and that of 7-OH-mitragynine from 0.01% to 0.04%. Because 7-OH-mitragynine is much more potent than morphine, M. speciosa abuse is a matter of major concern. The present analytical method is considered useful for the screening of M. speciosa products in the drug market. Content Type Journal Ar... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2414269 Sun, 10 May 2009 05:47:57 +0100 2414269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2414268&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F027744502g8356h2%2F Abstract  Melamine is a raw ingredient for the manufacture of plastics, but it is frequently misused by adding it to food to raise the nitrogen content, thereby giving the false impression of a high protein content. Varied amounts of melamine were added to samples of dried milk obtained from five manufacturers in Japan. The samples were illuminated by a small cross section of a laser beam and the scattered light was examined. The presence of melamine in milk could be immediately detected without any chemical or physical alteration of the milk by interpreting its Raman scattering spectra. Among the many Raman bands, an intense band at 676 cm−1 was the most useful for detecting melamine; the detection limit was about 1% (w/w). Because this method does not extract melamine f... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2414268 Sun, 10 May 2009 05:47:57 +0100 2414268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2387662&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6p2363463778n17r%2F This study evaluated the use of Cozart DDS for postmortem screening of some drugs of abuse in vitreous humor (VH) prior to forensic autopsies. The Cozart DDS is an on-site drug detection system that has been validated for oral fluid. Seventy-one VH specimens were obtained from cadavers. Causes of death included injury, drug poisoning, natural disorders, and traffic accidents. The samples were tested for cannabis, cocaine, opiate, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. Thirty-three of 71 samples were positive for drugs of abuse (42% for cocaine, 28% for cannabis, 26% for opiates, and 3% for methamphetamine). The positive specimens for opiates and methamphetamine were reexamined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); benzoylecgonine (cocaine product) was detected by liquid chromat... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2387662 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 05:57:25 +0100 2387662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329464&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq4233270p71l4731%2F In this study, we conducted in vitro experiments to examine the interaction between ethanol and CA at high concentrations by observing mixed-function oxidation reaction using human liver microsomes. After incubation of the mixtures, CA and its three main metabolites theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine, TB), paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine, PX), and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. As results, the production of PX, the main metabolite of CA, was consistently inhibited by 24%–53% (P < 0.05) by high ethanol concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mM), but that of TP or TB was not. These results suggest that pharmacological or toxicological effects of CA may be enhanced by simultaneous use of ethanol ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329464 Tue, 31 Mar 2009 05:50:55 +0100 2329464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2298797&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F804047g241x37813%2F Abstract  Although postmortem production of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been confirmed, its production pathways and substrates have not been sufficiently clarified. To confirm that the residual enzymes are involved in GHB production during the early postmortem period, endogenous GHB concentrations in the postmortem blood and liver samples obtained from charred cadavers were compared with those from noncharred cadavers within 50 h after death. The endogenous GHB concentrations in blood and the livers of charred cadavers were significantly lower than those of noncharred cadavers, showing that heat denaturation of enzyme proteins had prevented the postmortem GHB production. In addition, in vitro experiments with rabbit liver homogenates were carried out for inhibition of ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2298797 Tue, 24 Mar 2009 07:02:03 +0100 2298797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2284685&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5422n31876766340%2F Abstract  A cannabimimetic indole has been identified as a new adulterant in a herbal product being sold illegally in Japan for its expected narcotic effect. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the product contained two major compounds. One was identified as a cannabinoid analog (1RS,3SR)-3-[4-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (1) by direct comparison with the authentic compound, which we reported previously. The other compound (2) showed a molecular weight of 341 daltons, and accurate mass spectral measurements showed its elemental composition to be C24H23NO. Both mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric data revealed that 2 was 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole [or naphthalen-1-yl-(1... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2284685 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 10:22:36 +0100 2284685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2172045&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw870765734286n25%2F Abstract  Unique calibration-locking databases were constructed for rapid and semiquantitative drug screening by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). In addition to the free-drug database of 127 drugs, a drug database with acetylating reagents was constructed to increase the number of detectable compounds in the analysis by GC-MS; 156 drugs, including 30 drugs of abuse, 42 hypnotics and their metabolites, 18 antipsychotic drugs, 15 antidepressants, and 12 antipyretic analgesic agents, were registered with parameters, such as the mass spectrum, retention time, qualifier ion/target ion percentage, and calibration curve using the novel GC-MS software NAGINATA. Diazepam-d 5 was used as internal standard for construction of each calibration curve in the range of 0.01–5... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2172045 Sat, 07 Feb 2009 10:16:42 +0100 2172045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2166844&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9m40n27334789h51%2F Abstract  A man aged in his thirties was found dead in his room, wearing a gas mask connected with two plastic bags. An empty canister of Air Duster was in one of the plastic bags. Toxicological analysis by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-flame ionization detection revealed the presence of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), which is a component of the Air Duster aerosol. Quantitative analysis showed that the concentration of 1,1-difluoroethane in his heart blood was as high as 546 μg/ml. The cause of death was diagnosed as acute poisoning by 1,1-difluoroethane. It was supposed that he abused the Air Duster product to obtain euphoria and inhaled 1,1-difluoroethane at excessive concentrations with the peculiar tight-fitting gas inhalation device, resulting in hi... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2166844 Thu, 05 Feb 2009 07:45:30 +0100 2166844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2152454&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl89822374w022238%2F In this study, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method was developed for As3+ in plasma using electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). After washing plasma with trichloroethylene (TCE), As3+ in the aqueous layer was reacted with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDC, C4H8NCSS-), and the produced As(PDC)3 was extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK); a 1-µl aliquot of the MIBK layer containing As(PDC)3 was introduced into the MS-MS instrument in the direct-flow injection mode. Other arsenic compounds such as As5+, monomethyl arsonic acid, dimethyl arsinic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, and tetramethyl arsonium did not produce As(PDC)3. Therefore, without liquid chromatographic separation, As3+ alone could be detected after washing with TCE followed by solvent extr... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2152454 Sun, 01 Feb 2009 06:42:04 +0100 2152454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2128248&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg230206287830u1q%2F Abstract  The metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline was studied in vitro in the presence of the main metabolite nortriptyline to simulate the steady state with amitriptyline and nortriptyline present in the ratio 1:1. The metabolism of the active metabolite nortriptyline in the presence of amitriptyline was also studied. The contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 was assessed by in vitro experiments at therapeutic (5 μM) and toxic (50 μM) concentrations for amitriptyline or nortriptyline with human liver microsomes (HLM). The results indicated that nortriptyline acted as a competitive inhibitor at the steady-state concentrations, lowering the amitriptyline metabolism, and thus changed the importance of different metabolic pathways... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2128248 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 08:53:05 +0100 2128248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2128247&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq420618451661173%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0059-5Authors Kenji Hara, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 JapanMasayuki Kashiwagi, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 JapanMitsuyoshi Kageura, Fukuoka University General Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Fukuoka JapanAya Matsusue, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 JapanShin-ichi Kubo, Fukuoka University Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180 Japan Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-89... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2128247 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 08:53:05 +0100 2128247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2097569&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0q96t721t7872446%2F Abstract  Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an effective therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In the present study, the concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and arsenic compounds [(dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), As(V), and As(III)] in urine of an APL patient were determined during ATO treatment. The concentrations of 8-OHdG, DMA, and MMA were increased, especially during the fi rst consolidation therapy. Signifi cant positive correlations were observed between concentrations of 8-OHdG and DMA, between concentrations of 8-OHdG and MMA, and between concentrations of 8-OHdG and the sum of arsenic compounds. The present study supports the idea that urinary 8-OHdG can be a marker for arsenic poisoning, when it is detect... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2097569 Sun, 11 Jan 2009 07:07:50 +0100 2097569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2072880&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj2m24820l85h4863%2F Abstract  A simple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and carefully validated for quantitation of fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and five other organophosphorus pesticides (acephate, cyanophos, methidathion, ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, and malathion) in human urine samples. Following deproteinization by acetonitrile, the extracts were injected into an LC system and quantitated by MS in the negative ionization mode. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.25–0.75 μg/ml for each analyte, and the method was validated on its accuracy and precision over the concentration range of 1–15 μg/ml. The method was successfully applied to an actual poisoning case and should prove useful in clinical and f... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2072880 Tue, 30 Dec 2008 06:58:18 +0100 2072880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2072881&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc4769110788107u5%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure has been established for simultaneous analysis of aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, and jesaconitine in whole blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The method uses a new unique polymer column (Shodex ODP2 HP-4B) for separation, which enabled the injection of relatively crude organic extracts without complicated pretreatments. Quantitation was made by mass chromatography with each product ion referenced against dextromethorphan as internal standard. Aconitine and its three analogues showed good linearity over the range of 1.25–40 ng/ml; the detection limits were 0.3–0.5 ng/ml. Validation data including accuracy, precision, and recovery rates are presented. To further validate the present method, the mix... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2072881 Sun, 28 Dec 2008 06:55:42 +0100 2072881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2032426&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F74124l454v1k5q43%2F Abstract  Automated high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with backflush column-switching was established for ultra-fast determination of theophylline and caffeine. A 400-μl portion of serum sample diluted with ultrapure water was injected and transferred to an Oasis HLB cartridge used as a precolumn for extraction. After switching the valves, the analytes trapped in the precolumn were eluted in the backflush mode and separated with a Chromolith Performance RP-18e column (C18-bonded monolithic silica); the compounds in column effluents were then detected by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. The present method successfully provided high-throughput determination of theophylline and caffeine within 2 min. Satisfactory linearity, r... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2032426 Thu, 11 Dec 2008 11:59:43 +0100 2032426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2016369&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb7nu046441866t5u%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0057-7Authors Dominick A. Labianca, University of New York (CUNY) Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of The City Brooklyn New York 11210 USA Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2016369 Fri, 05 Dec 2008 09:29:17 +0100 2016369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1944813&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa75745m7u4483367%2F Abstract  Four nonfatal and six fatal cases of opiate use are presented with careful toxicological analysis. Levels of morphine (M), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) in blood specimens were measured by the sophisticated method of liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Fatal cases were characterized by much higher levels of free M than the nonfatal cases; this caused lower ratios of M6G/M and M3G/M in the fatal cases when compared with the nonfatal cases. Among the six fatal cases, the M6G/M ratios were especially low in four cases, in which rapid deaths were estimated. The present data are compared with data previously reported by other groups, and we discuss the ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1944813 Thu, 06 Nov 2008 00:31:32 +0100 1944813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3096387&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk0254r9n2875kmr1%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and their metabolites including the conjugates in whole blood by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) has been established. The methods were well validated and applied to users’ blood specimens. The blood concentrations of MA users (n = 11) ranged from <1.0 to 131 ng/ml (from <6.1 to 794 nM) for p-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA), from <2.0 to 46.7 ng/ml (from <5.9 to 137 nM) for p-OHMA-glucuronide (p-OHMA-Glu), and from 3.8 to 495 ng/ml (from 15.5 to 2020 nM) for p-OHMA-sulfate (p-OHMA-Sul). The molar conjugation percentage [(p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu)/(p-OHMA + p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu) × 100%] ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3096387 Tue, 28 Oct 2008 05:55:13 +0100 3096387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1917595&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk0254r9n2875kmr1%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and their metabolites including the conjugates in whole blood by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) has been established. The methods were well validated and applied to users’ blood specimens. The blood concentrations of MA users (n = 11) ranged from <1.0 to 131 ng/ml (from <6.1 to 794 nM) for p-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA), from <2.0 to 46.7 ng/ml (from <5.9 to 137 nM) for p-OHMA-glucuronide (p-OHMA-Glu), and from 3.8 to 495 ng/ml (from 15.5 to 2020 nM) for p-OHMA-sulfate (p-OHMA-Sul). The molar conjugation percentage [(p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu)/(p-OHMA + p-OHMA-Sul + p-OHMA-Glu) × 100%] ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1917595 Tue, 28 Oct 2008 05:55:13 +0100 1917595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1910986&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw2jv518g87523712%2F Abstract  We investigated the distribution of zolpidem throughout femoral vein blood, urine, stomach contents, the brain, lung, liver, and kidney in five autopsy cases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Four out of the five cases showed toxic levels of zolpidem. Only one case showed a lethal blood level. The zolpidem concentrations in solid organ tissues were generally several times higher than that in blood. Among four solid organ tissues, the differences in concentration were not drastic; they were similar or within the same order of magnitude except for one case. These results suggested that measurements of zolpidem concentrations in multiple solid organ tissues are useful for estimating whether zolpidem poisoning is related to the cause of death, especially whe... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1910986 Sat, 25 Oct 2008 08:19:46 +0100 1910986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1905137&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F02x3163203232268%2F Abstract  Some major metabolic pathways of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have been shown to be dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes by in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of these CYP enzymes for in vivo metabolism of MDMA with respect to two pathways using rats: N-demethylation of MDMA to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and O-demethylenation of MDMA to 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA)followed by O-methylation to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA). Rats were pretreated with phenobarbital (PB, 80 mg/kg i.p.) or β-naphthoflavone (BNF, 80 mg/kg i.p.) once a day for 3 days before administration of MDMA (10 mg/kg i.p.). Metabolic changes were monitored by measuring the urinary excretion of MDMA and its metabolites. Twen... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1905137 Thu, 23 Oct 2008 06:27:46 +0100 1905137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1885772&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F854n0x4w4439t661%2F Abstract  Lormetazepam is a benzodiazepine widely used as a hypnotic for management of insomnia. It is considered to be a safe drug when not combined with alcohol or other psychoactive substances. Indeed, we could neither fi nd its toxic nor lethal concentrations in the literature. In the present article, we report a fatal case in which lormetazepam and its metabolite lorazepam were the only drugs found in body fl uids. The concentration measured in blood was more than 100 times higher than the therapeutic one. Therefore, we concluded that the death was due to the drug and that the measured levels could be regarded as lethal. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0053-yAuthors Carmelo Furnari, Tor Vergata University Forensic Toxicology La... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1885772 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:58:16 +0100 1885772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1885771&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq628103rn1317j00%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simple and rapid analysis of acephate, an organophosphorous pesticide, and its metabolite methamidophos in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established. The method included solid-phase extraction with activated charcoal, which gave high recoveries of both analytes. After validation of the method, it was successfully applied to a serum sample obtained from an actual poisoning case. The present method seems very useful, especially in forensic and environmental toxicology. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0052-zAuthors Nobuyuki Adachi, Hyogo College of Medicine Department of Legal Medicine 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya Hyogo 663-8501 JapanHiroshi Kinoshita, Hyogo College ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1885771 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 09:58:16 +0100 1885771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1840369&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg038jx52451617q2%2F Abstract  Very recently, β-keto derivatives of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDAs) have appeared on the illicit drug market. In the present study, we synthesized three isomers of β-keto derivatives of MDAs, 2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butan-1-one (bk-MBDB), 2-ethylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) propan-1-one (bk-MDEA), and 2-dimethylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-one (bk-MDDMA), and measured their electron ionization mass spectra without and with trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although the spectral profiles of the three isomers were very similar to each other in both the free and TFA-derivatized forms, there were characteristic peaks at m/z 44 and 140, for bk-MDEA without and with TFA ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1840369 Sat, 27 Sep 2008 14:06:04 +0100 1840369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1823976&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5597u25838778l55%2F Abstract  The in-matrix alkyl chloroformate derivatization method for amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was adapted for use with the whole blood matrix. This derivatization method was followed by automated headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The sensitivity of this method, expressed as limit of detection, was approximately 10 ng/ml for these analytes tested in the blood matrix, which was sufficient to detect toxic concentrations of amphetamines in blood. The limit of quantitation for target analytes ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 μg/ml. The intraday precision and accuracy studies generally showed satisfactory results for all target compou... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1823976 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 10:24:24 +0100 1823976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1805697&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg82t1648m8g04155%2F Abstract  A simple, rapid and sensitive method using tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) has been developed for the determination of chromate Cr6+ in urine. Cr6+ is a substantial component of Urine Luck, which is used to conceal the presence of drugs in urine. Cr6+ was complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and extracted with isoamyl alcohol in the presence of citric acid. Then a 1-μl aliquot of isoamyl alcohol containing Cr-DDC complex was directly injected into an MS-MS instrument without chromatographic separation. The quantification was performed using selected reaction monitoring at m/z 363.8 of product ion CrO(DDC)2 + obtained by collision-induced dissociation from the precursor ion, CrOH(DDC)3 + at m/z 513.1. This method was validated with the analysis urine sample... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1805697 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 09:37:59 +0100 1805697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1493956&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F37m366787l043423%2F We report a case of sudden death after gingival injection of lidocaine, which made us suspect overdosing or anaphylactic shock. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we measured the lidocaine concentrations in whole blood and tissues including the gingivae. The lidocaine concentration in blood (0.70 μg/ml) was lower than the therapeutic level. Lidocaine levels distributed to various organs were also low. Among them, the lung showed the highest level, followed by the liver, brain, and spleen. The concentrations in the gingivae with and without pus were 938 μg/g and 1048 μg/g, respectively. Together with the above analytical data, we made histopathological examinations, and tryptase and immunoglobulin E (IgE) assays as markers of anaphylactic shock. Macroscopically,... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1493956 Tue, 03 Jun 2008 06:05:25 +0100 1493956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1463221&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0837650uh0515672%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for sensitive analysis of acetaminophen (APAP) in human hair segments by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is reported. The limit of quantitation was as low as 0.1 ng/mg. The linear concentration range of the assay was 0.1–10 ng/mg. The interday and intraday coefficients of variation were below 10%. The method was successfully applied to hair analysis of APAP in an actual poisoning case. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-008-0044-zAuthors Takeshi Saito, Tokai University School of Medicine Emergency and Critical Care Medicine 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1143 JapanSeiji Morita, Tokai University School of Medicine Emergency and Critical Care Medicine 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1463221 Wed, 21 May 2008 05:57:14 +0100 1463221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1463222&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy822l76850n3247j%2F Abstract  A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in São Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Δ9-THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as “drug type.” ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1463222 Wed, 21 May 2008 05:57:13 +0100 1463222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1460563&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0n56qk5413u451p7%2F Abstract  Four tetracyclic antidepressants, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline, were extracted from human whole blood and plasma samples by disk solid-phase extraction with Empore C18 cartridges. They were determined by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Recoveries of maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline spiked into whole blood or plasma were more than 83%. Regression equations for the four drugs showed excellent linearity in the range of 25–1000 ng in 0.2 ml whole blood and in 0.5 ml plasma. The limits of detection for the drugs were 4.1–18.2 ng per 0.2 ml for whole blood and 3.4–13.5 ng per 0.5 ml for plasma. The limits of quantification for the four drugs were 25 ng in 0.2 ml whole blood and in 0.5 ml plasma... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1460563 Sun, 18 May 2008 05:54:37 +0100 1460563 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1414570&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy78322436g113356%2F This study undertook a multiparameter evaluation of the death of a 21-year-old woman known to be an abuser of heroin and cocaine. The toxicological analysis of multiple postmortem specimens such as blood and hair was carried out using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS-MS). The blood specimens of the deceased showed the presence of opium components such as morphine and its glucuronides together with cocaine and benzoylecgonine. The detected xenobiotic levels probably explained the cause of her death resulting from combined action of unintentional illicit drug overdose. By analysis of four 2-cm long hair segments, a heroin-cocaine addiction for at least 8 months antemortem was able to be documented; the presence of 6-mon... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1414570 Wed, 30 Apr 2008 07:00:27 +0100 1414570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1414571&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff55743w404200mjv%2F Abstract  We developed a simple and sensitive method for determination of fluoride in human whole blood and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fluoride was alkylated with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in a mixture of acetone and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The derivative obtained was analyzed by GC-MS in the positive-ion electron-impact mode. The lower limit of detection for the compound was 0.5 mg/l for both matrices. The calibration curve for fluoride was linear over the concentration range of 1–100 mg/l. The precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated, and relative standard deviation was within 10%. Using this method, levels of fluoride in whole blood and urine were determined in a case of poisoning caused by hydrofluoric acid exposure. Con... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1414571 Wed, 30 Apr 2008 07:00:25 +0100 1414571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1307464&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg4323lk844380k69%2F Abstract  Extensive data are presented for simultaneous analysis of six phenethylamine-type designer drugs. The drugs are 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H), 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOB), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-I), and 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI). The data include their proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, infrared spectra, retention times detected by liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) data using seven solvent mixture systems, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra without derivatization, and electron ionization (EI) mass spectra with trifl uoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization. Quantitative reliab... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1307464 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 07:32:42 +0100 1307464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100306&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5241456633712027%2F Abstract  Eleven chemically modified 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)-piperidine (fentanyl) analogues were synthesized and their analgesic activities were evaluated by the acetic acid writhing method in mice. Their effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50) values were compared with those of morphine and fentanyl. The synthesized fentanyl analogues were categorized into three groups: a mono-methylated group, a group in which hydrogen in the para-position of the aromatic ring bound to the propionylanilino group was substituted with F, Cl, CH3, or OCH3, and a group in which the propionyl moiety was changed to an acetyl one. 3-Methylfentanyl showed the strongest analgesic activity among these compounds, and the most frequently abused fentanyl derivative, α-methylfentanyl... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100306 Thu, 06 Mar 2008 16:48:25 +0100 3100306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1287171&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5241456633712027%2F Abstract  Eleven chemically modified 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)-piperidine (fentanyl) analogues were synthesized and their analgesic activities were evaluated by the acetic acid writhing method in mice. Their effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50) values were compared with those of morphine and fentanyl. The synthesized fentanyl analogues were categorized into three groups: a mono-methylated group, a group in which hydrogen in the para-position of the aromatic ring bound to the propionylanilino group was substituted with F, Cl, CH3, or OCH3, and a group in which the propionyl moiety was changed to an acetyl one. 3-Methylfentanyl showed the strongest analgesic activity among these compounds, and the most frequently abused fentanyl derivative, α-methylfentany... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1287171 Thu, 06 Mar 2008 16:48:25 +0100 1287171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1246006&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F346g806474036x2n%2F We present a method for simple and simultaneous determination of methamphetamine (MA) and dimethyl sulfone (DMS) in seized crystalline MA by fast gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Samples dissolved in distilled water at 2 mg/ml were added to 80% potassium carbonate solution and extracted with dichloromethane/2-propanol (3: 1) containing diphenylmethane as internal standard. The use of a narrow-bore capillary column gave fast and complete separation of three compounds within 1.3 min. The method was fully validated and applied to quantification of MA and DMS in MA hydrochloride crystal or powdered samples recently seized in Japan. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0040-8Authors Hiroyuki Inoue, National Research Institut... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1246006 Tue, 19 Feb 2008 15:40:49 +0100 1246006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1074395&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx783n040722416jm%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ObituaryDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0038-2Authors Hans Brandenberger, University of Zurich Department of Forensic Chemistry Zurich Switzerland Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1074395 Wed, 05 Dec 2007 16:37:26 +0100 1074395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1000477&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg33274075hr2v411%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0035-5Authors Babiker M. El-Haj, Sharjah Police Forensic Science Laboratory PO Box 29 Sharjah United Arab Emirates (UAE)Abdelkader M. Al-Amri, Sharjah Police Forensic Science Laboratory PO Box 29 Sharjah United Arab Emirates (UAE)Heyam S. Ali, Dubai Pharmacy College Dubai UAE Journal Forensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1000477 Thu, 01 Nov 2007 16:24:48 +0100 1000477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=946671&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff484v07647vw432u%2F In this study, we investigated the in vitro interaction between ethanol and imipramine at high concentrations by observing a mixed-function oxidation reaction using human liver microsomes. Imipramine and its three main metabolites (desipramine; 2-hydroxyimipramine, 2-OHI; 2-hydroxydesipramine, 2-OHD) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The production of 2-OHD, the main metabolite of imipramine, was significantly inhibited, by 15%–50% (P < 0.05), by ethanol, but that of desipramine or 2-OHI was not. These results suggest that enhanced toxicity is attained by simultaneous use of ethanol and high dose of imipramine in the human body. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Short CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s11419-007-0036-4Authors Einos... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=946671 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 15:23:42 +0100 946671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=946672&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F722p085674143q0k%2F Abstract  A simple, rapid, and sensitive method has been developed for determination of platinum (Pt) in blood and urine by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Pt4+ in wet-ashed blood or acid-treated urine was complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), extracted with isoamyl alcohol, and acidified with oxalic acid; a 1-μl aliquot of the isoamyl alcohol layer containing the Pt-DDC complex was directly injected into the MS-MS instrument without chromatographic separation. The quantitation was performed using selected reaction monitoring at m/z 491 of the product ion Pt(DDC) 2 + , which was produced by collision-induced dissociation from the precursor ion Pt(DDC) 3 + at m/z 639. This method was validated for the analysis of blood and urine samples; the limits of quantitat... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=946672 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 15:23:41 +0100 946672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=946670&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx3678215t0q1w777%2F Abstract  Three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sertraline, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine) in human serum specimens were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a new polymer column (Shim-pack MAYI-ODS), which enabled direct injection of crude biological samples without complicated pretreatments. Quantitation was made by mass chromatography for each product ion using dextromethorphan as internal standard. The recoveries of the three drugs from human serum were 29.2%–45.7% at 20 ng/ml and 52.0%–53.7% at 80 ng/ml. The regression equations showed good linearity for the three drugs in the range of 5–80 ng/ml. Each drug had a detection limit of 1–3 ng/ml. Thus, the present method of using a new polymer column is effective for rapid and sen... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=946670 Thu, 11 Oct 2007 15:23:41 +0100 946670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=881808&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnj3053127443j512%2F Abstract  Thiosulfate is a sulfide metabolite and a biological marker, especially in urine, of exposure to hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). In many suspected poisoning cases, victims are known to be exposed to low concentrations of H2S, but it is difficult to establish the degree of exposure to H2S responsible for the poisoning. In such cases it is necessary to account for a possible chronic exposure signal by subtracting any background thiosulfate from the measured total. However, no data exist on the background levels of thiosulfate in individuals exposed to relatively low levels of H2S. We obtained preexposure and postexposure urine thiosulfate data from eight individuals exposed to H2S in the ppb to low ppm range. Mean thiosulfate concentrations in urine increased from 4.6 to 11... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=881808 Mon, 17 Sep 2007 17:47:30 +0100 881808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=809367&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9278080252w23434%2F Abstract  The differentiation between legal and illegal opiate product use through the detection of marker compounds in urine is one of the most important subjects in forensic toxicology. Thebaine, an opium alkaloid, can be detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and has been suggested as a good marker of poppy seed use in differentiation from that of illicit heroin. In the present study, thebaine was targeted as a urinary marker of opium use because it is a major constituent of opium. Although thebaine lacks the conventional functional group, it was found to form a trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative. This has made it possible to simultaneously detect thebaine together with morphine and codeine in the same urine sample to confirm opium use, thus saving time an... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=809367 Sun, 19 Aug 2007 06:41:08 +0100 809367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=807165&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F32762456gn01g772%2F Abstract  During our extensive routine analyses of drugs of abuse and other drugs such as benzodiazepines using both immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we have noticed that the EMIT II benzodiazepine assays for urine samples sometimes gave false-negative results for bromazepam use or abuse. The negative benzodiazepine immunoassays and positive GC-MS results for bromazepam in urine could be explained by the absence (or below the detection limit) of 3-hydroxybromazepam (3HB) and the presence of 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-bromobenzoylpyridine (AHBBP), which are the two major metabolites of bromazepam. 3HB cross-reacted with the antibody contained in the EMIT II, but AHBBP did not, due to their structural characteristics. To avoid such false-negative result... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=807165 Sat, 18 Aug 2007 06:48:23 +0100 807165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=776003&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4p1754tv5487g074%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for simultaneous analysis of morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, amphetamine, methadone, and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in human hair segments by liquid chromatography (LC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) was established. Hair samples were pulverized and extracted with methanol. The blank hair obtained from healthy subjects showed no interfering impurity peaks. Good linearity was obtained for all compounds in the range of 0.2–20 ng/mg. Accuracy and precision data were also satisfactory. Using the established method, the opiates, amphetamine, methadone, and EDDP in hair segments were measured for 20 patients undergoing methadone therapy. Complet... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=776003 Thu, 02 Aug 2007 06:56:21 +0100 776003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=756378&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffg3284gm16xpr01p%2F In this report, the BTA system has been further evaluated for toxin subtypes and the detection ability of manufactural lots of the BTA strips. The SEB strips failed to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin A, C, and D; the BTX strips generally failed to detect BTXs C, D, E, and F, but one lot showed positive results for BTXs C and D with very low sample values. Differences were observed in sample values at 1 μg/ml for all main toxins according to the different manufactural strip lots: 3.9-fold difference for SEB, 6.3-fold difference for BTX A, 10.9-fold difference for BTX B, and 6.4-fold difference for ricin. The ricin strips showed high cross reactivity toward RCA120. The BioWarfare Agent Detection Devices system showed much lower sensitivity than the BTA system for BTX and ricin (det... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=756378 Mon, 23 Jul 2007 18:43:48 +0100 756378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=724378&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg24m075465r50570%2F In this study, the capability of the BTA system was further assessed. With 10 min of preheating at 60C, all toxins could be detected, but with preheating at 80C, BTX A and B and ricin became undetectable. About 20% SEB could be detected after heating at 80C, but this detection ability was completely removed after heating at 100C. The effects of chemicals usually used for decontamination, such as sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and sodium nitrite, on the detectability of SEB, BTX A, or ricin in the BTA system were also tested. The concentrations giving 50% line intensity for SEB, BTX A, and ricin were 3.1, 11, and 15 μM for sodium hypochlorite and 88, 210, and 60 mM for formaldehyde, respectively. The addition of hydrogen peroxide or sodium nitrite did not decre... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=724378 Sun, 08 Jul 2007 08:13:25 +0100 724378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=593804&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx121128k83m8g150%2F Abstract  We investigated the tissue and body fluid distribution of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), an active metabolite of lidocaine, in 20 critical care patients who received lidocaine jelly for intubation, and survived for various periods after treatments. Our study population consisted of seven patients (Group A) who were transported to hospitals in conscious state and survived for 1–56 h, six patients (Group B) who arrived at hospitals in comatose state and survived for 5–91 h, and seven patients (Group C) who were in cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival at hospitals and survived for 3–59 h after their heartbeat was recovered by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At autopsy, blood from different sources, cerebrospinal fluid, the cerebrum, lung, liver, kid... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=593804 Wed, 02 May 2007 07:10:40 +0100 593804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=593805&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr0478k58656686k5%2F Abstract  Our laboratory received hair samples of three children after alleged exposure to Feminax tablets, which contain scopolamine as an ingredient; it was regarded as an offense by the police because a woman had repeatedly beaten her children and forced each of them to take four to ten Feminax tablets per day. Neither blood nor urine samples of the children had been obtained at the time of the alleged offense. Thus, hair strands were obtained from the children as specimens in acquiring evidence of the offense. We conducted segmental hair analysis of scopolamine using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), which is highly sensitive and specific, and enabled the measurements of scopolamine at subpicogram-permilligram levels presen... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=593805 Thu, 26 Apr 2007 08:22:06 +0100 593805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=526675&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fex77862464n04302%2F Abstract  A sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of sibutramine in human plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse-phase column and analyzed by MS-MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+/product ions, m/z 280/125 for sibutramine and m/z 325/262 for citalopram as internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 30–6000 pg/ml for sibutramine in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 30 pg/ml with a relative standard deviation of less than 4%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the stan... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=526675 Thu, 05 Apr 2007 07:02:59 +0100 526675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=526674&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw3j66x41313124q8%2F We describe a mysterious fatal case of poisoning by fenitrothion of a male adult. No typical external signs of organophosphate poisoning were found; we observed patchy mucosal hemorrhages of the bronchi and slight parenchymal hemorrhages of the lower lobe of the left lung at autopsy. The stomach contained 10 g of a faintly purplish/reddish viscous fluid with no chemical smell. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of blood specimens revealed substantial amounts of fenitrothion. The concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humor, and urine are also presented. We concluded that the victim probably died of delayed respiratory insufficiency caused by acute fenitrothion poisoning. Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISS... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=526674 Thu, 05 Apr 2007 07:02:59 +0100 526674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=526673&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6261608r7531p375%2F Abstract  Urine samples for cases of drug abuse are regularly screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after enzyme hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization. During such routine analysis, two compounds (labeled as X1 and X2) were detected in urine samples of opium and illicit heroin users as their TMS derivatives, which led us to tentatively characterize the compounds. It was found that the compounds were noscapine metabolites as determined by GC-MS in both electron-impact ionization (EI) and chemical ionization modes. Together with the analysis of fragment ions in the EI mass spectra, the X1 and X2 compounds were further assigned as 6,7-dihydroxynoscapine and its desmethyl product at either position 6′ or 7′, respect... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=526673 Thu, 05 Apr 2007 07:02:59 +0100 526673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=500080&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7364563107164334%2F Abstract  We have previously reported basic data on the specificity of the color reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and related drugs with chromotropic acid (CTA) and sulfuric acid. In this communication, we report an extended line of experiments that optimized reaction conditions, and we describe the application of this method to screening for MDMA or 3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MDA) in seized tablets. The optimal concentration of CTA and optimal reaction time at room temperature were 1.0 mM and 30 min, respectively. Final concentrations of MDMA of less than 100 μM should be used to avoid nonspecific color development. The CTA-dependent color reaction was also studied using aqueous extracts from seized tablets containing MDMA or MDA. On the basis of our resu... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=500080 Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:17:11 +0100 500080 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=500079&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff23772723215h073%2F Abstract  Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, was found to be converted to 9α-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (9α-OH-HHC) and 8-hydroxy-iso-hexahydrocannabinol (8-OH-iso-HHC) together with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a psychoactive cannabinoid, and cannabinol in artificial gastric juice. These cannabinoids were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by comparison with the spectral data of the authentic compounds. Pharmacological effects of 9α-OH-HHC and 8-OH-iso-HHC in mice were examined using catalepsy, hypothermia, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, and antinociception against acetic acid-induced writhing as indices. The ED50values (effective dose producing a 50% reduction of control; mg/kg, i.v.) of 9α-OH-HHC and 8-OH-iso-HHC for... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=500079 Tue, 20 Mar 2007 21:17:11 +0100 500079 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=467127&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy115v17875223r20%2F Abstract??An automated on-line method for simultaneous analysis of five phenothiazine drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry (SSI-MS) has been established, using backflush column switching. A 400-?l portion of serum sample diluted 81-fold with distilled water was subjected to the on-line system. In the system, an Oasis HLB cartridge was used as the precolumn for extraction; large molecules such as proteins in serum were discarded by use of distilled water containing 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase. After switching a valve, the analytes trapped in the precolumn were eluted in the backflush mode and separated by a Chromolith Performance RP-18e column, which is composed of C18-bonded monolithic silica. The column effluents were then ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=467127 Thu, 08 Mar 2007 08:02:09 +0100 467127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=424981&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa6m6774050421161%2F In this report, the clinical and laboratory features in a case of acute poisoning by amitraz and xylene in an adult are presented. A 72-year-old man accidentally swallowed about 40 g of Mitac 20, a commercial formulation of amitraz dissolved in xylene. The ingested dose was estimated to be about 10 g of amitraz and 35 g of xylene. Initial symptoms were dizziness and nausea, followed by coma, respiratory insufficiency, miosis, and hyperglycemia. As an ?2-adrenergic agonist, amitraz usually causes bradycardia, but the present patient showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, which was successfully treated by digoxin. Amitraz itself and xylene metabolites were confi rmed in his blood and urine, respectively, by instrumental analysis. Supportive and symptomatic measures were ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=424981 Sat, 17 Feb 2007 08:08:55 +0100 424981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=386583&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm820p872n34vn660%2F Abstract??A simple method for analysis of 5-methoxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine (5-MeO-DPT) in urine has been developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with tetradecadeuterated 5-MeO-DPT as internal standard, which is useful for discrimination from 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). These tryptamine designer drugs were extracted from urine with Extrelut, and derivatized with trifl uoroacetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. The recovery of 5-MeO-DPT from urine was 90.7%; the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 0.01?2.0 ?g/ml. When urine samples containing two different concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 ?g/ml) of 5-MeO-DPT were analyzed, the coeffi cients of variation for intraday and interday testing ranged from 3.11% to 5.82%. The established met... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=386583 Fri, 26 Jan 2007 09:43:11 +0100 386583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=305015&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpp175h2287186421%2F Abstract??Mercury and arsenic concentrations were determined in ecstasy tablets, which were obtained from different police seizures in Spain, by electrochemical techniques; mercury by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a rotating gold disk electrode, and arsenic by cathodic stripping voltammetry in the differential pulse mode with a hanging mercury drop electrode. The performance of the procedures was compared with cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for mercury, and with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for arsenic. The procedures were applied to the determination of both elements in nine ecstasy samples; mercury was the element present in higher concentrations, ranging from 0.05 to 1.23 mg/kg, while the range of arsenic concentrations was 0.04?0.49 mg... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=305015 Thu, 30 Nov 2006 08:50:18 +0100 305015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=246844&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2q8vn61v67x23h37%2F Abstract  Metabolism of cannabinol (CBN) was studied in vitro using hepatic microsomes from human livers. The metabolites formed were analyzed by thinlayer chromatography (TLC) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. 11-Hydroxy-CBN, the major metabolite, was detected together with a smaller amount of another mono-hydroxylated metabolite. The minor metabolite was identified as 8-hydroxy-CBN, after comparing its Rf value by TLC, retention time by GC, and the mass spectrum with those of the authentic compound. 8-Hydroxy-CBN was confirmed to be a new metabolite of CBN formed by human hepatic microsomes. Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=246844 Fri, 20 Oct 2006 07:02:26 +0100 246844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243613&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw0h456t767321304%2F We describe a case of poisoning by arsenic trioxide of a young man found dead at home. There were no obvious external signs of arsenic poisoning; but we observed marked endocardial hemorrhages, hepatomegaly, diffuse gastric mucosal hemorrhages, and slight brain edema at autopsy. The Reinsch test for the stomach contents and liver homogenate was positive for arsenic. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry combined with the Reinsch test showed that fatal levels of arsenic were present in blood and tissues. The cause of death was diagnosed as circulatory collapse caused by arsenic trioxide. Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243613 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:02:03 +0100 243613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243614&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm666171852p0385m%2F Abstract  A new analytical method for acetaminophen (ACAP) in serum was developed by modifying an existing method used for amphetamines, which used extractive derivatization followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. After a serum sample was adjusted to pH 12.8, it was applied onto a diatomaceous earth tube; the analyte was simultaneously extracted and heptafluorobutyrylated during elution with a solvent containing a derivatizing reagent. Three internal standard (IS) candidates were tested: N-acetyl-d 3-paminophenol, N-acetyl-m-aminophenol, and N-acetyl-4-amino-m-cresol. All ISs gave good linear relationships (r 2 > 0.999) for ACAP in the concentration range from 1 to 200μg/ml. The detection limit for ACAP using each IS was estimated to be 0.05–0.1μg/ml. Intraday precisio... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243614 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:02:02 +0100 243614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243615&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd070018210444u27%2F Abstract  Platinum (Pt) levels were determined in various tissues and body fluids obtained from a patient who died 181 days after cisplatin overdosing. The symptoms of cisplatin overdose, however, might have almost disappeared by day 40, and the patient’s death was ascribed to the recurrence of malignant lymphoma. Determination of Pt derived from cisplatin was performed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using silver (Ag) as internal standard. Pt and Ag complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) in wetashed blood, and tissue solutions were extracted into isoamyl alcohol, and then acidified with oxalic acid. By injecting an aliquot of the isoamyl alcohol layer into a mass spectrometer in the direct flow injection mode, the quantitation was performed using the s... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243615 Sun, 15 Oct 2006 06:01:16 +0100 243615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243616&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F520p251518pq255m%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243616 Sun, 15 Oct 2006 06:01:15 +0100 243616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=204838&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh7805j3j77615685%2F Abstract  A fully automated method for analysis of amphetamine-related drugs in human hair by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and in-matrix derivatization. Amphetamines were extracted from hair under alkaline conditions, and were simultaneously derivatized to N-ethoxycarbonyl amphetamines with ethylchloroformate in a vial. An SPME fiber was then exposed to the headspace at 80°C for 10 min for extraction. The derivatives extracted into the stationary phase of the fiber were desorbed by exposing the fiber in an injection port of a GC-MS instrument. The calibration curves showed linearity up to 10ng/mg in hair. The detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 ng/mg according to the compound identity. No interfer... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=204838 Thu, 21 Sep 2006 10:02:29 +0100 204838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=188081&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F69jl7gk7558g1w75%2F Abstract  A rapid and simple method for determination of oxazolobenzodiazepines (oxazolam, haloxazolam, mexazolam, cloxazolam, and flutazolam) in sera was developed by gas chromatography (GC) using nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) and a methyl silicone fused-silica wide-bore capillary (DB-1) column. Underivatized oxazolobenzodiazepine drugs gave relatively low sensitivity, because of decomposition during their passage through the column. On the other hand, on-column methylation of the oxazolobenzodiazepines with 0.4 mM trimethylanilium hydroxide in methanolic solution resulted in higher sensitivity; detection was possible at levels at least two to eight times lower than those without derivatization. The average recoveries of five oxazolobenzodiazepines from 0.5-ml volumes of ser... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=188081 Sat, 09 Sep 2006 07:34:57 +0100 188081 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179762&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq6032m3100q21342%2F In this study, we used this column for solid-phase extraction of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP) in urine. Chromatographic separation was achieved by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with double-spray detection of each spot. For extraction of amphetamines in urine, samples were mixed with phosphate buffer (pH 3.0, containing 20mM sodium octanesulfate), and the analytes were adsorbed to the column by passing the mixture through it. They were then eluted with a 10-μl volume of ethyl acetate and directly spotted onto a TLC plate. After development, the detection of MA was performed with Simon’s reagent. The plate was air-dried, and then over-sprayed with fluorescamine reagent for detection of AP. A fluorescent spot of AP was observed at 365 nm using an ultraviolet viewing sy... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179762 Wed, 02 Aug 2006 09:25:11 +0100 179762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179763&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd248176u064x3836%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalForensic ToxicologyOnline ISSN 1860-8973Print ISSN 1860-8965 Journal VolumeVolume 24 Journal IssueVolume 24, Number 1 / July, 2006 (Source: Forensic Toxicology) Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179763 Fri, 30 Jun 2006 19:57:07 +0100 179763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179765&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffm6192h627661qqj%2F Abstract  Conversion of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) to a fluorescent derivative using 3-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinoxaline-2-one (Br-DMEQ), and its application to drug screening were studied. Br-DMEQ reacted with the carboxyl group of sodium GHB in the presence of a potassium salt and crown ether to produce a fluorescent derivative, which could be easily detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). An electrospray ionization mass spectrum of the fluorogenic product supported the expected structure. The Br-DMEQ-derivatized GHB gave an Rf value of 0.49 on TLC, which was easily distinguished from 19 other carboxylic acids; all of the latter had Rf values over 0.61. Various sodium carboxylates including sodium GHB reacted with Br-DMEQ in the presence of KCl, but... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179765 Sat, 17 Jun 2006 17:19:10 +0100 179765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179764&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7586842276542262%2F Abstract  Psilocin glucuronide (PCG) was directly identified in serum specimens of a “magic mushroom” user by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS, together with the free (unconjugated) psilocin (PC). A major part of serum PC existed in the conjugated form. To quantify the total (conjugated plus free) PC in serum, enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were optimized using the user’s urine as the source of PCG; PCG in serum could be completely hydrolyzed by Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase. Using the established procedure, both total and free PC in the serum specimens of the user collected at various intervals were quantified. For the first specimen collected 5h after magic mushroom ingestion, 71.0 ng/ml of total PC and 13.3 ng/ml of free PC were detected. Th... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179764 Sat, 17 Jun 2006 17:19:10 +0100 179764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179766&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp2k3rwp443p3u920%2F Abstract  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) is the preferred method for the analysis of drugs/metabolites in biological specimens with use of isotopically labeled analogs of the analytes as internal standards (ISs). An important aspect of the chemical derivatization (CD) for GC-MS analysis is that the CD products derived from the analyte and the selected IS must generate ions suitable for designating the analyte and the IS. These ions should not have significant cross contribution (CC), i.e., IS contribution to the intensities of the ions designated for the analyte, and vice versa. With this in mind, the authors have conducted a search of isotopically labeled analogs of commonly abused cocaine and related compounds (cocaine, norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, ecgo... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179766 Fri, 16 Jun 2006 07:35:29 +0100 179766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179767&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc4225606jv1gu02k%2F Abstract  A field-portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (the Hapsite system) was evaluated for onsite determination of nerve gases and blistering agents. The analytical sequence involved gas sampling for 1 min, microtrap concentration (1 min), apolar capillary gas chromatographic separation (10 min), electron ionization, quadrupole mass spectrometric data acquisition, and personal computer-based data analysis. Vapor containing 1mg/m3 sarin (GB), 1mg/m3 soman (GD), 3mg/m3 tabun (GA), and 0.5mg/m3 mustard gas (HD) was analyzed using the Hapsite system. The chemical warfare agents (CWAs) were detected within 10 min, and identified from their respective mass spectra according to the built-in NIST library database. Being based on the signal levels of the CWA peaks observed in mass... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179767 Thu, 27 Apr 2006 18:03:58 +0100 179767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179768&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq3l879580v405555%2F Abstract  A detailed procedure for analysis of four antiallergic drugs, ketotifen, olopatadine, cetirizine, and ibudilast, in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) using a new polymer column (MSpak GF), which enables direct injection of crude biological samples, is presented. The protein and/or macromolecule matrix compounds were first eluted from the column, while the drugs were retained on the polymer stationary phase. The analytes retained on the column were then eluted into an acetonitrile-rich mobile phase using a gradient separation technique. All compounds showed base peaks due to [M + H]+ ions by HPLC-MS with positive ion electrospray ionization, and the product ions were produced from each [M + H]+ ion by HPLC-MS-MS. ... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179768 Thu, 13 Apr 2006 07:27:58 +0100 179768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179769&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp5428w1j7883572j%2F Abstract  Urine Luck, the main component of which is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), is a popular adulterant used to conceal drugs present in urine samples. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with direct flow injection was employed to identify and quantitate PCC after complex formation of chromium (Cr6+) in PCC with diethyldithiocarbamate and its extraction with isoamyl alcohol. The quantitation was performed by selected ion monitoring at m/z 513, and the detection limit was 20 pg PCC (equivalent to 5pg Cr6+) in 1 µl of an injected volume. The integrated area of the mass chromatogram was proportional to the amount up to 2000 pg PCC with the limit of quantitation of 60 pg PCC in an injected volume. The recoveries of PCC from 50µl of urine spiked at 10−7 and 10−6M were 9... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179769 Tue, 11 Apr 2006 09:00:13 +0100 179769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=179770&cid=s_33407_142_f&fid=33407&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fww7p2834860n2758%2F Abstract  Two simple methods for enantiomeric analyses of amphetamines in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using l-amphetamine-d 3 and l-methamphetamine-d 6 as internal standards are presented. One method (method A) employs extractive derivatization on a diatomaceous column with (S)-(-)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)prolyl chloride (TPC) followed by separation with a conventional capillary column. The second method (method B) uses headspace solid-phase microextraction (HD-SPME) after derivatization with heptafluoro-n-butyryl chloride (HFB), followed by separation with an enantiomeric capillary GC column. By the two methods, all enantiomers were well separated in each chromatogram, and good linearity was obtained in practical concentration ranges (0.1–1.6μg/ml for meth... Forensic Toxicology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=179770 Sun, 09 Apr 2006 06:44:38 +0100 179770