MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Infant and Child Development' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 01:56:55 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5664891&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1746 This study adds unique insights to the differences and similarities of parent–child dyadic and triadic interactions during toddlerhood. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5664891 Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5664891 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5664890&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1752 The development of sleep–wake regulation occurs within the context of the infant–parent relationship. The present study investigated (1) patterns of change in night waking across infancy and attachment to parents and (2) if dependency, a characteristic of secure subgroup B4 and insecure‐resistant infants, accounted for differences in night waking. Forty‐six families reported on the number of infant night wakings at 7, 12, and 14 months of age. Attachment was measured at 12 (infant–mother) and 14 (infant–father) months. Findings suggest that infants with a secure (including the dependent‐secure, B4) pattern of attachment with mothers decreased in the number of night wakings over time, whereas infants with an insecure‐resistant pattern of attachment with mothers continued t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5664890 Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5664890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594503&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1750 Rapid changes in language skills and social competence, both of which are linked to sensitive parenting, characterize early childhood. The present study examines bidirectional associations among mothers' sensitive parenting and children's language skills and social competence from 24 to 36 months in a community sample of 174 families. In addition, this study examines how these developmental pathways vary by child sex. Findings indicate stability across time in sensitive parenting, expressive language skills, and social competence, as well as positive main effects of sensitive parenting on expressive and receptive language skills for girls and boys. We find mixed evidence over time of reciprocal links between social competence and sensitive parenting. Further, boys' receptive language ski... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594503 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5594503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594502&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1747 Although maternal sensitivity is widely understood as having a direct impact on the quality of the mother–child relationship, empirical evidence supporting this has been inconsistent, possibly because of varied definitions of the construct and limitations of measurements. The Maternal Behavior Q‐Set (MBQS) appears to be a promising measure of sensitivity, showing associations with attachment security (r = .60) higher than those reported (r = .24) in a highly‐regarded meta‐analysis of other sensitivity measures. The present study aimed to further establish the validity and utility of the MBQS by exploring its consistency with a contingency‐based measure of sensitivity, while also seeking evidence of stability across contexts and times. Seventy‐two mothers and their 10‐... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594502 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5594502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594501&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1748 The development of proficient communication skills in infants and toddlers is an important component to child development. A popular trend gaining national media attention is teaching sign language to babies with normal hearing whose parents also have normal hearing. Thirty‐three websites were identified that advocate sign language for hearing children as a way of promoting better developmental outcomes. These sites make several claims about the positive benefits of teaching hearing infants and toddlers to sign, such as earlier communication, improved language development, increased IQ, reduced tantrums, higher self‐esteem, and improved parent–child bonding. Without endorsing or disparaging these claims, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the strength of evidence cited on we... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594501 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5594501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5664889&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1753 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5664889 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5664889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625614&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.763 Exploring an ecological framework, the goal of the present study was to examine the moderating role of contextual risk on the relationship between differential parenting and children's socio‐emotional outcomes. The present study was conducted with a sample of 920 children nested within 397 families (including up to four children per family). Using a multivariate multilevel modelling strategy, we examined a range of contextual risks including maternal personal factors (educational level, family‐average parenting, depression, history of abuse and teen motherhood), parental and family factors (lone‐parent and step‐parent families and marital conflict) and home and community factors (household disorganization neighbourhood quality, collective efficacy and personal safety/victimization)... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625614 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625613&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1751 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625613 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625612&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1740 No abstract is available for this article. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625612 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5625612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5418979&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.764 The present study examined the role of positive parenting on externalizing behaviours in a longitudinal, genetically informative sample. It often is assumed that positive parenting prevents behaviour problems in children via an environmentally mediated process. Alternatively, the association may be due to either an evocative gene–environment correlation, in which parents react to children's genetically influenced behaviour in a positive way, or a passive gene–environment correlation, where parents passively transmit a risk environment and the genetic risk factor for the behavioural outcome to their children. The present study estimated the contribution of these processes in the association between positive parenting and children's externalizing behaviour. Positive parenting was assesse... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5418979 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5418979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594500&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.1749 We explain metacognition as a management of cognitive resources that does not necessitate algorithmic strategies or metarepresentation. When pragmatic, world‐directed actions cannot reduce the distance to the goal, agents engage in epistemic action directed at cognition. Such actions often are physical and involve other people, and so are open to observation. Taking a dynamic systems approach to development, we suggest that implicit and perceptual metacognition emerges from dyadic reciprocal interaction. Early intersubjectivity allows infants to internalize and construct rudimentary strategies for monitoring and control of their own and others' cognitions by emotion and attention. The functions of initiating, maintaining, and achieving turns make proto‐conversation a productive platfor... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594500 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5594500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466379&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.765 The purpose of this study was to examine self‐regulation as a mediator of the relation between family functioning and externalizing behaviour in 731 low‐income children (M age = 41 months) across three time points. Specifically, this study focused on whether chaos in the home and positive behaviour support were indirectly related to externalizing problems through their influence on inhibitory control. The primary findings were as follows: (a) chaos in the home at age 3 years was indirectly related to externalizing behaviour at age 5.5 years through children's inhibitory control at age 4 years, and (b) positive behaviour support at age 3 years was indirectly related to externalizing behaviour at age 5.5 years through inhibitory control at age 4 years. Implications of t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466379 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5454976&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.762 The current study examined mothers' depressive symptoms and mother–child mutuality across children's early years and children's maladjustment in their first year of school. Mothers of 117 children (74 boys and 43 girls) each completed the Beck Depression Inventory at four time points, when their children were approximately aged 2, 3, 4 and 6 years. In addition, each mother–child dyad was filmed playing at the first time point and attempting an Etch‐a‐Sketch task at the last time point; here, teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Modifications of confirmatory factor analytic techniques highlighted that the measurement of both mothers' depressive symptoms and mother–child mutuality were equivalent across time. A path analysis and a latent growth model d... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5454976 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5454976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5418980&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.766 No abstract is available for this article. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5418980 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5418980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5418978&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.759 Discussion: Although ADHD and ODD are associated with more negative behaviours during the mother–child interaction, those with comorbid ADHD + ODD exhibit differentially greater impairment during relatively boring tasks. Implications for treatment are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5418978 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5418978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5356424&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.760 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5356424 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5356424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5344458&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.757 Humour and laughter are universal to the human psychological experience and have serious developmental and evolutionary implications. Despite the early emergence of laughter in infancy, infants have been largely ignored in the humour research and humour has been largely ignored in the infant research. The present study describes the emergence of humour perception and creation in a sample of 20 parent–infant dyads who were followed from ages 3‐to‐ 6 months. The study examined how infants discover that absurd nonverbal behaviour, known as ‘clowning’, is amusing in the context of social engagement with caregivers. Results indicate that parents primarily use clowning when attempting to amuse their infants and pair these behavioural absurdities with affective cues like smiling and l... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5344458 Sun, 23 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5344458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302254&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.754 This paper examines explanatory mechanisms of differences, in both positive and negative aspects of children's adjustment, between ethnic minority (i.e., Former Soviet Union—FSU origin) and ethnic majority (i.e., Israeli) children living in Israel. Seventy Israeli children (40 girls) and 75 FSU origin children (38 girls) and their parents constituted the study sample. Both mothers and fathers reported on the children's prosocial and externalizing behaviours and provided accounts of their use of corporal punishment. Analyses showed that FSU origin children displayed lower levels of prosocial behaviour as well as higher levels of externalizing problems and that their parents used more corporal punishment than their Israeli counterparts. In addition, a mediation model was determined in whic... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302254 Sun, 09 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5302254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5257952&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.751 A total of 1329 children were tested twice across 1 year (M = 7 years 5 months of age at Time 1 (T1)) in the Zurich Project on Social Development. The measures at T1 were corporal punishment, neighbourhood trustworthiness and children's trustworthiness (not lying/cheating and not stealing). At Time 2 (T2), children reported the promise keeping of their classmates, which, via social relations analyses, yielded evidence for individual differences in reliability trustworthiness. Structural equation modelling analyses confirmed that there was stability in children's trustworthiness as a latent variable. The structural equation modelling further yielded evidence that (1) corporal punishment at T1 was negatively associated with children's trustworthiness at T1 and negatively predicted ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5257952 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5257952 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5257951&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.752 Research suggests a central role of executive functions for children's cognitive and social development during preschool years, especially in promoting school readiness. Interventions aiming to improve executive functions are therefore being called for. The present study examined the effect of a small group intervention implemented in kindergarten settings focusing on basic components of executive functions, i.e., working memory, interference control and cognitive flexibility. A total of 135 children enrolled in Swiss prekindergarten (5‐year‐olds) and kindergarten (6‐year‐olds) were involved. Results revealed that the small group intervention promoted gains in all three included components of executive functions: prekindergarten children substantially improved their working memory ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5257951 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5257951 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5257953&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.750 Studies comparing adult and peer imitation are rare and have to date provided mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate 14‐month‐olds' imitation of different actions (novel versus familiar) performed by televised models of different age groups (peers, older children or adults). In two experiments, we investigated infants' imitative performance when observing a novel action (Experiment 1) and familiar actions (Experiment 2). The results showed that the likelihood of imitating a novel action increased as the age of the model increased. The opposite was true for familiar actions where infants imitated the peer more frequently than either the older child or the adult model. These findings are discussed in relation to infants' ability to take into account a model's char... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5257953 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5257953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5356423&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.758 This study examined the prevalence and determinants of spanking of children at 3 years of age and the associations between spanking and externalizing behaviour and receptive verbal ability at age 5 years. Overall, we find maternal spanking rates of 55.2% and paternal rates of 43.2% at age 3 years. Mothers facing greater stress and those who spanked earlier are more likely to spank at age 3 years, whereas those who report a supportive partner during pregnancy and those who were not US born were less likely to spank. Mothers and fathers in communities where spanking was more normative were more likely to spank. Fathers were less likely to spank daughters at age 3 years. Frequent maternal spanking at age 3 years was associated with externalizing behaviour and receptive vocabulary ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5356423 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5356423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5344457&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.756 This longitudinal study assessed 133 Caucasian German infants at 3 and 6 months of age to investigate the influence of own‐race and other‐race faces as visual stimuli on association learning in the visual expectation paradigm (VExP). The study is related to the findings on the other‐race‐effect (ORE) which is said to emerge at 6 months of age. Caucasian faces were used as stimuli of a familiar ethnic category, whereas African faces were used as stimuli of an unfamiliar ethnic category. There was no significant difference between the two stimulus classes in infants' reaction time (RT) to stimulus shifts at 3 months. At 6 months of age, infants' RT decreased significantly in the Caucasian faces condition but not in the African faces condition. These results indicate that the ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5344457 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5344457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302253&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.755 This study investigated the development of intuitions about which properties are associated with the brain and which are associated with the body. A sample of 60 children aged 6, 8, and 10 years, as well a sample of 20 adults, were told about a brain transplant between two individuals and were asked about where certain properties resided after the transplant. Adults and older children construed the characteristics associated with fine‐motor behaviour, culpability, social contract and best friendships as transferring with the brain. Characteristics associated with gross‐motor behaviour, physical/biological properties, ownership and familial relationships were more likely to be seen as remaining with the body. Domain‐based explanations for this pattern of results are discussed. Copyr... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302253 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5302253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5294410&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.761 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5294410 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5294410 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118093&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.742 When children draw in clinical contexts, clinicians sometimes rely on children's colour use to make inferences about their emotional reaction to the subject of the drawing. Here, we examined whether children use colour to portray emotion in their drawings. In Experiment 1, children indicated their colour preferences and then coloured in outlines of figures characterized as nasty or nice. Children also drew complex, multi‐coloured pictures about their own happy or sad experiences. In Experiment 2, hospitalized children drew about being worried or scared in hospital and about their positive experiences. In both experiments, we examined the relation between children's colour use and their colour preferences. Three‐ to 10‐year‐old children used more preferred colours to colour in the n... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118093 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5118093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5007368&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.740 The current study analyzed the relationships among maternal empathy (emotional and cognitive), parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others, child cognitive empathy and child prosocial behaviour. Participants were 72 typically developing children (66 Caucasian, six Asian) aged between 47 and 76 months (M = 61.5 months, SD = 8.3 months). Results support the facilitative effect of parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others. Thus, the role played by parents in the development of prosocial behaviour extends beyond warm/sensitive/responsive parenting in infancy. Together these forms of parenting are key factors that facilitate the development of prosocial behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant an... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5007368 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5007368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5257950&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.749 Young children are frequently exposed to sounds such as speech and music in noisy listening conditions, which have the potential to disrupt their learning. Missing input that is masked by louder sounds can, under the right conditions, be ‘filled in’ by the perceptual system using a process known as perceptual restoration. This experiment compared the ability of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children, 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children and adults to complete a melody identification task using perceptual restoration. Melodies were presented either intact (complete input), with noise‐filled gaps (partial input; perceptual restoration can occur) or with silence‐filled gaps (partial input; perceptual restoration cannot occur). All age groups could use perceptual restoration to help them interpre... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5257950 Fri, 01 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5257950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191849&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.743 The nature of joint attention (JA) engagement of 32 sibling pairs (M age older sibling = 55.21 months; M age younger sibling = 19.60 months) was assessed in a free play context. Relations among JA engagement states, both siblings' age, temperament, and language, and older sibling theory of mind were explored. The frequency of coordinated JA was related to features of temperament of both the younger siblings (emotionality) and the older siblings (activity level and sociability). Younger siblings' age was significantly related to siblings' engagement in coordinated JA, whereas the older siblings' age and theory of mind correlated with the frequency of passive JA engagement. Implications regarding the role of partner characteristics in young sibling JA interactions will be discuss... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191849 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156995&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.748 Maternal expressive styles, based on a combination of positive and negative expressive patterns, were identified at two points in time and related to multiple aspects of preschool children's emotional development. Mother–child pairs from 260 families participated when the children were 3 years old, and 240 participated again at aged 4 years. Expressive styles were identified at age 3 using cluster analysis, replicated at age 4 and examined in relation to children's emotional understanding, expressiveness and regulation. Three expressive styles were identified: high positive/low negative, very low positive/average negative and average positive/very high negative. Cluster membership was stable in 63% of families from age 3 to 4 years; no systematic patterns of change were evident in ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156995 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5156995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118092&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.746 Previous research with adult samples has demonstrated that social anxiety disorder is associated with content‐specific interpretation and judgemental biases. The present study extends our understanding of the specificity of cognitive biases in childhood social anxiety. A sample of non‐clinical children aged 11–12 years completed social anxiety and depression scales and was presented with scenarios depicting hypothetical events varying along two dimensions: relevance to self (event occurs to self or to other) and domain of activity (event is social or non‐social). Partial support for the content‐specificity hypothesis was found. Children's social anxiety symptoms were positively associated with negative interpretation ratings for ambiguous self‐referent and other‐referent ev... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118092 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5118092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5106308&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.745 Evaluative food categories are value‐laden assessments, which reflect the healthfulness and palatability of foods (e.g. healthy/unhealthy, yummy/yucky). In a series of three studies, this research examines how 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children (N = 147) form evaluative food categories based on input from external sources of information. The results indicate that children prefer to ask a mom and teacher over a cartoon and child for information about the evaluative status of foods. However, children are cautious to accept information about healthy foods from all of the external sources compared with unhealthy, yummy and yucky foods. The results also indicate that providing information about the positive taste of healthy foods helps to encourage children to select healthy foods to eat. Ta... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5106308 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5106308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085633&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.722 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085633 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085632&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.741 AbstractThis paper provides a brief overview of recent developmental research on themes related to children's social identities. Initially, consideration is given to the capacity for social categorization, following which attention is given to children's developing conceptions of social identities, their identification with social groups, and the consequences of identification upon various phenomena such as ingroup favouritism and well‐being. Finally, some personal thoughts on the wider political implications of this research are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085632 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085631&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.747 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085631 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076993&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.744 The present study investigated how group membership criteria and moral understanding can affect children's evaluations of peers after different types of transgressions. In all, the study included 47 participants attending a junior school in Cornwall. All participants were allocated to an in‐group and responded to a number of questions which tested intergroup bias and the differential evaluation of norm‐violating peers from the in‐group and the out‐group. Overall, moral transgressions (physical and relational aggression) were evaluated more negatively than a social‐conventional transgression. However, those who violated group norms by expressing positive attitudes towards the out‐group were viewed differently depending on both moral and group‐based criteria. These different cr... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076993 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5076993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5007367&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.738 Selectivity in encoding, aspects of attentional control and their contribution to learning performance were explored in a sample of preschoolers. While the children are performing a learning task, their encoding of relevant and attention towards irrelevant information was recorded through an eye‐tracking device. Recognition of target items was used as measure of learning outcome, and individual differences in resistance to interference and inhibition of attention to task‐irrelevant stimuli (i.e. distractibility) were used as measures of executive control of attention. Results indicated well‐developed selectivity during encoding in young children. Recognition performance was related to selective encoding and aspects of attentional control, explaining individual differences in learning... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5007367 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5007367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933208&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.707 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933208 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4933208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933207&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.698 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933207 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4933207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933206&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.702 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933206 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4933206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933205&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.737 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933205 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4933205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933204&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.735 The present study assessed if children would present different information in their drawings of emotion eliciting stimuli when they believed that an adult or a child audience would view their drawings. Seventy‐five 6‐year‐olds (44 boys and 31 girls) were allocated to three groups: the reference group, the child audience group and the adult audience group. All children completed a drawing session where they first drew a neutral uncharacterised figure, followed by drawings of a sad and a happy figure in counterbalanced order. Findings demonstrated that children did consider who would be viewing their drawings when communicating emotional affect and included different features within their drawings. In particular, almost all happy drawings included a smile, but only those drawings where... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933204 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4933204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4621866&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.728 AbstractUsing a sample of 263 mother–child dyads, we examined the extent to which maternal emotional and cognitive support during a joint problem‐solving task when children were 3‐years‐old predicted children's academic skills 1 year later independent of each other, the quality of the home learning environment, and maternal emotional responsiveness. When all parenting measures were examined simultaneously, only maternal emotional support during problem solving and the quality of the home learning environment predicted unique variation in gains in pre‐academic skills from 3 to 4 years of age. The positive effect of emotional support during problem solving was especially apparent for children whose pre‐academic skills were low at the age of 3 years. These findings are discussed i... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4621866 Mon, 21 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4621866 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4610575&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.729 AbstractThe current study examined concurrent and longitudinal relations between maternal negative affective behaviour and child negative emotional expression in preschool age children with (n=96) or without (n=126) an early developmental risk, as well as the predictions of later behaviour problems. Maternal negative affective behaviour, child externalizing emotional expression, and child internalizing emotional expression were observed during a number of lab tasks at child ages 4 and 5, and child externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems were assessed via maternal questionnaire at age 6. Path analyses using structural equation modeling were utilized to test the relations among the variables at ages 4, 5, and 6. A parent‐driven model of emotion socialization emerged, wherein str... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4610575 Fri, 18 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4610575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4892169&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.736 AbstractThis review of 20 years of developmental research on Executive Functions (EF) offers a broad‐brushstroke picture that touches on multiple issues including: (i) findings from typical and atypical groups, from infancy to adolescence; (ii) advances in assessment tools and in statistical analysis; (iii) the interplay between EF and other cognitive systems (e.g. those involved in children's developing understanding of mind, and in their processing of reward signals); (iv) integration of cognitive and neuroscience perspectives on EF; and (v) environmental factors that have either a positive influence (e.g. training/intervention programmes; parental scaffolding) or a negative influence (e.g. maltreatment, neglect, traumatic brain injury) on EF. Of the several themes to emerge from this ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4892169 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4892169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4788712&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.734 Distributional information is a potential cue for learning syntactic categories. Recent studies demonstrate a developmental trajectory in the level of abstraction of distributional learning in young infants. Here we investigate the effect of prosody on infants' learning of adjacent relations between words. Twelve‐ to thirteen‐month‐old infants were exposed to an artificial language comprised of 3‐word‐sentences of the form aXb and cYd, where X and Y words differed in the number of syllables. Training sentences contained a prosodic boundary between either the first and the second word or the second and the third word. Subsequently, infants were tested on novel test sentences that contained new X and Y words and also contained a flat prosody with no grouping cues. Infants successfu... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4788712 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4788712 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4775034&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.733 This longitudinal assessment concentrated on the relation between the home literacy environment (HLE) and early language acquisition during infancy and toddlerhood. In study 1, after controlling for socio‐economic status, a broadly defined HLE predicted language comprehension in 50 infants. In study 2, 27 children returned for further analyses. Findings revealed that the HLE measured in infancy predicted language production in toddlerhood and maternal redirecting behaviours measured in toddlerhood were negatively associated with expressive language. Results across both studies indicate the importance of a broadly defined HLE (including joint attention and parent–child conversation) for language development. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of the HLE in supportin... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4775034 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4775034 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4733298&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.730 AbstractStudies of children's knowledge of the Earth have led to very different conclusions: some appear to show that children construct their own, non‐scientific ‘theories’ (mental models) of the flat, hollow or dual Earth. Others indicate that many young children have some understanding of the spherical (scientific) Earth, and that their knowledge lacks the coherence of mental models. The reasons for these contrasting views were tested by interviewing French children (N = 178) aged 5–11 years and varying the different methods used in previous research, namely the types of questions (open and forced‐choice), the form of representation (two‐dimensional pictures and three‐dimensional models), and the method of analysis (the mental model theorists' coding scheme and a statistic... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4733298 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4733298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4676344&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.719 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4676344 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4676344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4676343&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.732 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4676343 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4676343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4531693&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.727 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4531693 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4531693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4393902&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.725 AbstractHigh levels of teacher–child conflict have repeatedly been found to amplify children's aggressive behaviour. Up to now, however, research on possible mechanisms explaining this link is largely lacking. The current study aimed to test whether children's self‐esteem is an intervening mechanism. Participants were 139 children (70 boys, M age = 6.18 years) and their teachers from 35 classes in 19 schools who were followed longitudinally throughout first grade. Teacher–child conflict was measured during the first trimester (October to December), children's self‐esteem (three child interviews) during the second trimester (January to March) and children's aggressive behaviour during the first and third trimester (April to June). Teacher–child conflict had a significant indirect ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4393902 Tue, 25 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4393902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4360584&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.723 AbstractThis paper reviews progress over the past 20 years in four areas of research on infant perception and cognition. Work on perception of dynamic events has identified perceptual constraints on perception of object unity and object trajectory continuity that have led to a perceptual account of early development that supplements Nativist accounts. Work on face processing has charted developmental changes that clarify the way innate systems are modified by experience. Research on perception of goal‐directed action and animacy has made significant progress in uncovering the roots of social cognition from 6 months onwards. New methods such as eye tracking and measures of brain activity have done much to confirm and clarify conclusions arising from more conventional looking preference me... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4360584 Mon, 17 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4360584 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342762&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.724 AbstractA preference for static face patterns is observed in newborns and disappears around 3 months after birth. A previous study has demonstrated that 5‐month‐old infants prefer schematic faces only when the internal features are moving, suggesting that face‐specific movement enhances infants' preference.The present study investigates the facilitative effect of the movement of internal facial features on infants' preference. To examine infants' preference, we used animated face patterns consisting of a head‐shaped contour and three disk blobs. The inner blobs expanded and contracted to represent the opening and closing of the eyes and mouth, and were constrained to open and close only in a biologically possible vertical direction resembling the facial muscle structure. We compare... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342762 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4342762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4322291&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.720 AbstractSleep–wake behaviours and temperament were examined longitudinally for trait stability and relationship to behavioural state regulation from infancy to early childhood. Subjects were 120 low‐risk, full‐term infants from a middle class sample. At 6 weeks, parents completed three consecutive days of the Baby's Day Diary which measures sleep, wake, fuss, feed and cry states and the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire. At 16 months, parents assessed sleep behaviours with the Sleep Habits Inventory and temperament with the Toddler Symptom Checklist. At 24 months, parents repeated 3 days of the Baby's Day Diary. Structural Equation Modelling was used to examine the cross‐age hypotheses for sleep–wake and temperament associations. From early infancy to toddlerhood, sleep–wake... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4322291 Fri, 07 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4322291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658110&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.731 AbstractThe current study examined the role of maternal behaviour and toddlers' emotion regulation strategies in the development of children's sustained attention abilities. Participants for this study included 447 children (232 girls) obtained from three different cohorts participating in a larger ongoing longitudinal study. When the children were 2 years of age, mothers brought their children to the laboratory and were videotaped during several tasks designed to elicit emotion regulation and mother–child interaction. Sustained attention was also measured at the same visit via a laboratory task and in a subsequent visit when children were 4.5 years of age. Results indicated that toddlers' use of help‐seeking emotion regulation strategies was positively related to sustained attention, ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658110 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4318075&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.721 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4318075 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4318075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4318074&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.726 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4318074 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4318074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4150562&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.715 This study explores infant media producer claims regarding language development, and the extent to which these claims reflect different distributions of strategies known to promote young children's language development in live contexts. A content analysis of 58 DVDs for children under the age of three years was conducted. Claims related to language development and general knowledge information were identified from packaging and promotional materials. Video content was examined scene‐by‐scene for language‐promoting strategies. Finally, scene‐level content matching the specific language or general knowledge claims was ‘tagged’. Videos with more explicit language claims had a significantly higher percentage of scenes with language content and language‐promoting strategies than t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4150562 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4150562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4200268&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.716 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4200268 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4200268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4158825&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.717 This study examines how parents' observed warmth and their reported frequency of parent–child activities were related to children's classifications as having biological risks or a range of disability indicators. Children were low‐income prekindergarteners who participated in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project Longitudinal Follow‐up. Data from parent, early care and education staff reports, and direct child assessments were used to classify children into the following groups: disabilities, suspected delays, biological risks, disabilities and biological risk, suspected delays and biological risk, and no disability indicator. Socioeconomic status (ethnicity, maternal education and poverty level) and maternal depression were controlled in the analyses. The parents of ch... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4158825 Wed, 01 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4158825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4150561&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.718 AbstractInfant DVDs typically have titles and even company names that imply some educational benefit. It is not known whether these educational claims are reflected in actual content. The present study examined this question. Of 686 claims (across 58 programs) listed on packaging, websites and promotional materials, implicit claims were most frequent (37%) followed by uncodable/vague claims (25%), a list of included content (24%), and explicit claims (14%). The most frequently targeted educational domain was general knowledge claim (32%), followed by language/literacy claim (29%), social–emotional claim (15%), physical claim (12%), and cognitive development claim (12%). Number of claims in a domain was positively associated with the percentage of scenes featuring that domain content (Mea... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4150561 Wed, 01 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4150561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117923&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.713 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117923 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4117923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096827&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.711 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096827 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4096827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4060101&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.708 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4060101 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4060101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4040266&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.709 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4040266 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4040266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012322&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.706 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012322 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4012322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3812561&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.697 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3812561 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3812561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3726456&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.684 Faces are important for non-verbal communication in daily life, and eye gaze direction provides important information for adult-infant interaction. Four-month-old infants and adults better recognize faces when accompanied with direct gaze, suggesting a special status of 'eye contact'. Whether mutual gaze plays a role in face recognition from birth, or whether it requires expertise, is investigated in this paper. We conducted a between subjects design, for a total of four experiments, two involving habituation (1a, 1b) and two involving preference tests (2a, 2b), to investigate newborns' ability to recognize faces when gaze direction is manipulated. We predicted that a face accompanied with direct gaze would be better recognized by newborns. In contrast, we expected no evidence of identity ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3726456 Mon, 05 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3726456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3938180&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.704 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3938180 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3938180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3932899&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.703 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3932899 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3932899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895550&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.696 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895550 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843965&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.671 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843965 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3843965 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843964&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.672 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843964 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3843964 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843963&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.673 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843963 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3843963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843953&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.697 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843953 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3843953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3713826&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.701 The purpose of the present study was to examine the maternal beliefs and practices regarding preschool children's proactive and reactive aggression, within a cross-cultural framework. Participants included 30 Aboriginal and 45 European Canadian mothers of preschoolers who provided their emotional reactions, causal attributions, socialization strategies, and parenting goals in response to children's aggressive behaviours. Results supported previous research that both groups of mothers generally responded negatively to both types of aggression, although there were differences in the extent of negative emotional responses expressed by mothers in the two cultures depending on the type of aggression. Mothers believed that reactive aggression was due to more external causes than proactive aggres... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3713826 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3713826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3706349&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.700 Eighty 4- to 9-year-old children answered factual knowledge questions in math, science and social studies during one-on-one interviews. Children indicated whether they had known or guessed each answer, and whether they (a) remembered the moment they learned the answer (episodic response) or (b) did not remember. For episodic responses, children provided memory narratives of learning episodes. One third of children's responses identified a learning episode. There was a developmental trend in which older children were more episodic than younger children, and when children knew and provided correct answers, there was a gender difference in which females were more episodic than males. Developmental and gender differences in the characteristics of memory narratives were also apparent. Copyright... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3706349 Mon, 28 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3706349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3686890&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.699 Previous studies have found that preschoolers are confused about the relationship between two-dimensional (2D) symbols and their referents. Preschoolers report that 2D images (e.g. televised images and photographs) share some of the characteristics of the objects they are representing. A novel Comparison Task was created to test what might account for these misattributions of the properties of 2D images. Three-and-a-half- and four-and-a-half-year olds made comparisons between items presented in two of three formats simultaneously, i.e. as a real object and as an object appearing on television (TV), as a real object and as a photo of that object, or as an object appearing on TV and in a photo. Presenting the televised object or the photo of the object along with the real object aided perfor... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3686890 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3686890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3621326&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.694 Correspondence between child and maternal perceptions of sibling relationship quality (standards, actual ratings, problems) and children's reports of daily interactions were assessed in 40 early adolescent children (M age=11.5 yrs) and their mothers (n=32). Children completed the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985. Child Development, 56, 448-461) and Daily Checklist ratings of sibling interactions for 14 days. Mothers completed the Parental Expectations and Perceptions of Children's Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Kramer & Baron, 1995. Family Relations, 44, 95-103). Overall, findings revealed correspondence between child perceptions of sibling warmth and maternal ratings of standards, actual ratings, and problems in sibling warmth but not conflict and rivalry... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3621326 Tue, 01 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3621326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3599202&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.695 Self-produced locomotion is regarded as a setting event for other developmental transitions in infancy with important implications for socioemotional development and parent-child interaction. Using an age-held-constant design, this study examined changes in reported infant behaviour and maternal proactive/reactive control and compared them with direct observations of infant and maternal behaviour associated with the development of self-produced locomotion. Maternal reports were obtained prior to the locomotor transition and, for half the sample, after infants had transitioned to effective mobility. Observations of all infants were conducted shortly after the second interview. Prelocomotor and transitioning infants showed none of the expected behavioural differences (e.g. emotionality and c... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3599202 Tue, 25 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3599202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3581400&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.690 The current investigation examined the long-term prediction of sibling jealousy assessed in a laboratory-based paradigm on sibling relationship quality 2 1/2 years later. This multi-method longitudinal study included mothers, fathers, and two children from 35 families. Younger siblings were 16 months and older siblings were, on average, 4 years at Time 1. Positive longitudinal associations were found between older siblings' jealousy reactions when interacting with the father at Time 1 and sibling conflict at Time 2. These associations continued to exist even when older siblings' behaviour during the mother sessions was considered. Children's inability to regulate their jealous reactions may be indicative of lower levels of emotion regulation skills, which may, in turn, translate to poorer ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3581400 Wed, 19 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3581400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3581401&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.693 This study investigated how parental beliefs about children's emotions and parental stress relate to children's feelings of security in the parent-child relationship. Models predicting direct effects of parental beliefs and parental stress, and moderating effects of parental stress on the relationship between parental beliefs and children's feelings of security were tested. Participants were 85 African American, European American, and Lumbee American Indian 4th and 5th grade children and one of their parents. Children reported their feelings of security in the parent-child relationship; parents independently reported on their beliefs and their stress. Parental stress moderated relationships between three of the four parental beliefs about the value of children's emotions and children's att... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3581401 Tue, 18 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3581401 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3563688&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.683 Although neonatology, the study of the newborn, is well established in medical science, psychological research on the newborn is relatively scarce. Can we justify this period as a distinct stage of human development in Psychology? This introductory article considers the unique characteristics of the neonatal period, the impact of the transition to extrauterine life, including the impact of birth itself, and the stages of brain development that characterize this period. It presents evidence of an intentional, intersubjective neonate, and uses behavioural and neuroscientific evidence to argue that the neonate's early social preferences and responses indicate a unique, sensitive, experience-expectant stage of development.The authors of this issue agree in proposing that the newborn infant is ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3563688 Thu, 13 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3563688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3563687&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.689 As thinking adults depend upon years of practical experience, reasoning about facts and causes, and language to sustain their knowledge, beliefs and memories, and to understand one another, it seems quite absurd to suggest that a newborn infant has intersubjective mental capacities. But detailed research on how neonatal selves coordinate the rhythms of their movements and senses, and how they engage in intimate and seductive precision with other persons' movements, sensing their purposes and feelings, gives evidence that it is so. The developmental and functional neuroscience of the human brain agrees. Indeed it seems that cultural intelligence itself is motivated at every stage by the kind of powers of innate intersubjective sympathy that an alert infant can show shortly after birth. We a... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3563687 Thu, 13 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3563687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3529464&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.692 Partridge and Lerner (2007), in a secondary analysis of the New York Longitudinal Study, employed a chronometric polynomial growth curve model to argue that the developmental course of difficult temperament follows a non-linear trajectory over the first 5 years of life. The free curve slope intercept (FCSI) growth curve model of Meredith and Tisak (1990) is presented as a preferable conceptual alternative because it contains a number of currently popular statistical models, including repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, factor mean, linear growth, linear factor analysis, and hierarchical linear models as special cases. As such, researchers can compare the fit of each of these models relative to the FCSI model, and, at times, to each other. The present paper conducts a re-an... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3529464 Mon, 03 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3529464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3529463&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.680 The present study examined Chinese children's moral evaluations of truths and lies about one's own pro-social acts. Children ages 7, 9, and 11 were read vignettes in which a protagonist performs a good deed and is asked about it by a teacher, either in front of the class or in private. In response, the protagonist either tells a modest lie, which is highly valued by the Chinese culture, or tells an immodest truth, which violates the Chinese cultural norms about modesty. Children were asked to identify whether the protagonist's statement was the truth or a lie, and to evaluate how 'good' or 'bad' the statement was. Chinese children rated modest lies more positively than immodest truths, with this effect becoming more pronounced with age. Rural Chinese children and those with at least one no... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3529463 Mon, 03 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3529463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3529462&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.691 Deficits in executive function, and in particular, reduced capacity to inhibit a dominant action, are a risk factor for externalizing problems (EP). Inhibitory control (IC) develops in the later preschool and early childhood periods, such that IC might not regulate EP in toddlers and younger preschoolers. Aggression was observed during peer play for 66 girls and 49 boys, from 2.75 to 6.00 years (M=4.14, S.D.=0.78). Mothers reported on children's IC and EP concurrently and 12 months later, and concurrent teacher reports of EP were also collected. Factor analysis supported aggregation of mother and teacher-reported EP and observed physical aggression into one measure of externalizing difficulties. Mothers reported lower IC for children with more externalizing difficulties, and the inverse re... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3529462 Mon, 03 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3529462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3529461&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.687 Data from our research are reviewed showing limited attentiveness and responsivity to animate stimuli in newborns of depressed mothers. These include face-voice stimuli of mothers and strangers, newborn cry sounds and instrumental and vocal music. Newborns of depressed mothers are also noted to be less attentive and responsive when presented with inanimate stimuli, including different texture nipples, different temperature nipples and different weight tubes. Potential underlying mechanisms are suggested by research showing negative effects of prenatal depression, elevated prenatal cortisol and lower prenatal dopamine and serotonin on the newborns of depressed mothers. Additional risk factors are explored, including sleep disturbances and other prenatal stressors. Early interventions, inclu... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3529461 Mon, 03 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3529461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3511268&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.674 This study examined bidirectional relationship between mothers' lax and overreactive discipline and children's misbehaviour and negative effect. We examined the moment-to-moment stability of mothers' and children's behaviours (actor effects) and mothers' and children's influence on their partners' subsequent behaviours (partner effects). Participants were 71 mothers and their 24- to 48-month-old children observed during a 30-min interaction. Both children and mothers exhibited stability in their own behaviours and influenced the subsequent behaviours of their partners. Additionally, a comparison of partner effects indicated that overreactive discipline more strongly predicted child's negative effect than child's negative effect predicted overreactive discipline. In contrast, although a chi... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3511268 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3511268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3511267&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.686 The aims of this article are to describe the neurobehavioural integrity of chimpanzee newborns, to investigate how early experiences affect the neurobehavioural organization of chimpanzees, and to explore species differences by comparing chimpanzee newborns with a group of typically developing human newborns. Neurobehavioural integrity related to orientation, motor performance, arousal, and state regulation of 55 chimpanzee (raised in four different settings) and 42 human newborns was measured with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), a semi-structured 25-min interactive assessment. Thirty-eight chimpanzees were tested every other day from birth, and the analyses revealed significant developmental changes in 19 of 27 NBAS scores. The cross-group and cross-species comparisons we... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3511267 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3511267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3494075&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.688 We present a biobehavioural model that explains the neurobiological mechanisms through which measures of vagal regulation of the heart (e.g. respiratory sinus arrhythmia) are related to infant self-regulatory and social engagement skills. The model describes the sequential development of the neural structures that provide a newborn infant with the ability to regulate physiological state in response to a dynamically changing postpartum environment. Initially, the newborn uses primitive brainstem-visceral circuits via ingestive behaviours as the primary mechanism to regulate physiological state. However, as cortical regulation of the brainstem improves during the first year of life, reciprocal social behaviour displaces feeding as the primary regulator of physiological state. The model empha... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3494075 Wed, 21 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3494075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3494076&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.685 Human neonates spend the majority of their time sleeping. Despite the limited waking hours available for environmental exploration, the first few months of life are a time of rapid learning about the environment. The organization of neonate sleep differs qualitatively from adult sleep, and the unique characteristics of neonatal sleep may promote learning. Sleep contributes to infant learning in multiple ways. First, sleep facilitates neural maturation, thereby preparing the infants to process and explore the environment in increasingly sophisticated ways. Second, sleep plays a role in memory consolidation of material presented while the infant was awake. Finally, emerging evidence indicates that infants process sensory stimuli and learn about contingencies in their environment even while a... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3494076 Tue, 20 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3494076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3486639&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.678 For more than 30 years, researchers have focused on the important transition that children undergo between the ages of 3 and 5, when they start to solve mind-reading problems that require reasoning about complex mental states, such as beliefs. The main question for debate has been whether, during that transition, children acquire new concepts about how the mind works (i.e. a more sophisticated 'theory of mind') or whether their more general cognitive abilities improve and help them deal with the general task demands. Recently, researchers have started to explore mind-reading abilities in individuals outside of the classic 3-5 age span, showing early theory of mind abilities in ever-younger children and infants, but also far from flawless performance in adults. In this article, we show how ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3486639 Mon, 19 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3486639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3459965&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.681 This study examined the effects of child characteristics and parent coping practices on parenting stress, based on a sample of parents of 64 boys with behavioural problems and a comparison group with parents of 128 boys. All parents completed questionnaires about stress, length of education, child characteristics, social support, sense of coherence and coping practices, in addition to interviews in their home about daily activities and relations with the child. A hierarchical regression model for predicting parenting stress was tested, and the results showed that having a child with behavioural problems predicted 57% of the variance in parenting stress. Social support and parental resources and strategies added to the prediction of parenting stress after controlling for family demographics... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3459965 Sun, 11 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3459965 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3459964&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.682 This study examined a model suggesting that after controlling for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity, child temperament is uniquely associated with parenting stress; that parenting stress affects parenting style, above and beyond child characteristics; that parenting style is related to the level of child impairment, above and beyond the effects of child symptoms, temperament, and parenting stress; and finally that parenting style moderates the relationship between ADHD symptom severity and child functioning. Child measures included parent- and teacher-rated ADHD symptom severity, teacher-rated temperament, and clinician-rated functioning in a sample of 138 inattentive/hyperactive preschoolers. Maternal self-ratings of parenting style and parenting stress were... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3459964 Sun, 11 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3459964 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3459963&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.679 We examined, first, the role of prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms and maternal attachment style in predicting the quality of mother-child interaction. Second, we analysed whether the secure-autonomous attachment style can protect the dyadic interaction from the negative effects of maternal depression. The participants were 59 mother-infant pairs examined during pregnancy (T1), 4-5 months postpartum (T2) and when the children were approximately 14 months old (T3). Maternal attachment style was assessed with a modified Adult Attachment Interview -procedure, depressive symptoms with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and observed mother-child interaction with Care Index. The results show that autonomous mothers were more sensitive and responsive and their children more co-operativ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3459963 Sun, 11 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3459963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3453485&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.676 This study explored the relationship between parents' use of conditional regard (PCR, Assor, Roth, & Deci, 2004; Roth, 2008) to promote suppression of sad feelings and the following emotional skills in young children: (1) recognition of sadness in facial expressions, (2) awareness of sad feelings in oneself, and (3) empathic response to others' sad feelings. The study distinguished between two PCR components: conditional negative regard (similar to love withdrawal) and conditional positive regard. Emotion-focused interviews were conducted with 102 children aged 5-6 years, and their parents completed questionnaires assessing parents' use of conditional regard. As expected, both PCR components correlated negatively with the emotional skills. Regression analyses showed that the seemingly beni... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3453485 Thu, 08 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3453485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3432586&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.677 The goals of this investigation were (a) to assess the structural validity of the anger-distress model of temper tantrums, and (b) to examine the associations among temper tantrums, emotional reactivity and emotional competence in a community sample of preschoolers. A parent-report measure, the Temper Tantrum Grid, was used to measure the frequency of common tantrum behaviours. Laboratory and parent-report measures of emotional reactivity and emotional competence were administered. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposal that anger and distress are separate but overlapping tantrum processes. Correlation analyses showed that temper tantrum anger and distress were related to emotional reactivity and emotional competence. There was no evidence to support the notion that emotional ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3432586 Thu, 01 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3432586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3432588&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.673 In this study, we investigated the construct validity of LRS and IPS within two existing assessments: the Child Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS) and the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - 2nd edition (PKBS-2). Teachers completed the CBRS and PKBS-2 for 117 Singaporean children aged 3-6 years. Rasch analysis was used to identify items that fit the unidimensional constructs of LRS and IPS within each instrument. Specific items from within the CBRS were found to measure LRS and IPS. Within the PKBS-2, items were found to measure IPS and a new construct labelled Compliance. Instead of creating new assessment tools to measure new constructs, this study innovatively demonstrated how Rasch analysis can be used to document the existence of new constructs within already existing tools. The i... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3432588 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3432588 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3432587&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.675 Toddlers' growing self-other awareness has been linked with their ability to interact with peers, but there is reason to think that self-other awareness may relate to different aspects of peer relationships for boys and girls. We hypothesized that boys would express self-other awareness by separating self from other through claiming toys, while girls would express self-other awareness by creating similarities between self and other through use of the duplicate of a partner's toy. For 52 22-26 month olds, self-other awareness was assessed through four tasks: mirror self recognition, perceptual role taking, pronoun recognition and pronoun use. Each child subsequently interacted with a same-sex peer for 30 min. Girls high in self-other awareness, and their partners were more likely to engage ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3432587 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3432587 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338043&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.672 This study examined whether teacher-child interactions characterized by teacher involvement, structure, and autonomy support at the beginning of second grade predicted children's global, academic, social, and behavioural self-concept at the end of second grade. The study was conducted in 30 second grade classrooms with 570 children and their teachers. Data included teacher reports of teacher-child interactions and child reports of self-concept. Results showed that, when controlling for the initial level of self-concept, children's social self-concept was predicted by teacher involvement, structure, and autonomy support. In addition, teacher autonomy support predicted high academic self-concept. Finally, these teacher-child interaction characteristics did not contribute to the behavioural a... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338043 Sat, 06 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338044&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.669 This study explored the effects of collectivism on lying to conceal a group transgression. Seven-, 9-, and 11-year-old US and Chinese children (N=374) were asked to evaluate stories in which protagonists either lied or told the truth about their group's transgression and were then asked about either the protagonist's motivations or justification for their own evaluations. Previous research suggests that children in collectivist societies such as China find lying for one's group to be more acceptable than do children from individualistic societies such as the United States. The current study provides evidence that this is not always the case: Chinese children in this study viewed lies told to conceal a group's transgressions less favourably than did US children. An examination of children's... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338044 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3250984&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.666 Infants are frequently exposed to music during daily activities, including free play, and while viewing infant-directed videotapes that contain instrumental music soundtracks. In Experiment 1, an instrumental music soundtrack was played during a live or televised demonstration to examine its effects on deferred imitation by 6-, 12-, and 18-month-old infants. Transfer of information was indexed via deferred imitation of the target actions following a 24-h delay. For half the infants, the music context was also reinstated at the time of test. Performance by experimental groups was compared to that of a baseline control group that participated in the test session without prior exposure to the demonstration. Imitation performance was above baseline for the live groups but not for the video gro... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3250984 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3250984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3243406&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.663 Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits. In contrast, individual differences among very young children (birth to kindergarten) have generally been conceptualized in terms of temperament theory and traits. The present study compares and contrasts measures of temperament and personality in a sample of preschool children. Temperament traits were assessed with a well-established measure (the Rothbart CBQ), and a new preschool rating instrument was used to assess personality traits from the five-factor framework (M5-PS). Indeed, a key purpose of this study was to further the development of the M5-PS. Data were gathered on 122 preschool children who were rated by their teachers. Significant correlations were found between t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3243406 Fri, 05 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3243406 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3243407&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.670 The role of maternal behaviour and children's early emotion regulation skills in the development of children's reactive control, specifically behavioural impulsivity, and later effortful control was examined in a sample of 435 children. HLM analyses indicated significant growth in reactive control across the toddlerhood to early childhood period. Emotion regulation at age-2 positively predicted initial levels of children's reactive control abilities while maternal overcontrol/intrusiveness predicted lower levels of reactive control growth. Maternal behaviours at age-2 predicted children's effortful control abilities at age-5.5. Emotion regulation did not predict effortful control abilities. Maternal behaviour and children's early emotion regulation skills may differentially facilitate the ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3243407 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3243407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3235525&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.668 The aim of the present study was to develop and provide a preliminary evaluation of a social-skills-based early intervention program specifically designed to assist extremely inhibited preschoolers. Participants were a sample of n=22 extremely inhibited preschool-aged children, who were randomly assigned to either the Social Skills Facilitated Play (SST) or Waitlist Control (WLC) condition. As compared to wait-list controls, extremely inhibited children who participated in the SST-facilitated play program sessions demonstrated a significantly greater post-intervention decrease in observed socially wary behaviours and a significantly greater increase in social and socially competent behaviours at preschool. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of developing and refining early in... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3235525 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3235525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3231166&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.671 Previous research demonstrates that cultural concerns affect emotional lives. However, the question remains to what extent salient cultural concerns influence emotion experience and expression. In the present study, the role of (i) individualistic versus collectivistic goals and (ii) presence of an authority figure (father) versus an equal status figure (peer), were systematically investigated in 24 Dutch and 23 South Korean children's (a) negative emotion experience and (b) emotion expression and motives using hypothetical conflict situations. The results reveal that for children from both cultures emotion experience did not vary between situational goals and the audience present, however their emotion expression did. More specifically, cultural differences in how negative emotions would ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3231166 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3231166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3220171&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.667 The rapid development of an aspect of executive functioning (EF), inhibitory control (IC), between the ages of 3- and 5-years, leads to an increase in a child's capacity to suppress inappropriate responding and therefore activate the necessary resources to carry-out goal-directed activity (Psychological Bulletin, 1997, 121, 65-94). To measure EF in children, tasks administered clinically to adults are adapted. The Day-Night Stroop (DNS) is a pictorial modification of the Stroop Test (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1935, 18, 642-662), developed for pre-literate children. Although suitable as a measure of IC in 3- to 4-year-old children, ceiling effects have been reported on the DNS in slightly older preschoolers. The present study attempted to overcome this limitation by examining the ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3220171 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3220171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171574&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.665 The goal of this longitudinal study was to examine observed paternal and maternal control (psychological control and autonomy granting) and support (rejection and emotional warmth) as mediators of the relation between children's negative emotionality at 3.5 years of age and depression and anxiety problems at 4.5 years. For 35 children, 60-min unstructured parent-child interactions were rated at 4.5 years. Results indicated that maternal rejection mediated the relation between children's negative emotionality and their later anxiety/depression. Higher levels of child negative emotionality predicted more psychological control in mothers, but did not predict any parenting behaviours in fathers. Higher levels of paternal autonomy granting were associated with more child anxiety/depression. Une... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171574 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3171574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117924&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.714 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117924 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4117924 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096829&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.712 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096829 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4096829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096828&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.710 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096828 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4096828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3938181&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.705 Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3938181 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3938181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843962&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.677 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843962 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843961&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.675 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843961 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843960&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.699 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843960 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843959&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.700 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843959 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843958&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.695 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843958 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843958 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843957&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.680 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843957 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843957 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843956&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.674 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843956 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843955&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.686 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843955 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3843954&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.701 (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3843954 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3843954 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3070932&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.664 In the current study, we examined parent gender differences in feelings (negativity and positivity) and perceptions of child behavioural and emotional problems in adoptive and biological parent-child dyads. In a sample of 85 families, we used a novel within-family adoption design in which one child was adopted and one child was a biological child of the couple, and tested whether the links between parent feelings and child maladjustment included effects of passive gene-environment correlation. Parents reported more negativity and less positivity as well as higher levels of externalizing behaviour for the adopted child compared to the non-adopted child, although effect sizes were small and no longer statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Fathers and mothers did... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3070932 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3070932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3018766&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.641 This study examined developmental change in young children's moral judgments of commission and omission related to mental states, especially knowledge or ignorance. 4-5 and 5- to 6-year-olds (n=67) made moral judgments about the tasks related to the understanding of knowledge or ignorance. The tasks were also composed of two types of acts: commission or omission. The results showed that the both age groups understood knowledge and ignorance, but that the older group made moral judgments based on this understanding more similar to adults compared to the younger group. There was not an age difference concerning whether the acts were of commission or omission. These findings indicate that there is no difference for young children in the difficulty in moral judgments of acts of commission and ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3018766 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3018766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2995536&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.647 The present study considers the joint influences of information processing and disengagement in looking behaviour within a habituation paradigm. Six-month-old infants were habituated, during which their heart rate (HR) was measured. A parametric model of habituation yielded for each infant parameter estimates of their habituation performance. These parameters were interpreted as assessing information processing and disengagement. Corresponding measures were obtained from the HR data. The HR measures and habituation model parameter estimates were significantly correlated, as predicted. In addition, an attention getter, presented prior to each habituation trial, influenced indicators of information processing, but not of disengagement. Results confirmed the advantages of a modelling approach... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2995536 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2995536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2995535&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.659 We present the latest 4-D sonographic techniques and recent 4-D sonographic studies on fetal behaviour, especially fetal whole-body movements and facial expressions in all three trimesters of pregnancy, and the continuation of behaviour from the fetal to neonatal period. 2-D does not appear capable or comparable to 4-D ultrasound in terms of evaluating early fetal facial expressions. Moreover, we describe the safety of 3-D/4-D ultrasound during pregnancy. This novel technique may assist in the evaluation of fetal behaviour, and offer potential advantages relative to conventional 2-D ultrasound. 4-D ultrasound may be an important modality in future research on fetal neurobehavioural development, although some limitations regarding the assessment of fetal behaviour by means of 4-D ultrasonog... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2995535 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2995535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2962910&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.648 was investigated by presenting participants with short video excerpts of smiles. Enjoyment smiles differed from non-enjoyment smiles by greater symmetry and by appearance changes produced in the eye region by the Cheek Raiser action. The results indicate that 6- and 7-year-old children have the abilities to detect these differences and are able to interpret them with above chance-level accuracy. Sensitivity was higher for the symmetry of the smiles than for the appearance changes produced in the eye region and improved in later childhood. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2962910 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2962910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2879315&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.646 This study investigated the role of maternal socialization and temperament in Turkish preschool children's emotion regulation. Participants consisted of 145 preschoolers (79 boys, 69 girls; Mage= 62 months), their mothers, and daycare teachers from middle-high socioeconomic suburbs of Istanbul. Maternal child-rearing practices and emotion socialization behaviours were examined together as interconnected constituents of parenting in relation to emotion regulation skills in young children. Mothers completed a set of questionnaires that measured their child's emotion regulation and temperament as well as their own emotion socialization and child-rearing behaviours. Teachers also completed a scale that measured the child's ability to regulate emotions. Hierarchical regression analysis showed t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2879315 Fri, 09 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2879315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868721&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.643 Little is known about prosocial behaviours in children of young mothers. This longitudinal study involved 44 young mother (age (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868721 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2868721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2814292&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.645 This study examines the role that context plays in links between relative balance, or mutuality in parent-child interaction and children's social competence. Sixty-three toddlers and their parents were observed in a laboratory play session and caregiving activity (i.e. eating snack). Mutuality was operationalised as the relative balance in (a) partners' compliance to initiations, and (b) partners' expression of positive emotion. Caregivers rated children's social competence with peers, and children's prosocial and aggressive behaviour with peers was observed in their childcare arrangement. Contextual differences were observed in the manifestation of parent-child mutuality, with both mother-child and father-child dyads displaying higher mutual compliance scores in the play context than in t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2814292 Sun, 20 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2814292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2807305&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.644 Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that joint mother-child reminiscence may reflect both explicit and implicit socialization goals. The present study investigates mothers' explicit socialization goals that may be enacted during joint reminiscence in relation to children's behavioural and emotional problems. Two hundred and sixty-five mothers of 3- to 8-year-old children completed an online survey that included a measure of seven reminiscing goals (emotional understanding, behaviour control, bonding, interdependence, entertainment, memory skill development, and maintaining peer relationships). In addition, mothers completed measures of children's emotion problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems as well as supportive parenting and maternal attachment. Findings... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2807305 Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2807305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2796225&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.640 To date, a number of studies have demonstrated the existence of mismatches between children's implicit and explicit knowledge at certain points in development that become manifest by their gestures and gaze orientation in different problem solving contexts. Stimulated by this research, we used eye movement measurement to investigate the development of basic knowledge about numerical magnitude in primary school children. Sixty-six children from grades one to three (i.e. 6-9 years) were presented with two parallel versions of a number line estimation task of which one was restricted to behavioural measures, whereas the other included the recording of eye movement data. The results of the eye movement experiment indicate a quantitative increase as well as a qualitative change in children's im... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2796225 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2796225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757403&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.638 We investigated unfamiliar face recognition in low-functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) using a 'part-of-face' method. This method has not previously been used for unfamiliar faces with this population. The 'part-of-face' procedure provides measures of both face recognition accuracy and of processing style. We compared the performance of the children with ASD with three control groups: children with developmental delay (DD), typically developing (TD) children matched for verbal cognitive ability and TD children matched for chronological age (CA). Compared to the DD group, the ASD group showed similar processing in recognition accuracy and processing style. Compared to the TD children, the ASD group did not show the same level of accuracy as controls of the same CA, i... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757403 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757403 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2634046&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.639 The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal anxiety that is temporary or chronic during the pre- and postnatal period predicts infant temperament. Mothers of 2997 infants in a population-based birth cohort reported levels of pregnancy-specific anxiety (Pregnancy Outcome Questionnaire) and general anxiety symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory) prenatal and at 6 months postnatal. Temperament characteristics were assessed by maternal report using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire - Revised when the infants were 6 months of age. Maternal pregnancy-specific and general anxiety during the pre- and postnatal period were all independently associated with perceived infant temperamental difficulties. Chronically high maternal anxiety predicted the highest perceived infant activity level an... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2634046 Thu, 23 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2634046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2625641&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.630 Designed to examine the relationship between family sleep arrangements and children's sleep problems in families with preschool-age children adopted from China, this study documented types of sleep arrangements and explored the nature and sources of advice received by parents on co-sleeping. Mothers of 480 children provided survey data on their children's night-time sleep locations, sleep and wake schedules, and changes in sleep arrangements. Children's sleep problems were measured with the Sleep Problem Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. Descriptive and qualitative analyses showed that most children (71.3%) had a single exclusive sleep location (e.g. solitary sleeping, sharing bedroom with a sibling, sleeping in parents' bedroom, or co-sleeping with parents) and the rest used a combin... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2625641 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2625641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2601562&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.635 Two studies extended psychometric research on the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) with kindergarten and preschool children (N1 = 60-71; N2 = 35) and their teachers. These studies used a multi-method approach to replicate and extend previous findings concerning the convergent validity of the STRS Closeness, Conflict, and Dependency scale and to further examine the discriminant validity of the STRS. Study 1 investigated convergence between the STRS scales and child- and peer-reports of the same constructs based on a multi-trait multi-method approach. Study 2 examined the pattern of associations between the STRS and indicators of teacher-child relationship quality rated by external observers. Support was found for the convergent validity and to a lesser extent the discriminant valid... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2601562 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2601562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507209&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.636 The objective of this short-term longitudinal study was to examine the concurrent and prospective associations of infants' sleep arrangements and night waking with cortisol responses to an inoculation at 6 and 12 months, controlling for several key covariates. To our knowledge, this was the first study to concurrently and prospectively link proximity in sleep arrangements and night waking to physiological stress reactivity. A sample of 92 mother-infant dyads participated in the study when the infants were 6 and 12 months of age, although sample sizes were reduced for some analyses. Both proximal cosleeping arrangements and more frequent night wakings' were associated concurrently with an increased cortisol response to inoculations at both ages. Night waking at 6 months also was associated ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507209 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2507209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507210&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.634 We examined the interventions in pre-, post- and follow-up assessment, and compared the results. Both interventions produced significant reductions in reported child emotional and behaviour problems, that also remained after 3 months. For both groups, parenting styles were also found to have improved at both post-test and follow-up measurement. When compared with the regular Dutch parenting consultation practices, however, the Primary Care Triple P approach produced greater reductions in parental laxness and total parenting dysfunction, and greater improvement in total parenting competence at both post-test and follow-up. Primary Care Triple P may even - in light of the greater improvements in parenting skills and total parental competences in the Triple P group than in the regular Dutch p... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507210 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2507210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2463631&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.633 The aims were to examine the association of maternal or child interactive behaviour with emotional and behavioural problems of the child simultaneously and 3 years later, and to assess whether there is continuity in children's emotional and behavioural symptoms from 2 to 5 years. Sixty-five 2-year-old children with their mothers were videotaped during a feeding situation. Their mothers completed the CBCL at 2 years and when the children were 5. Simultaneously, there were no strong correlations between child's emotional and behavioural problems and maternal or child interactive behaviour. Subsequently, mothers' higher sensitivity and more optimal structuring, as well as child's higher involvement of the mother, were associated with lower levels of child externalizing and total problem score... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2463631 Mon, 08 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2463631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2423313&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.624 We examined receptive language and academic abilities in children with selective mutism (SM; n = 30; M age = 8.8 years), anxiety disorders (n = 46; M age = 9.3 years), and community controls (n = 27; M age = 7.8 years). Receptive language and academic abilities were assessed using standardized tests completed in the laboratory. We found a significant group by sex interaction for receptive vocabulary scores such that, within females, the SM and mixed anxiety groups had significantly lower receptive vocabulary scores than community controls. We also found that children with SM and children with anxiety disorders had significantly lower mathematics scores than community controls. Despite these differences in mathematics and receptive vocabulary performance, children with SM and children with ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2423313 Wed, 20 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2423313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2368537&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.625 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2368537 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2368537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329620&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.632 The purpose of this experiment is to test whether shift flexibility in kindergarten children is a joint function of rule-usage and inhibition of attention. Sixty-six children were given either a distraction or facilitation condition in a computerized version of the dimensional change card sort task. In the distraction condition, the background of the post-shift matching stimulus was inconsistent with the relevant matching dimension. In the facilitation condition, the background of the post-shift matching stimulus was consistent with the relevant matching dimension. Results revealed that children made few errors in the standard version of the shift task, thereby supporting Cognitive complexity and control theory's contention that 5-year-old children shift easily across dimensions due to the... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329620 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329621&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.631 The present study examined children's and adults' categorization and moral judgment of truthful and untruthful statements. 7-, 9- and 11-year-old Chinese children and college students read stories in which story characters made truthful or untruthful statements and were asked to classify and evaluate the statements. The statements varied in terms of whether the speaker intended to help or harm a listener and whether the statement was made in a setting that called for informational accuracy or politeness. Results showed that the communicative intent and setting factors jointly influence children's categorization of lying and truth-telling, which extends an earlier finding (Lee & Ross, 1997) to childhood. Also, we found that children's and adults' moral judgments of lying and truth-telling w... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329621 Tue, 14 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329623&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.622 The goal of this study was to examine the moderating role of pragmatic language in the relations between shyness and indices of socio-emotional adjustment in an unselected sample of early elementary school children. In particular, we sought to explore whether pragmatic language played a protective role for shy children. Participants were n=167 children aged 6-7 years, recruited from grade 1 classrooms in public elementary schools. Multi-source assessment was used to measure child shyness, pragmatic language ability, and indices of social and emotional difficulties at school. Results indicated several significant shyness-by-pragmatic-language interactions in the prediction of outcome variables. The pattern of results indicated a clear buffering effect of pragmatic language, with association... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329623 Mon, 06 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329622&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.626 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329622 Mon, 06 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2299236&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.627 Previous studies of childhood fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour have been limited by restricted age ranges, narrow ranges of anxiety phenomena, non-comparable methodologies, and assessment of typical behaviour within a pathological context. Content and intensity of fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour, and associations among these variables, were assessed through a semi-structured interview individually administered to 142 children aged 7-16 years. Common themes in the content of fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour varied predictably with age. Intensity ratings for all three phenomena decreased with age, although this decline was only significant between 7 and 10 years. Levels were higher in girls than boys. Fear and worry were positively related, and the regular performance of r... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2299236 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2299236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2284735&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.621 The present study assessed 89 children in a short-term longitudinal study from Junior Kindergarten (age 4-5 years) through Grade 1 (age 6-7 years) using a variety of tests of emergent literacy. Children were assessed for reading skill (a composite of word recognition, decoding, and letter-sound knowledge), phonological awareness, and oral language (i.e. both receptive and expressive vocabulary as well as syntax and fluency). Shyness was treated as a continuous variable rather than contrasting extreme groups of shy and non-shy children. Shyness was modestly related to vocabulary, verbal fluency, and phonological awareness. Results suggest that among young children the association of greater shyness with compromised skill development potentially extends beyond the vocabulary domain to includ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2284735 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2284735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2284736&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.623 The aims of the present study are to examine whether preschool children's scores on a standardized test of vocabulary mediate or moderate the relation between shyness and reticence and to test whether any influence of vocabulary would be found for both teacher and parent assessments of shyness. Participants were 108 children (50 males), mean age, 63.96 months, attending preschool in Saudi Arabia. Teachers selected shy and non-shy children and both teachers and parents rated the children on a shyness checklist. Children completed a test of receptive vocabulary. Systematic observations of verbal behaviour were made in 'show and tell' and play sessions. Shyness scores were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Shy children were more reticent during 'show and tell' and play. Vocab... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2284736 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2284736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260608&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.628 The current investigation examined whether inter-generational transfer of risk could be revealed through mothers' and preschool-aged children's expressive language, and whether continuity of risk persisted in these children's academic abilities, 3 years later. Participating families were drawn from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project, a prospective, longitudinal investigation of French-speaking families from low-SES Montreal neighbourhoods. At Time 1, mothers' history of childhood social withdrawal was shown to predict mothers' child-directed language. Mothers' language complexity was also shown to be predictive of preschoolers' expressive language and was found to mediate the relationship between maternal social withdrawal and child language. At Time 2, children's language-related aca... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260608 Sat, 14 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2260608