MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Indoor Air' source. Mon, 06 Feb 2012 08:29:17 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5654456&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2012.00770.x In this study, different sampling methods were compared regarding their assessment of microbial exposures, including culturable fungi and bacteria, endotoxin, as well as the total inflammatory potential (TIP) of dust samples from Danish homes. The GSP filter sampler and BioSampler were used for sampling of airborne dust, whereas the Dust Fall Collector (DFC), the Electrostatic Dust Fall Collector (EDC) and vacuum cleaner were used for sampling of settled dust. The GSP assessed significantly higher microbial levels than the BioSampler, yet measurements from both samplers correlated significantly. Considerably higher levels of fungi, endotoxin and TIP were found in the EDC compared to the DFC, and regarding fungi, the EDC correlated more strongly and significantly to vacuumed dust than the D... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5654456 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5654456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5615320&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2012.00767.x AbstractThis field study of 37 small and medium commercial buildings (SMCBs) throughout California obtained information on ventilation rate, temperature, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system characteristics. The study included seven retail establishments; five restaurants; eight offices; two each of gas stations, hair salons, healthcare facilities, grocery stores, dental offices, and fitness gyms; and five other buildings. Fourteen (38 percent) of the buildings either could not or did not provide outdoor air through the HVAC system. The air exchange rate averaged 1.6 (SD=1.7) exchanges per hour and was similar between buildings with and without outdoor air supplied through the HVAC system, indicating that some buildings have significant leakage or ventilation throug... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5615320 Sat, 21 Jan 2012 13:18:16 +0100 5615320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5615321&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2012.00766.x In conclusion, female gender, dampness or indoor moulds, indoor painting and biomarkers of allergy and inflammation were associated with a higher incidence of SBS symptoms, in particular mucosal symptoms.© 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5615321 Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5615321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5615322&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2012.00769.x AbstractThe role of human occupancy as a source of indoor biological aerosols is poorly understood. Size‐resolved concentrations of total and biological particles in indoor air were quantified in a classroom under occupied and vacant conditions. Per occupant emission rates were estimated through a mass‐balance modeling approach and the microbial diversity of indoor and outdoor air during occupancy was determined via rDNA gene sequence analysis. Significant increases of total particle mass and bacterial genome concentrations were observed during the occupied period compared to the vacant case. These increases varied in magnitude with the particle size and ranged from 3 to 68 times for total mass, 12 to 2,700 times for bacterial genomes and 1.5 to 5.2 times for fungal genomes. Emission r... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5615322 Wed, 18 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5615322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5590605&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00759.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5590605 Sun, 15 Jan 2012 02:38:22 +0100 5590605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5633586&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00765.x AbstractHousehold dust from 19 Swedish homes was collected using two different sampling methods: from the occupant’s own home vacuum cleaner after insertion of a new bag and using a researcher‐collected method where settled house dust was collected from surfaces above floor level. The samples were analyzed for 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and total hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Significant correlations (r = 0.60–0.65, Spearman r = 0.47–0.54, P < 0.05) were found between matched dust samples collected with the two sampling methods for ∑OctaBDE and ∑DecaBDE but not for ∑PentaBDE or HBCD. Statistically significantly higher concentrations of all PBDE congeners were found in the researcher‐collected dust than in the home vacuum cleaner bag du... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5633586 Thu, 29 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5633586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5481567&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00761.x This study, a randomized controlled trial, evaluated the effectiveness of free‐standing air filters and window air conditioners (ACs) in 126 low income households of children with asthma. Households were randomized into a control group, a group receiving a free‐standing HEPA filter placed in the child’s sleeping area, and a group receiving the filter and a window‐mounted AC. IAQ was monitored for week‐long periods over three to four seasons. High concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide were frequently seen. When IAQ was monitored, filters reduced PM levels in the child’s bedroom by an average of 50%. Filter use varied greatly among households and declined over time, e.g., during weeks when pollutants were monitored, filter use was initially high, averaging ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5481567 Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5481567 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5590604&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00760.x This study describes the distribution and sources of vapor‐phase naphthalene concentrations in four communities in southeast Michigan, USA. Outdoors, naphthalene was measured in the communities and at a near‐road site. Indoors, naphthalene levels were characterized in 288 suburban and urban homes. The median outdoor concentration was 0.15 μg/m3, and a modest contribution from rush‐hour traffic was noted. The median indoor long‐term concentration was 0.89 μg/m3, but concentrations were extremely skewed and 14% of homes exceeded 3 μg/m3, the chronic reference concentration for non‐cancer effects, 8% exceeded 10 μg/m3, and levels reached 200 μg/m3. The typical excess individual lifetime cancer risk was about 10−4 and reached 10−2 in some homes. Important sources i... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5590604 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5590604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5481568&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00760.x This study describes the distribution and sources of vapor phase naphthalene concentrations in four communities in southeast Michigan, USA. Outdoors, naphthalene was measured in the communities and at a near‐road site. Indoors, naphthalene levels were characterized in 288 suburban and urban homes. The median outdoor concentration was 0.15 μg m−3, and a modest contribution from rush‐hour traffic was noted. The median indoor long‐term concentration was 0.89 μg m−3, but concentrations were extremely skewed and 14% of homes exceeded 3 μg m−3, the chronic reference concentration for non‐cancer effects, 8% exceeded 10 μg m−3, and levels reached 200 μg m−3. The typical individual lifetime cancer risk was about 10−4, and reached 10−2 in some homes. Important sources incl... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5481568 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5481568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5555947&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00765.x AbstractHousehold dust from 19 Swedish homes was collected using two different sampling methods: from the occupant’s own home vacuum cleaner after insertion of a new bag, and using a researcher‐collected method where settled house dust was collected from surfaces above floor level. The samples were analyzed for 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and total hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Significant correlations (r = 0.60 ‐ 0.65, Spearman r = 0.47‐0.54, p < 0.05) were found between matched dust samples collected with the two sampling methods for ∑Octa‐ and ∑DecaBDE but not for ∑PentaBDE or HBCD. Statistically significantly higher concentrations of all PBDE congeners were found in the researcher‐collected dust than in the home vacuum cleaner bag dust. For H... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5555947 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5555947 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5530980&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00764.x AbstractThe 2008 EU regulation which prohibits conventional incandescent light bulbs is to be implemented in phases, completing in 2012. One of the possible substitutes are compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which, however, do contain up to 5 mg of mercury in its elemental or amalgamated form. The question arises as to the possible exposure of individuals to mercury as a result of lamp breakage during operation or when disconnected from the power supply. Therefore, an apparatus was built to shatter CFLs and drop the shards onto PETG, a carpeted floor, or laminate floor under defined climatic parameters and operating conditions. Six CFLs of different type and mercury content were studied. After the breakage of a common CFL containing liquid mercury, concentrations up to 8000 ng m−3 were rea... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5530980 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5530980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5510464&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00763.x AbstractLaboratory measurements of the gaseous emission factors from two recent kerosene space heaters (wick and injector) with five different fuels have been conducted in an 8 m3 environmental chamber. The two heaters tested were found to emit mainly CO2, CO, NO, NO2, and some volatile organic compounds. NO2 is continuously emitted during use, with an emission factor of 100 ‐ 450 μg per g of consumed fuel. CO is normally emitted mainly during the first minutes of use (up to 3 mg.g−1). Formaldehyde and benzene emission factors were quantified at 15 and 16 μg.g−1 respectively for the wick heater. Some other VOCs, such as 1,3‐butadiene, were detected with lower emission factors. We demonstrated the unsuitability of a “biofuel” containing fatty acid methyl esters for use with th... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5510464 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5510464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5481566&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00762.x AbstractFresh air ventilation is central to indoor environmental control. Total heat exchangers can be key equipment for energy conservation in ventilation. Membranes have been used for total heat exchangers for more than a decade. Much effort has been spent to achieve water vapor permeability of various membranes; however, relatively little attention has been paid to the selectivity of moisture compared to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through such membranes. In this investigation, the most commonly used membranes, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ones, are tested for their permeability for moisture and five VOCs (acetic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, toluene and ethane). The selectivity of moisture versus VOCs of these membranes is then evaluated. With a solution‐diffusion model... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5481566 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5481566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5435872&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00758.x Conclusion:  The neurophysiological model captured the dynamics of thermal sensation. Therefore, the neurophysiological model of thermal sensation can be of great value in the design of high performance buildings. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5435872 Wed, 23 Nov 2011 01:39:15 +0100 5435872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5415194&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00757.x AbstractIngestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants. We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (n = 31) and mosques (n = 12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri‐(2‐butoxyethyl)‐phosphate (TBEP) and tri‐phenyl‐phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and pr... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5415194 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 16:23:16 +0100 5415194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5371820&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00756.x AbstractThe performance metrics of airflow, sound, and combustion product capture efficiency (CE) were measured for a convenience sample of fifteen cooking exhaust devices, as installed in residences. Results were analyzed to quantify the impact of various device‐ and installation‐dependent parameters on CE. Measured maximum airflows were 70% or lower than values noted on product literature for 10 of the devices. Above‐the‐cooktop devices with flat bottom surfaces (no capture hood) – including exhaust fan/microwave combination appliances – were found to have much lower CE at similar flow rates, compared to devices with capture hoods. For almost all exhaust devices and especially for rear‐mounted downdraft exhaust and microwaves, CE was substantially higher for back compared w... