MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Infant and Child Development' source. Fri, 19 Mar 2010 17:42:25 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338043&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.672 This study examined whether teacher-child interactions characterized by teacher involvement, structure, and autonomy support at the beginning of second grade predicted children's global, academic, social, and behavioural self-concept at the end of second grade. The study was conducted in 30 second grade classrooms with 570 children and their teachers. Data included teacher reports of teacher-child interactions and child reports of self-concept. Results showed that, when controlling for the initial level of self-concept, children's social self-concept was predicted by teacher involvement, structure, and autonomy support. In addition, teacher autonomy support predicted high academic self-concept. Finally, these teacher-child interaction characteristics did not contribute to the behavioural a... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338043 Sat, 06 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3338044&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.669 This study explored the effects of collectivism on lying to conceal a group transgression. Seven-, 9-, and 11-year-old US and Chinese children (N=374) were asked to evaluate stories in which protagonists either lied or told the truth about their group's transgression and were then asked about either the protagonist's motivations or justification for their own evaluations. Previous research suggests that children in collectivist societies such as China find lying for one's group to be more acceptable than do children from individualistic societies such as the United States. The current study provides evidence that this is not always the case: Chinese children in this study viewed lies told to conceal a group's transgressions less favourably than did US children. An examination of children's... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3338044 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3338044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3250984&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.666 Infants are frequently exposed to music during daily activities, including free play, and while viewing infant-directed videotapes that contain instrumental music soundtracks. In Experiment 1, an instrumental music soundtrack was played during a live or televised demonstration to examine its effects on deferred imitation by 6-, 12-, and 18-month-old infants. Transfer of information was indexed via deferred imitation of the target actions following a 24-h delay. For half the infants, the music context was also reinstated at the time of test. Performance by experimental groups was compared to that of a baseline control group that participated in the test session without prior exposure to the demonstration. Imitation performance was above baseline for the live groups but not for the video gro... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3250984 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3250984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3243406&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.663 Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits. In contrast, individual differences among very young children (birth to kindergarten) have generally been conceptualized in terms of temperament theory and traits. The present study compares and contrasts measures of temperament and personality in a sample of preschool children. Temperament traits were assessed with a well-established measure (the Rothbart CBQ), and a new preschool rating instrument was used to assess personality traits from the five-factor framework (M5-PS). Indeed, a key purpose of this study was to further the development of the M5-PS. Data were gathered on 122 preschool children who were rated by their teachers. Significant correlations were found between t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3243406 Fri, 05 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3243406 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3243407&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.670 The role of maternal behaviour and children's early emotion regulation skills in the development of children's reactive control, specifically behavioural impulsivity, and later effortful control was examined in a sample of 435 children. HLM analyses indicated significant growth in reactive control across the toddlerhood to early childhood period. Emotion regulation at age-2 positively predicted initial levels of children's reactive control abilities while maternal overcontrol/intrusiveness predicted lower levels of reactive control growth. Maternal behaviours at age-2 predicted children's effortful control abilities at age-5.5. Emotion regulation did not predict effortful control abilities. Maternal behaviour and children's early emotion regulation skills may differentially facilitate the ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3243407 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3243407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3235525&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.668 The aim of the present study was to develop and provide a preliminary evaluation of a social-skills-based early intervention program specifically designed to assist extremely inhibited preschoolers. Participants were a sample of n=22 extremely inhibited preschool-aged children, who were randomly assigned to either the Social Skills Facilitated Play (SST) or Waitlist Control (WLC) condition. As compared to wait-list controls, extremely inhibited children who participated in the SST-facilitated play program sessions demonstrated a significantly greater post-intervention decrease in observed socially wary behaviours and a significantly greater increase in social and socially competent behaviours at preschool. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of developing and refining early in... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3235525 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3235525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3231166&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.671 Previous research demonstrates that cultural concerns affect emotional lives. However, the question remains to what extent salient cultural concerns influence emotion experience and expression. In the present study, the role of (i) individualistic versus collectivistic goals and (ii) presence of an authority figure (father) versus an equal status figure (peer), were systematically investigated in 24 Dutch and 23 South Korean children's (a) negative emotion experience and (b) emotion expression and motives using hypothetical conflict situations. The results reveal that for children from both cultures emotion experience did not vary between situational goals and the audience present, however their emotion expression did. More specifically, cultural differences in how negative emotions would ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3231166 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3231166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3220171&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.667 The rapid development of an aspect of executive functioning (EF), inhibitory control (IC), between the ages of 3- and 5-years, leads to an increase in a child's capacity to suppress inappropriate responding and therefore activate the necessary resources to carry-out goal-directed activity (Psychological Bulletin, 1997, 121, 65-94). To measure EF in children, tasks administered clinically to adults are adapted. The Day-Night Stroop (DNS) is a pictorial modification of the Stroop Test (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1935, 18, 642-662), developed for pre-literate children. Although suitable as a measure of IC in 3- to 4-year-old children, ceiling effects have been reported on the DNS in slightly older preschoolers. The present study attempted to overcome this limitation by examining the ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3220171 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3220171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3171574&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.665 The goal of this longitudinal study was to examine observed paternal and maternal control (psychological control and autonomy granting) and support (rejection and emotional warmth) as mediators of the relation between children's negative emotionality at 3.5 years of age and depression and anxiety problems at 4.5 years. For 35 children, 60-min unstructured parent-child interactions were rated at 4.5 years. Results indicated that maternal rejection mediated the relation between children's negative emotionality and their later anxiety/depression. Higher levels of child negative emotionality predicted more psychological control in mothers, but did not predict any parenting behaviours in fathers. Higher levels of paternal autonomy granting were associated with more child anxiety/depression. Une... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3171574 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3171574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3070932&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.664 In the current study, we examined parent gender differences in feelings (negativity and positivity) and perceptions of child behavioural and emotional problems in adoptive and biological parent-child dyads. In a sample of 85 families, we used a novel within-family adoption design in which one child was adopted and one child was a biological child of the couple, and tested whether the links between parent feelings and child maladjustment included effects of passive gene-environment correlation. Parents reported more negativity and less positivity as well as higher levels of externalizing behaviour for the adopted child compared to the non-adopted child, although effect sizes were small and no longer statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Fathers and mothers did... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3070932 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3070932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3018766&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.641 This study examined developmental change in young children's moral judgments of commission and omission related to mental states, especially knowledge or ignorance. 4-5 and 5- to 6-year-olds (n=67) made moral judgments about the tasks related to the understanding of knowledge or ignorance. The tasks were also composed of two types of acts: commission or omission. The results showed that the both age groups understood knowledge and ignorance, but that the older group made moral judgments based on this understanding more similar to adults compared to the younger group. There was not an age difference concerning whether the acts were of commission or omission. These findings indicate that there is no difference for young children in the difficulty in moral judgments of acts of commission and ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3018766 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3018766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2995536&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.647 The present study considers the joint influences of information processing and disengagement in looking behaviour within a habituation paradigm. Six-month-old infants were habituated, during which their heart rate (HR) was measured. A parametric model of habituation yielded for each infant parameter estimates of their habituation performance. These parameters were interpreted as assessing information processing and disengagement. Corresponding measures were obtained from the HR data. The HR measures and habituation model parameter estimates were significantly correlated, as predicted. In addition, an attention getter, presented prior to each habituation trial, influenced indicators of information processing, but not of disengagement. Results confirmed the advantages of a modelling approach... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2995536 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2995536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2995535&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.659 We present the latest 4-D sonographic techniques and recent 4-D sonographic studies on fetal behaviour, especially fetal whole-body movements and facial expressions in all three trimesters of pregnancy, and the continuation of behaviour from the fetal to neonatal period. 2-D does not appear capable or comparable to 4-D ultrasound in terms of evaluating early fetal facial expressions. Moreover, we describe the safety of 3-D/4-D ultrasound during pregnancy. This novel technique may assist in the evaluation of fetal behaviour, and offer potential advantages relative to conventional 2-D ultrasound. 4-D ultrasound may be an important modality in future research on fetal neurobehavioural development, although some limitations regarding the assessment of fetal behaviour by means of 4-D ultrasonog... