MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Immunobiology' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 06:42:51 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578851&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22226303%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee S, Hayashi H, Maeda M, Chen Y, Matsuzaki H, Takei-Kumagai N, Nishimura Y, Fujimoto W, Otsuki T Abstract Autoimmune disorders are induced by various environmental and occupational substances. Among the most typical factors involving these substances, it is well known that silica exposure causes not only pulmonary fibrosis known as silicosis, but also induces autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis known as Caplan's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-related vasculitis/nephritis. To investigate the immunological effects of silica, a focus on the occurrence of autoimmune dysfunction may clarify these autoimmune diseases and develop effective tools for observing silicosis patients (SIL). ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578851 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5578851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578849&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22226668%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Toda T, Kuwahara K, Kondo N, Matsuda Z, Maeda Y, Maeda K, Sakaguchi N Abstract HIV-1 entry into cells is mediated by interactions between the envelope (Env) gp120 and gp41 proteins with CD4 and chemokine receptors via an intermediate called the viral fusion complex (vFC). Here, mAbs were used to find the dynamic changes in expression of antigenic epitopes during vFC formation. A CD4-specific mAb (R275) and anti-vFC mAbs, designated F12-1, F13-6 and F18-4 that recognize the epitopes only appeared by the co-culture of env-transfected 293FT and CD4-transfected 293 cells, were developed by immunizing ganp-gene transgenic mice with an vFC-like structure formed by the same co-culture. The epitopes recognized by the mAbs appeared at different time points during vFC formation: F18... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578849 Fri, 23 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5578849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578850&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22226667%26dopt%3DAbstract We present what is only the fourth case report of total H-ficolin deficiency in the world literature. This neonate was however previously found to be mannan-binding lectin (MBL) as well as MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) deficient and also had low serum L-ficolin. PMID: 22226667 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578850 Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5578850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578848&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22226670%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luo HL, Wang DY, Wang HJ, Nie K, Huang WY Abstract Adaptive immunity detects non-self through the recognition of peptide antigens using receptors expressed on the surface of B and T cells, however that how innate immune system recognizes non-self has been remained unclear. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a critical adaptor molecule shared by toll-like receptors (TLRs), and has been found crucial on control of Th1 immunity. However, whether a Th2 response against helminth infection requires a signaling through MyD88 has been uncertain. We hypothesized Th2 immune responses induced by helminth require a MyD88-dependent signaling. To test it, a MyD88 knockout mouse model infected with Fasciola hepatica metacercariae was used and unexpected results were exhibited w... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578848 Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5578848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561849&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22209112%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Asai A, Kogiso M, Kobayashi M, Herndon DN, Suzuki F Abstract The effect of IL-10 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) on the susceptibility of burned mice to intradermal (i.d.) infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was studied. Abscesses formed and sepsis did not develop in normal mice infected i.d. with 10(8)CFU/mouse of MRSA. Similarly, sepsis caused by MRSA i.d. infection did not develop and abscesses formed in burned mice treated with IL-10 antisense ODN. However, all of the burned mice treated with scrambled ODN (control group) died by infectious complications stemming from MRSA i.d. infection, and an MRSA-abscess did not form in these mice. Macrophages (Mϕ) isolated from the infection site tissue of burned mice that were treated with IL-10... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561849 Thu, 08 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561847&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22209114%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HDAC inhibition by VPA alters essential human DC functions, highlighting the need for monitoring of immune functions in cancer patients receiving HDAC inhibitors, but also making these drugs attractive therapies in inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. PMID: 22209114 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561847 Thu, 08 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561850&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22206707%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alfinito F, Ruggiero G, Sica M, Udhayachandran A, Rubino V, Pepa RD, Palatucci AT, Annunziatella M, Notaro R, Risitano AM, Terrazzano G Abstract Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH) is due to pathological expansion of a stem progenitor bearing a somatic mutation of PIG-A gene involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor. Numerous data suggest a role for immune-mediated mechanisms in the selection/expansion of GPI-defective clone. Haemolytic anaemia in PNH is dependent on the effect of complement against GPI-defective red cells. Eculizumab, an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, is dramatically effective in controlling haemolysis and thrombosis, in reducing fatigue and in improving quality of life of patients. However, this therapy presents... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561850 Sat, 03 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561851&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22204819%26dopt%3DAbstract This study validates effectiveness of combining specific antibodies and cytometry to quantify inflammatory leukocytes in induced sputum. Multiple markers at a single cell level will deepen our knowledge concerning the phenotype of airway leukocytes. PMID: 22204819 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561851 Fri, 02 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561848&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22209113%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Radanova M, Vasilev V, Deliyska B, Kishore U, Ikonomov V, Ivanova D Abstract Lupus nephritis is one of the most severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Higher titers of serum anti-C1q autoantibodies correlate with disease activity in patients with lupus nephritis. Anti-C1q autoantibodies have been shown to bind neo-epitopes within the collagen region of human C1q. In a preliminary study, we recently reported that the anti-C1q autoantibodies could also recognize epitopes within the globular domain (gC1q) of the C1q molecule. Here, 38 sera from patients with renal biopsy-proven lupus nephritis were screened for the presence of anti-gC1q autoantibodies, using recombinant globular head regions of individual A (ghA), B (ghB) and C (ghC) chains of human C1q. We is... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561848 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561852&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22204818%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marqués JM, Rial A, Muñoz N, Pellay FX, Van Maele L, Léger H, Camou T, Sirard JC, Benecke A, Chabalgoity JA Abstract Acute pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of child mortality. Antibodies are considered the main effectors of protection in this clinical presentation of pneumococcal invasive disease. To get new insights into the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity, we established a murine experimental model of protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia and then evaluated the transcriptional, humoral and cellular responses in protected and non-protected animals. We found that intranasal inoculation of a sublethal dose of S. pneumoniae serotype 1 conferred complete protection against a subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of th... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561852 Wed, 23 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561853&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22204816%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that expression of co-stimulatory receptors on T cells from HNC patients is imbalanced with a preponderance of inhibitory signals, and reduction of stimulatory signals, especially in advanced disease. Restoring this balance could improve T cell therapy outcomes in HNC. PMID: 22204816 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561853 Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561855&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22204814%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bain CC, Mowat AM Abstract CD200 receptor 1 is an inhibitory receptor expressed by myeloid cells which has inhibitory effects on macrophage function after binding its ubiquitously expressed ligand CD200. Recent evidence suggests that this is important in controlling inflammatory reactions in the lung and here we have explored if the CD200R1-CD200 axis plays a similar role in other mucosal surfaces such as the intestine. We show for the first time that CD200R1 is expressed selectively by resident macrophages in normal mouse colon and that CD200 is present on many haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells in the intestine. Although acute colitis induced by feeding dextran sodium sulphate is associated with an influx of CD200R1(neg) macrophages, CD200R1 KO mice have normal ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561855 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561854&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22204815%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shim JA, Park S, Lee ES, Niki T, Hirashima M, Sohn S Abstract Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has been identified as a Tim-3 ligand (L). The Tim-3-Tim-3L interaction serves as a specific down-regulator of the Th1 immune response. It has been reported that Tim-3 expression is higher in patients with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis compared to controls. In a herpes simplex virus-induced Behcet's disease (BD) mouse model, Tim-3 was expressed in a similarly high level. The expression of Gal-9 in macrophages from BD-like mice was lower than in asymptomatic BD normal mice; therefore, we injected 100μg of Gal-9 into BD-like mice five times at 3day intervals and subsequently observed changes in symptoms over 15days. Gal-9 improved the symptoms of inflammation, decreased th... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561854 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5561846&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22209156%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: Serum YKL-40 is significantly associated with all-cause mortality in patients with HF and could potentially be a new prognostic biomarker in these patients. PMID: 22209156 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5561846 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5561846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5457171&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22119501%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schmid M, Hunold K, Weber-Steffens D, Männel DN Abstract Ficolins are a group of proteins consisting of a fibrinogen-like and a collagen-like domain. They play a role in innate immunity by activating the complement system via the lectin pathway upon binding to carbohydrate patterns on pathogens. Two types of ficolins have been identified in mice, ficolin A and ficolin B (FcnB). We show in this article that recombinant FcnB binds to late apoptotic cells and to apoptotic bodies as well as to necrotic cells but not to early apoptotic cells. This binding was calcium-dependent and could be competitively inhibited by acetylated BSA, a classical binding substrate of FcnB. In addition, DNA inhibited binding of FcnB to apoptotic and necrotic cells, indicating that DNA exposed by d... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5457171 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5457171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5457173&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22112437%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tamauchi H, Amoh Y, Itoh M, Terashima M, Masuzawa M, Habu S, Katsuoka K, Iwabuchi K Abstract Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is thought to be associated mainly with the activation of T helper (Th) type 1 cells. However, evidence also suggests that Th type 2 cells (Th2) and cytokines play roles in the development of CHS in humans. The present study examines the Th2 response during the development of CHS in response to 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in GATA-3-transgenic (GATA-3 Tg) mice. GATA-3 Tg mice were immunized with 7% TNCB applied to abdominal shaved skin. Seven days later, the mice were challenged with 1% TNCB applied to the left ear. Ear swelling, cytokine production in the skin of the ear, and the levels of IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a were measured. Furthermore, we exam... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5457173 Sun, 06 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5457173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5457172&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22112438%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was designed to evaluate the effects of ceramides on T helper cell responses and their underlying mechanisms. We demonstrated that a cell-permeable C6-ceramide (C6) together with IL-12 enhanced Th1 cell differentiation, whereas C6 alone had no effects, as demonstrated by the increased populations of IFN-γ expressing CD4(+) T cells and the up-regulation of IFN-γ production from CD4(+) T cells. In contrast, C2-ceramide and long chain ceramides (C16 and C24) did not affect the Th1 responses. C6 treatment was shown to increase the expression of T-bet, a master transcription factor of Th1 responses, in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, C6 increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in CD4(+) T cells. The C6-mediated increase of IFN-γ production and IFN-γ expressing ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5457172 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5457172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5441178&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22099350%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the role of PGlyRP3 in the response of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) to PGN from pathogenic (Staphylococcus aureus), opportunistic pathogenic (Micrococcus luteus) and non-pathogenic (Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) bacteria found in the gut as commensals or in gastroenteritis. All PGNs induced the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12p35, IL-8 and TNF-α and, time-dependently, PGlyRP3, at both the transcription and protein levels. In this context, no differences were observed among the distinct PGN obtained from different bacterial sources. The inflammatory response to PGN is mediated via the TLR2 pathway, since blocking this pathway by inhibiting MyD88 reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, PGlyRP3 overexpression... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5441178 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5441178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5441177&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22101183%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: González-Cortés C, Diez-Tascón C, Guerra-Laso JM, González-Cocaño MC, Rivero-Lezcano OM Abstract We have investigated the role of CXCL7 in the immune response of human phagocytes against the intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila. We have observed that polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis induced by the supernatants of infected monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) may be attributed to CXCL8 rather than CXCL7, although both chemokines are present in large quantities. We have also found that CXCL7 is present not only in the supernatants of MDM, but also in the supernatants of PMN of some, but not all, individuals. Western blot analysis revealed that, in both MDM and PMN supernatants appeared two bands with molecular weights c... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5441177 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5441177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5441176&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22101184%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Candia E, Díaz-Jiménez D, Langjahr P, Núñez LE, de la Fuente M, Farfán N, López-Kostner F, Abedrapo M, Alvarez-Lobos M, Pinedo G, Beltrán CJ, González C, González MJ, Quera R, Hermoso MA Abstract Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a type I pattern recognition receptor that has been shown to participate in intestinal homeostasis. Its increased expression in the lamina propria has been associated with the pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Recently, soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) variants have been shown to counteract inflammatory responses driven by the cognate receptor. Despite the evident roles of TLR2 in intestinal immunity, no study has elucidated the production and cellular source of sTLR2 in IBD. Furt... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5441176 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5441176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282225&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21719145%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wu Z, Kaiser P Abstract The chicken has a different repertoire of tissues, cells and genes of the immune response compared to mammals, yet generally survives infection with viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal pathogens, and also worms and ectoparasites, just like mammals. Poultry are also probably the most heavily vaccinated group of farmed animals. Antigen presentation to the adaptive immune response therefore obviously normally occurs efficiently in birds. Although comparatively much is known about macrophages and B cells in the chicken, there is as yet little work on the other, professional, antigen-presenting cells, the dendritic cells (DC). Birds also have at least two other sets of phagocytic cells, heterophils and thrombocytes, which may also have the ability to ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282225 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 16:32:05 +0100 5282225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282224&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21802164%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bokil NJ, Totsika M, Carey AJ, Stacey KJ, Hancock V, Saunders BM, Ravasi T, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ Abstract Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are the primary cause of urinary tract infections. Recent studies have demonstrated that UPEC can invade and replicate within epithelial cells, suggesting that this bacterial pathogen may occupy an intracellular niche within the host. Given that many intracellular pathogens target macrophages, we assessed the interactions between UPEC and macrophages. Colonization of the mouse bladder by UPEC strain CFT073 resulted in increased expression of myeloid-restricted genes, consistent with the recruitment of inflammatory macrophages to the site of infection. In in vitro assays, CFT073 was able to survive within primary mouse bone marrow... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282224 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 16:31:47 +0100 5282224 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282223&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21802768%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pello OM, Silvestre C, De Pizzol M, Andrés V Abstract Atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of mortality in developed countries and the World Health Organization has estimated that by 2020 these disorders will be the main sanitary and socio-economic problem world-wide due in part to the progressive aging of our societies. Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory process triggered and perpetuated by cardiovascular risk factors which cause endothelial dysfunction and leukocyte infiltration within the subendothelial space in the artery wall. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that govern the recruitment of circulating monocytes into the incipient atherosclerotic lesion and their differentiation into macrophages. Moreov... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282223 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 16:31:38 +0100 5282223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282222&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21803441%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laoui D, Van Overmeire E, Movahedi K, Van den Bossche J, Schouppe E, Mommer C, Nikolaou A, Morias Y, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA Abstract Mononuclear phagocytes are amongst the most versatile cells of the body, contributing to tissue genesis and homeostasis and safeguarding the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Accordingly, these cells are notoriously heterogeneous, functioning in distinct differentiation forms (monocytes, MDSC, macrophages, DC) and adopting different activation states in response to a changing microenvironment. Accumulating evidence exists that mononuclear phagocytes contribute to all phases of the cancer process. These cells orchestrate the inflammatory events during de novo carcinogenesis, participate in tumor immunosurveill... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282222 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 16:31:28 +0100 5282222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282221&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21924793%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Robert C, Lu X, Law A, Freeman TC, Hume DA Abstract Macrophages play a major role in tissue remodelling during development, wound healing and tissue homeostasis, and are central to innate immunity and to the pathology of tissue injury and inflammation. Given this fundamental role in many aspects of biological function, an enormous wealth of information has accumulated on these fascinating cells in the literature and other public repositories. With the escalation of genome-scale data derived from macrophages and related haematopoietic cell types, there is a growing need for an integrated resource that seeks to compile, organise and analyse our collective knowledge of macrophage biology. Here we describe a community-driven web-based resource, macrophages.com that aims to pro... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282221 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 16:30:56 +0100 5282221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282220&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21962571%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oshiro K, Kohama H, Umemura M, Uyttenhove C, Inagaki-Ohara K, Arakawa T, Harada M, Nakae S, Iwakura Y, Nishimaki T, Matsuzaki G Abstract Interleukin (IL)-17A is a cytokine involved in neutrophilic inflammation but the role of IL-17A in anti-tumor immunity is controversial because both pro- and anti-tumor activities of IL-17A have been reported. We hypothesized that constitutive expression of IL-17A in intestinal environment modifies tumor growth. To address the issue, mice were inoculated into subserosa of cecum (i.c.) with murine EL4 lymphoma expressing a model tumor antigen, and tumor growth was monitored. IL-17A-producing cells were detected both in tumor mass and in normal intestinal tissue of i.c. tumor-bearing wild type mice. Tumor size in the wild-type mice was sign... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282220 Sat, 10 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282219&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21962572%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kauppinen A, Peräsaari J, Taivainen A, Kinnunen T, Saarelainen S, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Jeal H, Jones M, Virtanen T Abstract Allergic sensitization results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Earlier studies have shown that highly polymorphic HLA genes are associated with a variety of allergies. Several important respiratory allergens belong to the family of lipocalin proteins. These include occupational sensitizers, such as cow Bos d 2 or rat Rat n 1, and prevalent indoor sensitizers, such as dog Can f 1 or cockroach Bla g 4. HLA associations with sensitization to lipocalin allergens are incompletely known. In the present study we have investigated an association between HLA alleles and sensitization to the major cow allergen Bos d 2. Th... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282219 Thu, 08 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282218&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21962573%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Atassi MZ, Jankovic J, Steward LE, Aoki KR, Dolimbek BZ Abstract We recently mapped the regions on the heavy (H) chain of botulinum neurotoxin, type B (BoNT/B) recognized by blocking antibodies (Abs) from cervical dystonia (CD) patients who develop immunoresistance during toxin treatment. Since blocking could also be effected by Abs directed against regions on the light (L) chain, we have mapped here the L chain, using the same 30 CD antisera. We synthesized, purified and characterized 32 19-residue L chain peptides that overlapped successively by 5 residues (peptide L32 overlapped with peptide N1 of the H chain by 12 residues). In a given patient, Abs against the L chain seemed less intense than those against H chain. Most sera recognized a limited set of L chain peptides... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282218 Tue, 30 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5262601&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21940065%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hume DA PMID: 21940065 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5262601 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5262601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219603&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21899918%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we explored the contribution of the main mechanisms in charge of the elevation and decrease of cytoplasmic free calcium levels, i.e., the endoplasmic calcium release, the calcium release activated calcium (CRAC) channel, the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), and the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) during the first 10min of activation in human Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes applying a kinetic flow cytometry approach. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy individuals. Cells were stained with CD4, CXCR3 and CCR4 cell surface markers to identify Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively and loaded with Fluo-3/AM calcium sensitive dye. Cells were activated with phytohemagglutinine and alterations of cytopla... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219603 Tue, 23 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219607&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21885153%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bradford BM, Sester DP, Hume DA, Mabbott NA Abstract The murine mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) system comprises a diverse population of cells, including monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. Derived from the myeloid haematopoietic lineage, this group of cells express a variety of well characterized surface markers. Expression of the integrin alpha X (Itgax, CD11c) is commonly used to identify classical DC, and similarly expression of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (Csf1r, CD115) to identify macrophages. We have characterized the expression of these markers using a variety of transgenic mouse models. We confirmed previous observations of Itgax expression in anatomically defined subsets of MNPs in secondary lymphoid organs, including all MNPs identified within ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219607 Wed, 17 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219606&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21889228%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews integrative, systems-oriented approaches to understanding mechanisms underlying infection, immune response and inflammation to find biomarkers of disease and design new drugs. We focus on the systems biology process, especially the data gathering and analysis techniques rather than the experimental technologies or latest computational resources. PMID: 21889228 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219606 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219605&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21899916%26dopt%3DAbstract This study included 98 patients with CAD and 48 subjects without CAD (non-CAD). Patients with CAD were randomized to 12 months of treatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Monocytes were obtained from peripheral blood at baseline and after 12 months of each type of therapy. Levels of let-7i and TLR4 were measured by real-time RT-PCR and FACS. Functional approaches to let-7i showed that transfection of let-7i into human THP-1 cells resulted in regulation of TLR4 expression. Levels of let-7i were lower in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group (0.98±0.42 vs. 4.65±1.21, P<0.01). There was a negative correlation between let-7i and TLR4 levels in patients with CAD (let-7i vs. TLR4 mRNA: r=-0.60, P<0.01; let-7i vs. TLR4 MFI: r=-0.32, P<0.01). The atorvastatin group had markedly in... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219605 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219602&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21903293%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed to assess biomaterial-induced macrophage activation, cell-mediated immune response and oxidative stress in 169 patients with dermal bioimplants. To this end, we analysed plasma concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the chitinase-like proteins chitotriosidase and YKL-40 and molecular oxidative damage. The present study shows, for the first time, that the components of innate immunity: chitotriosidase and YKL-40, are significantly higher in patients with certain bioimplants and these markers of monocyte/macrophage activation rose progressively as adverse reactions (AR) evolved. Plasma MPO levels increased 4-fold in filler users with AR and 3-fold in those without. Analysis by filler type showed subjects injected with calcium hydroxylapatite, methacrylate, acrylamides and ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219602 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219604&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21899917%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baseras B, Gaida MM, Kahle N, Schuppel AK, Kathrey D, Prior B, Wente M, Hänsch GM Abstract In the recent years, the participation of the animal lectin galectin (gal)-3 in inflammation and in host defence mechanisms was extensively studied. In vivo studies implied - among others - a role of gal-3 in the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to sites of bacterial infection. In that context, we asked the question whether gal-3 was chemotactic for PMN. Functional assays revealed that gal-3 was not chemotactic for PMN, but that it inhibited the spontaneous migration and the chemotaxis of PMN towards complement C5a, interleukin (IL)-8, or ATP. Moreover, gal-3 inhibited the shape change and the actin polymerisation of PMN that occurs in response to C5a or IL-8. By u... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219604 Fri, 05 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219601&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21903294%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prochazkova J, Pokorna K, Holan V Abstract The development and differentiation of T helper (Th) cell subsets is a highly plastic process which is strictly regulated by cytokines. Here we show that the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-dependent differentiation programs are negatively regulated by interleukin-12 (IL-12). The development of TGF-β-induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) or TGF-β/IL-6 activated Th17 cells from purified mouse CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells, stimulated with monoclonal antibody anti-CD3, was abrogated in the presence of IL-12 and a different developmental program was established. On the molecular level, IL-12 inhibited the expression of the lineage specific transcription factors Foxp3 and RORγt in developing Tregs and Th17 cells, respectively. Moreove... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219601 Fri, 05 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5219601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157689&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21855168%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li K, Fazekasova H, Wang N, Peng Q, Sacks SH, Lombardi G, Zhou W Abstract Anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are important modulators for dendritic cell activation and function in mice. In order to verify the significance of these observations in man, we have investigated the functional modulation of human monocytes derived DCs by C3a and C5a. Here we report that engagement of C3aR or C5aR on human monocytes derived DCs (moDCs) enhances the cell activation and their capacity for allostimulation. In addition, we show that intracellular production of cAMP is reduced and PI3K/AKT, ERK and NF-κB signalling is increased following stimulation with C3a or C5a, identifying intracellular signalling pathways that could convert cell surface C3aR and C5aR engagement into changes in moDC func... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157689 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157690&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21855166%26dopt%3DAbstract This study suggests the involvement of non-neuronal components of cholinergic system in the regulation of PBT-cell apoptosis in COPD and demonstrates that Tiotropium regulates CD4+ and CD8+ PBT-cell apoptosis. It provides novel putative pharmacological targets for the resolution of systemic inflammation in COPD. PMID: 21855166 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157690 Tue, 02 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157688&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21856032%26dopt%3DAbstract This study shows that some HDL phospholipids have a direct immunoregulatory function, by modulating DC ability to activate a Th1 response of T cells. PMID: 21856032 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157688 Tue, 02 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157691&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21855165%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kerr H, Richards A Abstract The complement system provides a vital defence against invading pathogens. As an intrinsic system it is always 'on', in a state of constant, low level activation. This activation is principally mediated through the deposition of C3b on to pathogenic surfaces and host tissues. C3b is generated by spontaneous 'tick over' and formal activation of the alternative pathway, and by activation of the classical and lectin pathways. If the deposited C3b is not appropriately regulated, there is progression to terminal pathway complement activation via the C5 convertases, generating the potent anaphylotoxin C5a and the membrane attack complex C5b-9. Unsurprisingly, these highly active components have the potential to cause injury to bystander host tissue, i... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157691 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141986&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21840082%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vevis K, Matheakakis A, Kyvelidou C, Bakela K, Athanassakis I Abstract Antigen specific non-responsiveness is generally developed through clonal deletion, anergy, and suppression. The term "suppression" is being considered as a functional immune deficit that can be adoptively transferred by regulatory/suppressor T cells. Following tolerance induction protocols the aim of the present study was to characterize the T cells involved in antigen-specific suppression. After defining the immunogenic and tolerogenic protocols in vitro and in vivo, it was shown that CD90(+) cells from tolerogenic mice were able to reduce specific antibody production when adaptively transferred to immunized mice. These cells were shown to highly express CD25 and Foxp3, co-localizing with CD4 and MHC ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141986 Fri, 29 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141985&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21840618%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Srdic-Rajic T, Jurisic V, Andrejevic S, Bonaci-Nikolic B, Bowker T, Concas D, Metlas R Abstract The production of autoantibodies against a vast array of self antigens, most notably double stranded (ds) DNA, characterized systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The purpose of this work is to study specific Ig fractions isolated from normal human serum (NHS) and their effect on the binding of anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) antibodies (Abs) to dsDNA. A fraction named immunoglobulin G (IgG)-reactive IgG was purified from total NHS IgG by absorption onto (CNBr)-activated Sepharose 4B linked to intact IgG molecules (IgG-Sepharose column). IgG-reactive IgG was co-incubated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient's serum and binding of the anti-dsDNA Abs to... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141985 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141984&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21840619%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawabe K, Lindsay D, Braitch M, Fahey AJ, Showe L, Constantinescu CS Abstract Interleukin (IL)-12 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play a role in T cell survival, at least in part by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein (GMEB)1 and 2 are closely related proteins that modify the glucocorticoid receptor binding locus and thus modulate glucocorticoid-mediated gene induction effects, including apoptosis. GMEB1 associates with caspases and prevents apoptosis of cells in the nervous system. We have observed, in preliminary studies, that IL-12 up-regulates GMEB mRNA in human T cells, and postulated that this may contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-12 on T cells, in particular with regard to gl... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141984 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141983&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21840620%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crehan H, Holton P, Wray S, Pocock J, Guerreiro R, Hardy J Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and it poses an ever-increasing burden to an aging population. Several loci responsible for the rare, autosomal dominant form of AD have been identified (APP, PS1 and PS2), and these have facilitated the development of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD aetiology. The late onset form of the disease (LOAD) is poorly defined genetically, and up until recently the only known risk factor was the ɛ4 allele of APOE. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common genetic variants that increase risk of LOAD. Two of the genes highlighted in these studies, CLU and CR1, suggest a role for the complement system in the aetiol... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141983 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141987&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21820755%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dandel M, Wallukat G, Potapov E, Hetzer R Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of heart failure. After the identification of several immune regulatory abnormalities in DCM increasing attention has been focused on autoimmune mechanisms as potential key elements in the pathogenesis of the disease. DCM has appeared to be often related to elevated levels of autoantibodies against cardiac structural or functional proteins. Among several autoantibodies (AABs) which react against cardiac cellular proteins that have been detected in sera from DCM patients, those against β1-adrenoreceptors (β1-ARs) appeared particularly relevant from a pathophysiological point of view. The available experimental and clinical data suggest that in β1-AAB-positive patients with D... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141987 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5106329&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21813205%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explains how the pathogen evades the host immune response to establish a latent infection, and how it emerges from a state of latency to cause reactivation disease. This review highlights the key factors responsible for immune evasion and reactivation. It concludes by identifying interesting candidates for drug or vaccine development, as well as identifying unresolved questions for the future research. PMID: 21813205 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5106329 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5106329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5106332&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21802767%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Only the classical complement pathway mediated Ureaplasma-cidal activity, sometimes in the absence of observable immunoblot reactive bands. PMID: 21802767 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5106332 Mon, 11 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5106332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5106331&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21813202%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jundi M, Nadiri A, Al-Zoobi L, Hassan GS, Mourad W CD40 has an important role in T cell-B cell interaction which rescues B lymphocytes from undergoing apoptosis. However, various studies have demonstrated that CD40 can also play a direct role in the induction of specific cell death and thus in the inhibition of tumour cell proliferation. Our previous studies showed that CD40-mediated cell death was independent of caspases and required no de novo protein synthesis. Knowing that CD40 signaling is mediated by its association with several intracellular effectors, including members of TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) family, the goal of the present study is to investigate the mechanisms involved in the induction of cell death by CD40. Our data reveals that CD40-mediated cell death r... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5106331 Mon, 11 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5106331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5106330&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21813203%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bhosale M, Kadthur JC, Nandi D Pathogen encoded peptidases are known to be important during infection; however, their roles in modulating host responses in immunocompromised individuals are not well studied. The roles of S. typhimurium (WT) encoded Peptidase N (PepN), a major aminopeptidase and sole M1 family member, was studied in mice lacking Interferon-γ (IFNγ), a cytokine important for immunity. S. typhimurium lacking pepN (ΔpepN) displays enhanced colony forming units (CFU) compared to WT in peripheral organs during systemic infection in C57BL/6 mice. However, Ifnγ(-/-) mice show higher CFU compared to C57BL/6 mice, resulting in lower fold differences between WT and ΔpepN. Concomitantly, reintroduction of pepN in ΔpepN (ΔpepN/pepN) reduces CFU, demonstrating pepN-d... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5106330 Mon, 11 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5106330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058882&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21742404%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heeger PS, Kemper C Our understanding of the complement system has markedly evolved from its early beginnings as a protein system merely detecting and tagging a pathogen for further clearance. For example, the repertoire of danger that complement recognizes covers currently a wide range of distinct self and non-self danger signals. Further, complement is now firmly established as instructor of adaptive B and T cell immunity. This review focuses on two the recent emerging paradigms in the field. Firstly, that complement is not only vitally required for the induction of Th1 immunity but also for the timely contraction of this protective response and therefore for prevention of autoimmunity and immune homeostasis. Secondly, that local rather than systemic complement is impacting ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058882 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5058882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058881&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21742405%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ni Choileain S, Astier AL CD46 is a ubiquitously expressed type I transmembrane protein, first identified as a regulator of complement activation, and later as an entry receptor for a variety of pathogens. The last decade has also revealed the role of CD46 in regulating the adaptive immune response, acting as an additional costimulatory molecule for human T cells and inducing their differentiation into Tr1 cells, a subset of regulatory T cells. Interestingly, CD46 regulatory pathways are defective in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, illustrating its importance in regulating T cell homeostasis. Indeed, CD46 expression at the cell surface is tightly regulated in many different cell types, highlighting its importance in several biolo... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058881 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5058881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058883&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21742403%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lang R, Schoenen H, Desel C Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system is essential for the induction of adaptive T cell responses. A diverse range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Among these are the well known Toll-like receptors (TLR) and the more recently described C-type lectin receptors (CLR) which utilize distinct signaling pathways leading to a diverse repertoire of effector molecules produced. The composition of the inflammatory juice released from activated innate immune cells has a major impact on the polarization of Th cell responses. Defined PAMPs may therefore be used as adjuvants to direct adaptive immune responses to subunit vaccines. Targeting CLR is an alternative or ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058883 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5058883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5011321&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21723642%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, the expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC receptors on squamous cell carcinoma cells SCC-25 and BHY and primary human gingival keratinocytes (PHGK) was analyzed after infection with two virulent P. gingivalis strains in vitro. After 48h, the cells were stained with antibodies for human B7-H1 and B7-DC and further analyzed by flow cytometry. RNA was extracted and gene expression of B7-H1 or B7-DC was quantified by real time PCR. After infection with P. gingivalis, both B7-H1 and B7-DC receptors were up-regulated. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) increased from 4.5 to 9.9 (B7-H1) and from 6.9 to 15.0 (B7-DC) (p<0.05, respectively) in SCC-25 cells. PHGK showed an increase from 4.8 to 12.4 (B7-H1) and from 5.5 to 15.6 (B7-DC) (p<0.05, respectively). Streptococcus salivarius K... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5011321 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5011321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963148&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21676486%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Motadi LR, Dlamini Z, Bhoola KD Retinoblastoma binding protein 6 (RBBP6) interacts with both p53 and pRb, and has been identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase due to the presence of a RING finger domain. RBBP6 promotes the degradation of p53, thereby increasing cell proliferation. However it is not known whether RBBP6 is expressed in lung cancer, or interacts with p53 and pRB to modulate the proliferation or apoptosis of lung cancer cells. As assessed by immunohistochemistry, RBBP6 and p53 proteins were overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas and lung squamous cell carcinomas. Expression of RBBP6 mRNA in lung tumor tissue was demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Expression of RBBP6 mRNA was low in poorly differentiated tumors but high in well-... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963148 Mon, 16 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963149&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21676485%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Santiago AF, Alves AC, Oliveira RP, Fernandes RM, Paula-Silva J, Assis FA, Carvalho CR, Weiner HL, Faria AM Aging is reported to be associated with decline in oral tolerance induction, which is initiated at the intestinal mucosal surface. Herein, we examined the effect of aging in T cells and cytokines at the intestinal mucosa that might be involved in oral tolerance induction. Frequencies of regulatory-type IEL subsets such as TCRγδ(+) and TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) were lower in aged mice. Mucosal CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) and CD4(+)LAP(+) T cells increased with aging but activated CD44(+)CD4(+) mucosal T cells also augmented. Production of TGF-β and IL-10 in the small intestine of old mice was reduced. Moreover, the ability of mucosal dendritic cells of aged mice to stimulate TGF-... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963149 Fri, 13 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963147&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21676487%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rossowska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Ryśnik O, Wojas J, Krawczenko A, Szyda A, Duś D Antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) are a promising tool for inducing a tumor-specific immune response. It seems probable that co-administration of those cells together with cytokine-transduced DCs can further increase effectiveness of the antitumor vaccine. The local production of IL-2 by genetically modified DCs may result in alteration of the unfavorable tumor environment causing immune response dysfunction. In the presented study murine DCs of an established JAWS II cell line were transduced with a retroviral vector carrying murine IL-2 gene (JAWS II/IL-2). JAWS II/IL-2 cells demonstrated slightly decreased tumor antigen (TAg) uptake capacities. However, this modification resulted in enhanc... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963147 Fri, 13 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871887&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601940%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Striz I, Brabcova E, Kolesar L, Liu XD, Brabcova I, Sekerkova A, Poole JA, Jaresova M, Slavcev A, Rennard SI Macrophages located in airways and the alveolar space are continually exposed to different signals from the respiratory mucosa. In this respect, epithelial cells represent an important source of cytokines and mediators modulating the state of activation and/or differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes. Many of the proinflammatory genes induced in macrophages during immune and immunopathological reactions are regulated by transcription factor NF kappa B. The aim of our study was to characterize changes in the expression of genes associated with NF kappa B activation and signalling in THP-1 human macrophages co-cultured with A549 respiratory epithelial cells. At least 4-f... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871887 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871893&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kastrup J Coronary artery disease is the most common background of death in western countries. Medical therapies and revisualization by percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary by-pass surgery have reduced the mortality significantly. However, many of the treated patients still have angina or heart failure symptoms, many hospitalisations and a poor prognosis. Therefore, there is need for identifying new biomarkers, which alone or in combination with other risk markers are useful in monitoring treatment and as prognostic markers for future cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic heart disease. The inflammatory biomarker YKL-40 has recently been found elevated in patients with both acute and stable chronic cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, YKL-40 could potentiall... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871893 Fri, 29 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871892&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601308%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: López MN, Pesce B, Kurte M, Pérez C, Segal G, Roa J, Aguillón JC, Mendoza-Naranjo A, Gesser B, Larsen C, Villablanca A, Choudhury A, Kiessling R, Salazar-Onfray F We have previously demonstrated that IT9302, a nonameric peptide homologous to the C-terminal domain of human IL-10, mimics several effects of the cytokine including down-regulation of the antigen presentation machinery and increased sensitivity of tumor cells to NK-mediated lysis. In the present report, we have explored a potential therapeutic utility for IT9302 related to the ex vivo production of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs). Our results indicate that IT9302 impedes human monocyte response to differentiation factors and reduces antigen presentation and co-stimulatory capacity by DCs. Additionally, peptide-... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871892 Thu, 21 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871889&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601938%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bobryshev YV, Moisenovich MM, Pustovalova OL, Agapov II, Orekhov AN The architectonics and cell composition of the human large arteries are not sufficiently understood. The present study is the first to undertake an analysis of the distribution and quantities of HLA-DR-expressing cells in grossly undiseased human intima using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analysis, complemented by the advantages of confocal microscopy. The study revealed a widespread distribution of HLA-DR-expressing cells throughout the intimal space where the cells were integrated into continuous networks via long cell processes. Numbers of HLA-DR+ cells were found to be significantly larger in the middle third of the intima than in the superficial and deep intimal portions. We speculate that a w... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871889 Thu, 21 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871888&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601939%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wright AK, Christopoulou I, El Batrawy S, Limer J, Gordon SB Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines offer suboptimal protection against mucosal infections and are restricted in serotype and geographical coverage. New protein-based vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens and better mucosal adjuvant technology are urgently needed. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has shown efficacy as a pneumococcal protein vaccine adjuvant in murine models of pneumococcal infection. Systemic administration of recombinant human (rh) IL-12 to humans, however, has been associated with adverse clinical and laboratory side effects. Inhaled forms of IL-12 have improved the safety profiles in humans, as suggested by animal models. Here we evaluated rhIL-12 as an adjuvant on ex vivo human BAL cells when stimulat... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871888 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871885&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601942%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rodrigues PN, Gomes SS, Neves JV, Gomes-Pereira S, Correia-Neves M, Nunes-Alves C, Stolte J, Sanchez M, Appelberg R, Muckenthaler MU, Gomes MS Anaemia is a frequent complication of chronic infectious diseases but the exact mechanisms by which it develops remain to be clarified. In the present work, we used a mouse model of mycobacterial infection to study molecular alterations of iron metabolism induced by infection. We show that four weeks after infection with Mycobacterium avium BALB/c mice exhibited a moderate anaemia, which was not accompanied by an increase on hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression. Instead, infected mice presented increased mRNA expression of ferroportin (Slc40a1), ceruloplasmin (Cp), hemopexin (Hpx), heme-oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) and lipocalin-2 (Lcn2). Both the a... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871885 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871884&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601943%26dopt%3DAbstract We report here that TLR3, TLR4 and TLR8 engagement induce CCL1, CCL2 and CCL4 production in freshly isolated monocytes. While differentiating cells maintain the capacity to secrete CCL2 and CCL4, CCL1 is no longer induced at later differentiation stages. Although different pairs of TLR agonists have been described to synergistically induce cytokine production in different cell types, agonist combinations cooperate in reducing CCL1 and CCL2, but not CCL4 secretion in freshly isolated monocytes, and fail to rescue CCL1 production at later differentiation stages. The effects of single, but not combined, TLR engagement on chemokine expression mostly occur at transcriptional level, and are IL-10 independent. Conversely, inhibition of CCL1 secretion upon combined TLR engagement is partially resc... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871884 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871886&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601941%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Francelin C, Paulino LC, Gameiro J, Verinaud L We have previously showed alterations in the thymus during experimental infection with Plasmodium berghei, the causative agent of Malaria. Such alterations comprised histological changes with loss of delimitation between cortical and medullar regions, a profound atrophy with depletion of CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes, and severe changes in the expression of cell migration-related molecules, belonging to the extracellular matrix and chemokine protein families. Taken together, these considerations prompted us to evaluate if the acute thymic atrophy observed during Plasmodium infection was correlated with increased apoptotic levels of thymocytes or with their premature emigration to the periphery. Our results confirmed... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871886 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871891&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601309%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shah D, Wanchu A, Bhatnagar A Imbalance oxidative stress and chemokines are considered as a universal factors involved in the development of various clinical features seen in the patients with SLE and arthritis. To evaluate the interaction between oxidative stress and chemokines and their relationship with disease activity in SLE and RA patients, oxidative/anti-oxidant profiles and chemokines were assessed. Oxidant and anti-oxidant enzymes were measured in the plasma and the levels of chemokines; MCP-1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1β/CCL-4 and IP-10/CXCL-10 were evaluated in the serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation was found in SLE and RA patients and positively associated with disease activity. The activit... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871891 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871890&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21601937%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miljković D, Stanojević Z, Momcilović M, Odoardi F, Flügel A, Mostarica-Stojković M Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the CNS. Albino Oxford (AO) rats are resistant to the induction of EAE, while the disease can be readily induced in Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Here we investigated a potential contribution of the CNS milieu in the limitation of the encephalitogenic autoimmune response. EAE was induced by immunization of the respective rat strains with spinal cord homogenate emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. AO rats did not exhibit clinical signs after immunization while DA rats developed severe neurologic deficits. Infiltration of immune cells into spinal cords (... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871890 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815913&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514967%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee HS, Chung HJ, Lee HW, Jeong LS, Lee SK Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is released from metabolically active cells into extracellular space and plays an important role in various pathophysiological processes. Adenosine regulates many biological responses including inflammation by the interaction with their receptors such as A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). Especially, A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is considered to be expressed in macrophage cells. To the end, A(3)AR agonists have been reported to have an anti-inflammatory activity. In our continuous efforts to develop new anti-inflammatory agents, we found a novel adenosine analog, 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-4'-thioadenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (thio-Cl-IB-MECA), was a potent human A(3)AR agonist. The study was designed... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815913 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4815913 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815912&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529993%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hassan GS, Merhi Y, Mourad W CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a member of the TNF family, was initially thought to be solely implicated in thymus-dependent humoral responses. However, work by several groups showed that CD40L plays a more global role in various systems. Recent evidence has outlined an important role for CD40L in the physiopathology of the vascular system. Indeed, by interacting with its principal receptor, CD40, or with the recently identified receptors, namely αIIbβ3, α5β1, and Mac-1 integrins, CD40L displayed many biological functions in different types of vascular cells. In addition, the CD40L system was demonstrated a major player in the pathology of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. This review outlines the expression pattern and the funct... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815912 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4815912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815911&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21529994%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gambhir V, Kim J, Siddiqui S, Taylor M, Byford V, Petrof EO, Jones G, Basta S The vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to exert its regulatory effects at the transcription level. VDR is expressed in professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs), such as macrophages (Mø) and dendritic cells (DCs). We show for the first time that the 24-hydroxylase enzyme is activated in bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC), due to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) stimulation which resulted in the induction of its gene, CYP24A1. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the influence of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on TLR-4-L-induced activation of pAPC is dependent on the order of VDR and TLR-4 engagement. Thus, pre-treatment of pAPC with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) partially inhibited LPS-induc... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815911 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4815911 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815910&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21531038%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abu El-Asrar AM, Al-Obeidan SS, Kangave D, Geboes K, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Struyf S Aqueous humor (AH) samples from patients with Behçet's disease (BD) (n=29), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease (n=21), and HLA-B27-associated uveitis (n=8), and 42 control patients were assayed for the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1/GRO-α and CXCL8/IL-8 and the lymphocyte chemoattractants CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL12/SDF-1 with the use of a multiplex chemokine assay. Chemokine levels except SDF-1 were significantly higher in the 3 disease groups than in normal controls. Considering all patients, mean GRO-α levels were 15-fold higher than IL-8 levels and mean IP-10 levels were 22-fold higher than MIG levels. In patients with the same disease activity, AH levels of GRO-α and IP-... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815910 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4815910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815909&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21531476%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: CD8α(+) DCs were tolerogenic to the development of arthritis. CD8α(+) DCs deficiency heightened the sensitivity to arthritis in Ccr2(-/-) mice. Ccr2 deficiency did not alter the arthritic phenotype in SKG mice suggesting the arthritis in Ccr2(-/-) mice was T cell-independent. PMID: 21531476 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815909 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4815909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815916&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21513999%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Toya SP, Malik AB Recent research on the endothelium demonstrates complex interactions of endothelial cells with circulating immune cells, mediators such as cytokines, hormones and growth factors, and with the underlying parenchymal cells. These disparate interactions are involved in promotion of vascular development; maintenance of tissue homeostasis; and regulation of vascular repair. Injury to the endothelial monolayer is the sine qua non of organ dysfunction with endothelial repair the necessary first step needed for recovery. Thus, the capacity of the endothelium to regenerate itself is a key determinant of organ repair and survival after injury. Using the example of the lung, we will review the current state of knowledge regarding the importance of endothelium in the abo... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815916 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4815916 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815917&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21489649%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stojanovic I, Mirkov I, Kataranovski M, Glamoclija J, Stosic-Grujicic S Inflammation plays an important role in protective immunity against fungi, including the opportunistic pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is a key determinant of infection outcome. Since macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of many cytokines, we analyzed herein the role of endogenous MIF in the host control of hematogenously disseminated aspergillosis using MIF(-/-) mice. As revealed by their mortality rate, MIF(-/-) mice were more susceptible to disseminated infection than WT mice. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of MIF with (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester, (ISO... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815917 Wed, 16 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4815917 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815915&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514000%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carballeda JM, Zoth SC, Gómez E, Gravisaco MJ, Berinstein A Infectious bursal disesase is a highly contagious, wide spread immunosuppressive chicken disease caused by the Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). IBDV is a two segmented double-strand RNA virus, member of the Birnaviridae family. In order to study the interaction between IBDV and the immune system, chickens were exposed to an intermediate IBDV strain by intramuscular route, and using Real Time PCR the expression of a panel of avian cytokines and chemokines in duodenum, spleen and bursa of Fabricius was analyzed. Also, splenic nitrite (NO(2)) production and the frequencies of different mononuclear cell populations were evaluated by Griess reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. Intramuscular (i.m.) IBDV inocul... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815915 Sun, 13 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4815915 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4815914&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514687%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Paiva LS, Costa KM, Canto FB, Cabral VR, Fucs R, Nobrega A, Rumjanek VM Ouabain (OUA) is an endogenous hormone released by the adrenal gland under stress situations. Steroid hormones and glucocorticoids have been characterized as selective inhibitors of lymphopoiesis. The present report shows in vivo modulation of mature B cells in bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood by ouabain. Mice injected intraperitonially (i.p.) with ouabain 0.56mg/kg for 3 consecutive days displayed, 24h after last injection, a decreased cellularity in the bone marrow with diminution of the mature B cell subpopulation while the other B cell subpopulations were preserved. Percentually, the myeloid lineage in bone marrow was increased by ouabain. Numbers of mature B lymphocytes in spleen and periph... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4815914 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4815914 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4710961&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21470712%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated the pharmacological profile of SK&F 96365 on mouse lymphocytes stimulated by mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) or by a combination of a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and a calcium ionophore, ionomycin in vitro. Our results showed that SK&F 96365 pre-treatment diminished the cytosolic calcium rise on lymphocytes induced by ionomycin, PMA/ionomycin, and thapsigargin (TG), respectively. CFDA-SE staining results showed that SK&F 96365 (5-20μM) inhibited both Con A- and PMA/ionomycin-induced lymphocytes proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Upon the same stimulation, SK&F 96365 inhibited the expression of CD69 and CD25 on CD3(+) T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle analyzing results... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4710961 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4710961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4710960&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21474199%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Balada E, Castro-Marrero J, Pujol AP, Torres-Salido MT, Vilardell-Tarrés M, Ordi-Ros J It is known that CD48 regulates T-cell activation. We evaluated the transcriptional expression of CD48 in CD4(+) T cells from 30 SLE patients and 30 healthy controls. CD48 mRNA levels were considerably higher in the patients group: 1.80±1.41 versus 1.10±0.50 (p=0.023). An inverse correlation was obtained with respect to CD48 mRNA levels and age in the control group (r=-0.478, p=0.007). None association was found between CD48 mRNA expression and levels of anti-dsDNA, complement, or lymphocyte counts. Alternatively, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between CD48 transcript levels and SLEDAI values (r=0.372, p=0.042). The higher CD48 mRNA levels observed in CD4(+)... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4710960 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4710960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4656880&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21411179%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gentilini MV, Nuñez GG, Roux ME, Venturiello SM In the present work, we studied the kinetics of the appearance of different immunological parameters in the lungs during the intestinal phase of infection with Trichinella spiralis. We also evaluated the lung's role in the retention and death of this helminth in its migratory stage. To study these parameters, we used lung extracts, lung cell suspensions and rat lung tissue sections. During the intestinal phase of infection (days 0-13 post-infection, p.i.), an inflammatory response is elicited in the lungs, which reflects humoral, cellular and functional changes. These changes included an increased number of mast cells and eosinophils and the local production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-13, CCL11 and CCL28. We found hy... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4656880 Wed, 23 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4656880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4593185&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21396734%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, the data showed that the expression of ATF3, growth arrest and DNA damage-45 alpha (Gadd45α), Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the GMCs in response to sublytic C5b-9 stimulation for the indicated time was significantly increased, and ATF3 expression could lead to GMCs apoptosis through up-regulation of Gadd45α and KLF6, but not up-regulation of PCNA. Furthermore, Gadd45α was identified as a downstream target gene regulated by ATF3 directly, and KLF6 might be regulated by ATF3 in an indirect manner. PMID: 21396734 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4593185 Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4593185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4593184&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21397979%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lammers AJ, de Porto AP, Florquin S, de Boer OJ, Bootsma HJ, Hermans PW, van der Poll T Patients without a spleen are susceptible for overwhelming sepsis with Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated the relative contribution of the pneumococcal capsule in the reduced host defense after splenectomy. Sham-operated or splenectomized mice were inoculated with serotype 2 or 4 S. pneumoniae (D39, TIGR4) or the isogenic nonencapsulated mutants (D39Δcps, TIGR4Δcps). After splenectomy, intranasal infection with D39 resulted in increased mortality, increased bacterial dissemination and exaggerated systemic inflammation rather then altering inflammation in the lungs. Intravenous infection also resulted in enhanced mortality, bacterial growth and systemic inflammation after splenectom... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4593184 Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4593184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4534527&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21324546%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee WI, Huang JL, Lin SJ, Yeh KW, Chen LC, Ou LS, Yao TC, Hsieh MY, Huang YC, Yu HR, Kuo HC, Yang KD, Jaing TH Hyper-immunoglobulin E recurrent infection syndromes (HIES) have distinct features, with identified associated mutations of STAT3, TYK2, and DOCK8. Among 197 Taiwanese patients with primary immunodeficiency on a referral-base of over 23 million inhabitants, STAT3 (R382W and Q469R) and DOCK8 mutations (exon 1-9 deletion) were identified in two patients each from six AD-HIES and five AR-HIES patients, respectively. Aside from decreased Th17 and memory B cells, characteristic facies and pneumatocele were not mutually exclusive regardless of STAT3 and DOCK8 mutations. One with novel DOCK8 deletion had notable cytomegalovirus retinitis, cerebral vasculitis, lead deposition... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4534527 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4534527 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4481153&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21281982%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined whether co-inhibitory molecules play a critical role in "spontaneous" allograft tolerance. Naïve or donor sensitized diabetic female C57BL/6 (B6) wild type (WT), PD-1(-/-), and BTLA(-/-) mice were transplanted with freshly isolated syngeneic male islet grafts. The role of co-inhibitors during priming of anti-donor responses and graft challenge was also assessed using monoclonal antibodies targeting co-inhibitory receptors. Among the co-inhibitor (CTLA-4, PD-1) specific antibodies tested, only anti-PD-1 showed some potential to prevent spontaneous acceptance of male islet grafts. All BTLA(-/-) and almost all PD-1(-/-) recipients maintained the ability to spontaneously accept male islet grafts. While spontaneous graft acceptance in naïve recipients was only weakly PD-1 dependen... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4481153 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4481153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4481152&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21281983%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: The results showed evidence that methylation of IFN-γ and IL-10 genes is a usual feature on periodontal tissues. Further studies are needed to determine the functional relevance of these alterations. PMID: 21281983 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4481152 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4481152 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4481151&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21281984%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, a novel HLA-DR-restricted peptide E7 from the ESAT-6 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was used to prepare modified HLA-DR*08032/E7 tetramer (tetramer 1) and HLA-DR*0818/E7 tetramer (tetramer 2) to monitor a series of samples from TB patients and control donors. Tetramer staining showed that (1) by direct staining of single sample and flow cytometric analyses, detection of tetramer-positive CD4(+) T cells ranged from 0.1% to 8.8% (median 0.67% in tetramer 1 and 0.5% in tetramer 2), 0.1 to 10.7% (0.74% and 0.71%), 0.02 to 2.2% (0.25% and 0.25%), 0.02 to 0.48% (0.2% and 0.2%) and most at under 0-0.2% (0.2% and 0.16%) in the initial pulmonary TB (PTB) patients' blood, pleural fluid (PLF) of initial tuberculous pleuritis patients, non-TB patients' blood, healthy donors... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4481151 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4481151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4481150&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21281985%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, this work showed the enhanced frequency of breast cancer patients with higher serum DPPIV activity. Decreased percentage of CD26+ white blood cells and decreased CD26 expression on lymphocytes are also characteristics of this group of patients. Determination of the clinical outcome of analyzed patients, 1 and 2 years after the surgical resection of the tumor, would clarify potential prognostic values of examined parameters for breast cancer. PMID: 21281985 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4481150 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4481150 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4414294&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21269730%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Campos N, Magro F, Castro AR, Cabral J, Rodrigues P, Silva R, Appelberg R, Rodrigues S, Lopes S, Macedo G, Sarmento A Defects in macrophage function have been implicated in the establishment of Crohn's disease (CD). However, the response of macrophages from CD patients to live bacteria, particularly Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), has not been addressed. Considering MAP has long been associated to CD, our objective was to assess whether macrophages from CD patients showed impaired inflammatory response to infection by MAP comparing to M. avium subsp. avium (MA) and other live intestinal commensal bacteria. Human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages were obtained from CD patients, ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and controls. Following in vitro infe... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4414294 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4414294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4222569&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21112468%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhuang Y, Shi Y, Liu XF, Zhang JY, Liu T, Fan X, Luo J, Wu C, Yu S, Chen L, Luo P, Guo G, Liu Z, Tang B, Mao XH, Guo Y, Zou QM Th17 cells represent a novel subset of CD4(+) T cells, which is associated with chronic inflammation. The present study evaluated Th17 cell responses to Helicobacter pylori infection in mouse model and CD4(+) T cell differentiation in response to H. pylori-infected macrophages. Th17 cells were observed in the H. pylori-infected gastric tissue. Co-culture of CD4(+) T cells with H. pylori-infected macrophages elevated IL-17 and IFN-γ secretion, up-regulated retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) and T box expressed in T cells (T-bet) expression and increased the numbers of Th17 and Th1 cells. The expression of CD40, CD80, and CD86 and the sec... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4222569 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:51:12 +0100 4222569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4203454&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21093096%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, our data suggest that the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase possess inhibitory potential against LPS-induced NO production by mouse macrophages; however, apocynin failed to reduce LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice. PMID: 21093096 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4203454 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4203454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4203453&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21093956%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, administering an alum-NLX mixture adjuvant in combination with the ERL vaccine enhances both humoral and cellular immunity, and shifts the immune response to a Th1 pattern. PMID: 21093956 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4203453 Wed, 27 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4203453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4170399&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21074891%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pekkarinen PT, Vaali K, Junnikkala S, Rossi LH, Tuovinen H, Meri S, Vaarala O, Arstila TP Complement is a fundamental part of the innate immune system, and also modulates B cell responses. Its effects on T cells, however, are less well studied. Here we have studied antigen-specific T cell responses in C3-knockout (C3-KO) C57BL/6 mice. The animals were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant, which favors T helper 1 (Th1)-type responses. Splenic lymphocytes from C3-KO mice proliferated less in response to OVA stimulation than splenocytes from control wild type (WT) mice. The response in the C3-KO mice was also qualitatively different. The expression of Th1 lineage determining transcription factor T-bet was decreased in OVA-stimulated splenocytes, and the in... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4170399 Wed, 27 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4170399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4140189&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21035230%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Our data point to the presence of a relation between SLC26A4 expression in AITD and thyroid function. PMID: 21035230 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4140189 Wed, 27 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4140189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4091420&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20965606%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zagon IS, Donahue RN, Bonneau RH, McLaughlin PJ Opioid peptides function as immunomodulatory molecules. Reports have linked the opioid growth factor (OGF), [Met(5)]-enkephalin, and its receptor OGFr to autoimmune diseases. OGF repressed the incidence and magnitude of myelin oligodendrocyte-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Given the extensive connection between the immune system and autoimmune diseases, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship of the OGF-OGFr axis and T lymphocyte proliferation. Splenic-derived mouse lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutin (PHA). All non-stimulated and PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes had immunoreactivity for OGF-like enkephalin and OGFr. OGF markedly suppressed T lymphocyte number in a dose-de... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4091420 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4091420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4091422&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20956025%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, Incubation of human umbilical cord blood monocyte-derived immature DCs with CTB-INS autoantigen fusion protein increased the surface membrane expression of DC Toll-like receptor (TLR-2) while no significant upregulation in TLR-4 expression was detected. Inoculation of iDCs with CTB stimulated the biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 co-stimulatory factors demonstrating an immunostimulatory role for CTB in both DC activation and maturation. In contrast, incubation of iDCs with proinsulin partially suppressed CD86 co-stimulatory factor mediated DC activation, while incubation of iDCs with CTB-INS fusion protein completely suppressed iDC biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 costimulatory factors. The incubation of iDCs with increasing amounts of insulin did not increase the level o... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4091422 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4091422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4091421&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20956026%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we show that IL-15-driven NKR induction in CD8+ T cells was linked with CD56 de novo acquisition, consistent with an effector-memory phenotype, increased anti-apoptotic levels, high granzyme B/perforin expression and with the ability of displaying in vitro NK-like cytotoxicity. Interestingly, dissection of NKR functional outcome in IL-15-cultured CD8+ T cells revealed: (i) that NKG2D cross-linking was able per se to upregulate degranulation levels and (ii) that KIR and NKG2A cross-linking upregulated secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10. These results suggest that IL-15 is capable of differentiating CD8+ T cells into NK-like T cells displaying a regulatory phenotype. PMID: 20956026 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4091421 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4091421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4079050&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20951467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Choi HJ, Choi WS, Park JY, Prabagar MG, Kang KH, Jeon SJ, Park SG, Shin CY, Kang YS Capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae are representative T-cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens, frequently causing serious infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. However, the detailed mechanism of this immune escape by CPSs is poorly understood. To pursue this question, polysaccharide dextran, ligand of SIGN-R1 as well as an appropriate model of the immunogenicity of many TI-2 polysaccharide antigens was used. SIGN-R1 bound to binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), a well-characterized endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, primarily in non-ER compartments. Interestingly, SIGN-R1(+) macrophages in the MZ showed high expression of BiP, implying an i... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4079050 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4079050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4013708&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20870310%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Goldoni AL, Maciel M, Rigato PO, Piubelli O, de Brito CA, Melo A, Marques ET, August JT, Duarte AJ, Sato MN Vaccines capable of inducing mucosal immunity in early postnatal life until adulthood, protecting early sexual initiation, should be considered as strategies to vaccination against HIV. The HIV-1 GAG protein as a chimera with the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP/gag), encoded by a DNA vaccine, is targeted to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment that contains class II MHC molecules and has been shown to be immunogenic in adult mice. Assuming that one such strategy could help to overcome the immunological immaturity in the early postnatal period, we have evaluated the systemic and mucosal immunogenicity of LAMP/gag immunization in neonatal mice. Intranasal immuniz... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4013708 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4013708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4013709&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20850890%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we investigated the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by odontoblast-like cells upon engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, a pattern recognition molecule activated by Gram-positive bacteria components. We used a highly sensitive Milliplex(®) kit for detecting cytokines released by cells stimulated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, or with the potent TLR2 synthetic agonist Pam2CSK4. We found that odontoblasts produce the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8, as well as the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in response to TLR2 agonists. GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12(p70), IL-13 and TNF-α were not detected. These data indicate that TLR2 activation in human odonto... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4013709 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4013709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855907&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20692532%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Langmann T, Rehli M PMID: 20692532 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855907 Thu, 12 Aug 2010 05:36:21 +0100 3855907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855906&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20692533%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: El Chartouni C, Rehli M Interferon (IFN)gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 are central regulators of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses, respectively. Both cytokines have a major impact on macrophage phenotypes: IFNgamma-priming and subsequent TLR4 activation induces so-called "classically activated" macrophages that are characterized by pronounced pro-inflammatory responses, whereas IL-4-treated macrophages, commonly called "alternatively activated", are known to develop enhanced capacity for endocytosis, antigen presentation and tissue repair and are generally considered anti-inflammatory. Considering IL-4 as priming rather than activating stimulus, we now compared the TLR4-dependent global gene activation program in IFNgamma- versus IL-4-pretreated mouse macro... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855906 Thu, 12 Aug 2010 05:36:16 +0100 3855906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855899&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20692534%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we have demonstrated that IL-10 inhibits M1 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) VEGF, stimulated by LPS/CGS21680 (adenosine A2A receptor agonist), but does not prevent VEGF production from M2 macrophages stimulated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, we show that hypoxic-conditioned BMDM generated VEGF was maintained in the presence of IL-10, but was suppressed when concomitantly stimulated with IFN-gamma. Finally, LPS/PGE2 generated an arginase-1(+) M2 macrophage that in addition to generating VEGF produced significant quantities of IL-10. Under these conditions, neither in IL-10 deficient macrophages nor following IL-10 neutralization was VEGF production affected. Our results indicate IL-10 suppressed M1 but not M2 derived VEGF, and that activation signals deter... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855899 Thu, 12 Aug 2010 05:36:12 +0100 3855899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855908&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20688415%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nagatani K, Komagata Y, Asako K, Takayama M, Yamamoto K Systemic immune tolerance is induced for orally administered antigen, and this phenomenon is called oral tolerance. However, the mechanism of oral tolerance has not been completely elucidated. It has been suggested that antigen presentation and generation of regulatory T cells in Peyer's patches (PPs) are important for induction of oral tolerance. Hence, we orally administered fluorescence-labelled antigen to mice and examined kinetics of the antigen and interaction between antigen-loaded dendritic cells and T cells. It was visualized that dendritic cells in PP rapidly take up antigen. We next transferred antigen-specific naïve T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice and administered the antigen orally. Antigen-sp... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855908 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3855908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827420&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20667621%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, a 54kDa major allergen of C. lunata was cloned, expressed, characterized and showed biological activity. It has potential to be used in molecule based approach for allergy diagnosis and therapy. PMID: 20667621 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827420 Sun, 25 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827419&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20667622%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prado C, Gómez J, López P, de Paz B, Gutiérrez C, Suárez A Recent studies have shown the capacity of corticoids to increase forkhead box p3 (FOXP3) expression, which suggests that these drugs may be able to generate regulatory T cells (Treg). Therefore, corticoids may possibly be employed in protocols to generate or expand Treg cells with the aim of being used in cell transfer therapy. However, given that in humans FOXP3 is not necessarily associated with regulatory function, it is of great importance to ascertain whether FOXP3-expressing cells generated with corticoids are "truly" Treg cells. To this end, we studied the effect of dexamethasone on both human activated lymphocytes and in vitro generated Treg cells as well as regulatory activity of CD4(+)CD25(high) c... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827419 Sun, 25 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827419 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827421&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20656372%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mitkiewicz M, Kuropatwa M, Kurowska E, Gorczyca WA Inflammation involves the cooperation of various cells and biologically active molecules. An important intracellular messenger molecule participating in the regulation of the process is cyclic GMP (cGMP), which is synthesized by guanylyl cyclases (GCs). The GC family comprises cytosolic (soluble) and membrane-bound (particulate) enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how the synthesis of cGMP by various forms of GC affects the expression of inflammatory cytokines depending on the activity of the transcription factors NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) and AP-1 (activator protein-1). We established that in rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), synthesis of cGMP was elevated by sodium nitroprusside ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827421 Thu, 22 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827422&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20655616%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cardoso CR, Favoreto S, Oliveira LL, Vancim JO, Barban GB, Ferraz DB, Silva JS Injury triggers inflammatory responses and tissue repair. Several treatments are currently in use to accelerate healing; however, more efficient formulations are still needed for specific injuries. Since unsaturated fatty acids modulate immune responses, we aimed to evaluate their therapeutic effects on wound healing. Skin wounds were induced in BALB/c mice and treated for 5 days with n-3, n-9 fatty acids or vehicle (control). n-9 treated mice presented smaller wounds than control and n-3 at 120h post-surgery (p.s.). Collagen III mRNA, TIMP1 and MMP9 were significantly elevated in n-9 group compared to n-3 or vehicle at 120h p.s. Among the inflammatory mediators studied we found that IL-10, TNF-alph... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827422 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827423&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20655126%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schilling T, Eder C The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 play pivotal roles in neuroinflammatory diseases. Caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage is required to convert the premature, biologically inactive cytokines to their biologically active forms capable of promoting tissue inflammation. Although caspases have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases, mechanisms regulating caspase-1 activation are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that the proinflammatory lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) initiates microglial caspase-1 activation in a Na(+)-dependent manner. LPC-induced caspase-1 activity was almost completely inhibited upon omission of extracellular Na(+), but was unaffected by inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827423 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827418&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20667623%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vermani M, Vijayan VK, Menon B, Kausar MA, Agarwal MK Aspergillus-derived inhalant allergens play an important role in the etiology of allergic respiratory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the allergenic potential of Aspergillus tamarii, quantified its airborne content, identified its major/minor allergens, evaluated heterogeneity of patients' IgE response to its allergens and cross-reactivity of its allergens with other Aspergillus allergens. Skin prick tests with A tamarii extract were performed on 300 patients of bronchial asthma/allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy volunteers. Sixty-six patients (22%) elicited positive cutaneous reactions to A tamarii extract. Only one of the 20 non-allergic healthy volunteer showed a mild positive cutaneous reaction. Allergen-s... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827418 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3827417&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20674073%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ilyas R, Wallis R, Soilleux EJ, Townsend P, Zehnder D, Tan BK, Sim RB, Lehnert H, Randeva HS, Mitchell DA Diabetic complications include infection and cardiovascular disease. Within the immune system, host-pathogen and regulatory host-host interactions operate through binding of oligosaccharides by C-type lectin. A number of C-type lectins recognise oligosaccharides rich in mannose and fucose - sugars with similar structures to glucose. This raises the possibility that high glucose conditions in diabetes affect protein-oligosaccharide interactions via competitive inhibition. Mannose-binding lectin, soluble DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, and surfactant protein D, were tested for carbohydrate binding in the presence of glucose concentrations typical of diabetes, via surface plasmon reson... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3827417 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3827417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3780606&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20638153%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gabrilovac J, Cupić B, Zivković E, Horvat L, Majhen D Aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13) is a ubiquitous membrane-bound enzyme. Expressed on haematopoietic cells APN participates in inflammatory and immune responses by regulating local concentration of chemotactic peptides and by fine-tuning antigen presentation. The data of this study have shown for the first time that cells of murine macrophage line, J774, often used as a model cell line, express CD13 both at transcriptional level and at the level of membrane protein with aminopeptidase N (APN) activity. The level of transcriptional expression of CD13/APN on J774 cells was compared to that found on normal cells participating in immune responses. The highest CD13/APN level was found in peritoneal macrophages, followed by J774... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3780606 Tue, 29 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3780606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722328&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20591533%26dopt%3DAbstract This study analyzes the structural and functional characteristics of a human monoclonal aPL (HL7G) from the IgG2 subtype with lambda light chains generated from a patient with primary APS and recurrent cerebral microemboli. DNA encoding the variable region of heavy and light chains of the antibody was sequenced, analyzed, and compared to HL5B a previously described monoclonal aPL from the same patient. Both antibodies are derived from the same germline genes. HL7G had similar but more extensive somatic mutations in the CDR1 and 2 regions than HL5B, indicating that both antibodies are closely related and derived by a T cell-dependent antigen driven process. In ELISA assays HL7G bound to cardiolipin and several other phospholipid antigens in the absence of protein cofactors. Different from H... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722328 Sun, 27 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722332&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20580120%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Florian C, Barth T, Wege AK, Männel DN, Ritter U It is commonly accepted that dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the induction of adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells within secondary lymphoid organs reflects the efficiency of antigen processing and presentation by DCs. Consequently, the quantification of proliferating antigen-specific T cells represents an important read-out for analyzing DC-T cell interactions. Standard proliferation assays are usually performed with cell suspensions of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes labelled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, [(3)H] thymidine, or 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. However, these assays have important limitations, including the complete loss of infor... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722332 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722329&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20580464%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sierra-Filardi E, Vega MA, Sánchez-Mateos P, Corbí AL, Puig-Kröger A The shift between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) states of macrophage polarization allows the resolution of inflammatory processes as well as the maintenance of a basal anti-inflammatory environment in tissues continuously exposed to harmless antigens (e.g., lung and gut). To identify markers for the anti-inflammatory state of macrophages, expression profiling was performed on human macrophages polarized by either GM-CSF or M-CSF, which lead to the generation of TNF-alpha and IL-12p40-producing pro-inflammatory macrophages [M1 (GM-CSF)] or IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory macrophages [M2 (M-CSF)] upon exposure to LPS, respectively. A different iron metabolism gene signature was det... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722329 Mon, 07 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722336&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20579763%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ecker J, Liebisch G, Grandl M, Schmitz G Macrophages and dendritic cells originate from a common myeloid precursor. Although several studies compared transcriptional profiles of these cells, not a single study compared their lipid profiles. Therefore, we measured and compared fatty acid (FA) and phospholipid (PL) species composition of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin 4 (IL-4) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated monocytes isolated from healthy volunteers. We found that these two cell types prominently differ in their FA composition. Dendritic cells (DCs) contain lower proportions of C16 and C18 mono-unsaturated FAs, but higher proportions of C20 and C22 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than phagocytic ma... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722336 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722335&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20579764%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, despite its involvement in cytokine processing, NALP3 is not essential for induction of protective immunity to Mtb. PMID: 20579764 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722335 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722334&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20579765%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zanoni I, Granucci F Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages contribute to the activation of immune responses against infectious agents. They sense the presence of microbes through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the different PAMPs, the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the best characterized. Upon LPS encounter DCs undergo an activation process and acquire the ability to prime both natural killer and T-cell responses after migration to lymph nodes. Once they completed the effector phase, DCs reach a terminal differentiation stage and eventually die by apoptosis. By contrast, macrophages do not leave the tissue upon LPS recognition. They first initiate inflammatory processe... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722334 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722333&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20580119%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Persson EK, Jaensson E, Agace WW Intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets are believed to play key roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis in the steady state and in driving protective immune responses in the setting of intestinal infection. This mini-review focuses on recent progress regarding the ontogeny and function of small intestinal lamina propria dendritic cell/macrophage subsets. In particular we discuss recent findings suggesting that small intestinal CD103(+) dendritic cells and Cx3cr1(+) cells derive from distinct precursor populations and that CD103(+) dendritic cells represent the major migratory population of cells with a key role in initiating adaptive immune responses in the draining mesenteric lymph node. In contrast, Cx3cr1(+) cells appear to rep... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722333 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722331&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20580461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: El Chartouni C, Schwarzfischer L, Rehli M Interleukin (IL)-4 is a central regulator of T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses, and also has a major impact on innate immune cells. This cytokine primes macrophages for immune responses to parasites and induces a distinct macrophage phenotype that may also promote tissue repair. IL-4 signaling in macrophages is primarily mediated by the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6), which in turn regulates a number of secondary DNA binding proteins that may participate in shaping the resulting phenotype. The impact of secondary transcription factors on IL-4-treated macrophages, however, is largely unknown. Here we show that interferon regulatory factor 4 (Irf4) is strongly induced on RNA and protein le... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722331 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722330&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20580463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mabbott NA, Kenneth Baillie J, Hume DA, Freeman TC In order to address fundamental questions associated with the relationships between mononuclear phagocytes and other myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, we have taken advantage of the growing body of expression data available in the public domain. We collated a large number of published expression studies on mouse haemopoietic cell lineages comprising 304 cell samples from 29 independent experiments performed on a single microarray platform (Affymetrix MOE430-2). The data were subjected to network-based cluster analysis using Biolayout Express(3D). Genes with related function clustered together in distinct regions of the graph reaffirming many known associations between gene expression and role in specific pathways and defi... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722330 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722327&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20594610%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ley S, Weigert A, Brüne B Macrophages are key players not only during initiation of inflammation but also during its resolution. This is achieved by their high functional plasticity and the demand to recognize an enormous repertoire of danger signals and cytokines/chemokines derived from adaptive immune cells. Studies predominantly conducted over the last two decades implicate that macrophage responses are also modulated by neuronal mediators such as neurotransmitters or neurotrophic factors. Here we summarize the current understanding of neuromediator-dependent interplay between macrophages and the nervous system. PMID: 20594610 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722327 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3722326&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20594611%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Horsnell WG, Brombacher F Resolution of helminth infections is typically associated with the host launching a TH2 dominated immune response. In experimental models of helminth infections a key feature of this TH2 immunity is the induction of alternatively activated macrophage (AAM) populations. The importance of AAMs in immunity to helminths has initially been highlighted by the fact that their presence is essential for host survival from schistosomiasis. Since then it has become apparent that AAMs also play important roles in regulating the pathology and expulsion in a number of nematode infections. In the present review, we describe the diverse and complex roles of AAMs in regulating helminth infections and pathology. From these studies important findings are emerging on the... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3722326 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3722326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3702229&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20573418%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karlstetter M, Ebert S, Langmann T In contrast to the tremendous amount of research data from the central nervous system, relatively little is known about microglial homeostasis in the retina. This may be explained by a strong research bias towards important brain pathologies including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In addition, there are specific technical limitations which hampered the analysis of retinal microglia, including their relatively small number in ocular tissue. The lack of experimental tools also prevented direct visualization and molecular analysis of this specialized neuronal macrophage population. Over the last few years, this situation has changed considerably as more and more retinal disorders have come into focus. Many rar... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3702229 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3702229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3702227&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20573419%26dopt%3DAbstract This study describes a new level of regulation of immune responses by histone deacetylase inhibitors and defines the molecular basis for new strategies to be exploited in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. PMID: 20573419 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3702227 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3702227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3702225&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20576313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fritzsche C, Schleicher U, Bogdan C Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was originally discovered in the cardiovascular system, where it contributes to the regulation of blood pressure and the inhibition of platelet adhesion. Considering that the vascular endothelium is critical for the initiation of inflammatory processes and that eNOS has been detected in certain types of immune cells, we investigated the function of eNOS in C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major, a protozoan parasite that causes a chronic, but self-healing skin disease. C57BL/6 eNOS(-/-) mice developed more severe (but ultimately resolving) skin lesions with strikingly higher numbers of parasites compared to wildtype controls. In accordance with our finding that naive T lymphocytes and Th1 cells (... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3702225 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3702225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3702222&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20576314%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Staab C, Mühl-Zürbes P, Steinkasserer A, Kummer M The cell surface protein CD83 belongs to the immunoglobulin super family and is highly expressed on mature dendritic cells (DCs). A membrane bound and a soluble form of CD83 (sCD83) have been described. Previously, the isolation of a purified recombinant sCD83 molecule from bacterial cultures using high pressure liquid chromatography was reported. This recombinant protein reduced DC-mediated T cell proliferation in vitro and displayed an inhibitory effect in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. When purifying sCD83 from bacteria, however, a lipopolysaccharide fraction is frequently co-isolated with the recombinant sCD83 protein. Moreover, the subsequent separation of sCD83 from contaminating LPS is u... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3702222 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3702222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3684056&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20561711%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cristina Gauzzi M, Del Cornò M, Gessani S Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 recognizes double-stranded RNA and triggers the production of type 1 interferon and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Its engagement in dendritic cells (DCs) induces their maturation into potent immunostimulatory cells endowed with the capacity to efficiently cross-prime T lymphocytes. Owing to these properties, TLR3 agonists are currently under investigation as promising adjuvants in DC-based immunotherapy protocols for the treatment of viral and neoplastic diseases. Thus, a detailed understanding of the cascade of events specifically triggered in DCs upon engagement of this receptor is of great interest in translational research. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on TLR3 signalling in D... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3684056 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3684056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3663287&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20541282%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schwaeble W, Constantinescu CS PMID: 20541282 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3663287 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3663287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3663286&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20542587%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: This is the first report in the literature of levels of anti-caspase-8 antibodies in T1D through ELISA. The high concentration in patients with T1D, and its strong correlation with anti-GAD65 auto-antibodies, suggests a potential role of anti-caspase-8 auto-antibodies as surrogate marker autoimmunity in T1D patients. PMID: 20542587 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3663286 Sat, 15 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3663286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3600351&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20494473%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, Rabeximod impairs differentiation of monocytes into different pro-inflammatory APCs, leading to impaired immunostimulatory abilities of these cells. Our observations shed light on the cellular mode of action and the immunomodulatory effect of Rabeximod. PMID: 20494473 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3600351 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3600351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3557052&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20452702%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maréchal Y, Quéant S, Polizzi S, Pouillon V, Schurmans S Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (or Itpkb) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4), its reaction product, play an important role in the control of B lymphocyte fate and function in vivo. In order to investigate the fine mechanisms of Itpkb and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 action in B cells, we crossed Itpkb(-/-) mice with transgenic mice expressing a 3-83mudelta B cell receptor (BCR) specific for membrane-bound MHC-I H2-K(b) and H2-K(k) molecules. On a non-deleting H2-K(d) genetic background, we show that Itpkb is important for the control of Bim protein expression and B cell survival rather than for the control of B cell development from one stage to another. Analyses of cell surface markers expression, ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3557052 Tue, 13 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3557052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3534236&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20439129%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johansson U, Walther-Jallow L, Hofmann A, Spetz AL Dendritic cell derived IL-12p70 stimulates IFN-gamma production in naïve T cells, thereby promoting Th1 responses, which counteracts induction of tolerance. Uptake of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells is generally considered to induce tolerance rather than immune activation and has been shown to specifically inhibit IL-12 production. However, we previously demonstrated that the activation state of apoptotic PBMC influence their immunogenic potential. Here we investigated whether dendritic cells that have engulfed apoptotic PBMC are able to produce IL-12p70 after a secondary signal. We show that dendritic cell ability to produce IL-12p70 after uptake of allogeneic apoptotic cells is dependent on the activation state of the ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3534236 Fri, 09 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3534236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3522989&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20430472%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ko NY, Mun SH, Lee SH, Kim JW, Kim DK, Kim HS, Her E, Kim SH, Won HS, Shin HS, Kim HS, Kim YM, Choi WS Interleukin (IL)-32 is a recently described cytokine that appears to play a critical role in a variety of inflammatory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, thus far, the regulation of IL-32 production has not been fully established. Here, we report on signaling pathways that regulate the production of IL-32alpha, the most abundant isoform, in the human alveolar epithelial cell line, A549. IL-32alpha was expressed and secreted by IL-1beta. The IL-32 expression was attenuated by PP2 (a Src-family kinase [SFK] inhibitor), rottlerin (a protein kinase [PK] Cdelta inhibitor), and LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K] inhibitor). Furth... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3522989 Fri, 19 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3522989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3468487&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20382443%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tarazona R, Delgado E, Guarnizo MC, Roncero RG, Morgado S, Sánchez-Correa B, Gordillo JJ, Dejulián J, Casado JG Prostasomes are small vesicles secreted by the prostate gland to the seminal fluid. In male fertility, the fusion of prostasomes to sperm has been associated with an enhancement of sperm function. Prostasomes also contribute to sperm protection within the female reproductive tract and immunologically relevant proteins have been identified on the prostasomal membrane that may prevent immune-mediated destruction of the sperm.The female genital tract is a potentially hostile environment for spermatozoa and a large number of NK cells have been found in the female reproductive tract. Since it has been suggested that NK cells may represent an important component ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3468487 Thu, 18 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3468487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3457306&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20378199%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Duvoix A, Mackay RM, Henderson N, McGreal E, Postle A, Reid K, Clark H Surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays an important role in lung host defence. SP-D levels have been shown to be depleted in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. A recombinant fragment of the human SP-D (rfhSP-D) which consist of a hydrophobic neck and a CRD has been shown to be active in vivo and partially reverses the symptoms of the SP-D deficiency in the lungs when administered to SP-D knock-out mice. In this paper we studied the in vitro effect of different proteolytic enzymes commonly found in CF patients lungs, such as neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and protease 3 as well as Pseudomonas elastase, on rfhSP-D. It was also shown that cleavage was inhibited by physiological concentration of calcium. When Western ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3457306 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3457306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3441850&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20362352%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blank F, Wehrli M, Lehmann A, Baum O, Gehr P, von Garnier C, Rothen-Rutishauser BM The human airway epithelium serves as structural and functional barrier against inhaled particulate antigen. Previously, we demonstrated in an in vitro epithelial barrier model that monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDC) and monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) take up particulate antigen by building a trans-epithelial interacting network. Although the epithelial tight junction (TJ) belt was penetrated by processes of MDDC and MDM, the integrity of the epithelium was not affected. These results brought up two main questions: (1) Do MDM and MDDC exchange particles? (2) Are those cells expressing TJ proteins, which are believed to interact with the TJ belt of the epithelium to preserve the epitheli... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3441850 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3441850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3435366&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20356650%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was conducted to determine if respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus), a non-pathogenic virus that induces robust Th1-mediated mucosal and systemic responses could modulate induction of PE-specific allergic responses when co-administered with PE. Young mice were orally exposed to PE mixed with CT, reovirus, or both CT and reovirus. As expected, CT promoted PE-specific serum IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a and intestinal IgA production as well as splenic Th1- and Th2-associated cytokine recall responses. Reovirus did not alter PE-specific serum IgE and IgG1 levels, but substantially increased the PE-specific IgG2a response when co-administered with PE with or without CT. Additionally, reovirus significantly decreased the percentage of the Peyer's patch CD8(+) T-cells and Foxp3(+)CD4(+) ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3435366 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3435366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3409099&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20334949%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we could demonstrate activation of the complement system both systemically as well as in the eye, the target organ of spontaneous recurrent uveitis. Based on these novel findings, we postulate a novel role for macrophages in connection with complement synthesis at the site of inflammation. PMID: 20334949 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3409099 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3409099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322905&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20189263%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nagib PR, Gameiro J, Guilherme Stivanin-Silva L, Sueli Parreira de Arruda M, Maria Serra Villa-Verde D, Savino W, Verinaud L Little is known about the immunologic consequences from endocrine changes observed in diabetes. Since a preserved thymic microenvironment is of critical importance for the T cell development and maturation, we have examined the thymus from alloxan-diabetic mice. An intense thymic atrophy accompanied by changes in histological pattern and in thymocyte subpopulations were observed in diabetic mice. Laminin and fibronectin, which are closely associated with thymocytes maturation, were evaluated, but, only laminin presented an altered distribution and density in thymuses from diabetes group. the expression of fibronectin and laminin receptors was found to be... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322905 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291830&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163886%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Skoglund C, Wetterö J, Tengvall P, Bengtsson T Blood platelets are emerging as important immunomodulatory cells, but complement interaction with platelets is not well understood. Several platelet structures have been described as complement protein 1q (C1q) binding receptors, such as C1qRp/CD93 and gC1qR. However, there are conflicting results whether these receptors are C1q binding structures, or even at all expressed on the cell surface. Recently, the collagen-binding integrin alphaIIbetaI was reported to bind C1q on mast cells, and this receptor is also present on platelets. The aim of this study was to further characterize the effects of C1q on platelets, by quantifying the platelet surface expression of P-selectin (CD62P) and monitoring the formation of platelet-neut... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291830 Mon, 15 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3291830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291829&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163887%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, Our data present a link between HMGB1and RAGE function of endothelial cells and demonstrate the pathway activated by HMGB1. These findings may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the endothelial cells function. PMID: 20163887 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291829 Mon, 15 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3291829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291827&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163888%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beduleva L, Menshikov I The mechanism of autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-collagen autoantibodies) induction in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is unknown. The study assessed the hypothesis that activation of autoantibody-producing clones is mediated by idiotype-anti-idiotype (IAI) interactions with lymphocytes on heterologous collagen. It was demonstrated that RF-containing serum of rats immunized with bovine collagen (BCII) in ELISA competes with BCII for binding to anti-BCII antibodies. Immunization of rats with Fc fragments of IgG caused not only an increase in RF levels, but also induction of antibodies to BCII and anti-collagen autoantibodies. Taken together, these facts suggest that activation of RF-producing lymphocytes in CIA model occurs through IAI i... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291827 Mon, 15 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3291827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3291826&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20163889%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Domingues Santos C, Loria RM, Rodrigues Oliveira LG, Collins Kuehn C, Alonso Toldo MP, Albuquerque S, do Prado Júnior JC A significant role for hormones in regulating the balance of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines with a role in modulating diseases has been accumulating. Previously, we reported that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the most abundant steroid hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex, markedly reduced the blood and tissue parasites in experimentally Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats. Based on these findings, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate ester (DHEA-S) therapy alone or in combination with benznidazole (BNZ) (recommended in Brazil for the treatment of T. cruzi infection) will be effective during ... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3291826 Mon, 15 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3291826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3239975&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20122752%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jaganjac M, Poljak-Blazi M, Kirac I, Borovic S, Joerg Schaur R, Zarkovic N The aim of the study was to elucidate the effects of murine granulocytes on the growth of solid murine tumors when administrated in the vicinity of W256 carcinoma growing in Sprague Dawley rats, and in the vicinity of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) growing in BALBc mice. The administration of granulocytes significantly improved the survival of W256-bearing rats, and increased the tumor regression incidence from 17% up to 75%. Rats with regressing tumors had 2.5 times increased levels of granulocytes in peripheral blood, which were also cytotoxic in vitro for W256 carcinoma cells. However, blood levels of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 were simil... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3239975 Mon, 25 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3239975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3164710&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20061048%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sisto M, Lisi S, Lofrumento DD, Caprio S, Mitolo V, D'Amore M Novel biologic therapies targeted against specific components of the immune system, including blockade of TNF-alpha have revolutionized therapeutic approaches to inflammatory conditions and systemic inhibitors of TNF-alpha have been approved for the treatment of a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. No studies aimed to elucidate the effects of anti-TNF-alpha blockers on tumour necrosis factor-alpha convertase (TACE) expression and activation have yet been published. TACE is the principal protease involved in the activation of pro-TNF-alpha and is a target for anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Here we focused on regulation of TACE expression in human salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) treated by anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3164710 Tue, 29 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3164710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3057529&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19957379%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19957379 (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3057529 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 12:16:03 +0100 3057529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3037195&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19942314%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, we were not able to demonstrate a role for TLR9 in the recognition of and host defense against NTHi. PMID: 19942314 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3037195 Tue, 24 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3037195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3034391&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19939494%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chai LY, Netea MG, Sugui J, Vonk AG, van de Sande WW, Warris A, Kwon-Chung KJ, Jan Kullberg B Melanin biopigments have been linked to fungal virulence. Aspergillus fumigatus conidia are melanised and are weakly immunogenic. We show that melanin pigments on the surface of resting Aspergillus fumigatus conidia may serve to mask pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-induced cytokine response. The albino conidia induced significantly more proinflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as compared to melanised wild-type conidia. Blocking dectin-1 receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 or mannose receptor decreased cytokine production induced by the albino but not by the wild type conidia. Moreover, albino conidia stimulated less potently, cytokine pr... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3034391 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3034391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3034390&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19939495%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: Our results show that MASP-3 is present in relatively high serum concentrations. Moreover, Ficolin-3 is the primary acceptor molecule of MASP-3 among the LCP activator molecules, but MASP-3 appears to down-regulate Ficolin-3 mediated complement activation through the lectin pathway. PMID: 19939495 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunobiology) Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3034390 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3034390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3004334&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19913939%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawanishi T, Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Nagayama A Two basidiomycete species, Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM) and Cordyceps sinensis (CS) were examined for induction of cytokines in murine macrophage cell line R309 (R309) and T cell line LBRM-33 1A5 (1A5). When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated R309 were exposed to the extracts of basidiomycetes, R309 induced significant levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1). Interleukin 2 (IL-2) induction was recognized in 1A5 cultures in the presence of IL-1 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, no enhancement of IL-2 production by these basidiomycetes was discerned in 1A5 cultures with IL-1 and PHA, i.e., direct action of basidiomycetes was not found on IL-2 production of 1A5. PHA-stimulated 1A5 exposed to basidiomycetes induced IL-2 without IL-1 when co-c... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3004334 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3004334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2993014&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19906460%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boldizsar F, Talaber G, Szabo M, Bartis D, Palinkas L, Nemeth P, Berki T In the last decade new glucocorticoid (GC)-signalling mechanisms have emerged. The evolving field of non-genomic GC actions was precipitated from two major directions: (i) some rapid/acute clinical GC applications could not be explained based on the relatively slowly appearing genomic GC action and (ii) accumulating evidence came to light about the discrepancy in the apoptosis sensitivity and GR expression of thymocytes and other lymphoid cell types. Herein, we attempt to sample the latest information in the field of non-genomic GC signalling in T cells, and correlate it with results from our laboratory. We discuss some aspects of the regulation of thymocyte apoptosis by GCs, paying special interest to th... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2993014 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2993014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2978302&cid=s_35626_3_f&fid=35626&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19897276%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mehta AK, Singh BP, Arora N, Gaur SN Asthma is a chronic immune inflammatory disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and increased bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). Therapeutic interventions reduce airway inflammation and relieve symptoms but associated with potential side effects that limit their usefulness. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of choline on immune inflammation and BHR in asthma subjects. The patients of asthma (n=76) were recruited and treated with choline supplement (1500mg twice) or standard pharmacotherapy for 6 months in two groups. The patients were evaluated by clinical, immunologic and biochemical parameters. The treatment with choline showed significant reduction in symptom/drug score and improvement in PC(20) FEV1 compa... Immunobiology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2978302 Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2978302