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5371820 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 10:37:41 +0100 5371820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5353464&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00744.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5353464 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 14:07:43 +0100 5353464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5394354&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00755.x This study recruited homes in Ireland and Scotland where open combustion processes take place. Open combustion was classified as coal, peat, or wood fuel burning, use of a gas cooker or stove, or where there is at least one resident smoker. Twenty‐four‐hour data on airborne concentrations of particulate matter <2.5 μm in size (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), endotoxin in inhalable dust and carbon dioxide (CO2), together with 2–3 week averaged concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were collected in 100 houses during the winter and spring of 2009–2010. The geometric mean of the 24‐h time‐weighted‐average (TWA) PM2.5 concentration was highest in homes with resident smokers (99 μg/m3– much higher than the WHO 24‐h guidance value of 25 μg/m3). Lower geometric me... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5394354 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5394354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5328885&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00754.x Conclusions  Structural factors that might improve household air circulation and exchange were associated with decreased ALRI risk. Improved natural ventilation might reduce ALRI among children in low‐income families. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5328885 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5328885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5415196&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00752.x In this report, the hydrophilic fungus Alternaria alternata was added to sensor fungi for the determination of the index in extremely humid environments. Measurements of the index and observations of the formation of spores by the sensor fungi were made in stable climates in moisture chambers, under natural conditions in homes, and in bathrooms prepared in an artificial climate chamber. Higher index values and earlier sporulation were obtained at higher RH in stable climates. The hydrophilic Alt. alternata showed the greatest response at 100% and 97.3% RH, the moderately xerophilic Eur. herbariorum, at 94%, 84%, and 75% RH, and the extremely xerophilic Asp. penicillioides, at 71% RH. In homes, the hydrophilic fungus was most active in water‐usage areas, and the xerophilic fungi were m... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5415196 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5415196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5415195&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00753.x Abstract  The associated risk of phthalate exposure, both parent compounds in the home and their metabolites in urine, to childhood allergic and respiratory morbidity, after adjusting for exposures of indoor pollutants, especially bioaerosols, was comprehensively assessed. Levels of five phthalates in settled dust from the homes of 101 children (3–9 years old) were measured, along with their corresponding urinary metabolites. Other environmental risk factors, including indoor CO2, PM2.5, formaldehyde, 1,3‐β‐d‐glucan, endotoxin, allergen and fungal levels, were concomitantly examined. Subject’s health status was verified by pediatricians, and parents recorded observed daily symptoms of their children for the week that the home investigation visit took place. Significantly inc... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5415195 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5415195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319976&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00752.x In this report, the hydrophilic fungus Alternaria alternata was added to sensor fungi for determination of the index in extremely humid environments. Measurements of the index and observations of the formation of spores by the sensor fungi were made in stable climates in moisture chambers, under natural conditions in homes, and in bathrooms prepared in an artificial climate chamber. Higher index values and earlier sporulation were obtained at higher RH in stable climates. The hydrophilic Alternaria alternata showed the greatest response at 100% and 97.3%RH, the moderately xerophilic Eurotium herbariorum, at 94%, 84% and 75%RH, and the extremely xerophilic Aspergillus penicillioides, at 71%RH. In homes, the hydrophilic fungus was most active in water‐usage areas, and the xerophilic fungi ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319976 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5328884&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00755.x This study recruited homes in Ireland and Scotland where open combustion processes take place. Open combustion was classified as coal, peat or wood fuel burning, use of a gas cooker or stove, or where there is at least one resident smoker. 24‐hour data on airborne concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), endotoxin in inhalable dust and carbon dioxide (CO2), together with 2‐3 week averaged concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were collected in 100 houses during the winter and spring of 2009‐2010.The geometric mean of the 24‐hour time‐weighted‐average (TWA) PM2.5 concentration was highest in homes with resident smokers (99μg/m3– much higher than the WHO 24‐hour guidance value of 25 μg/m3. Lower geometric mean 24�... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5328884 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5328884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319975&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00753.x AbstractThe associated risk of phthalate exposure, both parent compounds in the home and their metabolites in urine, to childhood allergic and respiratory morbidity, after adjusting for exposures of indoor pollutants, especially bioaerosols, was comprehensively assessed. Levels of 5 phthalates in settled dust from the homes of 101 children (3‐9 years old) were measured, along with their corresponding urinary metabolites. Other environmental risk factors, including indoor CO2, PM2.5, formaldehyde, 1,3‐β‐D‐glucan, endotoxin, allergen and fungal levels were concomitantly examined. Subject’s health status was verified by pediatricians, and parents recorded observed daily symptoms of their children for the week that the home investigation visit took place. Significantly increased lev... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319975 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5309308&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00750.x AbstractIndoor air pollution is considered to be a serious public health issue in Mexico; therefore, more studies regarding this topic are necessary. In this context, we assessed exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds in: 1) women that use firewood combustion (indoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open‐fire; 2) women that use firewood combustion (outdoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open‐fire; and 3) women that use LP gas as the principal energy source. We studied 96 healthy women in San Luis Potosi, México. Urine samples were collected and analyses of the following urinary exposure biomarkers was performed by high performance liquid chromatography: 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐OHP), trans‐trans muconic acid and hippuric acid.... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5309308 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5309308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5266593&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00749.x AbstractIndoor exposures to allergens, mold spores and endotoxin have been suggested as etiological agents of asthma; therefore, accurate determination of those exposures, especially in young children (6‐36 months), is important for understanding the development of asthma. Since use of personal sampling equipment in this population is difficult, and in children < 1 year of age impossible, we developed a personal sampling surrogate: the Pretoddler Inhalable Particulate Environmental Robotic sampler (PIPER) to better estimate their exposures. During sampling, PIPER simulates the activity patterns, speed of motion and the height of the breathing zones of young children, and mechanically resuspends the deposited dust just as a young child does during running and crawling. The concentratio... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5266593 Fri, 30 Sep 2011 03:39:01 +0100 5266593 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5266595&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00748.x We examined relationships between indoor air pollution metrics and lung function growth, among children (n=3,273) aged 6‐13 years living in four Chinese cities. Lung function parameters (FVC and FEV1) were measured twice a year. Questionnaires were used to determine home coal burning and ventilation practices. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations. Use of coal as a household fuel was associated with 16.5 ml/yr lower (33%, p <0.001) and 20.5 ml/yr lower (39%, p <0.001) growth in children’s FEV1 and FVC, respectively. FEV1 growthwas 10.2 ml/yr higher (20%, p=0.009) and FVC growth was 17.0 ml/yr higher (33%, p <0.001) among children who lived in houses with the presence of a ventilation device. Among children living in houses where coal was used as a ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5266595 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5266595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5266594&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00747.x AbstractThis review examines scientific literature on the effect of gender on indoor thermal comfort. Gender differences have been generally considered to be small and insignificant but this review shows that a growing number of studies have found significant differences in thermal comfort between the genders. Clearly more than half of the laboratory and field studies have found that females express more dissatisfaction than males in the same thermal environments. Very few studies have found males to be more dissatisfied than females. Meta‐analysis shows that females are more likely than males to express thermal dissatisfaction (ratio: 1.74, 95% confidence interval: 1.61–1.89). However, most studies found no significant difference in neutral temperatures between the genders. Females ar... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5266594 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5266594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5266596&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00746.x AbstractIt has been reported previously that people who are acclimated to naturally ventilated (NV) environments respond to hot and warm environments differently than people who are acclimated to air‐conditioned (AC) environments. However, it is not clear whether physiological acclimatization contributes to this discrepancy. In order to study whether living and working in NV or AC environments for long periods of time can lead to different types of physiological acclimatization, and whether physiological acclimatization has an important influence on people’s responses of thermal comfort, measurements of physiological reactions (including skin temperature, sweat rate, heart rate variability, and HSP70) and thermal comfort responses were conducted in a “heat shock” environment (clima... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5266596 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5266596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5244478&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00745.x AbstractThe paper examines which subjectively evaluated indoor environmental parameters and building features mostly affect occupants’ satisfaction in mainly US office buildings. The study analyzed data from a web‐based survey administered to 52,980 occupants in 351 office buildings over ten years by the Center for the Built Environment. The survey uses 7‐point ordered scale questions pertaining to satisfaction with indoor environmental parameters, workspace and building features. The average building occupant was satisfied with his/her workspace and building. Proportional odds ordinal logistic regression shows that satisfaction with all 15 parameters listed in the survey contributed significantly to overall workspace satisfaction. The most important parameters were satisfaction with... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5244478 Fri, 23 Sep 2011 02:35:50 +0100 5244478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5216490&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00743.x Conclusions:  Indoor PM10 was elevated, chemically different and toxicologically more active than outdoor PM10. Whether the effects translate into a significant health risk needs to be determined. Until then, we suggest better ventilation as a sensible option. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5216490 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 07:09:53 +0100 5216490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5341882&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00742.x In this study, we simulated concentrations in a prototype multifamily building using CONTAM, a multizone airflow and contaminant transport program. Contaminants modeled included PM2.5 and NO2, and parameters included stove use, presence and operability of exhaust fans, smoking, unit level, and building leakiness. We developed regression models to explain variability in CONTAM outputs for individual sources, in a manner that could be utilized in simulation modeling of health outcomes. To evaluate our models, we generated a database of 1000 simulated households with characteristics consistent with Boston public housing developments and residents and compared the predicted levels of NO2 and PM2.5 and their correlates with the literature. Our analyses demonstrated that CONTAM outputs could be ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5341882 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5341882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5216491&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00742.x In this study, we simulated concentrations in a prototype multi‐family building using CONTAM, a multi‐zone airflow and contaminant transport program. Contaminants modeled included PM2.5 and NO2, and parameters included stove use, presence and operability of exhaust fans, smoking, unit level, and building leakiness. We developed regression models to explain variability in CONTAM outputs for individual sources, in a manner that could be utilized in simulation modeling of health outcomes. To evaluate our models, we generated a database of 1000 simulated households with characteristics consistent with Boston public housing developments and residents, and compared the predicted levels of NO2 and PM2.5 and their correlates with the literature. Our analyses demonstrated that CONTAM outputs co... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5216491 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5216491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5319977&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00741.x Abstract  A large‐eddy simulation is used to investigate contaminant transport owing to complex human and door motions and vent‐system activity in room compartments where a contaminated and clean room are connected by a vestibule. Human and door motions are simulated with an immersed boundary procedure. We demonstrate the details of contaminant transport owing to human‐ and door‐motion‐induced wake development during a short‐duration event involving the movement of a person (or persons) from a contaminated room, through a vestibule, into a clean room. Parametric studies that capture the effects of human walking pattern, door operation, over‐pressure level, and vestibule size are systematically conducted. A faster walking speed results in less mass transport from the contami... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5319977 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5319977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5216493&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00740.x Conclusion:  There is a large variability of domestic endotoxin levels across Europe. Average outdoor summer temperature of study centre, which explains only 10% of the variation of domestic endotoxin level by centre, is the strongest meteorological determinant. The observed variation needs to be taken into account when evaluating health effects of endotoxin exposures in international contexts. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5216493 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5216493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5216492&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00741.x AbstractA large eddy simulation is used to investigate contaminant transport due to complex human and door motions and vent‐system activity in room compartments where a contaminated and clean room are connected by a vestibule. Human and door motions are simulated with an immersed boundary procedure. We demonstrate details of contaminant transport due to human‐ and door‐motion induced wake development during a short‐duration event involving the movement of a person (or persons) from a contaminated room, through a vestibule, into a clean room. Parametric studies that capture the effects of human walking pattern, door operation, over‐pressure level, and vestibule size are systematically conducted. A faster walking speed results in less mass transport from the contaminated room into ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5216492 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5216492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5202005&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00735.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5202005 Sun, 11 Sep 2011 01:03:15 +0100 5202005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5173356&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00738.x This study examined five schools with different ventilation systems in both urban and rural areas in South Texas. Total particle number concentration, ultrafine particle (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) size distribution, PM2.5, and CO2 were measured simultaneously inside and outside of various school microenvironments. Human activities, ventilation settings and occupancy were recorded. The study found a greater variation of indoor particle number concentration (0.6×103 to 29.3×103 #/cm3) than outdoor (1.6×103 to 16.0×103 #/cm3). The most important factors affecting indoor UFP levels were related to various indoor sources. Gas fan heaters increased the indoor to outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of total particle number concentrations to 30.0. Food‐related activities, cleaning, and painting also ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5173356 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5173356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5153128&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00737.x AbstractSorption of nitrogen‐containing organic constituents of environmental tobacco smoke may be influenced by ammonia, a common indoor gas, and relative humidity (RH). We quantified sorption kinetics and equilibria of nicotine with stainless steel, cotton‐polyester curtain, and polypropylene carpet at 0, 50, and 90% RH and in the presence of ammonia using a 10‐liter stainless steel chamber. Nicotine was introduced into the chamber by flash evaporating 50‐μL of pure liquid. Kinetic sorption parameters were determined by fitting a mass balance model to experimental results using a non linear regression. Results show that an equilibrium partition coefficient, ke, of nicotine tended to increase as the RH increased for the curtain and carpet. Adsorbed water may contribute to an incr... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5153128 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5153128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5101709&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00736.x AbstractThe level of exposure to human exhaled contaminants in a room depends not only on the air distribution system but also on people′s different positions, the distance between them, people’s activity level and height, direction of exhalation, and the surrounding temperature and temperature gradient. Human exhalation is studied in detail for different distribution systems: displacement and mixing ventilation as well as a system without mechanical ventilation. Two thermal manikins breathing through the mouth are used to simulate the exposure to human exhaled contaminants. The position and distance between the manikins are changed in order to study the influence on the level of exposure.The results show that the air exhaled by a manikin flows a longer distance with a higher concentra... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5101709 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5101709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5046340&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00734.x This study confirms that activated carbon mats and perlite‐based ceiling tile are viable surfaces for inclusion in buildings to remove ozone without generating undesirable byproducts. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5046340 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 21:42:13 +0100 5046340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5046342&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00732.x AbstractIn the present study, we modified an existing surface wipe sampling method for lead and other heavy metals to create a protocol to collect fungi in floor dust followed by real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR)‐based detection. We desired minimal inconvenience for participants in residential indoor environmental quality and health studies. Accuracy, precision, and method detection limits (MDLs) were investigated. Overall, MDLs ranged from 0.6‐25 cell/cm2 on sampled floors. Overall measurement precisions expressed as the coefficient of variation (COV) due to sample processing and qPCR ranged 6%‐63%. Median and maximum fungal concentrations in house dust in study homes in Visalia, Tulare County, California were 110 and 2,500 cell/cm2, respectively, with universal fungal primers (al... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5046342 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5046342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5046341&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00733.x ABSTRACTTo assess the independent and joint effects of parental atopy and exposure to molds on the development of asthma in childhood, the authors conducted a cohort based, incident case‐control study in 2008. The case group consisted of 188 children with new asthma and the control group (n=376) was matched one to two for age and sex. The outcome of interest was the development of asthma during the study period. The studied determinants were parental atopy and three indicators of exposure including histories of water damage, presence of visible molds, and perceived mold odor in the home at baseline in 2002. In conditional logistic regression adjusting for confounding, parental atopy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.29, 95% CI 2.19‐4.94) and the presence of mold odor (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.30�... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5046341 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5046341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015749&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00724.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015749 Tue, 12 Jul 2011 18:19:15 +0100 5015749 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5015748&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00729.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5015748 Tue, 12 Jul 2011 18:19:04 +0100 5015748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4966206&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00731.x AbstractThe province of Lodi is located in northern Italy on the Po River plain, where high background levels of air pollutants are prevalent. Lodi province is characterized by intensive agriculture, notably animal husbandry. This paper assesses indoor levels of selected airborne pollutants in 60 homes in the province, with special attention to size‐fractionated particulate matter (PM).Indoor PM2.5 concentrations are frequently higher than current guidelines. PM10 and nitrogen dioxide also exceed the respective guideline recommendations in some cases, noting that 24‐h nitrogen dioxide levels were compared with an annual limit value. All other studied pollutant levels are below current international guidelines.Among indoor PM size fractions, PM0.5 is predominant in terms of mass concent... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4966206 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4966206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4950453&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00730.x AbstractIndoor air pollution (IAP) from domestic biomass combustion is an important health risk factor, yet direct measurements of personal IAP exposure are scarce. We measured 24‐hr integrated gravimetric exposure to particles <2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) in 280 adult women and 240 children in rural Yunnan, China. We also measured indoor PM2.5 concentrations in a random sample of 44 kitchens. The geometric mean winter PM2.5 exposure among adult women was twice that of summer exposure (117 μg/m3 [95% CI: 107, 128] versus 55 μg/m3 [95% CI: 49, 62]). Children’s geometric mean exposure in summer was 53 μg/m3 (95% CI: 46, 61). Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were moderately correlated with women’s personal exposure (r=0.58), but not for children. Ventilation during cook... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4950453 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4950453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4918780&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00728.x AbstractWe designed and tested a sampling and analysis system for quantitative measurement of airborne cockroach allergen with sufficient sensitivity for residential exposure assessment. Integrated one‐week airborne particle samples were collected at 10‐15 LPM in 19 New York City apartments in which an asthmatic child who was allergic to cockroach allergen resided. Four simultaneous air samples were collected in each home: at heights of 0.3 and 1 meter in the child’s bedroom and in the kitchen. Extracts of air samples were analyzed by ELISA for the cockroach allergen Bla g 2, modified by amplifying the colorimetric signal generated via use of AMPLI‐Q detection system (DAKO Corporation, Carpinteria, CA). Settled dust samples were quantified by conventional ELISA. Of the homes where ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4918780 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4918780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4859817&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00727.x AbstractWhen utilized in the perfuming of children’s toys, fragrances capable of inducing contact allergy in human skin may also become bioavailable to children via the inhalation route. The aim of this study was to determine the area‐specific emission rates of 24 fragrances from a plasticized PVC reference material that was meant to mimic a real plastic toy. This material was introduced into an emission chamber for 28 days at handling conditions, or at worst case conditions. As result, fragrances can be separated into three categories according to their emission rates ranging from 0.0041 to 16.2 mg/m² x h; i.e., highly volatile, semi‐volatile, and low‐volatile compounds. Compounds of the first and second category were monitored with decreasing emission rates. Substances of the th... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4859817 Wed, 25 May 2011 21:17:43 +0100 4859817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4973701&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00725.x Abstract  Several studies have found that indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools is often poor and may affect the health of the pupils. Building ventilation is a means to reduce pollutants indoors, but different designs should be evaluated for their effectiveness in different environments. In a field experiment performed at four classrooms in one school building, air was supplied either in the mixing or in the displacement mode, and we collected information on exposures, pupils’ perception of IAQ and climate, and health symptoms and performed clinical examinations. The room temperature, relative humidity, concentration of CO2, and cat allergen were measured at the breathing height and were similar during each ventilation mode. The children perceived IAQ were similar in the two ventilation... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4973701 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4973701 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4943317&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00726.x In conclusion, heredity and atopy are related to incidence and prevalence of SBS, but the role of the measured exposures for SBS is more unclear.Practical ImplicationsWe found high levels of CO2 indicating inadequate ventilation and high levels of SO2 and NO2, both indoors and outdoors. All schools had natural ventilation, only. Relying on window opening as a tool for ventilation in China is difficult because increased ventilation will decrease the level of CO2 but increase the level of NO2 and SO2 indoors. Prevalence studies of sick building syndrome (SBS) might not be conclusive for causal relationships, and more longitudinal studies on SBS are needed both in China and other parts of the world. The concept of mechanical ventilation and air filtration should be introduced in the schools, ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4943317 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4943317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4859819&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00726.x In conclusion, heredity and atopy are related to incidence and prevalence of SBS, but the role of the measured exposures for SBS is more unclear. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4859819 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4859819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4859818&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00725.x AbstractSeveral studies have found that indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools is often poor and may affect the health of the pupils. Building ventilation is a means to reduce pollutant indoors but different designs should be evaluated for their effectiveness in different environments. In a field experiment performed at four classrooms in one school building, air was supplied either in the mixing or displacement mode and we collected information on exposures, pupils’ perception of IAQ and climate, health symptoms and performed clinical examinations. The room temperature, relative humidity, concentration of CO2, and cat allergen were measured at the breathing height and were similar during each ventilation mode. The children perceived indoor air quality were similar in the two ventilation re... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4859818 Tue, 24 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4859818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4837965&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00723.x ABSTRACTThere has been a rapid growth of scientific literature on the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the research of ventilation and indoor air science over the last 20 years. With a 1000 to 10000 times increase in computer hardware capability in the past 20 years, CFD has become an integral part of scientific research and engineering development of complex air distribution and ventilation systems in buildings. This review discusses the major and specific challenges of CFD in terms of turbulence modelling, numerical approximation and boundary conditions relevant to building ventilation. We emphasize the growing need for CFD verification and validation, suggest ongoing needs for analytical and experimental methods to support the numerical solutions, and discuss the gro... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4837965 Thu, 19 May 2011 17:48:59 +0100 4837965 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4826879&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00687.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4826879 Mon, 16 May 2011 16:44:23 +0100 4826879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4826878&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00720.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4826878 Mon, 16 May 2011 16:44:17 +0100 4826878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4900056&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00722.x This study demonstrates the utility of longitudinal evaluation of microbial indices during remediation of water damage in this building, in which elimination of sources of moisture was not fully addressed. Our findings indicate that the fraction of hydrophilic fungi derived from concentrations of fungal species may be a useful index for assessing the long‐term effectiveness of remediation.Practical ImplicationsThis study demonstrates the utility of longitudinal evaluation of microbial indices during remediation of water damage in this building, in which elimination of sources of moisture was incomplete. Our findings indicate that the fraction of hydrophilic fungi derived from concentrations of fungal species may be a useful index for assessing the long‐term effectiveness of remediation... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4900056 Tue, 03 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4900056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4837966&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00721.x Abstract  Toxic microbial secondary metabolites have been proposed to be related to adverse health effects observed in moisture‐damaged buildings. Initial steps in assessing the actual risk include the characterization of the exposure. In our study, we applied a multi‐analyte tandem mass spectrometry‐based methodology on sample materials of severely moisture‐damaged homes, aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the variety of microbial metabolites occurring in building materials and different dust sample types. From 69 indoor samples, all were positive for at least one of the 186 analytes targeted and as many as 33 different microbial metabolites were found. For the first time, the presence of toxic bacterial metabolites and their co‐occurrence with mycotoxins were... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4837966 Mon, 18 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4837966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4681550&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00718.x AbstractChamber studies were conducted to quantify hydroxyl radical (OH·) yields and to determine if water vapor affected OH· formation in reactions of ozone (O3) with a single terpene, two‐component terpene mixtures and a commercial pine oil cleaning product. Solid‐phase micro‐extraction fibers (SPME) were used for sampling the terpenes and the 2‐butanone formation from the hydroxyl reaction with 2‐butanol as a measure of OH· yields. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The individual terpenes’ OH· yields of α‐terpineol, limonene and α‐pinene were 64 ± 8%, 64 ± 6%, and 76 ± 6%, respectively. OH· yields were also measured from two‐component mixtures of these terpenes. In each mixture that contained α‐terpineol, the... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4681550 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4681550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4786969&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00722.x This study demonstrates the utility of longitudinal evaluation of microbial indices during remediation of water damage in this building, in which elimination of sources of moisture was not fully addressed. Our findings indicate that the fraction of hydrophilic fungi derived from concentrations of fungal species may be a useful index for assessing the long‐term effectiveness of remediation. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4786969 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4786969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4730644&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00721.x AbstractToxic microbial secondary metabolites have been proposed to be related to adverse health effects observed in moisture damaged buildings. Initial steps in assessing the actual risk include the characterization of the exposure. In our study, we applied a multi‐analyte, tandem mass spectrometry based methodology on sample materials of severely moisture damaged homes, aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the variety of microbial metabolites occurring in building materials and different dust sample types. From 69 indoor samples, all were positive for at least one of the 186 analytes targeted and as many as 33 different microbial metabolites were found. For the first time, the presence of toxic bacterial metabolites and their co‐occurrence with mycotoxins were shown fo... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4730644 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4730644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4681549&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00719.x AbstractThis paper estimates some of the benefits and costs of implementing scenarios that improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in the stock of U.S. office buildings. The scenarios include increasing ventilation rates when they are below 10 or 15 L/s per person, adding outdoor‐air economizers and controls when absent, eliminating winter indoor temperatures greater than 23 °C, and reducing dampness and mold problems. The estimated benefits of the scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude, including increased work performance, reduced sick building syndrome symptoms, reduced absence, and improved thermal comfort for millions of office workers. The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non‐overlapping scenarios is approximately $20 billion. While the quantita... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4681549 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4681549 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650941&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00717.x In conclusion, displacement ventilation may have certain positive health effects among pupils, as compared to conventional mixing ceiling systems. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650941 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 00:49:44 +0100 4650941 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4752040&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00717.x In conclusion, displacement ventilation may have certain positive health effects among pupils, as compared to conventional mixing ceiling systems.Practical ImplicationsDisplacement ventilation may be a suitable ventilation principle for achieving good indoor environment in classrooms. The type of supply air diffuser does not seem to be of major importance. The combination of floor heating and displacement ventilation can be a useful way of avoiding the previously described problem of thermal discomfort. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4752040 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4752040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4609466&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00716.x AbstractModern, holistic indoor climate research started with the formation of an interdisciplinary “Indoor Climate Research Group” (ICRG) in 1962 at the Institute of Hygiene, University of Aarhus, Denmark. After some years other groups started similar research in Denmark and Sweden and later — after the First International Indoor Air Symposium in Copenhagen 1978 — this research spread to many countries and today it is carried out globally by probably 2000 scientists.The present paper recounts the history of Danish indoor climate research, focusing on the three decades from the early 1960s to the founding of the Indoor Air journal in 1991. The aim of this paper is to summarize what was learned in those earlier years and to call to the attention of researchers in this area the need ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4609466 Fri, 18 Mar 2011 23:58:19 +0100 4609466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4588913&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00715.x Abstract:People in modern societies often spend 80‐90% of their time in indoor environments. It is, therefore, imperative to analyze indoor air quality (IAQ) and its determinants, and to consider the contribution of IAQ to possible health outcomes at the household level. Based on empirical data collected from 5,949 households from 35 wards of Delhi, it can be summarized that higher proportions of residents live in degraded indoor environmental conditions. The highest risks to health were attached to use of traditional fuels (64%), lack of a kitchen (59%), exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (55%), and poor indoor ventilation (55%). Acute respiratory infections (43%) were identified as one of the most prevalent health problems confronted by residents and is strongly associated w... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4588913 Tue, 15 Mar 2011 20:19:10 +0100 4588913 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4730645&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00715.x Abstract  People in modern societies often spend 80–90% of their time in indoor environments. It is, therefore, imperative to analyze indoor air quality (IAQ) and its determinants and to consider the contribution of IAQ to possible health outcomes at the household level. Based on empirical data collected from 5949 households from 35 wards of Delhi, it can be summarized that higher proportions of residents live in degraded indoor environmental conditions. The highest risks to health were attached to use of traditional fuels (64%), lack of a kitchen (59%), exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (55%), and poor ventilation (55%). Acute respiratory infections (43%) were identified as one of the most prevalent health problems confronted by residents and are strongly associated with u... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4730645 Tue, 15 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4730645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4573853&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00711.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4573853 Fri, 11 Mar 2011 23:43:22 +0100 4573853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4730646&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00714.x This study indicates to what extent elevated temperatures and thermal discomfort because of warmth result in negative effects on health and performance and shows that these could be caused by physiological responses to warmth, not by the distraction of subjective discomfort. This implies that they will occur independently of discomfort, i.e. even if subjects have become adaptively habituated to subjective discomfort. The findings make it possible to estimate the negative economic consequences of reducing energy use in buildings in cases where this results in elevated indoor temperatures. They show clearly that thermal discomfort because of raised temperatures should be avoided in workplaces. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4730646 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4730646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4454188&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00714.x AbstractThe effects of thermal discomfort on health and human performance were investigated in an office, in an attempt to elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved. Twelve subjects (6 males and 6 females) performed neurobehavioral tests and tasks typical of office work while thermally neutral (at 22°C) and while warm (at 30°C). Multiple physiological measurements and subjective assessment were made. The results show that when the subjects felt warm, they assessed the air quality to be worse, reported increased intensity of many Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms, expressed more negative mood, and were less willing to exert effort. Task performance decreased when the subjects felt warm. Their heart rate, respiratory ventilation and end‐tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4454188 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4454188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4417813&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00713.x AbstractIn the two decades since the first issue of Indoor Air there have been over 250 peer‐reviewed publications addressing chemical reactions among indoor pollutants. The present review has assembled and categorized these publications. It begins with a brief account of the state of our knowledge in 1991 regarding “indoor chemistry”, much of which came from corrosion and art conservation studies. It then outlines what we have learned in the period between 1991 and 2010 in the context of the major reference categories: gas phase chemistry, surface chemistry, health effects and reviews/workshops. The indoor reactions that have received the greatest attention are those involving ozone – with terpenoids in the gas phase as well as with the surfaces of common materials, furnishings an... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4417813 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 21:54:14 +0100 4417813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4730647&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00713.x Abstract  In the two decades since the first issue of Indoor Air, there have been over 250 peer‐reviewed publications addressing chemical reactions among indoor pollutants. The present review has assembled and categorized these publications. It begins with a brief account of the state of our knowledge in 1991 regarding ‘indoor chemistry’, much of which came from corrosion and art conservation studies. It then outlines what we have learned in the period between 1991 and 2010 in the context of the major reference categories: gas‐phase chemistry, surface chemistry, health effects and reviews/workshops. The indoor reactions that have received the greatest attention are those involving ozone—with terpenoids in the gas‐phase as well as with the surfaces of common materials, furnish... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4730647 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4730647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4404123&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00712.x AbstractThis paper recounts the first ten years of the Indoor Air journal from the perspective of the founding editor. It represents personal recollections of the journal’s founding and initial publication. It describes some of the amazing changes that have occurred since the decade of the 90s when it was first published. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4404123 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 21:26:58 +0100 4404123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4588914&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00712.x Abstract  This paper recounts the first 10 years of the Indoor Air journal from the perspective of the founding editor. It represents personal recollections of the journal’s founding and initial publication. It describes some of the amazing changes that have occurred since the decade of the 1990s when it was first published.Practical ImplicationsIt is useful to reflect back periodically to earlier times when the Indoor Air journal was just beginning to understand the conditions that led to its founding. Wise people have contributed much to create this outstanding journal. Their contributions should not be forgotten. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4588914 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4588914 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4404124&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00709.x AbstractAirliner cabins have high occupant density and long exposure time, so the risk of airborne infection transmission could be high if one or more passengers are infected with an airborne infectious disease. The droplets exhaled by an infected passenger may contain infectious agents. The present study developed a method to predict the amount of expiratory droplets inhaled by the passengers in an airliner cabin for any flight duration. The spatial and temporal distribution of expiratory droplets for the first 3 minutes after the exhalation from the index passenger was obtained using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The perfectly mixed model was used for beyond 3 minutes after the exhalation. For multiple exhalations, the droplet concentration in a zone can be obtained... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4404124 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4404124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4376265&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00710.x AbstractTrichloramine (NCl3) is recognized as an irritant of the human respiratory system and other tissues. Processes that lead to volatilization from the liquid phase allow for human exposure to gas‐phase NCl3 in swimming pool settings. The dynamics of these processes are not well‐defined.A DPD/KI‐based wet‐chemistry method for measuring gas‐phase NCl3 concentration was verified and applied in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities. Other gas‐phase oxidants in the air of indoor pools provided interference of 15% or less.The DPD/KI method was applied for measurement of gas‐phase NCl3 in four chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities. All results showed a correlation between bather loading and gas‐phase NCl3 concentration. The nature of swimmer activities also infl... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4376265 Thu, 20 Jan 2011 21:50:43 +0100 4376265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4317166&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00704.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4317166 Fri, 07 Jan 2011 00:18:36 +0100 4317166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4317165&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2011.00708.x AbstractProductivity is the essential organizational outcome. It is vaguely understood and difficult to quantify, especially at the individual level in office companies. Our objective was to quantify and describe the part of productivity which is systematically influenced by the indoor environment. We therefore introduce the concept “indoor productivity” which is defined by measuring operations. We used the multivariate method Marker Object Projection (MOP) to transform questionnaire data into an “indoor productivity index” (IPI) which reflects the relative impact of the variables that systematically influence indoor productivity. The reasoning behind IPI is that indoor productivity cannot be separated from experienced indoor environment and wellness at work. IPI is calculated for ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4317165 Fri, 07 Jan 2011 00:18:27 +0100 4317165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4299887&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00706.x AbstractMore than 30 years after the First International Indoor Climate Symposium, ten researchers from the USA, Slovakia, Sweden and Denmark gathered to review the current status of indoor environmental research. We initiated our review with discussions during the one‐day meeting and followed that with parallel research and writing efforts culminating with internal review and revision cycles. In this paper, we present our choices for the most important research findings on indoor environmental quality from the past three decades followed by a discussion of the most important research questions in our field today. We then continue with a discussion on whether there are research areas for which we can “close the book” and say that we already know what is needed. Finally we discuss whe... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4299887 Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4299887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4422880&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00705.x Abstract  Field measurements were collected through physical measurements and observations in the cities of Seoul, Korea; Eugene and Portland, Oregon; and Yokohama, Japan, during the fall, winter, and summer seasons from 2005 to 2006. A total of 1733 data sets were collected (Seoul – 713; Oregon – 807; Yokohama – 213) in variety of multi‐use buildings with the goal of examining operative temperatures and conditions encountered during everyday life. Of the four cities measured, winter and autumn indoor operative temperatures were highest in Seoul and lowest in Yokohama when normalized to outdoor conditions. In contrast, summer indoor operative temperatures were highest in Yokohama and lowest in Oregon. Clothing levels changed seasonally, and differences were observed between ‘lo... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4422880 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4422880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4299886&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00707.x AbstractReaction rates and reaction probabilities have been quantified on model indoor surfaces for the reaction of ozone with two monoterpenes (Δ3‐carene and d‐limonene). Molar surface loadings were obtained by performing breakthrough experiments in a plug‐flow reactor (PFR) packed with beads of glass, polyvinylchloride or zirconium silicate. Reaction rates and probabilities were determined by equilibrating the PFR with both the terpene and ozone and measuring the ozone consumption rate. To mimic typical indoor conditions, temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C were used in both types of experiments along with a relative humidity ranging from 10% to 80%. The molar surface loading decreased with increased relative humidity, especially on glass, suggesting that water competed with t... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4299886 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4299886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4280102&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00705.x AbstractField measurements were collected through physical measurements and observations in the cities of Seoul, Korea; Eugene and Portland, Oregon; and Yokohama, Japan during the fall, winter, and summer seasons from 2005 to 2006. A total of 1733 data sets were collected (Seoul‐713; Oregon‐807; Yokohama‐213) in variety of multi‐use buildings with the goal of examining operative temperatures and conditions encountered during everyday life. Of the 4 cities measured, winter and autumn indoor operative temperatures were highest in Seoul and lowest in Yokohama when normalized to outdoor conditions. In contrast, summer indoor operative temperatures were highest in Yokohama and lowest in Oregon. Clothing levels changed seasonally and differences were observed between “long‐term occup... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4280102 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4280102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4240643&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00703.x AbstractThe scientific literature through 2005 on the effects of ventilation rates on health in indoor environments has been reviewed by a multidisciplinary group. The group judged 27papers published in peer‐reviewed scientific journals as providing sufficient information on both ventilation rates and health effects to inform the relationship. Consistency was found across multiple investigations and different epidemiologic designs for different populations. Multiple health end points show similar relationships with ventilation rate. There is biological plausibility for an association of health outcomes with ventilation rates, although the literature does not provide clear evidence on particular agent(s) for the effects. Higher ventilation rates in offices, up to about 25 L/s per person, ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4240643 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4240643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4202214&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00702.x AbstractIn addition to mold, indoor bioaerosols also contain bacterial components that may have implications for human health. Endotoxin is a cell wall component in Gram‐negative bacteria present at varying levels indoors that has been found to have respiratory health implications. Streptomyces is a large genus of Gram‐positive bacteria, and some species have been shown to produce inflammatory reactions in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of streptomycetes levels in house dust, and to compare the variation in streptomycetes levels with that in endotoxin levels. Dust was collected by floor vacuuming from 178 homes in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. streptomycetes levels were measured by quantitative PCR and endotoxin was assayed by the Limulus Amebo... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4202214 Fri, 26 Nov 2010 12:56:20 +0100 4202214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4157639&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00695.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4157639 Fri, 12 Nov 2010 13:02:00 +0100 4157639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4157637&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00701.x AbstractLegionella pneumophila, aerosolized from numerous indoor facilities (e.g., shower heads, hot tubs, spas), may cause Pontiac fever (PF) and lethal pneumonia named Legionnaires’ disease (LD) in humans. Reliable methods on quantitative exposure assessment of this bioaerosol are essential for prevention of PF and LD. Coupled with culture, ethidium monoazide with qPCR, and qPCR assays, the collection efficiency for culturable, viable and total L. pneumophila was assessed by means of filtration sampling (IOM with gelatin filter and cassette with polycarbonate filter) and liquid‐based sampling methods (BioSampler, AGI‐30, MAS‐100 sampler with Tween mixture and deionized water (DW)). Results show IOM/gelatin filter was comparable to cassette/polycarbonate filter (P = 0.33) and perf... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4157637 Fri, 12 Nov 2010 13:01:48 +0100 4157637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4398120&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00700.x Abstract  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of ventilation rate on work performance and perceived air quality through short‐term laboratory experiments. The experiment was designed to simulate office work, and a laboratory space was modified using new finish materials to become a typical office space. High levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in the exposure chamber, most probably originating from the new finishing materials that were present. Twenty‐four subjects were divided into six groups that were randomly exposed to the three ventilation rates, 5, 10, and 20 l/s per person. The subjects performed work tasks three separate times for each ventilation rate over an 8‐h exposure period. The work performance of the subjects logarithmically impr... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4398120 Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4398120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4292087&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00701.x This study recommends the most suitable methodologies for quantifying culturable, viable, and total Legionella pneumophila in indoor air. By using appropriate sampling and analytical methods, the residents and building owners are able to obtain the reliable data and further characterize the exposure risk and/or intervention efficacy against L. pneumophila. Moreover, the adoption of suitable monitoring methods also assists the investigators to explore the sources linked to PF and LD during the outbreaks. Considering reliable microbial monitoring is fundamental for epidemiological survey and risk assessment, the present information should be taken into account in assessing L. pneumophila indoors. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4292087 Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4292087 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4157638&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00700.x AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of ventilation rate on work performance and perceived air quality through short‐term laboratory experiments. The experiment was designed to simulate office work and a laboratory space was modified using new finish materials to become a typical office space. High levels of VOCs were found in the exposure chamber, most probably originating from the new finishing materials that were present. Twenty four subjects were divided into six groups that were randomly exposed to the three ventilation rates, 5, 10, and 20 L/s per person. The subjects performed work tasks three separate times for each ventilation rate over an 8 hour exposure period. The work performance of the subjects logarithmically improved with increased ventilation rates... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4157638 Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4157638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4398121&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00699.x Abstract  To study the associations between dorm environment and occupants’ health, a nested case–control study on 348 college students was carried out in 2006–2007 at Tianjin University, China. Two hundred and twenty‐three dorm rooms where the ‘cases’ and ‘controls’ resided were inspected. Measured variables were ventilation rate, air temperature, and relative humidity indoors. Allergic symptoms in the last 12 months were self‐reported by occupants. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of a ‘localized moldy smell/moisture indicator’ in ‘special places’ (e.g., in a room corner or close to the radiator under the window) for wheezing was 3.56 [95% Confident Interval (CI): 1.56–8.14] and for rhinitis 2.81 (95% CI: 1.32–5.97). The AOR of a low air change rate (below th... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4398121 Tue, 09 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4398121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4148648&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00699.x AbstractIn order to study the associations between dorm environment and occupants’ health, a nested case‐control study on 348 college students was carried out in 2006‐2007 at Tianjin University, China. Two hundred twenty three dorm rooms where the “cases” and “controls” resided were inspected. Measured variables were ventilation rate, air temperature and relative humidity indoors. Allergic symptoms in the last 12 months were self‐reported by occupants.Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of a “localized moldy smell/moisture indicator” in “special places” (e.g. in a room corner or close to the radiator under the window) for wheezing was 3.56 (95% Confident Interval (CI): 1.56‐8.14) and for rhinitis 2.81 (95% CI: 1.32‐5.97). The AORs of a low air change rate (below the med... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4148648 Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4148648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4115046&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00686.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4115046 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4115046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4115045&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00697.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4115045 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4115045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4115044&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00698.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4115044 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4115044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4084821&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00696.x ABSTRACT (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4084821 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4084821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4016793&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00694.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4016793 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 20:14:36 +0100 4016793 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4218201&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00694.x This study aims to investigate whether indoor air pollution (IAP) from biomass fuel use was associated with hypertension, platelet hyperactivity, and elevated levels of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). We enrolled 244 biomass fuel‐using (median age 34 year) and 236 age‐matched control women who cooked with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure oxLDL in plasma and aCL in serum, flow cytometry for P‐selectin expression on platelet and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leukocytes, aggregometry for platelet aggregation, spectrophotometry for superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes, and laser photometer for particulate matter <10 and 2.5 μm in diameter (PM10 and PM2.5, respe... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4218201 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4218201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4010096&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00693.