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2995535 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2995535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2962910&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.648 was investigated by presenting participants with short video excerpts of smiles. Enjoyment smiles differed from non-enjoyment smiles by greater symmetry and by appearance changes produced in the eye region by the Cheek Raiser action. The results indicate that 6- and 7-year-old children have the abilities to detect these differences and are able to interpret them with above chance-level accuracy. Sensitivity was higher for the symmetry of the smiles than for the appearance changes produced in the eye region and improved in later childhood. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2962910 Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2962910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2879315&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.646 This study investigated the role of maternal socialization and temperament in Turkish preschool children's emotion regulation. Participants consisted of 145 preschoolers (79 boys, 69 girls; Mage= 62 months), their mothers, and daycare teachers from middle-high socioeconomic suburbs of Istanbul. Maternal child-rearing practices and emotion socialization behaviours were examined together as interconnected constituents of parenting in relation to emotion regulation skills in young children. Mothers completed a set of questionnaires that measured their child's emotion regulation and temperament as well as their own emotion socialization and child-rearing behaviours. Teachers also completed a scale that measured the child's ability to regulate emotions. Hierarchical regression analysis showed t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2879315 Fri, 09 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2879315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2868721&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.643 Little is known about prosocial behaviours in children of young mothers. This longitudinal study involved 44 young mother (age (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2868721 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2868721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2814292&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.645 This study examines the role that context plays in links between relative balance, or mutuality in parent-child interaction and children's social competence. Sixty-three toddlers and their parents were observed in a laboratory play session and caregiving activity (i.e. eating snack). Mutuality was operationalised as the relative balance in (a) partners' compliance to initiations, and (b) partners' expression of positive emotion. Caregivers rated children's social competence with peers, and children's prosocial and aggressive behaviour with peers was observed in their childcare arrangement. Contextual differences were observed in the manifestation of parent-child mutuality, with both mother-child and father-child dyads displaying higher mutual compliance scores in the play context than in t... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2814292 Sun, 20 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2814292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2807305&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.644 Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that joint mother-child reminiscence may reflect both explicit and implicit socialization goals. The present study investigates mothers' explicit socialization goals that may be enacted during joint reminiscence in relation to children's behavioural and emotional problems. Two hundred and sixty-five mothers of 3- to 8-year-old children completed an online survey that included a measure of seven reminiscing goals (emotional understanding, behaviour control, bonding, interdependence, entertainment, memory skill development, and maintaining peer relationships). In addition, mothers completed measures of children's emotion problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems as well as supportive parenting and maternal attachment. Findings... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2807305 Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2807305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2796225&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.640 To date, a number of studies have demonstrated the existence of mismatches between children's implicit and explicit knowledge at certain points in development that become manifest by their gestures and gaze orientation in different problem solving contexts. Stimulated by this research, we used eye movement measurement to investigate the development of basic knowledge about numerical magnitude in primary school children. Sixty-six children from grades one to three (i.e. 6-9 years) were presented with two parallel versions of a number line estimation task of which one was restricted to behavioural measures, whereas the other included the recording of eye movement data. The results of the eye movement experiment indicate a quantitative increase as well as a qualitative change in children's im... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2796225 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2796225 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757403&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.638 We investigated unfamiliar face recognition in low-functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) using a 'part-of-face' method. This method has not previously been used for unfamiliar faces with this population. The 'part-of-face' procedure provides measures of both face recognition accuracy and of processing style. We compared the performance of the children with ASD with three control groups: children with developmental delay (DD), typically developing (TD) children matched for verbal cognitive ability and TD children matched for chronological age (CA). Compared to the DD group, the ASD group showed similar processing in recognition accuracy and processing style. Compared to the TD children, the ASD group did not show the same level of accuracy as controls of the same CA, i... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757403 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2757403 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2634046&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.639 The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal anxiety that is temporary or chronic during the pre- and postnatal period predicts infant temperament. Mothers of 2997 infants in a population-based birth cohort reported levels of pregnancy-specific anxiety (Pregnancy Outcome Questionnaire) and general anxiety symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory) prenatal and at 6 months postnatal. Temperament characteristics were assessed by maternal report using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire - Revised when the infants were 6 months of age. Maternal pregnancy-specific and general anxiety during the pre- and postnatal period were all independently associated with perceived infant temperamental difficulties. Chronically high maternal anxiety predicted the highest perceived infant activity level an... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2634046 Thu, 23 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2634046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2625641&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.630 Designed to examine the relationship between family sleep arrangements and children's sleep problems in families with preschool-age children adopted from China, this study documented types of sleep arrangements and explored the nature and sources of advice received by parents on co-sleeping. Mothers of 480 children provided survey data on their children's night-time sleep locations, sleep and wake schedules, and changes in sleep arrangements. Children's sleep problems were measured with the Sleep Problem Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. Descriptive and qualitative analyses showed that most children (71.3%) had a single exclusive sleep location (e.g. solitary sleeping, sharing bedroom with a sibling, sleeping in parents' bedroom, or co-sleeping with parents) and the rest used a combin... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2625641 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2625641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2601562&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.635 Two studies extended psychometric research on the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) with kindergarten and preschool children (N1 = 60-71; N2 = 35) and their teachers. These studies used a multi-method approach to replicate and extend previous findings concerning the convergent validity of the STRS Closeness, Conflict, and Dependency scale and to further examine the discriminant validity of the STRS. Study 1 investigated convergence between the STRS scales and child- and peer-reports of the same constructs based on a multi-trait multi-method approach. Study 2 examined the pattern of associations between the STRS and indicators of teacher-child relationship quality rated by external observers. Support was found for the convergent validity and to a lesser extent the discriminant valid... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2601562 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2601562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507209&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.636 The objective of this short-term longitudinal study was to examine the concurrent and prospective associations of infants' sleep arrangements and night waking with cortisol responses to an inoculation at 6 and 12 months, controlling for several key covariates. To our knowledge, this was the first study to concurrently and prospectively link proximity in sleep arrangements and night waking to physiological stress reactivity. A sample of 92 mother-infant dyads participated in the study when the infants were 6 and 12 months of age, although sample sizes were reduced for some analyses. Both proximal cosleeping arrangements and more frequent night wakings' were associated concurrently with an increased cortisol response to inoculations at both ages. Night waking at 6 months also was associated ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507209 Wed, 24 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2507209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2507210&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.634 We examined the interventions in pre-, post- and follow-up assessment, and compared the results. Both interventions produced significant reductions in reported child emotional and behaviour problems, that also remained after 3 months. For both groups, parenting styles were also found to have improved at both post-test and follow-up measurement. When compared with the regular Dutch parenting consultation practices, however, the Primary Care Triple P approach produced greater reductions in parental laxness and total parenting dysfunction, and greater improvement in total parenting competence at both post-test and follow-up. Primary Care Triple P may even - in light of the greater improvements in parenting skills and total parental competences in the Triple P group than in the regular Dutch p... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2507210 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2507210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2463631&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.633 The aims were to examine the association of maternal or child interactive behaviour with emotional and behavioural problems of the child simultaneously and 3 years later, and to assess whether there is continuity in children's emotional and behavioural symptoms from 2 to 5 years. Sixty-five 2-year-old children with their mothers were videotaped during a feeding situation. Their mothers completed the CBCL at 2 years and when the children were 5. Simultaneously, there were no strong correlations between child's emotional and behavioural problems and maternal or child interactive behaviour. Subsequently, mothers' higher sensitivity and more optimal structuring, as well as child's higher involvement of the mother, were associated with lower levels of child externalizing and total problem score... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2463631 Mon, 08 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2463631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2423313&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.624 We examined receptive language and academic abilities in children with selective mutism (SM; n = 30; M age = 8.8 years), anxiety disorders (n = 46; M age = 9.3 years), and community controls (n = 27; M age = 7.8 years). Receptive language and academic abilities were assessed using standardized tests completed in the laboratory. We found a significant group by sex interaction for receptive vocabulary scores such that, within females, the SM and mixed anxiety groups had significantly lower receptive vocabulary scores than community controls. We also found that children with SM and children with anxiety disorders had significantly lower mathematics scores than community controls. Despite these differences in mathematics and receptive vocabulary performance, children with SM and children with ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2423313 Wed, 20 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2423313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2368537&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.625 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2368537 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2368537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329620&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.632 The purpose of this experiment is to test whether shift flexibility in kindergarten children is a joint function of rule-usage and inhibition of attention. Sixty-six children were given either a distraction or facilitation condition in a computerized version of the dimensional change card sort task. In the distraction condition, the background of the post-shift matching stimulus was inconsistent with the relevant matching dimension. In the facilitation condition, the background of the post-shift matching stimulus was consistent with the relevant matching dimension. Results revealed that children made few errors in the standard version of the shift task, thereby supporting Cognitive complexity and control theory's contention that 5-year-old children shift easily across dimensions due to the... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329620 Fri, 17 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329621&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.631 The present study examined children's and adults' categorization and moral judgment of truthful and untruthful statements. 7-, 9- and 11-year-old Chinese children and college students read stories in which story characters made truthful or untruthful statements and were asked to classify and evaluate the statements. The statements varied in terms of whether the speaker intended to help or harm a listener and whether the statement was made in a setting that called for informational accuracy or politeness. Results showed that the communicative intent and setting factors jointly influence children's categorization of lying and truth-telling, which extends an earlier finding (Lee & Ross, 1997) to childhood. Also, we found that children's and adults' moral judgments of lying and truth-telling w... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329621 Tue, 14 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329623&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.622 The goal of this study was to examine the moderating role of pragmatic language in the relations between shyness and indices of socio-emotional adjustment in an unselected sample of early elementary school children. In particular, we sought to explore whether pragmatic language played a protective role for shy children. Participants were n=167 children aged 6-7 years, recruited from grade 1 classrooms in public elementary schools. Multi-source assessment was used to measure child shyness, pragmatic language ability, and indices of social and emotional difficulties at school. Results indicated several significant shyness-by-pragmatic-language interactions in the prediction of outcome variables. The pattern of results indicated a clear buffering effect of pragmatic language, with association... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329623 Mon, 06 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2329622&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.626 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2329622 Mon, 06 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2329622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2299236&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.627 Previous studies of childhood fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour have been limited by restricted age ranges, narrow ranges of anxiety phenomena, non-comparable methodologies, and assessment of typical behaviour within a pathological context. Content and intensity of fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour, and associations among these variables, were assessed through a semi-structured interview individually administered to 142 children aged 7-16 years. Common themes in the content of fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour varied predictably with age. Intensity ratings for all three phenomena decreased with age, although this decline was only significant between 7 and 10 years. Levels were higher in girls than boys. Fear and worry were positively related, and the regular performance of r... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2299236 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2299236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2284735&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.621 The present study assessed 89 children in a short-term longitudinal study from Junior Kindergarten (age 4-5 years) through Grade 1 (age 6-7 years) using a variety of tests of emergent literacy. Children were assessed for reading skill (a composite of word recognition, decoding, and letter-sound knowledge), phonological awareness, and oral language (i.e. both receptive and expressive vocabulary as well as syntax and fluency). Shyness was treated as a continuous variable rather than contrasting extreme groups of shy and non-shy children. Shyness was modestly related to vocabulary, verbal fluency, and phonological awareness. Results suggest that among young children the association of greater shyness with compromised skill development potentially extends beyond the vocabulary domain to includ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2284735 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2284735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2284736&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.623 The aims of the present study are to examine whether preschool children's scores on a standardized test of vocabulary mediate or moderate the relation between shyness and reticence and to test whether any influence of vocabulary would be found for both teacher and parent assessments of shyness. Participants were 108 children (50 males), mean age, 63.96 months, attending preschool in Saudi Arabia. Teachers selected shy and non-shy children and both teachers and parents rated the children on a shyness checklist. Children completed a test of receptive vocabulary. Systematic observations of verbal behaviour were made in 'show and tell' and play sessions. Shyness scores were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Shy children were more reticent during 'show and tell' and play. Vocab... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2284736 Fri, 20 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2284736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260608&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.628 The current investigation examined whether inter-generational transfer of risk could be revealed through mothers' and preschool-aged children's expressive language, and whether continuity of risk persisted in these children's academic abilities, 3 years later. Participating families were drawn from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project, a prospective, longitudinal investigation of French-speaking families from low-SES Montreal neighbourhoods. At Time 1, mothers' history of childhood social withdrawal was shown to predict mothers' child-directed language. Mothers' language complexity was also shown to be predictive of preschoolers' expressive language and was found to mediate the relationship between maternal social withdrawal and child language. At Time 2, children's language-related aca... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260608 Sat, 14 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2260608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2189992&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.615 Facial identity and facial expression matching tasks were completed by 5-12-year-old children and adults using stimuli extracted from the same set of normalized faces. Configural and feature processing were examined using speed and accuracy of responding and facial feature selection, respectively. Facial identity matching was slower than face expression matching for all age groups. Large age effects were found on both speed and accuracy of responding and feature use in both identity and expression matching tasks. Eye region preference was found on the facial identity task and mouth region preference on the facial expression task. Use of mouth region information for facial expression matching increased with age, whereas use of eye region information for facial identity matching peaked early... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2189992 Tue, 17 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2189992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176923&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.598 In the past, research has demonstrated that parental depression and parenting practices are related. More recently, there has been an increase in research examining child outcomes as they are related to maternal and paternal psychopathology. To continue with this line of research, this study examined the relationships among mothers' and fathers' symptoms of depression, characteristics of their parenting practices, and their ratings of their young children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. The results of this study demonstrated that these variables are related significantly. Further, the results of this study suggested that mothers' parenting, particularly their limit setting with their young children, is an important predictor of their ratings of their young children's ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176923 Wed, 11 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2143926&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.601 The Behaviour Style Observation System for Young Children (BSOS) was used to predict preschool-aged children's externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems in middle childhood, 3-5 years after the initial assessment. This observational measurement tool was designed to sample and assess young children's disruptive, non-compliant, and unresponsive behaviour, during a brief (11 min) observation in the child's home. In the current study, the BSOS was used to predict parent and teacher ratings of child behaviour problems after school entry in a longitudinal sample (N=81) of at-risk children at time 2. The BSOS predicted teacher-reported externalizing problems at time 2. In contrast, parent reports of behaviour problems, although correlated with repeated parent reports at time 2, were not ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2143926 Thu, 29 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2143926 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2133955&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.596 Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study, this study analysed the stability of child aggressive behaviour beginning in infancy and tested whether spanking when the child was 36 months was associated with aggressive child behaviour among three ethnic groups and whether maternal warmth moderated the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour in each ethnic group at 36 months, after controlling for earlier aggressive behaviour. Participants included 693 Hispanic parent-child dyads, 1013 African-American dyads and 1086 Caucasian dyads who met qualifications for participation in the Early Head Start programme. Findings suggest that infant temperament was associated with aggressive behaviour at 24 and 36 months and that child aggression remained stable. Among the three ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2133955 Mon, 26 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2133955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2127905&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.595 This study used the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) with the aim of characterizing motor acquisition rate in 70 healthy 0-6-month-old Brazilian infants, as well as comparing both emergence (initial age) and establishment (final age) of each skill between the study sample and the AIMS normative data. New motor skills were continuously acquired from 0 to 6 months of age by the Brazilian infants, but their acquisition rate was non-linear. When compared to the AIMS sample, Brazilian infants achieved lower percentiles, and their initial age to acquire skills requiring greater antigravity demand was higher. In contrast, Brazilian infants stopped exhibiting primitive patterns earlier, and their final age to acquire antigravity skills was lower. These differences in motor development are suggest... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2127905 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2127905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2127904&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.593 This study examined potential non-shared environmental processes in middle childhood by estimating statistical associations between monozygotic (MZ) twin differences in externalizing and internalizing problems and positive social engagement, and differential maternal positivity and negativity, over 1 year. Seventy-seven pairs of identical twins participated (M=6.08-years old, 65% male) in two annual home visits. Observers' ratings and maternal reports were gathered. At both assessments, the twin who showed more conduct problems (maternal report and observers' ratings) and less positive social engagement (positive affect, responsiveness) received more maternal negativity and less maternal warmth (self-reports and observers' ratings), relative to his or her genetically identical co-twin. The... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2127904 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2127904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2127903&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.600 The study examined whether face-specific perceptual brain mechanisms in 9-month-old infants are differentially sensitive to changes in individual facial features (eyes versus mouth) and whether sensitivity to such changes is related to infants' social and communicative skills. Infants viewed photographs of a smiling unfamiliar female face. On 30% of the trials, either the eyes or the mouth of that face were replaced by corresponding parts from a different female. Visual event-related potentials were recorded to examine face-sensitive brain responses. Results revealed that increased competence in expressive communication and interpersonal relationships was associated with a more mature response to faces, as reflected in a larger occipito-temporal N290 with shorter latency. Both eye- and mou... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2127903 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2127903 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2127902&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.597 Acoustics and distress ratings were examined during four minutes of naturally occurring crying from 20 healthy, 1-month-old infants. Two listeners made continuous judgements of infant distress during every 10-s segment of each cry sample. Dysphonation, number of wails, and pause duration were related to distress ratings across the 4 min of crying. Means and variances of ratings and acoustics, and the predictive value of each acoustic variable to ratings, differed in the first and second halves of the samples. Differences in the pattern of results occurred for individual infants. The results highlight the importance of studying the cry as a dynamic acoustic signal that may provide unique information about an individual infant's level of distress. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (S... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2127902 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2127902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2114911&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.599 The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between compliance in toddlers and maternal verbosity as well as the type of task. Mothers and their toddlers completed a warm-up task, a proactive toy clean-up task, and a prohibitive forbidden objects task. Mothers were assigned to one of two verbosity conditions (high versus low) and to one of two nurturance conditions (high versus low) where the rates of verbosity and nurturance were experimentally manipulated. It was hypothesized that toddlers would demonstrate higher noncompliance when given high levels of verbosity than toddlers given low levels of verbosity. It was expected that toddlers would demonstrate higher noncompliance when given low levels of nurturance than toddlers given high levels of nurturance. It was also expect... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2114911 Tue, 20 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2114911 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2010057&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.594 Several authors have reported that participants have a leftward bias when holding a newborn or young infant. Our study of mothers met before and after their infant's birth sought to ascertain whether particular combinations of affective symptoms (depression, anxiety) and holding positions (horizontal versus vertical) were related to holding-side biases. Our results showed that (a) mothers displayed a significant leftward (71%) holding bias, (b) mothers with affective symptoms held their newborn on the right side and more frequently in the vertical position, and (c) hemispheric specialization for perceiving visual emotions had no significant effect on the holding-side biases of new mothers. These results suggest that maternal affective symptoms have a dominant effect on the determination of... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2010057 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2010057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1973734&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.591 Do preschoolers think adults know more about everything than children? Or do they recognize that there are some things that children might know more about than adults? Three-, four-, and five-year olds (N=65) were asked to decide whether an adult or child informant would better be able to answer a variety of questions about the nutritional value of foods and about toys. Children at all ages chose to direct the food questions to the adult and the toy questions to the child. Thus, there are some kinds of information for which preschoolers expect that a child would be a better informant than an adult. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1973734 Thu, 20 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1973734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1973733&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.592 To test divergent theoretical predictions as to the impact of having a younger or older, same-sex sibling or opposite-sex sibling on other gender constancy, Israeli kindergarten children in two-child families responded to a gender constancy task in which a male and female picture target engaged in counter-stereotypic toy play and adopted counter-stereotypic appearance. Children were also asked whether the target child could change sex at will and to explain the difference between boys and girls. Relative age of sibling, both independently and in interaction with participant sex, was associated with greater gender constancy in the face of counter-stereotypic toy play. Relative age of sibling and sibling sex was independently associated with greater gender constancy in the face of counter-st... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1973733 Thu, 20 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1973733 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667787&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.578 The present study included observational and self-report measures to examine associations among parental stress, parental behaviour, child behaviour, and children's theory of mind and emotion understanding. Eighty-three parents and their 3- to 5-year-old children participated. Parents completed measures of parental stress, parenting (laxness, overreactivity), and child behaviour (internalizing, externalizing); children completed language, theory of mind, and emotion understanding measures. Parent-child interactions also were observed (N=47). Laxness and parenting stress predicted children's theory of mind performance and parental usage of imitative gestures and vocalizations accounted for unique variance in emotion understanding. Associations also were found between child behaviour and emo... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667787 Thu, 31 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667797&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.585 In this study, we examined the relationship between physiological stress reactivity and temperamental fearfulness in 162 preschool-aged children. Both the autonomic and neuroendocrine arms of the mammalian stress system were examined. Larger stress responses were defined as greater sympathetic activation, parasympathetic withdrawal and cortisol increases to stressor tasks. Fearful temperament was examined using parent report and behaviour in response to fear-evocative laboratory tasks. There was little evidence that larger sympathetic activation or parasympathetic withdrawal was associated with fearful temperament. Greater cortisol reactivity, however, was associated with fearful temperament. Additional analyses examined those children who were consistently fearful across all measures, and... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667797 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667796&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.584 The assessment of infant temperament has been typically accomplished with parent questionnaires. When compared with temperament behaviours observed in the laboratory, parents and observers generally do not agree, leading some researchers to question the validity of parent report. This paper reports on a representative sample of infants whose families resided in non-metropolitan counties and whose temperament was measured in three ways: (1) standard parent report (Infant Behavior Questionnaire); (2) observer ratings across two lengthy home visits; and (3) observer coding of second-by-second reactions to specific emotion-eliciting tasks. In order to account for both trait and method variance, structural equation modelling was applied to a sample of 955 infants (M age=7.3 months) using variab... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667796 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667796 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667795&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.582 Longitudinal continuity was investigated for fine-grained and factor-level aspects of temperament measured with the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (ECBQ), and Children's Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ). Considerable homotypic continuity was found. Convergent and discriminant validity of the measures was supported, as all fine-grained dimensions exhibited stability across adjacent measurement periods, and all scales found on both the ECBQ and CBQ were most highly correlated with their equivalent scales. At the factor level, Surgency and Negative Affect factors were stable across all time points, and Effortful Control/Regulatory Capacity was stable across adjacent time periods. High-Intensity Pleasure, Activity Level, and Impulsivity con... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667795 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667795 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667794&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.581 Elucidating the genetic and environmental aetiology of effortful control (mother and father reports at two time points), attentional control (observer reports), and their associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms (mother and father reports) is the central focus of this paper. With a sample of twins in middle childhood participating in the Wisconsin Twin Project, broad sense heritability for parental-report effortful control ranged from 68% to 79%, with a slightly higher heritability estimate of 83% for observer report attentional control, and no influence of the shared environment on either trait. Further, measures of control were negatively correlated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms longitudinally, concurrently, and across reporters. Importantly, shared addi... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667794 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667794 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667793&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.580 This longitudinal study examined individual differences and correlates of focused attention when toddlers were approximately 18 months old (T1; n=256) and a year later (T2; n=230). Toddlers' attention and negative emotionality were reported by mothers and non-parental caregivers and rated globally by observers. Toddlers' focused attention also was observed during two mother-child interactions and an independent play task. Measures of maternal emotional support and control were obtained via self-report and observation. Some contemporaneous relations among indices of toddlers' attention were obtained, particularly for observed measures. Moreover, all measures of attention demonstrated stability across time. Negative emotionality was negatively related to toddlers' observed attention at both ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667793 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667793 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667792&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.579 As part of a longitudinal investigation of infants at familial risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mothers and fathers independently completed temperament ratings on their infants. In this paper, we examine the 7-, 12-, and 25-month temperament of 58 boys, 36 of whom were considered at familial risk for ADHD and 22 of whom were in the comparison group. Risk for ADHD was based on self-reported ADHD symptoms in the father. In addition, the influence of informant gender on temperament ratings was examined. The ADHD risk group received significantly higher scores for activity level and anger and lower scores for attentional shift, appropriate allocation of attention and inhibitory control. Their scores were also significantly lower on a composite measure of effortful cont... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667792 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667791&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.583 Through her theoretical and empirical work, Mary Rothbart has had a profound impact on the scientific understanding of infant and child temperament. This special issue honors her contributions through the presentations of original, contemporary studies relevant to three primary themes in Rothbart's conceptual approach: the expansive scope and empirically-derived structure of temperament, the importance of considering developmental change, and the interplay of reactive and regulatory processes. In addition to summarizing these themes, this introductory article acknowledges the ways Mary has spurred progress in the field through methodological advances, institutional service, and pedagogy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667791 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667790&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.573 Because child abuse victims are often the only available sources of information about their experiences, extensive efforts have been made to understand how to maximize their informativeness. There is now broad international consensus regarding optimal interview practices, and broad awareness that children's informativeness increases when interviewers conduct developmentally appropriate interviews with children. In this paper, we (1) summarize current understanding of how children remember, retrieve, and communicate information and (2) discuss ways in which children's memory and reporting can be fostered using techniques designed to help children recount past experiences such as the Cognitive Interview, the Narrative Elaboration Technique, and the National Institute of Child Health and Huma... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667790 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667789&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.576 Understanding how responses become prepotent is essential for understanding when inhibitory control is needed in everyday behaviour. We investigated prepotency in the grass-snow task - in which a child points to a green card when the experimenter says 'snow' and a white card when the experimenter says 'grass'. Experiment 1 (n=48, mean age=3.5 years) investigated the response method effect - whether pointing is prepotent because it is habitual. Experiment 2 (n=60, mean age=3.5 years) investigated the response set effect - whether responses are prepotent because the child plans to make them in the task. Experiment 2 also provided evidence that children could remember the rules in the task. Experiment 3 (n=30, mean age=3.4 years) produced further evidence that children could remember these ru... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667789 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1667788&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.577 The goal of this multi-method study was to examine how child gender and coparenting processes influence associations between family stress and toddlers' social adjustment. The participants, 104 dual-earner couples and their 2-year-old children, were videotaped in their home during a freeplay activity. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires about stress in their roles as partners, workers, and parents and their child's social-emotional adjustment. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of family stress were associated with poorer adjustment for children. Family harmony, represented by warmth and cooperation, was significantly associated with fewer internalizing problems for children even when family stress was considered. Conversely, coparental banter or 'playful humour' bet... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1667788 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1667788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1390376&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.574 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1390376 Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1390376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1357919&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.572 This study investigated associations between mother-infant interactions and children's subsequent understanding of mind and emotion. Mothers' tendency to comment on their infants' internal world and their general sensitivity to their infants' internal states were measured through coded play interactions at 10 months. The latter measurement included ratings on four aspects of maternal behaviour: mindful facilitation, joint attention commenting, pacing, and affect catching. In contrast to mothers' internal state language, these behaviours did not tap mothers' explicit linguistic representation of their infants' mental states. At 54 months, children's understanding of mind and emotion was measured through a range of false-belief tasks and an emotion-understanding task. Multivariate analysis r... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1357919 Wed, 09 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1357919 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1343201&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.568 The present longitudinal and naturalistic study aims to investigate infants' and fathers' facial expressions of emotions during pauses preceding and following spontaneous early infant-father conversation. Studying emotional expressions in the course of pauses in early infant-father interaction is important because it may extend our knowledge on how, without being able to speak, infants begin communication and develop a capacity to share understanding of what they and Significant Others (such as fathers) mean by what they do. Eleven infant-father dyads from Crete, Greece, were observed during their natural interactions at home from the second to the sixth month of life. The microanalysis of fathers' and infants' facial expressions of emotions provided evidence that: (a) in the course of pau... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1343201 Wed, 02 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1343201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1329816&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.495 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1329816 Wed, 26 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1329816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1329815&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.512 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1329815 Wed, 26 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1329815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1313596&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.571 This study examined whether and how older siblings influenced the onset of their own younger siblings' motor milestones, a heretofore unstudied developmental domain in the sibling literature. Parents of 51 sibling pairs reported their children's crawling and walking onset dates. In keeping with imitation theories, in families where younger siblings crawled or walked earlier than their own older sibling, they did so significantly earlier. Moreover, in keeping with limited parental resource theories, in families where older siblings crawled or walked earlier than their own younger sibling, they did so significantly earlier. Older siblings did influence younger siblings' motor development, but how they did so may have depended on unique family characteristics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & S... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1313596 Wed, 19 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1313596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1313595&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.569 To assess relationships between parental socialization of emotion and children's coping following an intensely emotional event, parents' beliefs and behaviours regarding emotion and children's coping strategies were investigated after a set of terrorist attacks. Parents (n=51) filled out the Parents' Beliefs about Negative Emotions questionnaire and were interviewed within two weeks of the attacks. Their elementary and middle school-aged children were interviewed eight weeks later. First, parents' beliefs were related to two kinds of parental behaviours. Parents' beliefs about both the value of and the danger of children's emotions were positively related to their discussion with their children. Parents' belief about children's emotions as dangerous was also negatively related to parents' ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1313595 Wed, 19 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1313595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1298535&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.570 A child who had had surgery at 5 months of age, and who had been treated at the time for post-traumatic symptoms (reported in a previous paper by the author), was interviewed 2 years later and almost 3 years later to test for possible verbal recall of his hospitalization. He appeared to have some memories of the experience at 29 months of age, and he was able to superimpose verbal labels onto the preverbal memories. At 40 months of age, however, the memories were no longer verbally accessible. The results are discussed in the context of different theories of encoding, storage, retrieval, and loss of early memories. The findings from this study support other findings indicating that there appears to be some form of long-term memory in place early in life, at least for highly salient, trauma... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1298535 Thu, 13 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1298535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1298536&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.565 This study aims to confirm previous North American and North European findings about the normal developmental pattern of infant crying by studying the crying of Italian babies. A cohort of 70 healthy, full-term Italian infants was assessed longitudinally at 2, 5 and 8 weeks of age. Mothers were asked to fill in 24-h behaviour diaries for 3 consecutive days at each age. Results show significant differences in the amount of daily crying between 2 and 8 weeks and between 5 and 8 weeks. Different from other similar studies, no significant cry peak at 5 weeks was found in the Italian babies, but the amount of time Italian mothers spent holding their babies showed a peak at 5 weeks. Infants cried more during the evenings and mothers carried them most during this part of the day. Significant corr... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1298536 Wed, 12 Mar 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1298536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1239937&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.566 Differential emotions theory (DET) (The face of emotion. Appleton-Century-Crofts: East Norwalk, CT, 1971) posits that the smile functions in part to communicate and/or reflect social affiliation and plays an important role in children's social development. While children's positive emotion expressions have received attention from peer relations researchers in observational studies and within correlational designs, there is almost no experimental evidence for the impact of the smile. Building on existing studies, the present study examined DET predictions within an experimental design. More specifically, we examined the impact smiles have on lower-income preschool children's nominations for preferred playmates. Both boys and girls tended to nominate unfamiliar playmates who smiled. Addition... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1239937 Tue, 19 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1239937 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1199633&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.563 The goal of this study was to examine the development of attention and response inhibition from ages 5 to 7. Forty children (20 5-year-olds and 20 7-year-olds) completed four counterbalanced phases of a continuous performance task. Phase 1 was designed to measure attention without distraction, Phase 2 was designed to measure attention with distraction, Phase 3 was designed to measure attention and response inhibition without distraction, and Phase 4 was designed to measure attention and response inhibition with distraction. With regard to attention, 7-year-olds performed significantly better than 5-year-olds. This age difference was more pronounced when distraction was present. With regard to response inhibition, there were no significant age differences. These results appear to suggest th... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1199633 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1199633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1172162&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.560 This study investigated children's, adolescents', and adults' references to an actor's goals when explaining interpersonal actions. Participants were presented with eight brief stories containing a variety of social events and were asked to explain why the actor in each story performed the central action. Children, adolescents, and adults mentioned goals for most of the stories. Adults and adolescents mentioned psychological goals much more often than did children. Older children, adolescents, and adults mentioned complex psychological goals more often than did younger children. Younger children often mentioned instrumental or social goals. When making goal attributions, children, adolescents, and adults considered both the nature of the action and the social context in which it occurred. ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1172162 Thu, 24 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1172162 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1172163&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.553 Evaluative categories include items that share the same value-laden assessment. Given that these categories have not been examined extensively within the child concepts literature, the present research explored evaluative categorization and induction within the domain of food as a test case. Specifically, two studies examined the categories of healthy and junky foods in children aged 4 and 7 years. Study 1 showed that by aged 4 years, children appropriately apply the evaluative categories of healthy and junky foods to a variety of different foods. Study 2 showed that by age 4 years, children also selectively use the evaluative categories of healthy and junky foods for inductive inferences about the human body, but not for arbitrary or unrelated inferences. Taken together, these results hig... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1172163 Wed, 23 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1172163 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1166047&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.559 Two experiments investigated preschoolers' interference control in variants of the day-night task. The day-night task involves instructing children across 16 trials to say the word 'day' when viewing a card depicting a nighttime sky and to say 'night' when shown a picture of the daytime sky. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate whether the depiction on each card distracts children because it is semantically associated with the instructed response or because the depicted item cues the alternative (incorrect) response within the response set. The results in the first study (N=23, M=52.65 months) and second study (N=54, M=50.81 months) indicate that a close semantic relation between the picture and the target response does not pose substantial interference for preschoolers. In co... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1166047 Mon, 21 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1166047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1166046&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.552 This study examined the emotional security of kindergarten children in dyadic task-related interactions with their teachers. In particular, it examined the interrelations between security, task behaviours (persistence and independence), social inhibition, and teachers' support. Participants were 79 kindergartners (mean age=69.7 months) and their 40 regular teachers. Children were selected to approach a normal distribution of social inhibition. Children and teachers were filmed during a dyadic interaction task outside the classroom. Three groups of independent observers rated children's emotional security and their task behaviours, as well as teachers' supportive behaviours. Multilevel modelling revealed a positive link between teachers' support and emotional security. This link suppressed ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1166046 Mon, 21 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1166046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1166045&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.554 In individual interviews, 227 children from the first, third, fifth, and seventh grades described the behaviours that characterize shyness in their peers. The categories of behaviour most frequently described included the following: doesn't talk, stays by self, doesn't play, walks/runs away from others, hides, looks away/avoids eye contact, physical signs of anxiety, stays near familiar people, cries, blushes, and gets mixed up when talking/stutters. The number of children mentioning hides, stays near familiar people, and cries decreased significantly across grade level, whereas the number mentioning doesn't talk, stays by self, blushes, and gets mixed up when talking/stutters increased across grade level. The situations in which children described the shy behaviours as occurring were clas... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1166045 Mon, 21 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1166045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1161676&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.549 In this longitudinal study, 83 parents of infants between 3 and 12 months completed questionnaires assessing demographic information, infant temperament, and maternal depression. When these children were at least 18 months of age, parents completed follow-up questionnaires assessing toddler temperament and depression-like symptoms. We were primarily interested in the contributions of infant temperament and maternal depression to toddler depressive problems, and the analytic strategy involved controlling for toddler temperament in order to isolate the influence of infancy characteristics. The findings indicated that lower levels of infant regulatory capacity and greater severity of maternal depression were predictive of toddler depression-like symptoms. Moderator effects of infant temperame... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1161676 Sat, 19 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1161676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1159184&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.551 Cronbach and Meehl (Psychol. Bull. 1955; 52:281-302) stated that the key question to be addressed when assessing construct validity is 'What sources contribute to variance in test performance?' We illustrate the utility of generalizability theory (GT) as a conceptual framework that encourages psychological researchers to address this question and as a flexible set of analytic tools that can provide answers to inform both substantive theory and measurement practice. To illustrate these capabilities, we analyze observer ratings of 27 caregiver-child dyads, focusing on the importance of situational (contextual) factors as sources of variance in observer ratings of caregiver-child behaviors. Cross-situational consistency was relatively low for the categories of behavior analyzed, indicating th... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1159184 Fri, 18 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1159184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155103&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.358 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155103 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155102&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.401 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155102 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155101&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.405 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155101 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155100&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.489 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155100 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155099&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.546 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155099 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155098&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.545 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155098 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155097&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.544 This article discusses how they have been used in different 'stances', from generative views to more recently introduced explanatory frameworks based on embodiment, cognitive development and cultural evolution. By digging into the details of certain specific models, we show how they organize, transform and rephrase defining questions about what makes language learning possible for children. Finally, we present a tentative synthesis to recast the debate using the notion of learning bias. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155097 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155096&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.543 Interesting systems, whether biological or artificial, develop. Starting from some initial conditions, they respond to environmental changes, and continuously improve their capabilities. Developmental psychologists have dedicated significant effort to studying the developmental progression of infant imitation skills, because imitation underlies the infant's ability to understand and learn from his or her social environment. In a converging intellectual endeavour, roboticists have been equipping robots with the ability to observe and imitate human actions because such abilities can lead to rapid teaching of robots to perform tasks. We provide here a comparative analysis between studies of infants imitating and learning from human demonstrators, and computational experiments aimed at equippi... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155096 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155095&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.542 This paper seeks to foster a discussion on whether experiments with robots can inform theory in infant motor development and specifically (1) how the interactions among the parts of a system, including the nervous and musculoskeletal systems and the forces acting on the body, induce organizational changes in the whole, and (2) how exploratory behaviour and selective informational signals at the timescale of skill learning may allow behaviour to become stabilized at the longer timescale of development. The paper describes how three generative principles, inspired from developmental biology and shown to underlie the dynamics of infants learning to bounce in a Jolly Jumper, were broken into a set of mechanisms suitable for controlling a robotic system and resulted in a similar developmental p... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155095 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155094&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.541 Robots and humans receive partial, fragmentary hints about the world's state through their respective sensors. These hints - tiny patches of light intensity, frequency components of sound, etc. - are far removed from the world of objects which we feel and perceive so effortlessly around us. The study of infant development and the construction of robots are both deeply concerned with how this apparent gap between the world and our experience of it is bridged. In this paper, we focus on some fundamental problems in perception which have attracted the attention of researchers in both robotics and infant development. Our goal was to identify points of contact already existing between the two fields, and also important questions identified in one field that could fruitfully be addressed in the ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155094 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1155093&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.540 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1155093 Tue, 15 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1155093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1139041&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.536 Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are diagnosed when individuals show impairments in three behavioural domains: communication, social interactions, and repetitive, restrictive behaviours and interests (RRBIs). Recent data suggest that these three sets of behaviours are genetically heterogeneous. Early language delay is strongly associated with ASD, but the basis for this association and the relationship with individual sub-domains of ASD has not been systematically investigated. In the present study, data came from a population-based twin sample with language development data at 2-4 years, measured by the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI), and data at 8 years using the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST). For the total CAST and the three subscales at 8 years, approxim... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1139041 Wed, 09 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1139041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1133495&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.550 Search for a ball that has undergone hidden motion rapidly improves during the second year of life (Dev. Psychol., 2000; 36:394-401). In three experiments we investigated whether the poor performance of younger toddlers was due to attentional failure by highlighting the major cue for the hidden object. We observed only slight improvement in search behaviour. We performed two other experiments that tested the depth of understanding of 3-year-olds in this task and found that their performance was robust to changes in the apparatus and experimental procedures. Overall, the results point to a rapidly developing ability in the second year of life to either reason about space or select the correct motor response in search tasks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1133495 Mon, 07 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1133495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1124809&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.538 This study highlights how young children will not only imitate a model's demonstration of pretend acts but also use this demonstration to catalyze the creation of their own pretence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1124809 Wed, 02 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1124809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1123634&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.547 This study examined the relationship between the complexity of thinking about children by child care teachers and observed teachers' caregiving for infants and toddlers. It was hypothesized that the perceived supportiveness of the work environment would affect this relationship. Fifty-six child care teachers completed a survey assessing complexity of thinking about children's behaviour as well as a measure of the perceived opportunities for professional development. Teachers' quality of caregiving was assessed using the Caregiver Interaction Scale. Planned contrasts revealed that when professional development opportunities were perceived unfavourably, teachers who were complex in thinking about children's behaviour provided significantly more sensitive care than did teachers who were less ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1123634 Tue, 01 Jan 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1123634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1123635&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.548 The present study examined two key aspects of young children's ability to explain human behaviour in a mentalistic way. First, we explored desires that are of a level of difficulty comparable with that of false beliefs. For this purpose, the so-called 'alternative desires' were created. Second, we examined how children's psychological explanations are related to their understanding of perception and intention. A perception-understanding task, an intention-understanding task and a psychological-explanation task were administered to 80 three-year-olds. Results offer support for the thesis that the level of difficulty of belief and desire explanations is comparable. Moreover, children's psychological explanations are related to their understanding of perception and intention. The results lend... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1123635 Mon, 31 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1123635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1091112&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.537 The present study compared indigenous South African versus African-American schoolchildren's beliefs about aggression. Eighty 7-9 year olds (40 from each country) participated in interviews in which they were asked to make inferences about the stability, malleability, and causal origins of aggressive behaviour. Although a minority of participants from both countries endorsed essentialist beliefs about aggression, South African children were more likely than American children to do so. Results also revealed some degree of coherence in children's patterns of beliefs about aggression, such that children responded across superficially different measures in ways that appear theoretically consistent. The authors consider these findings in light of debates concerning the role of cultural forces i... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1091112 Thu, 13 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1091112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1091113&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.534 The present study utilized a short-term longitudinal research design to examine the hypothesis that shyness in preschoolers is differentially related to different aspects of emotion processing. Using teacher reports of shyness and performance measures of emotion processing, including (1) facial emotion recognition, (2) non-facial emotion recognition, and (3) emotional perspective-taking, we examined 337 Head Start attendees twice at a 24-week interval. Results revealed significant concurrent and longitudinal relationships between shyness and facial emotion recognition, and either minimal or non-existent relationships between shyness and the other aspects of emotion processing. Correlational analyses of concurrent assessments revealed that shyness predicted poorer facial emotion recognition... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1091113 Wed, 12 Dec 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1091113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=956857&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.535 Conflicting results on children's understanding of advertising may stem from differences in research methods. Most studies are conducted using interviewing techniques, employing only verbal questioning. In the present study, 136 children of two age groups (7 and 10 years) were first asked what advertising was for and, after responding, shown depictions of possible reasons. The results indicate that although older children are more likely than younger ones to understand that advertising seeks to promote selling, pictorial cues allow a much larger proportion of all children to indicate their understanding than verbal questioning does on its own, with younger children especially showing improvement. Thus, seven-year-olds seem to have an implicit understanding of the persuasive intent of adver... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=956857 Wed, 17 Oct 2007 04:00:00 +0100 956857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825218&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.522 Emergent themes from this special issue on parent-child co-sleeping are featured in this concluding article. Each of the pieces in this collection addressed one or more of the following themes: methodologies for studying parent-infant co-sleeping, physical and social characteristics of the child's sleep environment, associations between sleep location and breastfeeding, infant and child maturational issues, parental attitudes and values about sleep arrangements, special needs populations, maternal employment, sleep problems, sleep transitions, and future directions for research and policy. Together, the contributions define a context for weighing the benefits and disadvantages of family sleep arrangements during infancy and early childhood. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825218 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825217&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.521 This study examined solitary sleeping and co-sleeping arrangements in families with a young child. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by two independent samples, one of mothers (N=100) and one of fathers (N=38) of preschool-aged children. Types of family sleep arrangements included children who slept in their own room from infancy, children who shared the parental bed from infancy, and children who returned to bedsharing following a period of solitary sleeping. Mothers and fathers described reasons for family sleep arrangements, attitudes towards sleep arrangements, satisfaction with sleep arrangements, and perceptions of children's sleep-related problems. Survey questions also addressed marital relations, parenting, and well-being. Results indicated that mothers and fathers ... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825217 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825216&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.526 To explore whether parental report of frequency of problematic sleep behaviours overestimates the subjective experience of sleep problems among co-sleepers, and whether classification as reactive or intentional co-sleeping is related to parental judgments about children's sleep, 139 parents of young children were recruited from urban paediatric offices. The Child Sleep Behaviour Survey asked about potentially problematic sleep behaviours, and yielded a simple frequency score (frequency of all items) and a weighted frequency score (only behaviours considered problematic by the parent). Parents described sleeping arrangements and demographic characteristics. Simple frequency of behaviours was higher among co-sleepers than among solitary sleepers. Weighted frequencies were lower in all groups... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825216 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825215&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.524 Infancy and early childhood sleep-wake behaviours from current and retrospective parental reports were used to explore the relationship between sleeping arrangements and parent-child nighttime interactions at both time points. Children (N=45) from educated, middle-class families, mostly breastfed in infancy, composed a convenience sample that was recruited from a university preschool in the Northeast US. Parents responded to the Sleep Habits Inventory, a 19-item Likert-style inventory measuring sleep-related behaviours during the last week, and the Sleeping Arrangements Questionnaire, a 30-question, open-ended, short-answer-style instrument which queries both retrospective infancy and current sleep location, bedtime routine, night waking and parent-child interactions during the sleep perio... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825215 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825214&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.519 We present data from a longitudinal study of sleeping and feeding practices in England involving 97 initially breastfed infants from birth to 6 months of age whose behaviour was monitored weekly for a 6-month period. Results demonstrate that bed-sharing practices covary with breastfeeding practices, and that a single model of bed-sharing behaviour does not adequately reflect the experience of all infants. Our findings have ramifications for the way in which case-control studies attempt to 'measure' bed-sharing, and our understanding and interpretation of bed-sharing risk factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825214 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825213&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.525 This study explores these issues and especially highlights parental accounts of their sleep practices, interpretations, and reflections based on detailed narratives or 'ethnohistories.' The sample involves a self-selected sub-group of over 200 mostly middle-class mothers from Canada, the United States, Australia, and Great Britain. Mothers report how and why they adopted co-sleeping practices, how satisfied they are (or were) with their decisions, and what benefits they think they or their infants derived from their co-sleeping practices. Also included in the reports are a surprisingly high number of parents who think they may have saved their infant's life by bedsharing, data heretofore never reported in the literature. The formulation of medical policies, we suggest, ultimately must be i... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825213 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825212&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.520 The purpose of the current study was to investigate the development of sleep-wake and melatonin diurnal rhythms over the first 3 months of life, and the potential effect of bed-sharing on their development. It was hypothesized that increased maternal contact through bed-sharing would affect the development of rhythms in human infants. Ten solitary-sleeping and 8 bed-sharing infants' sleep-wake patterns and melatonin secretion were examined for 72 h at 1 and 3 months of age in their homes. Infants wore actigraphs on their ankles to study sleep-wake patterns. 