MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Immunology' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 06:42:52 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637824&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637824 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637823&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637823 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637822&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637822 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637821&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637821 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637820&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637820 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637819&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637819 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5637818&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000003%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5637818 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:21:53 +0100 5637818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5604742&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22236103%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 22236103 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5604742 Thu, 19 Jan 2012 03:24:50 +0100 5604742 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596693&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596693 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596692&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596692 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596691&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596691 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596690&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596690 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596689&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596689 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596688&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596688 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596687&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596687 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5596686&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000002%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5596686 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 11:21:23 +0100 5596686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5604576&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22242941%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kvarnhammar AM, Cardell LO Abstract The pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) family includes Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). They recognize various microbial signatures or host-derived danger signals and trigger an immune response. Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory processes, including parasitic helminth infection, allergic diseases, tissue injury and tumor immunity. Human eosinophils express several PRRs, including TLR1-5, TLR7, TLR9, NOD1, NOD2, Dectin-1 and RAGE. Receptor stimulation induces survival, oxidative burst, activation of the adhesion system and release of cyt... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5604576 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5604576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5604579&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22236141%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we examined whether oxLDL and oxLDL-IC regulate ASMase differently, and whether ASMase mediates monocyte/macrophage activation and cytokine release. oxLDL-IC but not oxLDL induced early and consistent release of catalytically active S-ASMase. oxLDL-IC also consistently stimulated L-ASMase activity, whereas oxLDL induced a rapid transient increase in L-ASMase activity before it steadily declined below baseline. Prolonged exposure to oxLDL increased L-ASMase activity; however, activity remained significantly lower than that induced by oxLDL-IC. Further studies were aimed at defining the function of the activated ASMase. In response to oxLDL-IC, heat shock protein 70B' (HSP70B') was up-regulated and localized with redistributed ASMase in the endosomal compartment outside the lys... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5604579 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5604579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5604578&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22236212%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xi J, Zhang GP, Qiao SL, Guo JQ, Wang XN, Yang YY, Zhang LN, Miao XW, Zhao D, Zhi YB, Cai SJ, Luo J, Deng RG Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem chronic inflammatory disease affecting many organs. The deposition in kidney tissue of immune complexes and their interaction with macrophages is thought to trigger the inflammatory response leading to glomerulonephritis. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of this interaction in murine models can alleviate the disease. Six synthetic peptides were derived from the membrane-proximal extracellular domain (EC2) of huFcγRII. Of these, one peptide, huRII6, was shown to be a potent competitive inhibitor of IgG binding to recombinant FcγRII in vitro. In order to examine the possible therapeutic impact of h... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5604578 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5604578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5604577&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22236403%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ichikawa R, Takayama T, Yoneno K, Kamada N, Kitazume MT, Higuchi H, Matsuoka K, Watanabe M, Itoh H, Kanai T, Hisamatsu T, Hibi T Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are known as antigen presenting cells and play a central role in both innate and acquired immunity. Peripheral blood monocytes give rise to resident and recruited DCs in lymph nodes and non-lymphoid tissues. The ligands of nuclear hormone receptors can modulate DC differentiation and thus influence various biological functions of DCs. The role of bile acids (BAs) as signaling molecules has recently become apparent, but the functional role of BAs in DC differentiation has not yet been elucidated. We show that DCs derived from human peripheral blood monocytes cultured with a BA produce lower levels of interleukin-12 (... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5604577 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5604577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562667&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211918%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhang Y, Wang H Abstract Integrins not only mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, but also affect the multitude of signal transduction cascades in control of cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and organ development. Mutations in integrins or the major effectors of integrin signaling pathways cause defective organ development, immunodeficiency, cancer or autoimmune disease. Understanding of the signaling events that drive integrin activation and signaling is therefore crucial to uncover the molecule mechanisms of these diseases. This review discusses the key signaling complexes regulating integrin activation and function in both 'inside-out' and 'outside-in' pathways in T lymphocytes, including kinases, SLP-76, VAV1, ADAP, SKAP-55, RapL, RIAM,... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562667 Mon, 02 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562666&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211948%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Henson SM, Macaulay R, Franzese O, Akbar AN Abstract Highly differentiated CD8(+) CD28(-) CD27(-) T cells have short telomeres, defective telomerase activity and reduced capacity for proliferation. In addition, these cells express increased levels of inhibitory receptors and display defective Akt(ser(473) ) phosphorylation following activation. It is not known whether signalling via PD-1 contributes to any of the attenuated differentiation-related functional changes in CD8(+) T cells. To address this we blocked PD-1 signalling during TCR activation using antibodies against PDL1 and PDL2. This resulted in a significant enhancement of Akt(ser(473) ) phosphorylation and TCR-induced proliferative activity of highly differentiated CD8(+) CD28(-) CD27(-) T cells. In contrast, th... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562666 Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5562666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562665&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211994%26dopt%3DAbstract Foxp3(+) Regulatory T cells, Immune Stimulation and Host Defense against Infection. Immunology. 2011 Dec 29; Authors: Rowe JH, Ertelt JM, Way SS Abstract The immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. This relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tregs) and immune effectors that without active suppression by Tregs cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Although these beneficial roles have been classically described to be counter-balanced by impaired host defense against infection, newfound protective roles for Treg... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562665 Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5562665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5536867&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22182461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moran AE, Hogquist KA Abstract Understanding the thymic processes that support the generation of functionally competent and self-tolerant lymphocytes requires dissection of the T cell receptor (TCR) response to ligands of different affinities. In spatially segregated regions of the thymus, with unique expression of proteases and cytokines, TCR affinity guides a number of cell fate decisions. Yet affinity alone does not explain the selection paradox. Increasing evidence suggests that the 'altered peptide' model of the 1980's together with the affinity model might best explain how the thymus supports conventional and regulatory T cell development. Development of new tools to study the strength of TCR signals perceived by T cells, novel Treg transgenic mice, and tetramer enri... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5536867 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5536867 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5536866&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22182481%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we have compared the activation of CD4(+) T cells specific for the proteoglycan aggrecan following antigen presentation by DC, macrophages and B cells. We show that aggrecan-specific B cells are equally efficient APC as DC and macrophages and use similar intracellular antigen processing pathways. Importantly, we also show that antigen presentation by aggrecan-specific B cells to TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells results in enhanced CD4(+) T cell IFN-γ production and T(H) 1 effector sub-set differentiation compared to that seen with DC. We conclude that preferential CD4(+) T(H) 1 differentiation may define the requirement for B cell APC function in both PGIA and RA. PMID: 22182481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5536866 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5536866 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494363&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494363 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494362&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494362 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494362 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494361&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494361 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494361 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494360&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494360 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494360 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494359&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494359 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494359 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494358&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494358 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494357&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494357 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494356&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494356 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:52:54 +0100 5494356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494355&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2012%2F00000135%2F00000001%2Fart00001 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494355 Sat, 10 Dec 2011 02:54:43 +0100 5494355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5476388&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22136142%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, these studies show that initiating events in xenobiotic-induced autoimmunity, including lymphocyte activation, cytokine expression and autoantibody production, are not dependent on complement. PMID: 22136142 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5476388 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5476388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5476389&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22136109%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chin CY, Monack DM, Nathan S Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor of melioidosis contributing to higher mortality rates in diabetics infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei. To investigate how diabetes alters the inflammatory response, we established a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic murine acute-phase melioidosis model. Viable B. pseudomallei cells were consistently detected in the blood, liver and spleen during the 42 hr course of infection but the hyperglycemic environment did not increase the bacterial burden. However after 24 hours, granulocyte counts increased in response to infection, whilst blood glucose concentrations decreased over the course of infection. A genome wide expression analysis of the STZ-diabetic murine acute melioidosis liver id... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5476389 Sat, 03 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5476389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5476390&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22133266%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chavez-Galán L, Sada-Ovalle I, Baez-Saldaña R, Chávez R, Lascurain R Abstract Experimental models have shown that lipoproteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induce apoptosis via TLR2 in the THP-1 cell line and in monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy volunteers. We found an increased percentage of circulating monocytes in tuberculosis (TB) patients in comparison to healthy controls. TB patients showed a higher TLR2 and TLR4 expression density on monocytes, and a higher proportion of TLR2(+) monocytes, as well as increased serum TNF-alpha level. In culture, monocytes from TB patients were more susceptible to undergo death than monocytes from healthy controls. Moreover, death susceptible monocytes were positive to both TLR2 and TLR4 at the start of culture. Fr... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5476390 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5476390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399849&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00013 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399849 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399848&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00012 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399848 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399847&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00011 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399847 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399846&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00010 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399846 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399845&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399845 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399844&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399844 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399843&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399843 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399842&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399842 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399841&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399841 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399840&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399840 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399839&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399839 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399838&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399838 Sat, 12 Nov 2011 23:53:47 +0100 5399838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399837&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000004%2Fart00001 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399837 Wed, 09 Nov 2011 02:48:15 +0100 5399837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382125&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22043829%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Deenick EK, Ma CS Abstract It is well established that the generation of a high-affinity long-lived antibody response requires the presence of T cells, specifically CD4(+) T cells. These CD4(+) T cells support the generation of a germinal centre (GC) response where somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation take place leading to the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells, which provide long-lasting protection. Greater insight into the nature of the CD4(+) T cells involved in this process was provided by two studies in 2000 that described CD4(+) T cells residing in the B cell follicle that expressed CXCR5. As a result these cells were named follicular B helper T cells, now more commonly known as T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Since then there has been enormous g... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382125 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:17:27 +0100 5382125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382124&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22043861%26dopt%3DAbstract Relative efficiency of porcine and human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin in inhibiting human CD4(+) T-cell responses co-stimulated by porcine and human B7 molecules. Immunology. 2011 Dec;134(4):386-97 Authors: Koshika T, Phelps C, Fang J, Lee SE, Fujita M, Ayares D, Cooper DK, Hara H Abstract α1,3-Galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs transgenic for porcine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin (pCTLA4-Ig) have been produced to reduce T-cell-mediated rejection following xenotransplantation. The level of soluble pCTLA4-Ig in their blood was greatly in excess of the therapeutic level in patients, rendering the pigs immune-incompetent. Soluble pCTLA4-Ig produced by these transgenic pigs was evaluated for binding to porcine and human (h) B7 molecul... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382124 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:17:15 +0100 5382124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382123&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22043920%26dopt%3DAbstract CD4(+) T helper 2 cells - microbial triggers, differentiation requirements and effector functions. Immunology. 