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4010096 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 19:10:43 +0100 4010096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4131117&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00684.x Abstract  This paper reports the abundance in indoor air and dust of eleven organophosphate esters and six phthalate esters. Both groups of these semi‐volatile compounds are widely incorporated as additives into plastic materials used in the indoor environment, thus contributing to indoor exposure to industrial chemicals. Thirty sampling sites representing three different indoor environments (private homes, day care centers, and workplaces) in the Stockholm area, Sweden, were selected to obtain representative concentration profiles in both ambient air and settled dust. Eight of the target organophosphate esters and all six phthalate esters were found in both air and dust samples at all locations. The phthalate esters were more abundant than the organophosphate esters, typically ten tim... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4131117 Mon, 27 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4131117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3975438&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00690.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3975438 Fri, 17 Sep 2010 08:03:22 +0100 3975438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3967971&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00689.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3967971 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 07:59:22 +0100 3967971 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3949978&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00688.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3949978 Fri, 10 Sep 2010 10:31:10 +0100 3949978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4021467&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00682.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4021467 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4021467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4010099&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00684.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4010099 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4010099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4010098&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00691.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4010098 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4010098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4010097&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00692.x Abstract (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4010097 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4010097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3971922&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00673.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3971922 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3971922 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3971921&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00680.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3971921 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3971921 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3971920&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00679.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3971920 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3971920 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3898314&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00686.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3898314 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3898314 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3898313&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00687.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3898313 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3898313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3890128&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00685.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3890128 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3890128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840211&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00662.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840211 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840210&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00658.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840210 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840209&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00655.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840209 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840208&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00657.x Abstract  (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840208 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840207&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00678.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840207 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840192&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00683.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840192 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3763897&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00669.x Abstract A set of 209 dwellings that represent 80% of U.S. housing stock is used to generate frequency distributions of residential infiltration rates. The set of homes is based on an analysis of the 1997 U.S. Department of Energy's Residential Energy Consumption Survey, which documents numerous housing characteristics including type, floor area, number of rooms, type of heating system, foundation type, and year of construction. The infiltration rate distributions are developed using the multizone network airflow model, CONTAM (CONTAMW 2.4 User Guide and Program Documentation, NISTIR 7251. National Institute of Standards and Technology.). In this work, 19 cities are selected to represent U.S. climatic conditions, and CONTAM simulations are performed for each of the 209 houses in these citi... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3763897 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3763897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3763896&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00671.x Abstract The Dampness in Buildings and Health study (DBH) started in the year 2000 in Värmland, Sweden, with a baseline questionnaire sent to all children (n = 14,077) aged 1[ndash]6. Five years later, a follow-up questionnaire was sent to the children who were 1[ndash]3 years at baseline. A total of 4779 children participated in both the baseline and the follow-up studies and constitute the study population in this cohort study. The aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to PVC-flooring in the child's and parent's bedroom in homes of children aged 1[ndash]3 and the incidence of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema during the following 5-year period. Adjusted analyses showed that the incidence of asthma among children was associated with PVC-flooring in the child's bedr... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3763896 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3763896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3763895&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00672.x Abstract Ventilation duct cleaning (DC) is widely advocated to provide good indoor air quality (IAQ), health benefits, cost savings, and enhance ventilation system performance. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the scientific evidence as shown in the literature. There is evidence that under normal operating conditions, ventilation ducts can be contaminated with dusts and serve as reservoirs for microbials to proliferate. While controlled experiments noted that contaminants resuspension can elevate exposure levels indoors, no field studies have correlated poor IAQ with duct contamination. Despite high efficiencies of contaminant removal within the ducts during cleaning, reductions for different indoor air pollutants vary widely, where, post-cleaning air pollutants concentrations ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3763895 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3763895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3762624&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00667.x Abstract People spend most of their time indoors. Dust settled in the home may be contaminated by semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Exposure to these compounds is of great concern, in particular for infants. Their number is large so arose the question of which ones should be selected for dust ingestion exposure assessment. This work proposes a health ranking of SVOCs ingested through settled dust. This ranking is based on the toxicity and contamination of SVOCs in dust. Data on compounds and contamination was retrieved from a bibliographic review. Where possible, toxicity data was retrieved from databases, otherwise it was calculated from raw data. One hundred and fifty-six SVOCs were selected, 66 of which were prioritized. Forty-two could not be prioritized because contamination da... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3762624 Sat, 17 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3762624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840204&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00674.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840204 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840201&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00667.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840201 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840200&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00671.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840200 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840194&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00681.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840194 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840193&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00680.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840193 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3705638&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00668.x Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death. The relationship between urban air pollution and its short-term health effects on patients suffering from COPD is confirmed. However, information about the impact of air pollutants upon the quality of life (QOL) in patients with COPD is lacking. Through a cross-sectional survey, this study investigates such impact in terms of the scores of the (Chinese) chronic respiratory questionnaire (CCRQ) and the measurements of indoor air quality (IAQ), lung function and Moser's activities of daily living (ADL). Using Yule's Q statistic with a cutoff |Q|>0.7 to identify the strong relationships between environmental parameters and CRQ sub-scores, this study reveals that patient emotion is strongly associated ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3705638 Mon, 28 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3705638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3705639&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00663.x Abstract To demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between severity of indoor visible mold growth and serum total IgE levels of resident children. A total of 97 children (4[ndash]7 years old) identified from previously established birth-cohort, with information pertaining to indoor environmental conditions after child's birth, were successfully recruited while sera were concurrently collected for total IgE and specific IgE analysis during clinical visits. Severity of visible mold growth at homes was scaled into three levels accordingly. A statistically significant dose-dependent relationship was found between severity of indoor visible mold growth and total serum IgE levels. The trend sustains after the model was adjusted for resident child's age, gender, pet-keeping history, number of ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3705639 Sun, 27 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3705639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3689806&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00666.x Abstract Because of concerns about indoor air quality, there is growing awareness of the need to reduce the rate at which indoor materials and products emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To meet consumer demand for low emitting products, manufacturers are increasingly submitting materials to independent laboratories for emissions testing. However, the same product tested by different laboratories can result in very different emissions profiles because of a general lack of test validation procedures. There is a need for a reference material that can be used as a known emissions source and that will have the same emission rate when tested by different laboratories under the same conditions. A reference material was created by loading toluene into a polymethyl pentene film. A fundamental... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3689806 Wed, 23 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3689806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3670047&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00662.x The objectives of this study were to determine volatile organic compound (VOC) emission signatures of nine typical building materials by using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and to explore the correlation between the PTR-MS measurements and the measurements of acceptability by human subjects. VOC emissions from each material were measured in a 50-l small-scale chamber. Chamber air was sampled by PTR-MS to determine emission signatures. Sorbent tube sampling and TD-GC/MS analysis were also performed to identify the major VOCs emitted and to compare the resulting data with the PTR-MS emission signatures. The data on the acceptability of air quality assessed by human subjects were obtained from a previous experimental study in which the emissions from the same batch of ma... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3670047 Thu, 17 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3670047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3658259&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00657.x This study contributes to the knowledge concerning the effects of a moderate temperature drift and the age of the inhabitants on their thermal comfort. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3658259 Sun, 13 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3658259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3763894&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00674.x Abstract Indoor air gas and particulate-phase samples (PM2.5) were collected from a primary school classroom and a women's sport center because children are one of the sensitive population subgroups and women are frequent users of personal care products in addition to the high level of activity in this specific microenvironment. PM2.5 was collected with a Harvard impactor, and polyurethane foam was used for the gas phase. Samples were ultrasonically extracted, concentrated, and analyzed with a GC-MS. The mean gas-phase concentrations in the classroom ranged from 0.12 ± 0.2 ng/m3 for MK to 267 ± 56 ng/m3 for HHCB, while it was from 0.08 ± 0.10 ng/m3 for AHMI to 144 ± 61 ng/m3 for HHCB in the sports center. Particulate-phase average concentrations in the sports center ranged from 0.22 ±... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3763894 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3763894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3763893&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00675.x Abstract The initial emittable concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is a key parameter not only in evaluating the 'green' degree of building materials but also in modeling their emission characteristics. Although the impact of temperature on initial emittable concentration is important, it has not been reported in the literature. Using the multi-emission/flush regression method we developed, the impact of temperature on the initial emittable concentration of formaldehyde in medium density board has been experimentally studied. It is observed that the initial emittable concentration increases significantly with increasing temperature. When the temperature rises by 25.4°C, it increases by about 507%. However, the initial emittable concentration at room temperature is far less t... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3763893 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3763893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3762625&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00670.x This study contributed to the measurements of indoor formaldehyde levels. We have used a newly developed sensor for time-integrated measurements of formaldehyde concentrations. This sensor does not need a power supply during exposure to air, and does not need special skills to use. This research showed that homeowners successfully deployed the sensor at the desired place and desired period in their house by themselves. Formaldehyde is emitted by various off-gassing sources, such as furniture. Therefore, for example, homeowners may want to measure the change of formaldehyde levels in their house before and after installing new furniture. This sensor may also be deployed by occupants to reduce the cost of a large-scale exposure assessment study. (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3762625 Mon, 07 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3762625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3639777&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00655.x Abstract The benefits of thermal comfort and indoor air quality with personalized ventilation (PV) systems have been demonstrated in recent studies. One of the barriers for wide spread acceptance by architects and HVAC designers has been attributed to challenges and constraints faced in the integration of PV systems with the work station. A newly developed ceiling-mounted PV system addresses these challenges and provides a practical solution while retaining much of the apparent benefits of PV systems. Assessments of thermal environment, air movement, and air quality for ceiling-mounted PV system were performed with tropically acclimatized subjects in a Field Environmental Chamber. Thirty-two subjects performed normal office work and could choose to be exposed to four different PV airflow r... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3639777 Mon, 07 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3639777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840206&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00643.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840206 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840205&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00668.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840205 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840203&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00666.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840203 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840202&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00663.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840202 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840199&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00676.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840199 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840198&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00673.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840198 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3840197&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00677.x (Source: Indoor Air) Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3840197 Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3840197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3762627&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00664.x Abstract Over one-quarter of the world's population relies on fuel-based lighting. Kerosene lamps are often located in close proximity to users, potentially increasing the risk for respiratory illnesses and lung cancer. Particulate matter concentrations resulting from cook stoves have been extensively studied in the literature. However, characterization of particulate concentrations from fuel-based lighting has received minimal attention. This research demonstrates that vendors who use a single simple wick lamp in high-air-exchange market kiosks will likely be exposed to PM2.5 concentrations that are an order of magnitude greater than ambient health guidelines. Using a hurricane lamp will reduce exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations by an order of magnitude compared to using a simple w... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3762627 Mon, 10 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3762627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3762626&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00665.x Abstract Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) in enclosed spaces is a major source of potentially harmful airborne particles. To quantify exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) because of SHS and to investigate the interaction between pollutants from SHS and vehicular emissions, number concentration and size distribution of UFP and other air pollutants (CO, CO2, and PM2.5) were measured inside a moving vehicle under five different ventilation conditions. A major interstate freeway with a speed limit of 60 mph and an urban roadway with a speed limit of 30 mph were selected to represent typical urban routes. In a typical 30-min commute on urban roadways, the SHS of one cigarette exposed passengers to approximately 10 times the UFP and 120 times the PM2.5 of ambient air. The most effective solution ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3762626 Mon, 10 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3762626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3705640&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00660.x Abstract A report by the Institute of Medicine suggested that more research is needed to better understand mold effects on allergic disease, particularly asthma development. We compared the ability of the fungal Penicillium chrysogenum (PCE) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts to induce allergic responses in BALB/c mice. The extracts were administered by intratracheal aspiration (IA) at several doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 [mu]g) four times over a 4-week period. Three days after the last IA exposure, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. The relative allergenicity of the extracts was evaluated based on the lowest dose able to induce a significant response compared to control (0 [mu]g) and the robustness of the response. PCE induced the most robust response at... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3705640 Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3705640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3705641&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00659.x This article presents the results of field monitoring of 30 unvented gas fireplaces under normal operation, regardless of whether users follow industry recommendations regarding installation, usage patterns, and maintenance. The monitoring found that health-based standards and guidelines were exceeded for CO in 20% of homes and for NO2 in most homes. There were no identified moisture problems in these homes. Nearly, half of the fireplaces were used at least once for longer than 2 h, counter to manufacturers' intended usage as supplemental heating. This demonstrates that given actual usage patterns and compared to current health-based thresholds, these appliances can produce indoor air concentrations considered to be unhealthy to at least sensitive or at-risk individuals. (Source: Indoor Ai... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3705641 Thu, 15 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3705641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3670048&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00658.x Abstract In a nested case[ndash]control study with 198 children with asthmatic and allergic symptoms (cases) and 202 healthy controls in Värmland, Sweden, we have investigated the relationship between mold spore exposure (mean colony-forming unit) indoor and (i) different indexes of moldy odor indoor (observed by professional inspectors and reported by parents), (ii) visible signs of dampness in the homes of the children (observed and reported), and (iii) doctor-diagnosed asthma/allergy in children. No association was found between the spore concentration indoor and moldy odor and signs of visible dampness in the homes. When a semi-quantitative method in distinguishing between moldy houses or non-moldy houses was used, there were no significant differences between the observed indexes of ... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3670048 Thu, 15 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3670048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3442707&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00644.x Abstract Chronic human exposure to formaldehyde is significantly increased by indoor sources. However, information is lacking on why these exposures appear to persist in older homes with aging sources. We use data from the Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air study to evaluate 179 residences, most of which were older than 5 years. We assess the dependence of indoor formaldehyde concentrations (Cin) on building type and age, whole-house air exchange rate, indoor temperature, and seasonal changes. Indoor formaldehyde had mean and median concentrations of 17 ppb, and primarily originated from indoor sources. The factors we analyzed did not explain much of the variance in Cin, probably because of their limited influence on mechanisms that control the long-term release of formalde... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3442707 Tue, 06 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3442707 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3442704&cid=s_22776_48_f&fid=22776&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.2010.00648.x Abstract Field experiments were conducted in five homes during three seasons (summer 2005, summer 2006 and winter 2007) to quantify ozone-initiated secondary aldehyde yields, surface reaction probabilities, and trends any temporal over a 1.5-year interval. Surfaces examined include living room carpets, bedroom carpets, kitchen floors, kitchen counters, and living room walls. Reaction probabilities for all surfaces for all seasons ranged from 9.4 × 10[minus]8 to 1.0 × 10[minus]4. There were no significant temporal trends in reaction probabilities for any surfaces from summer 2005 to summer 2006, nor over the entire 1.5-year period, indicating that it may take significantly longer than this period for surfaces to exhibit any 'ozone aging' or lowering of ozone-surface reactivity. However, a... Indoor Air journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3442704 Tue, 06 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3442704