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin was obtained through urine extracted from each diaper used over the 72-h study period. No significant differences were apparent in the timing of appearance or magnitude of sleep-wake or melatonin rhythms between be... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825212 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=825211&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.523 The practice of parents and their young children co-sleeping is a topic of ongoing controversy and debate. Both physical and psychosocial risks and benefits have been attached to this practice. In this introduction to the special issue, we present the prevailing views about early sleep arrangements. We then discuss the organization of the special issue and highlight the contributions of each article. Together, this collection of original articles comprises a body of research that advances our understanding of co-sleeping in the context of social and physical environments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=825211 Tue, 28 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 825211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=691718&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.515 In this study, 107 young mothers were observed at home during play with their toddlers; maternal behaviour was coded for joint attention (shared focus of mother and toddler attention) and emotional availability (e.g. sensitivity, intrusiveness, hostility). Mothers reported on aspects of their childhood history and current personal functioning and social support. A person-centred analytic approach, using cluster analysis, revealed three distinct groups of maternal play behaviour: (1) 'sensitive-engaged' (2) 'inconsistent-directive,' and (3) 'intrusive-prohibitive'. Multivariate analyses revealed that contextual factors in mothers' lives (e.g. childhood abuse, depressive symptomatology, partner violence, social support, and parenting self-confidence) were differentially associated with paren... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=691718 Sat, 23 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100 691718 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=689555&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.517 Two experiments with 3½- to 6½-year-old children showed that theory-of-mind development is associated with the growth of episodic memory. Episodic memory was assessed by manipulating informational conditions such that they permit or prevent the formation of episodic memories in terms of re-experiencing the recalled event. Only experienced events, e.g. seeing how one puts a picture of a frog into a box, can be remembered by re-experience. Events known through indirect information cannot be re-experienced, e.g. putting pictures into the box when blindfolded and being later shown on video what was on these cards. Children were also tested on a battery of theory-of-mind tasks assessing their understanding of the origins of knowledge. There was a significant interaction in both experiments sh... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=689555 Fri, 22 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100 689555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=689557&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.518 The aim of present study was to examine the relationship between young children's peer-reported trustworthiness and their school adjustment. Two hundred and eleven (103 male and 108 female) children in the United Kingdom (mean age = 6 years 2 months) took part in this study. Measures of peer-reported trustworthiness, child-rated school adjustment, and teacher-rated school adjustment were administered twice across a one-year period. Also, children's number of friendships, peer acceptance, and self-control were assessed at Time 2. Multisample path analyses were conducted separately by sex. For both samples there were direct longitudinal paths between peer-reported trustworthiness and changes in teacher-rated school adjustment. For boys, the longitudinal path between peer-reported trustworthi... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=689557 Thu, 21 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100 689557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=689556&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.527 Behavioural sleep problems (childhood insomnias) can cause distress for both parents and children. This paper reports a model describing predictors of high sleep problem scores in a representative population-based random sample survey of non-Aboriginal singleton children born in 1995 and 1996 (1085 girls and 1129 boys) in Western Australia. Longitudinal repeated data were collected up to age 4 years by caregiver report. Children's sleep rhythmicity levels in their first year, as well as conflicted and lax parenting in their second year, predicted higher scores on the sleep problem scale from the Child Behaviour Checklist/2-3 in the children's third year. Higher scores on the sleep problem scale in the children's third year predicted higher scores on the aggressive behaviour subscale of the... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=689556 Thu, 21 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100 689556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=498666&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.497 This study explores sex-related differences during the earliest communicative exchange, the neonatal imitation in 43 newborn infants (3-96 hours old) using an index finger extension imitative gesture. Results showed that although the experimenter presented comparable stimuli to both sexes, and the total number of movements was similar in boys and girls, girls showed more fine motor movements, a higher number of specific imitative gestures, responded faster during the imitation and showed a higher baseline heart rate during the experiment. Newborn girls, with their faster and more accurate imitative abilities, may create a more responsive and interactive social environment, which in turn may lead to differences in socio-emotional and cognitive development between girls and boys. Copyright Â... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=498666 Sat, 24 Mar 2007 04:00:00 +0100 498666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214890&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.443 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214890 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214890 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214889&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.442 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214889 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214889 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214888&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.441 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214888 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214887&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.419 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214887 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214886&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.417 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214886 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214885&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.451 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214885 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214884&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.447 Conclusions: Parents of hyperactive preschoolers may profit from interventions that are sensitive to the impact of situational changes on their behaviour and which address possible attributional biases regarding the source of parent-child discord. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214884 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214883&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.469 The present study examined the contribution of caregiving practices at ages 4-5 (Time 1) to children's capacity for self-regulation at ages 8-9 (Time 2). The multi-ethnic sample comprised 549 children of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) participants. High levels of maternal warmth and low levels of physically punitive discipline at Time 1 were associated with a greater capacity for self-regulation at Time 2. These associations remained significant once initial levels of self-regulation were taken into account, indicating that the development of self-regulation is open to caregiver influence during childhood. Neither child gender nor ethnicity moderated the effects of early parenting practices on later self-regulation; the interaction between low maternal warmth and high discipl... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214883 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214882&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.467 The goal of this study was to understand maternal reports, beliefs, and attitudes about their young children's use of private speech. Mothers of 48 children between the ages of 3 and 5 participated in a semi-structured interview in which they reported on the frequency and context of their child's use of private speech, maternal responses toward such speech use in children, and beliefs about the utility of such speech for children. Interviews were transcribed and responses coded. Mothers also completed surveys on children's self control and parenting style. Results indicated that practically all parents reported that their child engaged in private speech and that such speech was more likely to appear during fantasy play than during problem-solving activities. Parents varied in their persona... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214882 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214881&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.466 There has been considerable theoretical interest in the developmental importance of affect mirroring and attunement, but little empirical attention has been directed toward the topic. The present study systematically explored the sorts of infant behaviour that elicit affect attunement in mothers. Written descriptions of video-recorded sequences of interaction in 27 mother-infant dyads were used to examine 141 instances of affect attunement in samples from Sweden and the former Yugoslavia. Infants were aged between 2 and 12 months. Behaviour that elicited affect attunement from mothers was rated in terms of 10 behavioural themes, which were used to cluster episodes of affect attunement. Cluster analysis suggested that mothers attuned to six distinct forms of infant behaviour: pleasurable mo... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214881 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214880&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.449 This study examined the role of child gender in fathers' and mothers' sensitivity to and attachment relationships with their infants from a family systems perspective. Eighty-seven 1-year-olds participated in the Strange Situation with each parent. Parental sensitivity was examined during a competing demands task. Results indicated that fathers and mothers were equally sensitive to sons, but fathers were less sensitive than mothers to daughters, and mothers were more sensitive to daughters than to sons. Although mothers and fathers within the same families were similarly sensitive to daughters and sons, daughters' attachment security with fathers and mothers was similar whereas sons' was not. Further analyses revealed that fathers were more sensitive to sons with an insecure relationship w... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214880 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214879&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.448 The aims of the present study were to investigate the role for problematic children of the child's social competence, teacher relations and behaviour with peers for later problem persistence, school performance and peer acceptance, in terms of moderating (protective and exacerbating) and independent effects. Groups of children with externalizing (n=26) and internalizing (n=25) problems and a non-problematic group (n=44) were followed from grade 1-6. Teachers rated behaviour problems and social competence in the first, third and sixth grades, the teacher-child relationship in third grade, and school achievement in sixth grade. Behaviour with peers was assessed in observations in later elementary school. Peer acceptance was assessed through peer nominations in sixth grade. Both problem group... Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214879 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 10:27:01 +0100 214879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=214878&cid=s_33727_144_f&fid=33727&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%252Ficd.472 No Abstract (Source: Infant and Child Development) Infant and Child Development journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=214878 Sat, 30 Sep 2006 06:00:00 +0100 214878