2011 Dec;134(4):368-77 Authors: Okoye IS, Wilson MS Abstract Over the past 10 years we have made great strides in our understanding of T helper cell differentiation, expansion and effector functions. Within the context of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell development, novel innate-like cells with the capacity to secrete large amounts of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and IL-9 as well as IL-4-producing and antigen-processing basophils have (re)-emerged onto the type 2 scene. To what extent these new players influence αβ(+)  CD4(+)  Th2 cell differentiation is discussed throughout this appraisal of the current literature. We highlight the unique features of Th2 cell de... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382123 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:17:04 +0100 5382123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382122&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22043941%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu F, Lamontagne J, Sun A, Pinkerton M, Block T, Lu X Abstract Serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK) is an inflammatory protein whose levels are elevated in numerous cancers. However, the role of this protein in cancer development is unknown. We have recently found that SPIK suppresses serine protease-dependent cell apoptosis. Here, we report that anti-SPIK antibodies can co-immmunoprecipitate serine protease granzyme A (GzmA), a cytolytic granule secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells during immune surveillance, and that SPIK suppresses GzmA-induced cell apoptosis. Deletion studies show that the C3-C4 region of SPIK is critical for this suppression. These studies suggest that over-expression of SPIK may prevent GzmA-mediated immune-killing, thereby ... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382122 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:16:53 +0100 5382122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382121&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044021%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oliphant CJ, Barlow JL, McKenzie AN Abstract Type 2 immune responses, characterized by the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and the production of the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, are associated with parasitic helminth infections and inflammatory conditions such as asthma and allergies. Until recently the initiating factors associated with type 2 responses had been poorly understood. This review addresses the recent advances in identifying the diverse range of antigens/allergens associated with type 2 responses and the function, expression and sources of type-2-initiating cytokines (thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25 and IL-33). We also discuss the latest findings regarding innate lymphoid cells, such as nuocytes, as ear... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382121 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:16:41 +0100 5382121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382120&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044067%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Svajger U, Pohleven J, Kos J, Strukelj B, Jeras M Abstract A novel lectin, isolated from the basidiomycete mushroom Clitocybe nebularis and termed C. nebularis lectin (CNL), exhibits an immunostimulatory effect on the most potent antigen-presenting cells, the dendritic cells (DCs). Treatment of human monocyte-derived DCs with CNL in doses from 1 to 10 μg/ml resulted in a dose-dependent induction of overall DC maturation characteristics. Exposure of DCs to CNL for 48 hr resulted in extensive up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, as well as of the maturation marker CD83 and HLA-DR molecules. Such CNL-matured DCs (CNL-DCs) were capable of inducing a T helper type 1-polarized response in naive CD4(+)  CD45RA(+) T cells in 5-day allogeneic co-cultures... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382120 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:16:30 +0100 5382120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382119&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044090%26dopt%3DAbstract Humoral immune responses in humanized BLT mice immunized with West Nile virus and HIV-1 envelope proteins are largely mediated via human CD5(+) B cells. Immunology. 2011 Dec;134(4):419-33 Authors: Biswas S, Chang H, Sarkis PT, Fikrig E, Zhu Q, Marasco WA Abstract BLT mice, constructed by surgical implantation of human fetal thymus-liver tissues and intravenous delivery of autologous CD34(+) haematopoietic stem cells into adult non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, were evaluated for vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. Following engraftment, these mice developed a human lymphoid system; however, the majority of the peripheral human B lymphocytes displayed an immature phenotype as evidenced by surface CD10 expression. Over 50% of the human B cells in... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382119 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:16:18 +0100 5382119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382118&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044159%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee BO, Jones JE, Peters CJ, Whitacre D, Frelin L, Hughes J, Kim WK, Milich DR Abstract Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent one of the main mechanisms of regulating self-reactive immune cells. Treg cells are thought to play a role in down-regulating immune responses to self or allogeneic antigens in the periphery. Although the function of Treg cells has been demonstrated in many experimental settings, the precise mechanisms and antigen specificity often remain unclear. In a hepatitis B e antigen-T-cell receptor (HBeAg-TCR) double transgenic mouse model, we observed a phenotypically unique (TCR(+)  CD4(-) /CD8(-)  CD25(+/-)  GITR(high)  PD-1(high)  FoxP3(-) ) HBeAg-specific population that demonstrates immune regulatory function. This HBeAg-specific double-negativ... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382118 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:16:05 +0100 5382118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382117&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044210%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Inagaki-Ohara K, Sakamoto Y, Dohi T, Smith AL Abstract The intestinal epithelium is rich in γδ T cells and the gut is a site of residence for a wide variety of pathogens, including nematodes. Although CD4(+) T-cell receptor (TCR) -αβ(+) T helper type 2 T cells are essential for the expulsion of intestinal nematodes, little information is available on the function of γδ T cells in this type of infection. Here, we demonstrate two major functions of γδ T cells as a potently protective T-cell population against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection using γδ T-cell-deficient (TCR-δ(-/-) ) mice. First, γδ T cells are required to initiate rapid expulsion of adult worms from the intestine and to limit egg production. Second, γδ T cells prevent the pathological inte... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382117 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:15:53 +0100 5382117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382116&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044285%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, 1,25(OH)(2) D(3) directly affects Treg cell growth and promotes interleukin-10 production without apparent effects on activation status and suppressive phenotype whereas in vivo, high serum 1,25(OH)(2) D(3) levels are associated with reduced Treg cell proliferation and a reduced number of Treg cells. PMID: 22044285 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382116 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:15:43 +0100 5382116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382115&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hassaballa AE, Palmer VL, Anderson DK, Kassmeier MD, Nganga VK, Parks KW, Volkmer DL, Perry GA, Swanson PC Abstract During their development, B lymphocytes undergo V(D)J recombination events and selection processes that, if successfully completed, produce mature B cells expressing a non-self-reactive B-cell receptor (BCR). Primary V(D)J rearrangements yield self-reactive B cells at high frequency, triggering attempts to remove, silence, or reprogramme them through deletion, anergy induction, or secondary V(D)J recombination (receptor editing), respectively. In principle, expressing a catalytically inactive V(D)J recombinase during a developmental stage in which V(D)J rearrangement is initiated may impair this process. To test this idea, we generated transgenic mice express... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382115 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:15:34 +0100 5382115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382114&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044420%26dopt%3DAbstract Selective culling of high avidity antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells after virulent Salmonella infection. Immunology. 2011 Dec;134(4):487-97 Authors: Ertelt JM, Johanns TM, Mysz MA, Nanton MR, Rowe JH, Aguilera MN, Way SS Abstract Typhoid fever is a persistent infection caused by host-adapted Salmonella strains adept at circumventing immune-mediated host defences. Given the importance of T cells in protection, the culling of activated CD4(+) T cells after primary infection has been proposed as a potential immune evasion strategy used by this pathogen. We demonstrate that the purging of activated antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells after virulent Salmonella infection requires SPI-2 encoded virulence determinants, and is not restricted only to cells with specificity to Salmonella-ex... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382114 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:15:23 +0100 5382114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5382113&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050375%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 22050375 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5382113 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 13:15:13 +0100 5382113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303835&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00011 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303835 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303834&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00010 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303834 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303833&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303833 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303832&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303832 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303831&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303831 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303830&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303830 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303829&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303829 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303828&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303828 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303827&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303827 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303826&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303826 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:55:03 +0100 5303826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303825&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000003%2Fart00001 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303825 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 02:41:35 +0100 5303825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300181&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21977994%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hirahara K, Vahedi G, Ghoreschi K, Yang XP, Nakayamada S, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ, Laurence A Abstract CD4(+) T cells have critical roles in orchestrating immune responses to diverse microbial pathogens. This is accomplished through the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells to specialized subsets in response to microbial pathogens, which evoke a distinct cytokine milieu. Signal transducer and activator of transcription family transcription factors sense these cytokines and they in turn regulate expression of lineage-defining master regulators that programme selective gene expression, resulting in distinctive phenotypes. However, phenotype and restricted gene expression are determined not only by the action of transcription factors; chromatin accessibility is required for the... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300181 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:06:59 +0100 5300181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300180&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21977995%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bennett LD, Fox JM, Signoret N Abstract Co-ordinated movement and controlled positioning of leucocytes is key to the development, maintenance and proper functioning of the immune system. Chemokines and their receptors play an essential role in these events by mediating directed cell migration, often referred to as chemotaxis. The chemotactic property of these molecules is also thought to contribute to an array of pathologies where inappropriate recruitment of specific chemokine receptor-expressing leucocytes is observed, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. As a result, chemokine receptors have become major targets for therapeutic intervention, and during the past 15 years much research has been devoted to understanding the regulation of their biological activity.... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300180 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:06:49 +0100 5300180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300179&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21977996%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gujer C, Sundling C, Seder RA, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Loré K Abstract Interferon-α (IFN-α) produced at high levels by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can specifically regulate B-cell activation to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 stimulation. To explore the influence of IFN-α and pDCs on B-cell functions in vivo, studies in non-human primates that closely resemble humans in terms of TLR expression on different subsets of immune cells are valuable. Here, we performed a side-by side comparison of the response pattern between human and rhesus macaque B cells and pDCs in vitro to well-defined TLR ligands and tested whether IFN-α enhanced B-cell function comparably. We found that both human and rhesus B cells proliferated while pDCs from both species produced high lev... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300179 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:06:38 +0100 5300179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300178&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21977997%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bonney EA, Shepard MT, Bizargity P Abstract Classic models suggest maternal tolerance is dependent on regulation of fetal antigen-specific T cell responses. We hypothesize that factors unique to a particular fetal antigen-specific T cell, rather than the state of pregnancy per se, are important determinants of T cell fate during pregnancy. To investigate the fate of fetal antigen-specific CD4 T cells in the systemic circulation, we examined spleen cells in a CD4 T cell receptor transgenic mouse specific for the male antigen H-Y. We observed a transient decrease in CD4(+)  Vβ6(+) cell numbers and, due to transient internalization of CD4, an increase in CD4(-)  Vβ6(+) T cells. Antigen-specific in vitro responsiveness was not depressed by pregnancy. These data suggest t... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300178 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:06:28 +0100 5300178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300177&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21977998%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Menzies FM, Henriquez FL, Alexander J, Roberts CW Abstract Progesterone is the female sex hormone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy, and is known to modulate macrophage activation. However, studies have concentrated exclusively on the ability of progesterone to negatively regulate the innate and classical pathways of activation, associated with nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-12 production. Our aim was to examine the ability of progesterone to modulate alternative macrophage activation. Bone marrow cells were isolated and differentiated from male BALB/c mice, exposed to varying concentrations of progesterone and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (innate activation), IL-4 (alternative activation) or LPS in combination with IL-4. Our present study demo... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300177 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:06:17 +0100 5300177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300176&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21977999%26dopt%3DAbstract Equine CD4(+)  CD25(high) T cells exhibit regulatory activity by close contact and cytokine-dependent mechanisms in vitro. Immunology. 2011 Nov;134(3):292-304 Authors: Hamza E, Gerber V, Steinbach F, Marti E Abstract Horses are particularly prone to allergic and autoimmune diseases, but little information about equine regulatory T cells (Treg) is currently available. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the existence of CD4(+) Treg cells in horses, determine their suppressive function as well as their mechanism of action. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy horses were examined for CD4, CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) expression. We show that equine FoxP3 is expressed constitutively by a population of CD4(+)  CD25(+) T ... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300176 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:06:07 +0100 5300176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300175&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21978000%26dopt%3DAbstract The expansion ability but not the quality of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells is associated with protective human leucocyte antigen class I alleles in long-term non-progressors. Immunology. 2011 Nov;134(3):305-13 Authors: López M, Peris A, Soriano V, Lozano S, Vicario JL, Rallón NI, Restrepo C, Benito JM Abstract Studies in long-term non-progressors (LTNP) have suggested that the quality of the CD8(+) response may involve protective human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. However, studies examining the expansion ability of different functional CD8(+) T cells and their association with HLA class I alleles are lacking. LTNP, untreated typical progressors (TP) and patients successfully on highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) during 1 year (HP) were included. HLA clas... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300175 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:05:56 +0100 5300175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300174&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21978001%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kvarnhammar AM, Petterson T, Cardell LO Abstract NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are newly discovered pattern-recognition receptors. They detect substructures of bacterial peptidoglycan and viral RNA, respectively, thereby initiating an immune response. However, their role in eosinophil activation remains to be explored. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of a range of NLRs and RLRs in purified human eosinophils and assess their functional importance. Expression of NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, RIG-I and MDA-5 was investigated using real-time reverse transcription PCR, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The effects of the corresponding agonists iE-DAP (NOD1), MDP (NOD2), alum (NLRP3) and poly(I:C)/LyoVec (RIG-I/MDA-5) were studied... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300174 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:05:46 +0100 5300174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300173&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21978002%26dopt%3DAbstract A CD8α(-) subpopulation of macaque circulatory natural killer cells can mediate both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent cytotoxic activities. Immunology. 2011 Nov;134(3):326-40 Authors: Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of the innate immune system that mediate effector and regulatory functions. As effector cells, NK cells help control virus-infected cells through cell-mediated antibody-dependent mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Although macaques are an important and reliable animal model for the study of retrovirus-induced human diseases, and despite the crucial role played by NK cells in innate and adaptive immune responses against simian immunodeficien... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300173 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:05:35 +0100 5300173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300172&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21978003%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kleinnijenhuis J, Oosting M, Plantinga TS, van der Meer JW, Joosten LA, Crevel RV, Netea MG Abstract Both autophagy and pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the host defence against mycobacteria, but little is known regarding the effect of autophagy on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-induced cytokine production. In the present study, we assessed the effect of autophagy on production of monocyte-derived and T-cell-derived cytokines, and examined whether two functional polymorphisms in autophagy genes led to altered cytokine production. Blocking autophagy inhibited tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, while enhancing interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with MTB. Induction of autophagy by starvation or interfer... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300172 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:05:24 +0100 5300172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5300171&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21978004%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Passa O, Tsalavos S, Belyaev NN, Petryk A, Potocnik AJ, Graf D Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling regulates lymphopoiesis in bone marrow and thymus via the interaction of haemato-lymphoid progenitors with the stroma microenvironment. Despite increasing functional evidence for the role of BMP signalling in lymphopoiesis, little is known of the spatial distribution of BMP/BMP antagonists in the thymus and of how BMP signals exert specific functions in developing lymphocytes. We analysed expression of BMP/BMP antagonists in the thymus and bone marrow and determined the topology of BMP/BMP antagonist expression using lacZ reporter mice. Bmp4, Bmp7, Gremlin and Twisted gastrulation (Twsg1) are all expressed in the thymus and expression was clearly different fo... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5300171 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 23:05:13 +0100 5300171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220035&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896006%26dopt%3DAbstract This article briefly reviews genetic aspects of this problem and provides a few examples of mycobacterial diseases with similar or identical genetic control in mice and humans. The two species display more similarities than differences regarding both genetics of susceptibility/severity of mycobacterial diseases and the networks of protective and pathological immune reactions. In the opinion of the author, refined mouse models of mycobacterial diseases are extremely useful for modelling the corresponding human conditions, if genetic diversity is taken into account. PMID: 21896006 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220035 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:33:53 +0100 5220035 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220034&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896007%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kulpa DA, Collins KL Abstract Recently, genome-wide association studies have identified the major histocompatibility complex class I protein HLA-C as an important molecule that affects HIV disease progression. The association between HLA-C and HIV disease outcome was originally determined through a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 35 kb upstream of the HLA-C locus. More recent work has focused on elucidating the functional significance of the -35 SNP, and several groups now have demonstrated HLA-C surface expression to be a key element in control of HIV viral load, with higher surface expression associating with slower disease progression. Most recently, control of HLA-C surface expression has been correlated with the presence of microRNA binding sites that affect HL... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220034 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:33:43 +0100 5220034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220033&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896008%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L Abstract The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)(2) D3], is involved in calcium and phosphate metabolism and exerts a large number of biological effects. Vitamin D3 inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion, adaptive immunity and cell proliferation, and at the same time promotes insulin secretion, innate immunity and stimulates cellular differentiation. The role of vitamin D3 in immunoregulation has led to the concept of a dual function as both as an important secosteroid hormone for the regulation of body calcium homeostasis and as an essential organic compound that has been shown to have a crucial effect on the immune responses. Altered levels of vitamin D3 have been associated, by rece... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220033 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:33:32 +0100 5220033 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220032&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896009%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Takayama S, Tamaoka M, Takayama K, Okayasu K, Tsuchiya K, Miyazaki Y, Sumi Y, Martin JG, Inase N Abstract Respiratory viral infections are frequently associated with exacerbations of asthma. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral infections may be one of the stimuli for exacerbation. We aimed to assess the potential effect of dsRNA on certain aspects of chronic asthma through the administration of polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), synthetic dsRNA, to a rat model of asthma. Brown Norway rats were sensitized to ovalbumin and challenged three times to evoke airway remodelling. The effect of poly I:C on the ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and structural changes was assessed from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histological findings. The expression of... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220032 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:33:22 +0100 5220032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220031&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896010%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Funderburg NT, Jadlowsky JK, Lederman MM, Feng Z, Weinberg A, Sieg SF Abstract Human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3) activates antigen-presenting cells through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/2. Several TLR1/2 agonists have been identified but little is known about how they might differentially affect cellular activation. We compared the effects of hBD-3 with those of another TLR1/2 agonist, Pam(3) CSK(4) , in human monocytes. Monocytes incubated with hBD-3 or Pam(3) CSK(4) produced interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and IL-1β, but only Pam(3) CSK(4) induced IL-10. The IL-10 induction by Pam(3) CSK(4) caused down-modulation of the co-stimulatory molecule, CD86, whereas CD86 expression was increased in monocytes exposed to hBD-3. Assessment of signalling pathways linked to IL-10 induction indi... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220031 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:33:12 +0100 5220031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220030&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896011%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ning RJ, Xu XQ, Chan KH, Chiang AK Abstract T cells simultaneously producing multiple cytokines and possessing cytotoxic capacity termed polyfunctional cells (PFCs) are increasingly recognized as the immune correlate of protection against pathogenic viruses. We investigated co-expression of four cytokines (interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2) and degranulation capacity (CD107a surface expression) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells upon stimulation by overlapping peptides of EBV lytic (BZLF1) and latent (EBNA1, EBNA3 and LMP2) proteins, in 20 healthy Chinese long-term carriers. Two patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), who had impaired T-cell immunity, were... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220030 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:33:02 +0100 5220030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220029&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896012%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhao L, Gao X, Peng Y, Joyee AG, Bai H, Wang S, Yang J, Zhao W, Yang X Abstract Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a newly identified T-cell population with potential immunomodulatory functions. Several studies have shown modulating effects of NKT cells activated by α-galactosylceramide, a model antigen, on NK cell function. We here report a differential modulating effect of NKT cells on the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production and cytolytic function of NK cells in a chlamydial infection model, using NKT-cell-deficient mice and antibody blocking (anti-CD1d monoclonal antibody) approaches. Our results showed that both NKT and NK cells became activated and produced IFN-γ following Chlamydia muridarum infection in vitro and in vivo. The NK cells in NKT-cell-deficient mice and CD... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220029 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:32:53 +0100 5220029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220028&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896013%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we decided to evaluate the modulation exerted by leukotriene C(4) on DCs, depending on their status of activation. We showed for the first time that leukotriene C(4) stimulates endocytosis both in immature and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -activated DCs. Moreover, it suppressed the interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) release, but induces the secretion of IL-23 by DCs activated with LPS and promotes the expansion of T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes. Furthermore, blocking the release of IL-23 reduced the percentages of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-17 in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Ours results suggest that leukotriene C(4) interferes with the complete maturation of inflammatory DCs in terms of phenotype and antigen uptake, while favouring the release of IL-23, the main cytokine involv... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220028 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:32:43 +0100 5220028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220027&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896014%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Garro AP, Chiapello LS, Baronetti JL, Masih DT Abstract Experimental Cryptococcus neoformans infection in rats has been shown to have similarities with human cryptococcosis, because as in healthy humans, rats can effectively contain cryptococcal infection. Moreover, it has been shown that eosinophils are components of the immune response to C. neoformans infections. In a previous in vitro study, we demonstrated that rat peritoneal eosinophils phagocytose opsonized live yeasts of C. neoformans, thereby triggering their activation, as indicated by the up-regulation of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules and the increase in interleukin-12, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ production. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that C. neoformans-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) ... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220027 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:32:32 +0100 5220027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220026&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896015%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Seidl A, Panzer M, Voehringer D Abstract The parasitic gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis induces massive expansion of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells in the lung and small intestine. Th2 cells are a major source of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, two cytokines that appear essential for rapid worm expulsion. It is unclear whether all Th2 cells induced during infection are pathogen-specific because Th2 cells might also be induced by parasite-derived superantigens or cytokine-mediated bystander activation. Bystander Th2 polarization could explain the largely unspecific B-cell response during primary infection. Furthermore, it is not known whether protective immunity depends on a polyclonal repertoire of T-cell receptor (TCR) specificities. To address these ... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220026 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:32:22 +0100 5220026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220025&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896016%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee SM, Kim EJ, Suk K, Lee WH Abstract B-cell activation factor of the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF), an important regulator of B-cell survival, has recently been found to be expressed on the surface of murine and human macrophages and engagement with its receptor was shown to trigger induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and block phagocytic activity. In an effort to generate immunomodulatory agents that can regulate BAFF-mediated signal, decapeptides representing the intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) of immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells (IREM)-1, an inhibitory transmembrane protein expressed on myeloid cells, were synthesized in conjugation with HIV-transactivator of transcription (TAT)(48-57,) which facilitates the i... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220025 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:32:12 +0100 5220025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207296&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00011 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207296 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207295&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00010 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207295 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207294&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207294 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207293&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207293 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207292&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207292 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207291&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207291 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207290&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207290 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207289&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207289 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207288&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207288 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207287&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207287 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:38:33 +0100 5207287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207286&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000002%2Fart00001 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207286 Sat, 10 Sep 2011 02:37:51 +0100 5207286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119449&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00011 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119449 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119448&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00010 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119448 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119447&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119447 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119446&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119446 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119445&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119445 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119444&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119444 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119443&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119443 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119442&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119442 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119441&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119441 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119440&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119440 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 13:59:32 +0100 5119440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5119439&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000134%2F00000001%2Fart00001 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5119439 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:32:24 +0100 5119439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062143&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21726218%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pappu R, Ramirez-Carrozzi V, Sambandam A The interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokines, IL-17A to IL-17F, are emerging as critical players in host defence responses and inflammatory diseases. Substantial data support the role of these proteins in innate and adaptive immunity. Of these family members, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-17E have been the best studied. Both IL-17A and IL-17F contribute to the host response to extracellular bacteria and fungi, and IL-17E has been shown to play a role in parasitic infections. In addition, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies link these proteins to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and a number of therapeutic programmes targeting these family members are in clinical development. This review will highlight the cellular sources, receptors/ta... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062143 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062144&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21722102%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brunsing RL, Prossnitz ER Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent suppressor of the immune system, commonly produced by CD4(+) T cells to limit ongoing inflammatory responses minimizing host damage. Many autoimmune diseases are marked by large populations of activated CD4(+) T cells within the setting of chronic inflammation; therefore, drugs capable of inducing IL-10 production in CD4(+) T cells would be of great therapeutic value. Previous reports have shown that the small molecule G-1, an agonist of the membrane-bound G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER, attenuates disease in an animal model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the direct effects of G-1 on CD4(+) T-cell populations remain unknown. Using ex vivo cultures of purified CD4(+) T cells, we show that G-1 elic... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062144 Fri, 01 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062147&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Narayan S, Kolly L, So A, Busso N Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is an important component of the inflammasome, functioning as an adaptor protein that facilitates the recruitment and activation of procaspases that in turn promote the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Despite initial focus on the inflammatory properties of ASC there is emerging evidence that highlights the importance of ASC in facilitating adaptive immune responses. However, the cellular and molecular basis for the involvement of ASC in adaptive immunity remains largely unexplored. We have previously demonstrated that activated ASC-deficient T cells have dampened proliferative responses. We have therefore explored the underlying cellular mec... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062147 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062147 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062146&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718314%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hu T, Gimferrer I, Alberola-Ila J Natural killer T (NKT) cells develop in the thymus from the same precursors as conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) αβ T cells, CD4(+)  CD8(+) double-positive cells. In contrast to conventional αβT cells, which are selected by MHC-peptide complexes presented by thymic epithelial cells, invariant NKT cells are selected by lipid antigens presented by the non-polymorphic, MHC I-like molecule CD1d, present on the surface of other double-positive thymocytes, and require additional signals from the signalling lymphocytic-activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors. In this review, we provide a discussion of recent findings that have modified our understanding of the NKT cell developmental programme, with an emphasis on events that affect the earl... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062146 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062145&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718315%26dopt%3DAbstract This study describes a novel means to control IL-23 secretion by conditioning DC with a phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase inhibitor Wortmannin (WM). Treatment of monocyte-derived DC with WM increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) -dependent IL-23 secretion 10-fold and IL-12p70 twofold, but IL-27 was unaffected. The effect of WM was restricted to TLR3/4 pathways, did not occur through TLR2, TLR7/8 or Dectin-1, and was characterized by increased p19, p35 and p40 transcription. These responses were not solely dependent on phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase as the alternative inhibitor LY294002 did not modulate IL-23 production. The normal patterns of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were unaffected by WM-conditioning but IL-23 secretion required p38, ERK and JNK pathways. Important... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062145 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062159&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21711347%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fu X, Liu Y, Li L, Li Q, Qiao D, Wang H, Lao S, Fan Y, Wu C Natural killer (NK) cells are known as innate immune lymphocytes that respond rapidly when challenged by pathogens but little is known about adaptive immune features including memory related to NK cells from human beings. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that human NK cells expressing the memory-associated marker CD45RO were persistent in pleural fluid cells (PFCs) from tuberculous patients. CD45RO(+) NK cells produced significantly more interferon-γ and were more cytotoxic compared with CD45RO(-) NK cells from PFCs when stimulated with interleukin-12 (IL-12). Consistently, IL-12 enhanced the expression of granzyme B, CD69, CD25, NKG2D, IL-12 receptors β1 and β2 on CD45RO(+) NK cells from PFC... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062159 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062151&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21711348%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we attempted to determine whether AIMP1 is capable of regulating the expression of TLRs, and also capable of affecting the TLR-mediated activation of DCs. Expression of TLR1, -2, -3 and -7 was highly induced by AIMP1 treatment in BM-DCs, whereas the expression of other TLRs was either down-regulated or remained unchanged. In particular, the expression of the TLR2 protein was up-regulated by AIMP1 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, and was suppressed upon the addition of BAY11-7082, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB. AIMP1 was also shown to increase nuclear factor-κB binding activity. Importantly, AIMP1 enhanced the production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-12, and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on BM-DCs when combined with lipoteichoic acid or Pam... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062151 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062151 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062150&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21711349%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we demonstrate that the frequency of CD8(+)  Foxp3(+) T cells is reduced in the peripheral blood of patients with ulcerative colitis. As these cells might play a currently underestimated role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, we have investigated human and murine CD8(+)  Foxp3(+) T cells generated by stimulating naive CD8(+) T cells in the presence of transforming growth factor-β and retinoic acid, mediators that are abundantly produced in the intestinal mucosa. These CD8(+)  Foxp3(+) fully competent regulatory T cells show strong expression of regulatory molecules CD25, Gpr83 and CTLA-4 and exhibit cell-cell contact-dependent immunosuppressive activity in vitro. Our study illustrates a previously unappreciated critical role of CD8(+)  Foxp3(+) T cells in... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062150 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062150 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062149&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21711350%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Strioga M, Pasukoniene V, Characiejus D Chronic antigenic stimulation leads to gradual accumulation of late-differentiated, antigen-specific, oligoclonal T cells, particularly within the CD8(+) T-cell compartment. They are characterized by critically shortened telomeres, loss of CD28 and/or gain of CD57 expression and are defined as either CD8(+) CD28(-) or CD8(+) CD57(+) T lymphocytes. There is growing evidence that the CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+) ) T-cell population plays a significant role in various diseases or conditions, associated with chronic immune activation such as cancer, chronic intracellular infections, chronic alcoholism, some chronic pulmonary diseases, autoimmune diseases, allogeneic transplantation, as well as has a great influence on age-related changes i... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062149 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062149 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5062148&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21711461%26dopt%3DAbstract This study provides in vivo evidence for clonal conversion from a pathogenic self-antigen-specific Teff cell to a Treg cell in the setting of immunodepletion therapies. PMID: 21711461 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5062148 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5062148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894419&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00013 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894419 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894419 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894418&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00012 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894418 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894417&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00011 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894417 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894416&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00010 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894416 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894415&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00009 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894415 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894414&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00008 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894414 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894413&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00007 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894413 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894412&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00006 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894412 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894411&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00005 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894411 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894410&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00004 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894410 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894410 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894409&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00003 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894409 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894409 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894408&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00002 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894408 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 14:01:41 +0100 4894408 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4894407&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33907&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fbsc%2Fimm%2F2011%2F00000133%2F00000003%2Fart00001 (Source: Immunology) Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4894407 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 02:26:00 +0100 4894407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921827&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21635248%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alexander CM, Tygrett LT, Boyden AW, Wolniak KL, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ Germinal centre (GC) reactions are central features of T-cell-driven B-cell responses, and the site where antibody-producing cells and memory B cells are generated. Within GCs, a range of complex cellular and molecular events occur which are critical for the generation of high affinity antibodies. These processes require exquisite regulation not only to ensure the production of desired antibodies, but to minimize unwanted autoreactive or low affinity antibodies. To assess whether T regulatory (Treg) cells participate in the control of GC responses, immunized mice were treated with an anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) to disrupt Tr... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921827 Thu, 02 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921826&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21635249%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mabbott NA, Kenneth Baillie J, Kobayashi A, Donaldson DS, Ohmori H, Yoon SO, Freedman AS, Freeman TC, Summers KM Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are an important subset of stromal cells within the germinal centres of lymphoid tissues. They are specialized to trap and retain antigen-containing immune complexes on their surfaces to promote B-cell maturation and immunoglobulin isotype class-switching. However, little is known of the cell types from which FDC originate. To address fundamental questions associated with the relationships between FDC and other cell populations, we took advantage of the growing body of publicly available data for transcriptome analysis. We obtained a large number of gene expression data files from a range of different primary mouse cells and cell lin... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921826 Thu, 02 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921831&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morrison PJ, Ballantyne SJ, Kullberg MC Interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays an essential role in driving intestinal pathology in experimental models of both T-cell-dependent and innate colitis. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene that are associated with either susceptibility or resistance to inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Although initially found to support the expansion and maintenance of CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cells, IL-23 is now recognized as having multiple effects on the immune response, including restraining Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell activity and inducing the expression of Th17-type cytokines from non-T-cell sources. Here we focus on Th17 cells and their associated c... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921831 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921830&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631496%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alarcón B, Mestre D, Martínez-Martín N The immunological synapse forms as a result of the tight apposition of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and it is the site where the T-cell receptor (TCR) is triggered by its antigen ligand, the peptide-MHC complex present in the APC membrane. The immunological synapse was initially characterized in the T-cell membrane as three concentric rings of membrane receptors and their underlying cytoskeletal and signalling proteins. The inner circle, or central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC), concentrates most of the TCR and CD28, and it is surrounded by the peripheral SMAC that is formed by integrins. Finally, the most external ring or distal SMAC (dSMAC) is where proteins with large ectodomains are located, such as CD... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921830 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921829&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631497%26dopt%3DAbstract We report that modified LPS are less efficient than wild-type LPS at inducing pro-inflammatory responses. The impact of this LPS-mediated subversion of innate immune responses was demonstrated by increased mortality in mice infected with a non-lethal dose of an attenuated S. typhimurium strain mixed with the modified LPS moieties. Up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells and CD4(+) T-cell activation were affected by these modified LPS. Strains of S. typhimurium carrying structurally modified LPS are markedly less efficient at inducing specific antibody responses. Immunization with modified LPS moiety preparations combined with experimental antigens, induced an impaired Toll-like receptor 4-mediated adjuvant effect. Strains of S. typhimurium carrying structur... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921829 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921828&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21631498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen X, Oppenheim JJ Cytokine receptors expressed by CD4(+)  FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) not only serve as a phenotypic marker for the identification of this important population of immunosuppressive cells, they also promote the function of Treg cells. CD25, the α-chain of interleukin-2 receptor, is a prototype of such a receptor, which enables Treg cells to be activated by interleukin-2. We and others have found that tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNFR2) is another important cytokine receptor preferentially expressed by Treg cells with important phenotypic and functional roles. TNFR2 is preferentially expressed by highly functional human and mouse Treg cells, and mediates the activating effect of TNF on Treg cells. We review here the studies of the re... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921828 Wed, 01 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921833&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21627651%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yoshida A, Yamada K, Yamazaki Y, Sashihara T, Ikegami S, Shimizu M, Totsuka M Recent studies have shown that probiotics are beneficial in prevention and improvement of inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that probiotics can modulate immune cell responses, although the specific molecular mechanism by which probiotics work remains elusive. Because T cells express receptors for microbial components, we examined whether the probiotic strain Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 (LG2809) and its components regulate murine CD4(+) T-cell activation. LG2809, as well as two other Lactobacillus strains, inhibited proliferation of CD4(+) T cells; LG2809 had the strongest suppressive activity among them. RNA isolated from LG2809 was also shown to have suppressive activity. We o... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921833 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4921832&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21627652%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kushwah R, Hu J Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that are critical for induction of adaptive immunity and tolerance. Traditionally DCs have been divided into two discrete subtypes, which comprise conventional and non-conventional DCs. They are distributed across various organs in the body and comprise a heterogeneous population, which has been shown to display differences in terms of surface marker expression, function and origins. Recent studies have shed new light on the process of DC differentiation and distribution of DC subtypes in various organs. Although monocytes, macrophages and DCs share a common macrophage-DC progenitor, a common DC progenitor population has been identified that exclusively gives rise to DCs and not monocytes or macrop... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4921832 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4921832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4819798&cid=s_33907_3_f&fid=33164&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21453419%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Steding CE, Wu ST, Zhang Y, Jeng MH, Elzey BD, Kao C Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important to the tumour microenvironment as they actively suppress the immune system and promote tumour progression and metastasis. These cells block T-cell activation in the tumour microenvironment, preventing anti-tumour immune activity. The ability of a treatment to alter the suppressive function of these cells and promote an immune response is essential to enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has the potential not only to promote anti-tumour immune responses but also to block the activity of cells capable of immune suppression. This paper identifies a novel role for IL-12 as a modulator of MDSC activity, with implications for IL-12 as a therapeutic age... Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4819798 Fri, 13 May 2011 22:17:04 +0100 4819798