MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 07:05:44 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5639980&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22266409%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilde EA, Merkley TL, Bigler ED, Max JE, Schmidt AT, Ayoub KW, McCauley SR, Hunter JV, Hanten G, Li X, Chu ZD, Levin HS Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess patterns of cortical development over time in children who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) as compared to children with orthopedic injury (OI), and to examine how these patterns related to emotional control and behavioral dysregulation, two common post-TBI symptoms. Cortical thickness was measured at approximately 3 and 18 months post-injury in 20 children aged 8.2-17.5 years who had sustained moderate-to-severe closed head injury and 21 children aged 7.4-16.7 years who had sustained OI. At approximately 3 months post-injury, the TBI group evidenced decreased cortical thickness bilaterally in asp... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5639980 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5639980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621956&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22248690%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yuahasi KK, Demasi MA, Tamajusuku AS, Lenz G, Sogayar MC, Fornazari M, Lameu C, Nascimento IC, Glaser T, Schwindt TT, Negraes PD, Ulrich H Abstract Embryonic carcinoma cells are widely used models for studying the mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation occurring during early embryogenesis. We have now investigated how down-regulation of P2X2 and P2X7 receptors expression by RNA interference (RNAi) affects neural differentiation and phenotype specification of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Wild-type P19 embryonal carcinoma cells or cells stably expressing shRNAs targeting P2X2 or P2X7 receptor expression were induced to differentiate into neurons and glial cells in the presence of retinoic acid. Silencing of P2X2 receptor expression along differentiation promoted c... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621956 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621959&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22244886%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: da Cunha MJ, da Cunha AA, Ferreira AG, Machado FR, Schmitz F, Lima DD, Delwing D, Mussulini BH, Wofchuk S, Netto CA, Wyse AT Abstract The influence of physical exercise on the effects elicited by homocysteine on glutamate uptake and some parameters of oxidative stress, namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (H(2)DCF) oxidation, as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rat cerebral cortex were investigated. Wistar rats received subcutaneous administration of homocysteine or saline (control) from the 6th to 29th day of life. The physical exercise was performed from the 30th to 60th day of life; 12h after the last exercise session animals were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621959 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621957&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22245319%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dhobale M, Mehendale S, Pisal H, Nimbargi V, Joshi S Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin, which exerts an important role in the development and function of the central and peripheral nervous system. There is limited information regarding the levels of NGF during pregnancy and its role in fetal development. We have earlier reported increased oxidative stress in pregnancy complications. The present study examines the levels of NGF in maternal and cord samples in preterm deliveries and its association with oxidative stress marker. A total number of 96 women delivering preterm (<37 weeks gestation) and 94 women delivering at term (control group) (≥37 weeks gestation) were recruited. Plasma NGF levels were measured in both mother and cord plasma using the ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621957 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621957 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621960&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22244870%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dias GR, Vieira FA, Dobrachinski F, Bridi JC, Balk RD, Soares FA, Nogueira CW, Barbosa NB Abstract Cognitive deficits have been observed in different animal models of adult-onset hypothyroidism. Thus, this study was delineated to evaluate whether diphenyl diselenide, an organoselenium compound with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, could afford protection against the detrimental effects of hypothyroidism on behavioral parameters. Hypothyroidism condition was induced in female rats by continuous exposure to methimazole (MTZ) at 20mg/100ml in the drinking water, during 3 months. MTZ-induced hypothyroid rats were fed with either standard or a diet containing 5ppm of diphenyl diselenide for 3 months. Behavioral assessments were performed monthly, in the following ord... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621960 Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621958&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22244887%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, gestational tryptophan deprivation exerts adverse effects on the development of the 5-HT system, particularly in the dorsal raphe, manifested by decreased numbers of serotonergic neurons as well as altered topography in this important nucleus. PMID: 22244887 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621958 Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621958 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621962&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22239917%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Coats B, Eucker SA, Sullivan S, Margulies SS Abstract Clinicians are charged with the significant task of distinguishing between accidental and inflicted head trauma. Oftentimes this distinction is straightforward, but many times probabilities of injuries from accidental scenarios are unknown making the differential diagnosis difficult. For example, it is unknown whether intracranial hemorrhage (IH) can occur at a location other than a focal contact site following a low height fall. To create a foundation for predicting regional IH in infants, we sought to identify the biomechanical response and injury threshold best able to predict IH in 3-5 day old piglets. First, finite element (FE) model simulations of in situ animal studies were performed to ascertain the optimal repr... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621962 Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5621961&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22239918%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rodriguez JS, Rodríguez-González GL, Reyes-Castro LA, Ibáñez C, Ramírez A, Chavira R, Larrea F, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E Abstract We studied the effects of maternal high fat diet (HFD, 25% calories from fat administered before and during pregnancy and lactation) and dietary intervention (switching dams from HFD to control diet) at different periconceptional periods on male offspring anxiety related behavior, exploration, learning, and motivation. From weaning at postnatal day (PND) 21, female subjects produced to be the mothers in the study received either control diet (CTR - 5% calories from fat), HFD through pregnancy and lactation (MO), HFD during PNDs 21-90 followed by CTR diet (pre-gestation (PG) intervention) or HFD from PND 21 to 120 followed by CTR diet (ges... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5621961 Thu, 05 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5621961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578371&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22212604%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ladd AA, Ladd FV, da Silva AA, Oliveira MF, de Souza RR, Coppi AA Abstract Whilst a fall in neuron numbers seems a common pattern during postnatal development, several authors have nonetheless reported an increase in neuron number, which may be associated with any one of a number of possible processes encapsulating either neurogenesis or late maturation and incomplete differentiation. Recent publications have thus added further fuel to the notion that a postnatal neurogenesis may indeed exist in sympathetic ganglia. In the light of these uncertainties surrounding the effects exerted by postnatal development on the number of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, we have used state-of-the-art design-based stereology to investigate the quantitative structure of SCG at fou... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578371 Wed, 28 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5578371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578372&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22212603%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maxwell WL Abstract In the middle of the last century it had been thought that a good recovery of function and behavior would occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in very young human beings. A recent major change in thinking states that early childhood TBI may result in a severe compromise of normal brain growth and development such that TBI, rather, may compromise later normal development resulting in a need for very long term patient care and management. The mechanisms of injury and pathology within the injured brain are reviewed and compared between when injury occurs at or close to the time of birth, in an infant, in a young child, in a child between ages 5 and 10, in young and older adolescents and in young adulthood. Our understanding of pathophysiological respon... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578372 Tue, 27 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5578372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550325&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22197971%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective was to assess the nature, rate, predictive factors, and neuroimaging correlates of novel (new-onset) depressive disorders, both definite and subclinical, after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Children with TBI from consecutive admissions were enrolled and studied with psychiatric interviews soon after injury (baseline), and again 6 months post-injury. Novel definite/subclinical depressive disorders at 6-month follow up occurred in 11% (n=15) of the children and subsets of children with non-anxious depression (n=9) and anxious depression (n=6) were identified. Novel definite/subclinical depressive disorder was significantly associated with older age at the time of injury, family history of anxiety disorder, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) lesions, and right frontal white matte... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550325 Sat, 17 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5550325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550324&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22197972%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lin T, Duek O, Dori A, Kofman O Abstract The long-term effect of postnatal administration of a sub-toxic dose of the irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) on depression and anxiety behavior was compared in two strains of inbred mice. C57BL/6J and Balb/C mice were injected for 7 consecutive days with either 1mg/kg DFP or saline on postnatal days 14-20. Mice were tested at age 3-4 months for initial and learned anxiety using double-exposure elevated plus maze and to a novel enclosed environment. Depression was assayed using the sweet preference model of anhedonia and the forced swim test for despair. Postnatal DFP pretreatment led to less activity and more immobility in the elevated plus maze in both mouse strains in the first session. ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550324 Sat, 17 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5550324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550323&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22197973%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Messmer K, Shen WB, Remington M, Fishman PS Abstract Pro-neural basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors are involved in many aspects of normal neuronal development, and over-expression of genes for several of these factors has been shown to induce aspects of neuronal differentiation in cell lines and stem cells. Here we show that over-expression of NeuroD2 (ND2), Neurogenin1 and 2 leads to morphological differentiation of N18-RE-105 neuroblastoma cells and increased expression of synaptic proteins. Particularly ND2 induced neurite formation and increases in the expression of synaptic proteins such as synaptotagmin, that is not expressed normally in this cell type, as well as the redistribution of another synaptic protein, SNAP25, to a cell membrane location. In... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550323 Sat, 17 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5550323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550326&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22197967%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Plasma cytokine levels representing chemokines involved in the T-helper cell immune system and hematopoiesis were lower in the children with AD compared with unrelated siblings without AD necessitating further studies to confirm immunological disturbances influencing hematopiesis and antibody production in the children with AD. Linking genes that encode immune related proteins and cytokines are important to study for their impact on critical periods of brain development and function. PMID: 22197967 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550326 Fri, 16 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5550326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550327&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22178659%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ewa BS, Beata L, Dariusz S, Janusz M Abstract The type and duration of stress stimulation are postulated to affect the expression of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) differentially during ontogenetic life. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of two different stressors, i.e. chronic (15min daily for 21 days) exposure to the forced swim (FS) test or the high light open field (HL-OF) test, on the BDNF contained in magnocellular (PVm) and parvocellular (PVp) neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PV) and the supraoptic (SO) nuclei. The immunofluorescence (-ir) method was used to detect BDNF-ir cells. The research showed that only the PVp part of the PV in juvenile (P28; P-postnatal day) control rats had a significantly lower density of BDNF-... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550327 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5550327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513580&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22155002%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abrahám H, Vincze A, Veszprémi B, Kravják A, Gömöri E, Kovács GG, Seress L Abstract Myelination is considered as one of the last steps of neuronal development and is essential to the physiologically matured function of afferent and efferent pathways. In the present study, myelin formation was examined in the human fetal, postnatal and adult hippocampal formation in Down syndrome and in age-matched controls with immunohistochemistry detecting a protein component of the myelin sheath, the myelin basic protein synthesized by oligodendroglial cells. Myelination is mainly a postnatal event in the hippocampal formation of both healthy controls and in patients with Down syndrome. In patients with Down syndrome the sequence of myelination of the hippocampal formation followe... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513580 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513581&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22138008%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schmidt AT, Hanten GR, Li X, Vasquez AC, Wilde EA, Chapman SB, Levin HS Abstract The aim of the study was to examine longitudinal patterns of decision making based on risk and reward using a modified version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in children who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with orthopedic injury (OI). Participants were 135 children and adolescents with TBI (n=71) or OI (n=64) who were 7-17 years at the time of injury were enrolled and assessed prospectively at baseline and at follow-up intervals of 3, 12, 18, and 24 months after injury. Groups were similar in age, socioeconomic status, and gender. Participants chose from four decks of cards with the aim of maximizing earnings across 100 trials. Two of the decks offered relatively small... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513581 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513582&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22123457%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jardri R, Houfflin-Debarge V, Delion P, Pruvo JP, Thomas P, Pins D Abstract Evidence for cortical sensory activation in the human fetus at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy was provided in a recent imaging study. Although hearing is functional before birth, it is not clear whether recognition of the mother's voice is learned in utero or rapidly following delivery. We developed an original fMRI procedure that allows for the specific exploration of fetal brain response to auditory stimuli. This procedure provides the first in vivo evidence for the development of maternal voice recognition in utero between 33 and 34 weeks of gestation. This methodology could have crucial implications in the study of fetal cognition. PMID: 22123457 [PubMed - as supplied by ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513582 Wed, 23 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513583&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22120754%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Newsome MR, Scheibel RS, Chu Z, Hunter JV, Li X, Wilde EA, Lu H, Wang ZJ, Lin X, Steinberg JL, Vasquez AC, Cook L, Levin HS Abstract Alterations in cerebrovascular function are evident acutely in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), although less is known about their chronic effects. Adolescent and adult patients with moderate to severe TBI have been reported to demonstrate diffuse activation throughout the brain during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Because fMRI is a measure related to blood flow, it is possible that any deficits in blood flow may alter activation. An arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion sequence was performed on seven adolescents with chronic moderate to severe TBI and seven typically developing (TD) adolescents during the sa... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513583 Tue, 22 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513584&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22119286%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Patel DA, Booze RM, Mactutus CF Abstract Long-term consequences of early developmental exposure to drugs of abuse may have deleterious effects on the proliferative plasticity of the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine, using the IV route of administration and doses that mimic the peak arterial levels of cocaine use in humans, on the proliferative cell types of the subventricular zones (SVZ) in the adult (180 days-old) rat brain. Employing immunocytochemistry, the expression of GFAP(+) (type B cells) and nestin(+)(GFAP(-)) (type C and A cells) staining was quantified in the subcallosal area of the SVZ. GFAP(+) expression was significantly different between the prenatal cocaine treated group and the vehicle (s... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513584 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513584 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513586&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22100363%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sinopoli KJ, Dennis M Abstract Inhibitory control describes a number of distinct processes. Effortless inhibition refers to acts of control that are automatic and reflexive. Effortful inhibition refers to voluntary, goal-directed acts of control such as response flexibility, interference control, cancellation inhibition, and restraint inhibition. Disruptions to a number of inhibitory control processes occur as a consequence of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). This paper reviews the current knowledge of inhibition deficits following childhood TBI, and includes an overview of the inhibition construct and a discussion of the specific deficits shown by children and adolescents with TBI and the factors that mediate the expression of these deficits, including injury-relat... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513586 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513586 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513585&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22100364%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this study was to document functional outcomes at 10 years post-injury, and to identify predictors of outcome including injury, socio-demographic and pre-injury characteristics. The study employed consecutive recruitment to a prospective, longitudinal study. Children with a diagnosis of TBI between 2 and 12 years were initially recruited and divided according to injury severity (mild, moderate, severe). The sample was reviewed at 10 years post-injury and intellectual, adaptive, executive and social domains were investigated. Results indicated that, at 10 years post child TBI, survivors' functional abilities fell overall within the low average to average range regardless of injury severity, suggesting no extreme impairments at a group level for any of the domains under inve... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513585 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421157&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22079853%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Within a given fall type, age-related differences in injuries exist between infants and toddlers. When interpreting a fall history, clinicians must consider the fall type and influence of age on resulting injury. For young children, intracranial injury is not always accompanied by external manifestations of their injury. PMID: 22079853 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421157 Mon, 31 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5421157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421158&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22064075%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Murakami M, Kinouchi R, Osugi T, Gereltsetseg G, Yoshida S, Irahara M, Tsutsui K Abstract The mammalian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) ortholog RFamide-related peptide (RFRP) is considered to act on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and on the pituitary to inhibit gonadotropin release and synthesis. To understand the functional significance of this neuropeptide, we investigated the physiological changes in RFRP at mRNA and peptide levels, as well as at the mRNA level of its cognate receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 147 (GPR147), in the rat hypothalamus during development. We also investigated the effects of gonadal steroids on mRNA expression levels of these molecules. In male rats, mRNA expressions of both RFRP and GPR147 incre... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421158 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5421158 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5379833&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22044604%26dopt%3DAbstract This study shows that resting-state networks (RSNs) are shaped and are detectable in utero. Further investigations of resting-state measurements in the fetus may therefore allow developmental brain activity monitoring and may provide insights into early brain function. PMID: 22044604 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5379833 Wed, 26 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5379833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5361303&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22027618%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of adolescence social isolation on food intake and psycho-emotional behaviors of female rats. Female littermates were either single-caged (social isolation) or group-caged (control) from postnatal day 28, and then subjected to behavioral sessions during postnatal day 50-53. Body weight gain of the isolates was accelerated during the experimental period and food intake was persistently greater than group-caged controls from postnatal day 35. Isolated females showed a selective increase in cookie intake when they had additional cookie access to standard chow. The isolates exhibited hyperactivity with increased ambulatory counts and rearings during the activity test as compared with group-caged controls. Behavioral scores of the elevated plus ma... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5361303 Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5361303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5361302&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22027619%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cruz FC, Marin MT, Leão RM, Planeta CS Abstract Stress events during adolescence may contribute to the expression or exacerbation of physical and behavioral disorders. However, little attention has been given to the physiological and behavioral changes promoted by stress during this period of ontogeny. In the present study we investigated, in adolescent male rats, the effects of repeated exposure to restraint or variable stress on: (a) locomotor activity and corticosterone levels after exposure to a novel environment; (b) corticosterone levels in response to the exposure to restraint stress; and (c) changes in body, thymus and adrenal weights. The results demonstrated that repeated exposure to restraint or variable stress reduced the locomotor response, but did not affect... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5361302 Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5361302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5361301&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22027620%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Medeiros LF, Souza AC, de Souza A, Cioato SG, Scarabelot VL, Caumo W, Fernandes LC, Torres IL Abstract Considering the importance of studies in animal models that are focused on systems involved in pain mechanisms, this investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological treatments on the behavioral responses of younger animals. To this end, we evaluated the effect of an acute dose of fentanyl (FEN) or S(+)-ketamine (KET) at postnatal day 14 (P14) upon behavioral responses in the short- (P14), medium- (P30) and long-term (P60) using the open field (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and formalin tests (FT) and tail-flick latency. Fourteen-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (CT), fentanyl (FEN) and S(+)ketamine (KET) groups for statistica... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5361301 Thu, 20 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5361301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5361304&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22023958%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reyes-Castro LA, Rodriguez JS, Charco R, Bautista CJ, Larrea F, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E Abstract Maternal protein deficiencies can developmentally program offspring to lifelong dysfunction of many physiological systems. We hypothesized that maternal isocaloric low protein diet during fetal and early postnatal development would negatively affect female offspring anxiety, exploration, associative learning and motivation as measured by the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), operant conditioning and the progressive ratio task, respectively. Control mothers (C) received a 20% casein diet and restricted mothers (R) a 10% casein diet to provide four groups: CC, RR, CR, and RC (first letter pregnancy diet and second lactation diet) to enable evaluation of offsprin... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5361304 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5361304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5361305&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22004940%26dopt%3DAbstract This study indicates a programming effect of lactational CD on feeding behaviour and brain monoaminergic neurones. PMID: 22004940 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5361305 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5361305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5361306&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22001617%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cubillán L, Obregón F, Lima L Abstract Amino acids are known to play relevant roles as osmolytes in various tissues, including the retina. Taurine is one of these active molecules. In addition, taurine stimulates outgrowth from the goldfish retina by mechanisms that include extracellular matrix, calcium fluxes and protein phosphorylation. The present report aims to explore the effect of medium osmolarity on goldfish retinal outgrowth and the possible modifications produced by changing eye osmolarity on amino acid levels in the retina. Goldfish retinal explants were obtained 10 days after crush of the optic nerve and cultured under iso-, hypo- or hyper-osmotic conditions. Hypo-osmotic medium was prepared by diluting the solutions 10% twice, preserving fetal calf serum con... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5361306 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5361306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297598&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21964326%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, postnatal ALA supplementation enhances neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the offspring at postnatal day 19, but its beneficial effects are offset by maternal ALA deficiency during gestation. These results suggest that ALA is required in both fetal and postnatal stages of brain development. PMID: 21964326 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297598 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297597&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21968186%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the physiological roles of Cu in the central nervous system and in selected neurodegenerative diseases, and reviews evidence that astrocytes accumulate Cu and protect neurons from Cu toxicity. Findings from murine genetic models of Menkes disease and from cell culture models concerning the molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes take up, store, and buffer Cu intracellularly are discussed, as well as potential mechanistic linkages between astrocyte functions in Cu handling and neurodegenerative diseases. PMID: 21968186 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297597 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297599&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21964325%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined whether hypoxic insults were particularly damaging to the male rodent cerebellum during a specific developmental time window. We evaluated cerebellar injury and GABA(A) receptor profiles following 5-h intermittent hypoxia (IH: 20.8% and 10.3% ambient oxygen, switched every 240s) or room-air control in groups of male and female rat pups on postnatal d 1-2, wk 1, or wk 3. The cerebella were harvested and compared between groups. The mRNA levels of GABA(A) receptors α6, normalized to a house-keeping gene GAPDH, and assessed using real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR assays were up-regulated by IH at wk 1, more extensively in male rats, with sex influencing the regulatory time-course. In contrast, GABA(A) α6 receptor protein expression levels, assessed using Western blot assays, r... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297599 Sat, 24 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281120&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21946244%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu J, Lester BM Abstract The mechanisms of long-term effect of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and consequent elevated impulsivity during adolescence are poorly understood. In this review, the development-programmed neural maturation is summarized to highlight the adolescence as another critical period of brain development. We further synthesize maladaptation of the dopamine (DA) system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) and pathological interactions between these two systems originating from devious fetal programming into a dual-system model to explain insufficient behavioral inhibition in affected adolescents. PMID: 21946244 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281120 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5247183&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925584%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stigger F, do Nascimento PS, Dutra MF, Couto GK, Ilha J, Achaval M, Marcuzzo S Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate whether locomotor stimulation training could have beneficial effects on the morphometric alterations of spinal cord and sciatic nerve consequent to sensorimotor restriction (SR). Male Wistar rats were exposed to SR from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P28. Control and experimental rats underwent locomotor stimulation training in a treadmill for three weeks (from P31 to P52). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of spinal motoneurons innervating hind limb muscles was determined. Both fiber and axonal CSA of myelinated fibers were also assessed. The growth-related increase in CSA of motoneurons in the SR group was less than controls. After SR, the mean mo... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5247183 Sat, 10 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5247183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5247182&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21925585%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saboory E, Ahmadzadeh R, Roshan-Milani S Abstract Exposure to stress is known to change synaptic plasticity and results in long-term depression; further, this stress precipitates seizures. In the study described here, the prenatal restraint and predator stress models were used to test the hypothesis that indirect prenatal stresses influence hippocampal synaptic potentiation and may affect seizures susceptibility in infant rats. Pregnant female Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control, restraint-stressed, and predator-stressed groups. Both stressed groups were exposed to the stressor on gestation days 15, 16, and 17. The restraint stress involved 1-h sessions twice daily in a Plexiglas tube and the predator stress involved 2-h sessions once daily in a cage placed wit... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5247182 Sat, 10 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5247182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5176465&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21864670%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gómez-González B, Larios HM, Escobar A Abstract Brain endothelial ultrastructural properties contribute to maintain proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Several physiological and pathological conditions have been shown to alter BBB permeability to blood-borne molecules, acute and chronic stress among them. In the rat, early life stress increased transvascular transport of Evans blue, however, the route of tracer extravasation is not fully known; therefore the aim of the present experiment was to describe the ultrastructural changes in endothelial cells subsequent to chronic perinatal stress in order to ascertain the route for transvascular transport of an electrodense tracer. Pregnant Wistar rats and their litters were used. Four pregnant rats were subjected to for... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5176465 Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5176465 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157405&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21856407%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boada MD, Gutierrez S, Houle T, Eisenach JC, Ririe DG Abstract Developmental differences in peripheral neuron characteristics and functionality exist. Direct measurement of active and passive electrophysiologic and receptive field characteristics of single mechanosensitive neurons in glabrous skin was performed and phenotypic characterization of fiber subtypes was applied to analyze developmental differences in peripheral mechanosensitive afferents. After Institutional approval, male Sprague-Dawley infant (P7: postnatal day 7) and juvenile (P28) rats were anesthetized and single cell intracellular electrophysiology was performed in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) soma of mechanosensitive cells with receptive field (RF) in the glabrous skin of the hindpaw. Passive and active... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157405 Thu, 11 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157405 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5157404&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21856408%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined whether such fetal exposure to haloperidol could affect the activity-dependent reduction of the D2R system during the critical period. Half of the male offspring exposed to either haloperidol (2.5mg/(kgday), i.p.) or saline during gestational days 5-18 were subjected to the CT during the critical period, while the remaining represented CT control animals. The adult number of binding sites and mRNA expression levels of the striatal D2R at PN90 were not changed by prenatal haloperidol treatment alone. On the other hand, only pups subjected to the CT during the critical period showed decreases in both studied parameters, regardless the prenatal treatment. These findings indicated that the postnatal reduction of the striatal D2R binding induced prenatally by haloperidol does not af... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5157404 Thu, 11 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5157404 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141519&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21840389%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gomes da Silva S, de Almeida AA, Silva Araújo BH, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM Abstract We conducted a study to examine whether physical exercise undertaken during the period of postnatal brain development could modify seizure susceptibility later in life. Male Wistar rats aged 21 postnatal days (P21) were divided into two groups: exercise and control. Animals in the exercise group were submitted to daily exercise on the treadmill between P21 and P60. Running time and speed gradually increased over this period, reaching a maximum of 18m/min for 60min. After the final exercise session (P60), animals from exercise group were maintained non-trained for 90 days. This "period without stimulus" was used to observe the influence of early physical exercise on susceptibility... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141519 Thu, 04 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141520&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21827847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li J, Tang B, Qu Y, Mu D Abstract Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the most severe diseases in the neonatal central nervous system (CNS). The pathological mechanisms of HI brain injury, including cellular apoptosis, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, etc., are complicated and not well known. Cellular processes such as angiogenesis, neuronal survival and neurogenesis have been proven to be closely associated with brain repair following HI injury. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a component of telomerase, plays a primary role in maintaining telomere length. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that TERT can protect neurons from apoptosis and excitotoxicity, and promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuronal survival. However, there are few repor... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141520 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141521&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21820045%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, scalar values for the fetal brain from 12 to 20 weeks gestational age were obtained. Fifty-two fetal specimens of 12-20 weeks gestational age with an anatomically normal and developmentally appropriate central nervous system (CNS) were scanned using a 7.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The linear biometric measurements of the brain were then determined. All the measurements (except for the interhemispheric distance) were found to increase linearly with gestational age, although each increased at a different growth rates. The 95% confidence interval for each value was obtained. These data may be considered to be a valuable reference for the assessment of normal fetal brain development in clinical settings and as a supplement to post-mortem MRI or anatomical invest... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141521 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141521 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103693&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21802505%26dopt%3DAbstract Reprint of "Early testosterone modulated sex differences in behavioral outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia in rats" Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Jul 23; Authors: Hill CA, Threlkeld SW, Fitch RH Hypoxia ischemia (HI; reduced blood oxygenation and/or flow to the brain) represents one of the most common injuries for both term and preterm/very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. These children experience elevated incidence of cognitive and/or sensory processing disabilities, including language based learning disabilities. Clinical data also indicate more substantial long-term deficits for HI injured male babies as compared to HI injured females. Previously, we reported significant deficits in rapid auditory processing and spatial learning in male rats with postnatal day 1 (P1), P7... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103693 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103692&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21802506%26dopt%3DAbstract Reprint of "The developing oligodendrocyte: key cellular target in brain injury in the premature infant" Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Jul 23; Authors: Volpe JJ, Kinney HC, Jensen FE, Rosenberg PA Brain injury in the premature infant, a problem of enormous importance, is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The major type of injury involves cerebral white matter and the principal cellular target is the developing oligodendrocyte. The specific phase of the oligodendroglial lineage affected has been defined from study of both human brain and experimental models. This premyelinating cell (pre-OL) is vulnerable because of a series of maturation-dependent events. The pathogenesis of pre-OL injury relates to operation of two upstream mechanisms, hypoxia-ischemia a... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103692 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103691&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21803145%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lenartowski R, Goc A The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, EC 1.14.16.2) gene and protein determines the catecholamine level, which, in turn, is crucial for the organism homeostasis. The TH gene expression is regulated by near all possible regulatory mechanisms on epigenetic, transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Ongoing molecular characteristic of the TH gene reveals some of the cis and trans elements necessary for its proper expression but most of them especially these responsible for tissue specific expression remain still obscure. This review will focus on some aspects of TH regulation including spatial chromatin organization of the TH locus and TH gene, regulatory elements mediating basal, induced and cell-specific activity, transcriptional elongation, alter... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103691 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103689&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21807088%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad MR, Sw. P, Kramer L, Mendez D, Treble A, Payne C, Bachevalier J The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the relations of specific social communication behaviors, including joint attention, gestures, and verbalization, with surface area of midsagittal corpus callosum (CC) subregions in children who sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) before 7 years of age. Participants sustained mild (n=10) or moderate-severe (n=26) noninflicted TBI. The mean age at injury was 33.6 months; mean age at MRI was 44.4 months. The CC was divided into seven subregions. Relative to young children with mild TBI, those with moderate-severe TBI had smaller surface area of the isthmus. A semi-structured sequence of social interactions between the child and an ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103689 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103690&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21807087%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Golan H, Perez-Polo R PMID: 21807087 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103690 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103694&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21782925%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe the role of ghrelin in RTT and suggest this peptide as a novel biological marker in patients with RTT. PMID: 21782925 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103694 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057606&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21767627%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lima DC, Cossa AC, Perosa SR, de Oliveira EM, da Silva JA, da Silva Fernandes MJ, da Silva IR, Higa EM, da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti M, Cavalheiro EA, Amado D To evaluate a potential insult in the cerebellum of pups exposed to maternal epileptic seizures during intrauterine life, female rats were subjected to pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Pups from different litters were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-natal days (PN) and neuroglobin (Ngb) and gliosis were analyzed in the cerebellum by Western blotting (WB) and RT-PCR. (14)C-l-leucine-[(14)C-Leu] incorporation was used to analyze protein synthesis at PN1. Nitric Oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels were also measured. Pups from naive mothers were used as controls. The mRNA level of Ngb was i... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057606 Thu, 14 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5057606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057605&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21767628%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Funchal C, de Andrade RB, Turcatel E, Guerra RB, Wannmacher CM, Gomez R Organotellurium compounds have been synthesized since 1840, but their pharmacological and toxicological properties are still incipient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the effect of acute administration with the organochalcogen 3-butyl-1-phenyl-2-(phenyltelluro)oct-en-1-one on the activity of brain creatine kinase (CK), a key enzyme in energy metabolism, and on behaviors in the open field test of 30-day-old rats. Animals were treated intraperitoneally with a single dose of the organotellurium (125, 250, or 500μg/kg body weight) and after 55min of the drug administration the open field test was carried out. Behavior analyses were performed during 5min and the number of the squares cros... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057605 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5057605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057607&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21762772%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the present results provide additional evidence concerning how repeated restraint stress and clomipramine chronically administered at higher dose levels affect the neural activity and behavior of male rats. PMID: 21762772 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057607 Tue, 05 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5057607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057608&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21736934%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, cord blood S100B level may be associated with CP, but this association was not significant after controlling for GA and MgSO(4) treatment. PMID: 21736934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057608 Fri, 24 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5057608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008986&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21726625%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vincze A, Reglodi D, Helyes Z, Hashimoto H, Shintani N, Abrahám H Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activator polypeptide (PACAP), as a consequence of its effect on the elevation of intracellular cAMP level, strongly influences brain development including myelination. While proliferation of oligodendroglial progenitors is stimulated by PACAP applied in vitro, their differentiation is inhibited. However, the in vivo role of PACAP on myelination has never been examined. In the present study the role of endogenous PACAP in myelination was examined in PACAP-deficient mice, in several areas of the brain with a special attention to the cerebral cortex. In young postnatal and adult mice myelination was studied with immunohistochemistry detecting a protein present in the myelin sheath, the... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008986 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008989&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21723934%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, oxidative stress and reduction in SAM/SAH ratio during arsenic exposure in chick embryos seem to modulate DNA methylation and contribute to arsenic-induced NTDs via epigenetic mechanisms. PMID: 21723934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008989 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008988&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21723935%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rezin GT, Jeremias IC, Ferreira GK, Cardoso MR, Morais MO, Gomes LM, Martinello OB, Valvassori SS, Quevedo J, Streck EL Obesity is a chronic disease of multiple etiologies, including genetic, metabolic, environmental, social, and other factors. Pharmaceutical strategies in the treatment of obesity include drugs that regulate food intake, thermo genesis, fat absorption, and fat metabolism. Fenproporex is the second most commonly consumed amphetamine-based anorectic worldwide; this drug is rapidly converted in vivo into amphetamine. Studies suggest that amphetamine induces neurotoxicity through generation of free radicals and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by cytochrome c release, accompanied by a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondria are intracellular orga... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008988 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008987&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21723936%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yu M, Xi Y, Pollack J, Debiais-Thibaud M, Macdonald RB, Ekker M During vertebrate forebrain formation, Dlx homeobox genes play essential roles in the differentiation, migration and survival of subpallial precursor cells that will later give rise to diverse subtypes of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing neurons, including inhibitory cortical interneurons in mammals. They also participate in the regulation of the Gad genes encoding the enzymes necessary for GABA synthesis. In mice, at least four cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control Dlx expression in the telencephalon and diencephalon: URE2 and I12b in the Dlx1/Dlx2 bigene cluster, and I56i and I56ii in the Dlx5/Dlx6 bigene cluster. However, little is known so far with respect to the function of orthologous dlx genes and th... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008987 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008990&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718781%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Angelina R, Laura CB, Francisco Z, Cecilio G, Guadalupe GA The sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) is a protein that is expressed ubiquitously in mammalian tissues and that displays Na(+), voltage and pH dependent activity. This transporter mediates the passage of small zwitterionic amino acids across the cell membrane and regulates the cell homeostasis and its volume. We have examined the expression of SNAT2 mRNA and protein during the development of the rat cerebral cortex, from gestation through the postnatal stages to adulthood. Our data reveal that SNAT2 mRNA and protein expression is higher during embryogenesis, while it subsequently diminishes during postnatal development. Moreover, during embryonic period SNAT2 colocalizes with the radial glial cell... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008990 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008991&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21704149%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sukumari-Ramesh S, Bentley JN, Laird MD, Singh N, Vender JR, Dhandapani KM Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most prevalent pediatric solid tumor and a leading cause of cancer-related death in children. In the present study, a novel cytotoxic role for the dietary compounds, curcumin, andrographolide, wedelolactone, dibenzoylmethane, and tanshinone IIA was identified in human S-type NB cells, SK-N-AS and SK-N-BE(2). Mechanistically, cell death appeared apoptotic by flow cytometry; however, these effects proceeded independently from both caspase-3 and p53 activation, as assessed by both genetic (shRNA) and pharmacological approaches. Notably, cell death induced by both curcumin and andrographolide was associated with decreased NFκB activity and a reduction in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expressio... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008991 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008993&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21704147%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, mice of different age were exposed to hypoxia or subjected to cerebral ischemia after hypoxic pre-conditioning. We found an impaired hypoxic response in the brain, characterized by elevated levels and impaired downregulation of PHD1. Furthermore, an attenuated hypoxic activation of VEGF and EPO, as well as of other HIF-target genes such glucose transporter-1 and carbonic anhydrase 9 was found in senescent brain. Finally, we observed a loss of the protective effect of hypoxic pre-conditioning on subsequent cerebral ischemia with increasing age. Thus, the impaired hypoxic adaptation, resulting in compromised hypoxic activation of neuroprotective factors, could contribute to neurodegenerative processes with increasing age, and might have implications for treating age-related di... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008993 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5008992&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21704148%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Scherer EB, da Cunha AA, Kolling J, da Cunha MJ, Schmitz F, Sitta A, Lima DD, Delwing D, Vargas CR, Wyse AT The purpose of this study was to develop a chronic chemically induced model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in adult rats. We produced levels of Hcy in the blood (30μM), comparable to those considered a risk factor for the development of neurological and cardiovascular diseases, by injecting homocysteine subcutaneously (0.03μmol/g of body weight) twice a day, from the 30th to the 60th postpartum day. Controls received saline in the same volumes. Using this model, we evaluated the effect of chronic administration of homocysteine on redox status in the blood and cerebral cortex of adult rats. Reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significa... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5008992 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5008992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961440&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21664447%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sun T, Wang XJ, Xie SS, Zhang DL, Wang XP, Li BQ, Ma W, Xin H Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) can be isolated from the fetal or adult brain and expanded in culture for potential use in basic research, drug discovery and cell therapy. In the present study, two culture systems have been commonly used to maintain and expand NSPCs isolated from mammalian CNS: neurosphere and adhesive substrate-bound monolayer culture. NSPCs were isolated from the neuroepithelium of E14 embryonic rat cerebral cortex and maintained and expanded on fibronectin substrates or within neurospheres in serum-free medium. Ultrastructural study under transmission electron microscope revealed similar characteristics of immature morphology of NSPCs in adherent and neurosphere cultures. NSPCs cultured ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961440 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961439&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21664448%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, these limbic areas are damaged by alcohol, and each one has their own window of vulnerability during the postnatal period. The possible implications in emotional/social features in FASD are discussed. PMID: 21664448 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961439 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961436&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21684326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rueda N, Flórez J, Martínez-Cué C The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, the most widely used model of Down syndrome (DS), has a partial trisomy of a segment of chromosome 16 that is homologous to the distal part of human chromosome 21. This mouse shares many phenotypic characteristics with people with DS including neuromorphological, neurochemical, and cognitive disturbances. Both TS and DS brains show earlier aging and neurodegeneration. Since fibroblast cultures from TS mice and human DS hippocampal regions show increased apoptotic cell death it has been suggested that alterations in cerebral apoptosis might be implicated in the cognitive deficits found in TS mice and in people with DS. In the present study we have evaluated brain expression levels of several proapoptotic and antiapopto... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961436 Sat, 11 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961436 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961438&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21672620%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aydın K, Cokluk C, Ayas B, Onger ME, Keskin I, Ozyasar A, Aslan H, Kaplan S Estimation of the cell number after cortical venous ischemia/infarction induced by anterior and posterior anastomotic veins occlusion in a rat model is very important. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experiment. Small burr-holes were made over the anterior (the crossing point of the line drawn from the posterior border of the orbital rim and the line drawn along the para-midline to the superior sagittal suture) and posterior (just inferior point of the posterior ending of the zygomatic arch) anastomotic veins. Bipolar coagulation technique and micro-scissor were used to sacrifice the venous vessels after final inspection and description. Specimens were evaluated by histopathological ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961438 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961442&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21651972%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kobayashi M, Nakano M, Atobe Y, Kadota T, Funakoshi K The LIM homeodomain protein Islet-1, an embryonic marker for motoneurons in the spinal cord, has been reported to be heterogeneously expressed among motoneuron groups in mouse. In the present study, we examined Islet-1 expression in the thoracic and rostral lumbar spinal cord in prenatal mice. In the thoracic spinal cord at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E13.5, strong Islet-1 immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral group of the ventral horn, whereas weaker immunoreactivity was observed in the ventral group. Strong Islet-1 immunoreactivity was also observed in the intermediolateral area and more medial part of the intermediate zone. In the rostral lumbar spinal cord at E12.5 and E13.5, strong Islet-1 immunoreactivity wa... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961442 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961441&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21651973%26dopt%3DAbstract This study sought to determine whether premorbid child and family functioning accounts for or moderates group differences in post-concussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood. METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruited 8- to 15-year-old children, 186 with mild TBI and 99 with orthopedic injuries (OI), from consecutive emergency department admissions. Parents and children rated post-concussive symptoms within 3 weeks of injury and at 1, 3, and 12 months post injury. Parents also provided retrospective ratings of pre-injury symptoms, as well as of premorbid child behavioral adjustment, overall family functioning, and other stressors and resources in the family environment. RESULTS: Children with mild TBI reported more post-concussive sympto... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961441 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961437&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21683132%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prins ML, Giza CC The Center for Disease Control estimates that there are 1.7 million brain injuries in the US each year with 51% of these injuries occurring during periods of cerebral development. Among this population there is a growing population of individuals with repeat traumatic brain injury (RTBI). While the exact incidence is unknown, estimates range from 5.6 to 36% of the TBI population. This review summarizes the clinical problems/challenges and experimental research models that currently exist. It is intended to reveal the critical areas that need to be addressed so that age-relevant clinical management guidelines can be established to protect this population. PMID: 21683132 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neu... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961437 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961437 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912661&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21640811%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Galeano P, Blanco Calvo E, Madureira de Oliveira D, Cuenya L, Kamenetzky GV, Mustaca AE, Barreto G, Giraldez-Alvarez LD, Milei J, Capani F Perinatal asphyxia remains as one of the most important causes of death and disability in children, without an effective treatment. Moreover, little is known about the long-lasting behavioral consequences of asphyxia at birth. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the motor, emotional and cognitive functions of adult asphyctic rats. Experimental subjects consisted of rats born vaginally (CTL), by cesarean section (C+), or by cesarean section following 19min of asphyxia (PA). At three months of age, animals were examined in a behavioral test battery including elevated plus maze, open field, Morris water maze, and an... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912661 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912660&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21641987%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fleiss B, Coleman HA, Castillo-Melendez M, Ireland Z, Walker DW, Parkington HC Studies of human neonates, and in animal experiments, suggest that birth asphyxia results in functional compromise of the hippocampus, even when structural damage is not observable or resolves in early postnatal life. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in hippocampal function occur in a model of birth asphyxia in the precocial spiny mouse where it is reported there is no major lesion or infarct. Further, to assess if, as in human infants, this functional deficit has a sex-dependent component. At 37 days gestation (term=39 days) spiny mice fetuses were either delivered immediately by caesarean section (control group) or exposed to 7.5min of in utero asphyxia causing systemic acidosis a... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912660 Thu, 26 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912662&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21624454%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Manning SM, Boll G, Fitzgerald E, Selip DB, Volpe JJ, Jensen FE The N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in preterm brain injury (periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)) and represents a potential therapeutic target. However, the antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) has been reported to increase constitutive neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain, limiting its clinical use in the developing brain. Memantine is another use-dependent NMDAR antagonist with shorter binding kinetics and has been demonstrated to be protective in a rat model of PVL, without effects on normal myelination or cortical growth. To further evaluate the safety of memantine in the developing brain, we demonstrate here that, in contrast to MK-801, memantine at neuroprotective dos... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912662 Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912664&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21616134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Adam CL, Bake T, Findlay PA, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Wallace JM Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes obesity in adulthood. This may be due to altered fetal nutrition causing sustained changes within the developing hypothalamic energy balance regulatory system. Using our established ovine model of IUGR, 130-day singleton fetuses (term=147 days) were obtained from growing adolescent mothers on control dietary intake (C), high intake (H) or H with growth hormone administration during either early (H+early GH) or late gestation (H+late GH) (n=6/group). GH increased maternal glycemia for the duration of treatment. H and H+early GH fetuses showed IUGR compared with C fetuses; body weight was partially restored in H+late GH fetuses, with 40% increased adiposity. In the fe... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912664 Mon, 16 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912663&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21616135%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mathews IZ, Brudzynski SM, McCormick CM There is a shift in sensitivity to systemically administered psychostimulants in adolescence, as evidenced by less amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in adolescent compared to adult rodents. Locomotor activating effects of amphetamine are dependent on drug actions in the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the contribution of this region to age differences in amphetamine sensitivity has not been studied directly. In the present study, we investigated the development of the NAc using targeted injections of amphetamine (0, 3, or 6μg/side) directly into the NAc core in early (postnatal day 30; P30) or late (P45) adolescence, or in adulthood (P75). Locomotor activity was recorded during two 1h sessions, 48h apart. Amphetamine incre... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912663 Mon, 16 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4865731&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21600973%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we investigated the short- and long-term behavioral outcomes in rats that had undergone hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on postnatal day 7, followed by 2h exposure to 21%, 40%, or 100% oxygen, compared to normal controls. There were no differences in the development of walking, head lifting and righting reflexes from postnatal days 9 to 15. Cliff avoidance showed some abnormal responses in the H21 animals. From postnatal days 28 to 56, three tests of sensorimotor coordination were performed weekly: ledged tapered beam, cylinder, and bilateral tactile stimulation. The ledged tapered beam test without prior training of animals was sensitive to injury, but did not distinguish between treatment groups. The cylinder test showed a greater use of the unimpaired limb in female 21% and ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4865731 Wed, 11 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4865731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4865732&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21569831%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tanriover G, Sozen B, Gunel M, Demir N Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is one of the most common types of vascular malformations of the central nervous system, affecting nearly one in 200 people. CCM lesions are characterized by grossly dilated vascular channels lined by a single layer of endothelium. Genetic linkage analyses have mapped three CCM loci to CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3. All three causative genes have now been identified allowing new insights into CCM pathophysiology. We focused on the CCM2 protein that might take place in blood vessel formation; we report here the expression patterns of CCM2 in prenatal development and adult human neocortex by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. CCM2 was obviously detected in vascular endothelium and neuroglial... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4865732 Tue, 03 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4865732 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812627&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21549828%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Velázquez-Zamora DA, Martínez-Degollado M, González-Burgos I The posterior cerebellum is strongly involved in motor coordination and its maturation parallels the development of motor control. Climbing and mossy fibers from the spinal cord and inferior olivary complex, respectively, provide excitatory afferents to cerebellar Purkinje neurons. From post-natal day 19 climbing fibers form synapses with thorn-like spines located on the lower primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje cells. By contrast, mossy fibers transmit synaptic information to Purkinje cells trans-synaptically through granule cells. This communication occurs via excitatory synapses between the parallel fibers of granule cells and spines on the upper dendritic branchlets of Purkinje neurons that are first e... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812627 Fri, 22 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812629&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21530634%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, the volumes of major fetal zones-cortical plate (CP), subplate and intermediate zone (SP+IZ), germinal matrix (GMAT), deep gray nuclei (DG), and ventricles (VENT)-are calculated from automatic segmentation of motion-corrected, 3D reconstructed MRI. We analyzed 48 T2-weighted MRI scans from 39 normally developing fetuses in utero between 20.57 and 31.14 gestational weeks (GW). The supratentorial volume (STV) increased linearly at a rate of 15.22% per week. The SP+IZ (14.75% per week) and DG (15.56% per week) volumes increased at similar rates. The CP increased at a greater relative rate (18.00% per week), while the VENT (9.18% per week) changed more slowly. Therefore, CP increased as a fraction of STV and the VENT fraction declined. The total GMAT volume slightly increased th... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812629 Sat, 16 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812628&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21530635%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, postnatal development from birth to weaning was influenced by PNS and diet and some of those alterations were prevented by coconut fat and fish oil. PMID: 21530635 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812628 Fri, 15 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812630&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21527338%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rees S, Harding R, Walker D A compromised intrauterine environment that delivers low levels of oxygen and/or nutrients, or is infected or inflammatory, can result in fetal brain injury, abnormal brain development and in cases of chronic compromise, intrauterine growth restriction. Preterm birth can also be associated with injury to the developing brain and affect the normal trajectory of brain growth. This review will focus on the effects that episodes of perinatal hypoxia (acute, chronic, associated with inflammation or as an antecedent of preterm birth) can have on the developing brain. In animal models of these conditions we have found that relatively brief (acute) periods of fetal hypoxemia can have significant effects on the fetal brain, for example death of susceptible n... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812630 Thu, 14 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812632&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21514373%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Perez-Polo JR, Reilly CB, Rea HC Exposure to hypoxia and hyperoxia in a rodent model of perinatal ischemia results in delayed cell death and inflammation. Hyperoxia increases oxidative stress that can trigger inflammatory cascades, neutrophil activation, and brain microvascular injury. Here we show that 100% oxygen resuscitation in our rodent model of perinatal ischemia increases cortical COX-2 protein levels, S-nitrosylated COX-2(cys526), PGE2, iNOS and 5-LOX, all components of the prostaglandin and leukotriene inflammatory pathway. PMID: 21514373 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812632 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812631&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21515354%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ding BJ, Ma WW, He LL, Zhou X, Yuan LH, Yu HL, Feng JF, Xiao R β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced learning and memory impairment in rats is believed to be associated with inflammation. Cytokine production is a key pathologic event in the progression of inflammatory processes. In this rat study, soybean isoflavones (SIF) was used to investigate it's protective effects on inflammation caused by β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42), which is associated with learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer disease. We characterized the learning and memory ability. cytokine profiles of circulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum and the expression of Toll like receptor4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) mRNA and protein in the brain tissue follo... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812631 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812633&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21497193%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Skardelly M, Gaber K, Schwarz J, Milosevic J β-Catenin stabilization achieved either via GSK-3β specific inhibition or involving canonical Wnt signalling pathway, contributes to neuroprotection in an oxygen-glucose deprivation (4h OGD) in vitro hypoxia model performed on human cortical neural progenitor cells previously differentiated into neurons and glia. Neuroprotection mechanisms include both acquiring tolerance to injury throughout preconditioning (72h prior to OGD) or being pro-survival during 24h reoxygenation after the insult. Four hours of OGD induced apoptotic cell death elevation to 73±1% vs. 12% measured in control and the LDH level, indicative of necrotic cell injury, elevation by 67±7% (set to 100%). A significant reduction in apoptosis occurred at 24h reoxyg... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812633 Wed, 06 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812634&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21473905%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hill CA, Threlkeld SW, Fitch RH Hypoxia ischemia (HI; reduced blood oxygenation and/or flow to the brain) represents one of the most common injuries for both term and preterm/very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. These children experience elevated incidence of cognitive and/or sensory processing disabilities, including language based learning disabilities. Clinical data also indicate more substantial long-term deficits for HI injured male babies as compared to HI injured females. Previously, we reported significant deficits in rapid auditory processing and spatial learning in male rats with postnatal day 1 (P1), P7, or P10 HI injury. We also showed sex differences in HI injured animals, with more severe deficits in males as compared to females. Given these findings, combined w... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812634 Mon, 04 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812636&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458557%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Calderón-Garcidueñas L, D'Angiulli A, Kulesza RJ, Torres-Jardón R, Osnaya N, Romero L, Keefe S, Herritt L, Brooks DM, Avila-Ramirez J, Delgado-Chávez R, Medina-Cortina H, González-González LO We assessed brainstem inflammation in children exposed to air pollutants by comparing brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and blood inflammatory markers in children age 96.3±8.5 months from highly polluted (n=34) versus a low polluted city (n=17). The brainstems of nine children with accidental deaths were also examined. Children from the highly polluted environment had significant delays in wave III (t(50)=17.038; p<0.0001) and wave V (t(50)=19.730; p<0.0001) but no delay in wave I (p=0.548). They also had significantly longer latencies than controls for interwave i... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812636 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812635&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21458558%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tashiro Y, Oyabu A, Imura Y, Uchida A, Narita N, Narita M Autism is often associated with multiple developmental anomalies including asymmetric facial palsy. In order to establish the etiology of autism with facial palsy, research into developmental abnormalities of the peripheral facial nerves is necessary. In the present study, to investigate the development of peripheral cranial nerves for use in an animal model of autism, rat embryos were treated with valproic acid (VPA) in utero and their cranial nerves were visualized by immunostaining. Treatment with VPA after embryonic day 9 had a significant effect on the peripheral fibers of several cranial nerves. Following VPA treatment, immunoreactivity within the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves was significa... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812635 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812637&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21453769%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Kinouchi R, Gereltsetseg G, Murakami M, Nakazawa H, Yasui T, Irahara M Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important orexigenic peptide that acts in the brain. The increase in hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression induced by fasting is mainly caused by a decrease in the effects of leptin. We investigated the developmental changes in the sensitivities of leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y to fasting. Hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels were increased by fasting in postnatal days 15 and 25 rats, but not in postnatal day 5 rats. Serum leptin levels were decreased by fasting in rats at all ages (days 5, 15, and 25). In addition, hypothalamic OB-Rb mRNA levels were decreased by fasting in postnatal day 25 rats, but not in postnatal day 5 or 15 rats. Although the percentage of ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812637 Mon, 28 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4812637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4646366&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21440049%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zarazúa S, Bürger S, Delgado JM, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Schliebs R Arsenic poisoning due to contaminated water and soil, mining waste, glass manufacture, select agrochemicals, as well as sea food, affects millions of people world wide. Recently, an involvement of arsenic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been hypothesized (Gong and O'Bryant, 2010). The present study stresses the hypothesis whether sodium arsenite, and its main metabolite, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), may affect expression and processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), using the cholinergic cell line SN56.B5.G4 and primary neuronal cells overexpressing the Swedish mutation of APP, as experimental approaches. Exposure of cholinergic SN56.B5.G4 cells with either sodium arsenite or DMA decreased cell viabi... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4646366 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4646366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4646371&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21414400%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stanojević I, Bjelobaba I, Nedeljković N, Drakulić D, Petrović S, Stojiljković M, Horvat A Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73; EC 3.1.3.5, e-5NT) is regarded as the key enzyme in the extracellular formation of adenosine, which acts as a neuromodulator and important trophic and homeostatic factor in the brain. In the present study, we have investigated e-5NT activity, kinetic properties concerning AMP hydrolysis and the enzyme protein abundance in the purified synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) preparations isolated from whole female rat brain at different ages. We observed pronounced increase in AMP hydrolyzing activity in SPM during maturation, with greatest increment between juvenile (15-day-old) and pre-pubertal (30-day-old) rats. Immunodetection of e-5NT protein in the SPM displa... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4646371 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4646371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4646367&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21414401%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leonelli M, Martins DO, Britto LR We investigated the possible participation of TRPV1 channels in retinal apoptosis and overall development. Retinas from newborn, male albino rats were treated in vitro with capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist. The expression of cell cycle markers was not changed after TRPV1 blockade, whereas capsazepine reduced the number of apoptotic cells throughout the retina,increased ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation and slightly reduced JNK phosphorylation. The expression of BAD, Bcl-2, as well as integral and cleaved capsase-3 were similar in all experimental conditions. Newborn rats were kept for 2 months after receiving high doses of capsazepine. In their retinas, calbindin and parvalbumin protein levels were upregulated, but only the number of amacrine-like... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4646367 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4646367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4646373&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21397003%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wang Z, Wang J, Li J, Wang X, Yao Y, Zhang X, Li C, Cheng Y, Ding G, Liu L, Ding Z Lithium, a drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, has been shown to affect different aspects of neuronal development such as neuritogenesis, neurogenesis and survival. The underlying mechanism responsible for lithium's influence on neuronal development, however, still remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that lithium increases the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt) and promotes neurite outgrowth in mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells (N2a). The inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERKs signaling with a MEK inhibitor inhibits neurite outgrowth, but it enhances Akt activation in lithium-... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4646373 Mon, 21 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4646373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582402&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21392569%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion we provide valuable neuroanatomical data about the best characterised sensorial pathway to be used in further studies such as teratology and toxicology. PMID: 21392569 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582402 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582407&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21382466%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, intrauterine inflammation, even in the absence of preterm parturition, can evoke fetal brain injury as evidence by alterations in cytokine expression and neuronal injury. Despite an absent or limited maternal immune response in low dose intrauterine inflammation, the immune system in the placenta is activated which is likely sufficient to induce a fetal immune response and subsequent brain injury. Changes in the fetal brain lead to changes in gene expression patterns into the neonatal period. Subclinical intrauterine inflammation can lead to fetal brain injury and is likely to be mechanistically associated with long term adverse outcomes for exposed offspring. PMID: 21382466 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582407 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582406&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21382467%26dopt%3DAbstract SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE BRAIN OF GERBILS SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT DURATION OF GLOBAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Mar 4; Authors: Selakovic V, Korenic A, Radenovic L The present study was undertaken to examine spatial and temporal patterns of oxidative stress rate in the brain of Mongolian gerbils submitted to different duration of global ischemia/reperfusion. The common carotid arteries of gerbils were occluded for 5, 10, or 15minutes. We followed the temporal ischemia-induced oxidative stress rate, the most important factor that exacerbates brain damage by reperfusion, starting from 24h up to 28days after reperfusion. The spatial ischemia-induced oxidative stress distribution was measured parallely in different brain regions: fore... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582406 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582406 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582405&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21382468%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Faludi G, Mirnics K Clinical, epidemiological, neuroimaging and postmortem data all suggest schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and that synaptic disturbances might play a critical role in developing the disease. In 1982 Feinberg proposed that the schizophrenia might arise as a result of abnormal synaptic pruning. His hypothesis has survived 40years of accumulated data, and we review the critical findings related to synaptic dysfunction of schizophrenia. While it is clear that synaptic disturbances are integral and important for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has also become obvious that synaptic disturbances cannot be studied and understood as an independent disease hallmark, but only as a part of a complex network of homeostatic events. De... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582405 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582405 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582404&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21382469%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Volpe JJ, Kinney HC, Frances EJ, Rosenberg PA Brain injury in the premature infant, a problem of enormous importance, is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The major type of injury involves cerebral white matter and the principal cellular target is the developing oligodendrocyte. The specific phase of the oligodendroglial lineage affected has been defined from study of both human brain and experimental models. This premyelinating cell (pre-OL) is vulnerable because of a series of maturation-dependent events. The pathogenesis of pre-OL injury relates to operation of two upstream mechanisms, hypoxia-ischemia and systemic infection/inflammation, both of which are common occurrences in premature infants. The focus of this review and of our research over ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582404 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582404 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582403&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21382470%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Delcour M, Russier M, Xin D, Massicotte VS, Barbe MF, Coq JO Early brain injury including white matter damage (WMD) appears strongly correlated to perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and adverse neurological outcomes in preterm survivors. Indeed, WMD has been widely associated with subtle to major motor disturbances, sensory, behavioral and cognitive impairments in preterm infants who afterward develop cerebral palsy (CP). Prenatal ischemia (PI) has been shown to reproduce the main features of WMD observed in preterm infants. The present study was aimed at determining in adult rats the impact of PI on brain axons, musculoskeletal histology and locomotor activity. PI was induced by unilateral intra-uterine artery ligation at E17 in pregnant rats. We found axonal degeneration and reactiv... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582403 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582403 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582408&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21354298%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stefanello FM, Ferreira AG, Pereira TC, da Cunha MJ, Bonan CD, Bogo MR, Wyse AT In the current study we initially investigated the influence of antioxidants (vitamins E plus C) on the effect mediated by acute and chronic administration of methionine (Met) on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in rat hippocampus. We also verified whether the alterations on the enzyme after administration of Met and/or antioxidants were associated with changes in relative expression of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase catalytic subunits (isoforms α1, α2 and α3). For acute treatment, young rats received a single subcutaneous injection of Met or saline (control) and were sacrificed 12h later. In another set of experiments, rats were pretreated for 1 week with daily intraperitoneal administration of vitamins E (40mg/k... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582408 Thu, 24 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582408 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582411&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21345365%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhao J, Yao Y, Xu C, Cheng B, Xu Q The orientation (vertical or horizontal) of cell division is known to be critical for neural cell fate determination during neurogenesis. At the onset of neurogenesis, neurogenic progenitor cells are dividing with the cleavage plane parallel to the ventricular surface (horizontal division), which would lead to critical apical components being unequally distributed to both their two daughter cells. The daughter cells lack of inheritance is going to differentiate into the neuron. Recent studies have shown that GAP-43 is highly expressed in horizontally dividing neural progenitor cells in the forebrain of mammals. Based on findings from in vivo studies, GAP-43 is locally associated with the centrosome and is required for centrosome positioning, ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582411 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582410&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21345366%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Arnsten AF The symptoms of schizophrenia involve profound dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). PFC networks create our "mental sketch pad", and PFC dysfunction contributes to symptoms such as cognitive deficits, thought disorder, delusions and hallucinations. Neuropathological studies of schizophrenia have shown marked loss of dendritic spines in deep layer III, the sublayer where PFC microcircuits reside. The microcircuits consist of recurrent excitatory pyramidal cell networks that interconnect on spines, and excite each other via NMDA receptor signaling. The pyramidal cell persistent firing is sculpted by lateral inhibition from GABAergic basket and chandelier cells, thus creating tuned, persistent firing needed for accurate representational knowledge (i.e., working ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582410 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582410 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582409&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21345367%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tomás-Roca L, Pérez-Aytés A, Puelles L, Marín F Hereditary congenital facial paresis (HCFP) consists of the paralysis or weakness of facial muscles caused by a maldevelopment of the facial branchiomotor (FBM) nucleus and its nerve. Linkage analyses have related this disorder to two loci, HCFP1 and HCFP2, placed respectively in human chromosomes 3q21.2-q22.1 and 10q21.3-q22.1, but the causative genes are still unknown. In this work we aimed to identify which genes from these loci are expressed in the developing hindbrain and particularly in the FBM nucleus. To this end, we retrieved from the ENSEMBL genomic database the list of these genes as well as their respective mouse orthologs. Subsequently we examined their respective expression patterns in the mouse embryo by using ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582409 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582409 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582412&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21334426%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fioretto ET, Rahal SC, Borges AS, Mayhew TM, Nyengaard JR, Marcondes JS, de Carvalho Balieiro JC, Teixeira CR, de Melo MP, Lobo Ladd FV, Lobo Ladd AA, de Lima AR, da Silva AA, Coppi AA Recently, superior cervical ganglionectomy has been performed to investigate a variety of scientific topics from regulation of intraocular pressure to suppression of lingual tumour growth. Despite these recent advances in our understanding of the functional mechanisms underlying superior cervical ganglion (SCG) growth and development after surgical ablation, there still exists a need for information concerning the quantitative nature of the relationships between the removed SCG and its remaining contralateral ganglion and between the remaining SCG and its modified innervation territory. To this ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582412 Fri, 18 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582413&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21333728%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mirnics K PMID: 21333728 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582413 Thu, 17 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582414&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21329752%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the role of the indirect basal ganglia pathway in the development of stereotypy using deer mice. We measured neuronal metabolic activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and other relevant brain regions using cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry at three developmental time-points. Although no differences were observed in STN across development, significant differences were found when mice were grouped by developmental trajectory. At 6 weeks post-weaning, significantly lower CO activity in STN was found in those trajectory groups that developed high levels of repetitive behavior versus the trajectory group that did not, suggesting the development of stereotypy is associated with decreased indirect basal ganglia pathway activity. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that prefe... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582414 Tue, 15 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4474007&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21291994%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohen JD, Nichols T, Brignone L, Hall SS, Reiss AL Fragile X syndrome (FraX) is the most common form of inherited mental deficit and is caused by mutations of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome. While males and females with the full FMR1 mutation are affected differently because the disorder is X-linked, both suffer from varying degrees of cognitive impairment, attention deficits and social anxiety. The insula is a sensory integrative region that has been increasingly suggested as a critical area involved in anxiety manifestation. The current study was designed to examine possible changes in insular volume in FraX compared to age- and gender-matched typically developing healthy controls (HC) as well as age-, gender-, and intelligence-matched dev... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4474007 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4474007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4474010&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21277366%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xiong T, Qu Y, Mu D, Ferriero D Neonatal brain injury, caused by perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and extreme prematurity, remains a great challenge for prevention and treatment. There is no effective treatment for term hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) except hypothermia which by itself does not afford complete neuroprotection. Erythropoietin (EPO), a pleiotropic cytokine, has neuroprotective effects in a series of neonatal experimental models and recent clinical trials of HIE. However, the mechanisms, dosing, and the toxicity of EPO in these settings are inconsistently reported. This review will focus on the possible mechanisms, recent clinical advances and potential complications of EPO used in research and the clinic. In addition, optimal dose and administrative routes of EP... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4474010 Fri, 28 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4474010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4474009&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21277971%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alpár A, Ueberham U, Lendvai D, Naumann N, Rohn S, Gáti G, Arendt T, Gärtner U The amyloid precursor protein is essential for proper neuronal function but an imbalance in processing or metabolism or its overexpression lead to severe malfunction of the brain. The present study focused on dendritic morphology of hippocampal neurons in mice overexpressing the wild-type human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP). In addition, we examined whether enhanced physical activity may affect hAPP-related morphological changes. Overexpression of hAPP resulted in significant enlargement of dendrites, especially within the basal dendritic field but had no effect on spine density. Enhanced physical activity only moderately potentiated hAPP induced changes in dendritic size. Physical activity de... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4474009 Wed, 26 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4474009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4474008&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21277972%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hougaard KS, Mandrup KR, Kjaer SL, Bøgh IB, Rosenberg R, Wegener G An increasing number of scientific studies indicate that maternal stress during pregnancy influences fetal development of the nervous system and thereby the behavioural phenotype. We have previously reported attenuated prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reaction in adult female rats derived from dams exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) during gestation. In humans, decreased PPI has been reported to be associated with anxiety. Because of its potential translational value across species, the modulation of startle reactivity may be a useful tool in examining altered emotional reactivity following prenatal insults. The present study aimed at investigating whether prenatally stressed male offspring would dis... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4474008 Wed, 26 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4474008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4411025&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21255637%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weis SN, Schunck RV, Pettenuzzo LF, Krolow R, Matté C, Manfredini V, Peralba MD, Vargas CR, Dalmaz C, Wyse AT, Netto CA Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) gives rise to inadequate substrate supply to the brain tissue, resulting in damage to neural cells. Previous studies at different time points of development, and with different animal species, suggest that the HI insult causes oxidative damage and changes Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, which is known to be very susceptible to free radical-related lipid peroxidation. The aim of the present study was to establish the onset of the oxidative damage response in neonatal Wistar rats subjected to brain HI, evaluating parameters of oxidative stress, namely nitric oxide production, lipoperoxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4411025 Wed, 19 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4411025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4411026&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21238565%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cano-Abad MF, Herrera-Peco I, Sola RG, Pastor J, García-Navarrete E, Moro RC, Pizzo P, Ruiz-Nuño A Primary brain cell cultures are a useful tool for understanding the physiopathology of epilepsy and for searching new potential antiepileptic drugs. These cell types are usually prepared from murine species and few human models have been described. The main goal of this study is the establishment of experimental conditions to isolate and culture neurons and astrocytes from human brain and to test its functionality. The tissues came from antiepileptic drug-resistant epileptic patients undergoing surgery. Human neurons and astrocytes were isolated following an enzymatic and mechanical dissociation protocol. Cultures were viable for 3-6 weeks. Cytological characterization was perf... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4411026 Fri, 14 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4411026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4343566&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21172414%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kolliakou A, Joseph C, Ismail K, Atakan Z, Murray RM Numerous studies have shown that patients with psychosis are more likely to use illicit drugs than the general population, with cannabis being the most popular. There exists overwhelming evidence that cannabis use can contribute to the onset of schizophrenia and poor outcome in patients with established psychosis. Therefore, understanding why patients use cannabis and whether they are motivated to change their habits is important. The evidence is that patients with psychosis use cannabis for the same reasons the general population does, to 'get high', relax and have fun. There is little support for the 'self-medication' hypothesis, while the literature points more towards an 'alleviation of dysphoria' model. There is a lack ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4343566 Tue, 21 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4343566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4343567&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21163344%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we suggest that VASP expression may have important role for neural cell migration, differentiation, axonal growth and angiogenesis during prenatal cerebral cortical development. Our aim is to detect VASP expression by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in developing human neocortex and adult brain cortex (n=12 samples from first, second, and third trimesters and n=3 adult normal cerebral cortex). Our results suggest that VASP showed different immunostaining patterns between cerebral cortical plates in prenatal and adult human brain samples. We observed that the expression patterns of the VASP protein are clearly identified in fibers, cytoplasm of neural cells and endothelial cells of vessels. We detected that VASP indicates progressive expression from the... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4343567 Tue, 14 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4343567 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4343568&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21147212%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated the integrity of the brain 10 years post-TBI using magnetic resonance imaging volumetrics in a sample of 49 participants with mild, moderate and severe TBI, evaluated against a normative sample of 20 individuals from a pediatric database with comparable age and gender distribution. Structural integrity was investigated in gray and white matter, and by manually segmenting two regions of interest (hippocampus, amygdala), potentially vulnerable to the effects of childhood TBI. The results indicate that more severe injuries caused a reduction in gray and white brain matter, while all TBI severity levels resulted in increased volumes of cerebrospinal fluid and smaller hippocampal volumes. In addition, enlarged amygdala volumes were detected in severely injured patients c... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4343568 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4343568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4343570&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21145385%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have difficulty in learning new motor skills. At present, it is not known whether these children employ a different set of brain regions than typically developing (TD) children during skilled motor practice. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we mapped brain activity associated with skilled motor practice of a trail-tracing task in 7 children with DCD and 7 age-matched controls (aged 8-12 years). We indexed change in motor performance as a reduction in tracing error from early practice to retention. Children with DCD showed less blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal as compared to TD children in a network of brain regions associated with skilled motor practice: bilateral ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4343570 Wed, 08 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4343570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4343569&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21145386%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lacy RT, Mactutus CF, Harrod SB Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with auditory processing deficits in children; these effects have been confirmed with animal models of continuous high-dose prenatal nicotine exposure. The present experiments utilized a novel, low-dose, intermittent, intravenous (IV) gestational nicotine exposure model to investigate potential deficits on the preattentive process of sensorimotor gating, as indexed by prepulse inhibition (PPI), in preweanling and adult rat offspring. Pregnant dams received bolus IV injections of nicotine (0.05mg/kg/injection) 3×/day on gestational days 8-21. Auditory and tactile stimulus modalities were probed with tone and air puff prepulse stimuli, respectively. These prepulse stimuli preceded a 100dB(A) startle... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4343569 Wed, 08 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4343569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4251871&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21134438%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSION: Normal EEG development during school-age is mainly based on an absolute decrease of slow frequency activity and increases of PF which may be interpreted in terms of a reorganization of the EEG towards a higher frequency oscillatory scale rather than a maturation of the theta-alpha(1/2) band power sequence. Age-related changes differed between boys and girls suggesting a different developmental timing for the sexes. In future studies a combined analysis of PF and IFB may help to specify deviations in developmental disorders. PMID: 21134438 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4251871 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4251871 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4251872&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21126566%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tekes K, Szegi P, Laufer R, Hantos M, Csaba G The amount of biogenic amines (dopamine and serotonin) and their metabolites (DOPAC, HVA; 5-HIAA, 5-HTOL) in five regions of the brain (frontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, brainstem) were studied in the male and female offspring of control and perinatally (48h before birth or 48h after birth) food and water deprived dams, when they were three months old, by using HPLC-EC determination. The increase of amine or metabolite level was dominant (19 values increased and 10 decreased related to control). Before-birth stress caused increase in 9 case and only 2 decreased, while in the case of after-birth stress 10 increased and 8 decreased. However, though there is no possibility to decide an exact tendency of direction, t... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4251872 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4251872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4221104&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21111039%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Freedman D, Brown AS Executive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia, but our understanding of the developmental course of this neuropsychological domain in the disease remains largely unexplored. A review of the research evidence points to a number of persistent debates about the course of executive functioning and its relation to illness course. A better understanding of the neurocognitive trajectories of executive functioning in schizophrenia could help identify the risk and modifying that influence the onset, severity and course of disease, and the chance to re-direct or re-shape that course and improve outcomes. To accomplish this requires assessment of the diverse and integrated nature of those abilities, and the changes over time in those abilities requires mul... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4221104 Tue, 23 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4221104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4186943&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21078378%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reyes-Castro LA, Rodriguez JS, Rodríguez-González GL, Wimmer RD, McDonald TJ, Larrea F, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E Suboptimal developmental environments program offspring to lifelong health complications including affective and cognitive disorders. Little is known about the effects of suboptimal intra-uterine environments on associative learning and motivational behavior. We hypothesized that maternal isocaloric low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation would impair offspring associative learning and motivation as measured by operant conditioning and the progressive ratio task, respectively. Control mothers were fed 20% casein (C) and restricted mothers (R) 10% casein to provide four groups: CC, RR, CR, and RC (first letter pregnancy diet and second letter lactation di... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4186943 Fri, 12 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4186943 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4186944&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21074602%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Murakami M, Kinouchi R, Gereltsetseg G, Yamamoto S, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is an important risk factor for the pathogenesis of diseases after birth. Long-lasting alterations in the structure and function of tissues and the neuroendocrine system, which are known as 'programming effects', increase the risks of these diseases. To investigate the pathophysiology of programming effects, several kinds of IUGR rodent models have been used in experiments. Sexual maturation and the onset of puberty are delayed in these models. We have previously reported that decreased action of hypothalamic kisspeptin, which is a positive regulator of GnRH, contributes to the delayed onset of puberty in undernutrition-induced IUGR ra... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4186944 Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4186944 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139878&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21050883%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ribeiro CA, Hickmann FH, Wajner M 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria (MGTA) comprehends a group of disorders biochemically characterized by accumulation of 3-methylglutaric acid (MGA), 3-methylglutaconic acid (MGT) and occasionally 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid (OHIVA). Although neurological symptoms are common in the affected individuals, the mechanisms of brain damage are poorly known. In the present study we investigated the in vitro effect MGA, MGT and OHIVA, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.0mM, on bioenergetics and oxidative stress in synaptosomal preparations isolated from cerebral cortex of young rats. MGA significantly reduced mitochondrial redox potential (25%), as determined by resazurin reduction, and inhibited the activity of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (30%), whereas MGT and OH... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139878 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4139878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4108154&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20974242%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Compton MT, Chan RC, Walker EF, Buckley PF Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are subtle signs of developmental deviation that are observed at an elevated frequency among patients with schizophrenia. These minor morphological abnormalities of the craniofacial region and limbs arise during fetal development and represent a set of risk markers for schizophrenia. Although MPAs are not specific to schizophrenia, established findings about MPAs vis-à-vis schizophrenia include the replicated findings that MPAs are more prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia than healthy controls, MPAs are more prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia than unaffected relatives, and MPAs are not consistently associated with symptom domains or other risk markers, such as neurological soft s... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4108154 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4108154 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4108156&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20969945%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Del Valle K, Theus MH, Bethea JR, Liebl DJ, Ricard J The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the mammalian forebrain is a major source of multipotent stem cells during development, and contributes to neurogenesis throughout the lifespan of the organism. Several studies described molecules regulating adult neurogenesis, however, few of them have examined neurogenesis in the early postnatal period. Adult neurogenesis is regulated in part by ephrinB3 and its receptors, so we examined the role of EphB3 on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) proliferation in early postnatal development in the SVZ. To examine NSPCs proliferation, we used BrdU incorporation in both cultured NSPCs and neonatal gene-targeted knockout mice, as well as Ki67 immunostaining in EphB3(-/-) mice. We observed a sign... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4108156 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4108156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4108155&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20969946%26dopt%3DAbstract We reported previously that small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog -4 (Smad4) is required for inner ear cochlear development and normal auditory function in mammals; however, the distribution and functional mechanisms of Smad4 at various stages of vestibular development remained unclear. To investigate the relationship between the Smad4 gene and vestibular organ development, we measured changes in the expression of BMP4 and Smad4 during vestibular development in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, vestibular structures, pathologic changes, and the vestibular function of chondrocyte-specific Smad4 knockout mice were compared to those of the control group. We found that the expression of Smad4 in the inner ear was delayed compared with that of BMP4. Moreover, chondrocyte-specific Smad4 knockou... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4108155 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4108155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4088844&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20955774%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, exposure to low-dose BPA during gestation and lactation leads to significant changes in the Glu/Asp ratio in the hippocampus, which may reflect impaired mitochondrial function and also results in neuronal and glial developmental alterations. PMID: 20955774 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4088844 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4088844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4088843&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20955775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rapoport JL, Gogtay N Structural brain abnormalities have become an established feature of schizophrenia and increasing evidence points towards the progressive nature of these abnormalities. The brain abnormalities are most profound in early onset cases, which have a severe, treatment refractory phenotype and more salient genetic features. Unique insights could thus be gained in schizophrenia pathology from studying the earliest manifestations of the illness. This paper reviews and updates the findings on anatomic brain development in patients with very early onset schizophrenia while showing preliminary data from ongoing studies. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) subjects show progressive loss of gray matter, delayed/disrupted whit... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4088843 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4088843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4088845&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20950681%26dopt%3DAbstract This study also demonstrated that (1)H MRS approach has the potential to characterize neonatal ME and other developmental neuroplasticity models noninvasively for the biochemical and metabolic processes involved. PMID: 20950681 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4088845 Mon, 11 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4088845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065092&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20937378%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Farrell BC, Power EM, Dermott KW Central nervous system development is a complex process involving many interacting factors. MicroRNAs have recently been identified as playing key intrinsic roles in development however few of their specific targets have been identified in vivo. The transcription factor Sox9 has recently been identified as a target of miR-124 in the adult mouse sub-ventricular zone. Here we investigate the expression of the microRNAs miR-124, miR-128 and miR-23 and that of transcription factor Sox9, in neuroepithelial stem cells in the developing spinal cord. Furthermore we investigate if neurogenesis in embryonic neuroepithelial cells in the spinal cord might also be regulated by the interaction of Sox9 and miR-124. We provide evidence of the spatial and tempo... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065092 Thu, 07 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4065092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045569&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20920575%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Graham DL, Grace CE, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Tang PH, Vorhees CV, Williams MT Despite restrictions, exposure to lead (Pb) continues. Moreover, exposure varies and is often higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) families and remains a significant risk to cognitive development. Stress is another risk factor. Lower SES may be a proxy for stress in humans. When stress and Pb co-occur, risk may be increased. A few previous experiments have combined Pb with intermittent or acute stress but not with chronic stress. To determine if chronic developmental stress affects outcome in combination with Pb, we tested such effects on growth, organ weight, brain monoamines, and response to an acute stressor. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged with Pb acetate (1 or 10mg/kg) or vehic... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045569 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045565&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20920576%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Drew LJ, Crabtree GW, Markx S, Stark KL, Chaverneff F, Xu B, Mukai J, Fenelon K, Hsu PK, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature a... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045565 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045565 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045573&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20888897%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Webster MJ, Elashoff M, Weickert CS Theories concerning the pathology of human neurodevelopmental disorders that emerge in adolescence, such as schizophrenia, often hypothesize that there may be a failure of normal cortical synaptic loss or pruning. However, direct evidence that synaptic regression is a major developmental event in the adolescent human cortex is limited. Furthermore, developmental work in rodents suggested that synaptic regression in adolescence is not a major feature of cortical development. Thus, we set out to determine when and to what extent molecular markers of synaptic terminals [synaptophysin (SYP), SNAP-25, syntaxin1A (STX1A), and vesicle membrane associated protein 1 (VAMP1)] are reduced during postnatal human life spanning from one month to 45 years ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045573 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045580&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20883772%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, fetal subplate neurons and surviving postnatal interstitial neurons are important modulators of cortical functions in both normal and schizophrenic cerebral cortex. PMID: 20883772 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045580 Sun, 26 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045578&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20883773%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Our current findings suggested that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as gender, child care, lifestyle and after-nursery lessons, influence the establishment of sleep patterns in young preschool children. Further investigation of these independent variables may help establish a strategy for predicting and preventing sleep disorders later in life. PMID: 20883773 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045578 Sun, 26 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045576&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20884342%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fabricius K, Steiniger-Brach B, Helboe L, Fink-Jensen A, Wörtwein G Post-weaning social isolation of rats produces an array of behavioral and neurochemical changes indicative of altered dopamine function. It has therefore been suggested that post-weaning social isolation mimics some aspects of schizophrenia. Here we replicate and extent these findings to include an investigation of prefrontal cortical dopamine dynamics using in vivo microdialysis. Social isolation for 12 weeks after weaning caused increased locomotor activity in response to novelty and amphetamine challenge. In vivo microdialysis experiments revealed that while social isolation did not change basal dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, it did cause a significant reduction of basal dopamine release in the ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045576 Fri, 24 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4009657&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20868735%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tong T, Zhenwei Y, Xiaoyuan F Abnormalities in diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance images not only occur in stroke patients but also in transient ischemic attack patients. We found magnetic resonance images were abnormal in 28 patients (68%): 15 had diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities, 7 had both diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion-weighted imaging defects and 6 had an isolated perfusion-weighted imaging abnormality. Patients with shorter onset to magnetic resonance imaging, large artery atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia and hemiparesis were more likely to show perfusion-weighted imaging abnormalities. Compared with patients who had a good prognosis, in poor prognosis patients, the relative cerebral blood flow and rela... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4009657 Mon, 20 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4009657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4009658&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20863878%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kilari A, Mehendale S, Pisal H, Panchanadikar T, Kale A, Joshi S The present study compares nerve growth factor (NGF) levels between preeclamptic (PE) (n=86) and normotensive (NT) women (n=105) and their associations with blood pressure and infant size. Maternal plasma NGF levels were reduced (p<0.05) in the PE group as compared to the NT group. Furthermore, NGF levels were reduced in PE mothers delivering low birth weight babies (LBW) as compared to NT mothers delivering LBW babies. Maternal NGF levels were negatively (p=0.029) associated with blood pressure in preeclamptic mothers. Cord NGF levels were negatively associated (p=0.026) with birth weight in the normotensive group. NGF levels are differently regulated in preeclamptic and normotensive mothers delivering LBW ba... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4009658 Sun, 19 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4009658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3973737&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20833241%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamamotová A, Hrubá L, Schutová B, Rokyta R, Slamberová R Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant drug which causes the release of monoamine neurotransmitters. Although drugs of abuse are known to have analgesic effects, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine on nociception in adulthood. Adult Wistar rats whose mothers had received daily exposure to methamphetamine (5mg/kg; s.c.) or saline, during gestation or gestation and lactation periods, were examined for: 1) gender differences in nociception; 2) an association between nociception and gross-motor behavior in the plantar test; 3) effects of cross-fostering on nociception; and 4) analgesic effects of an acute injection of methamphetamine (1mg/kg s.c.). Nociception w... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3973737 Wed, 08 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3973737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3973736&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20833242%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Clay H, Sillivan S, Konradi C Bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are severe psychiatric illnesses with a combined prevalence of 4%. A disturbance of energy metabolism is frequently observed in these disorders. Several pieces of evidence point to an underlying dysfunction of mitochondria: i) decreased mitochondrial respiration; (ii) changes in mitochondrial morphology; iii) increases in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms and in levels of mtDNA mutations; iv) downregulation of nuclear mRNA molecules and proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration; v) decreased high-energy phosphates and decreased pH in the brain; and vi) psychotic and affective symptoms, and cognitive decline in mitochondrial disorders. Furthermore, transgenic mice with mutated mitochondrial D... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3973736 Wed, 08 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3973736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3973735&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20833243%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Oliveira LC, Gomes MZ, Brandão ML Studies have revealed that the extent of reactivity of high-anxiety rats to diverse challenges is different than low-anxiety rats and have provided important insights into the psychopathology of anxiety. Various factors intervene to allow defensive mechanisms to react to diverse threatening challenges, including ontogeny and the nature of the emotional challenge (e.g., conditioned vs. unconditioned). The present study investigated the extent to which a particular type of fear extrapolates to other emotional responses to diverse threatening challenges. Groups of 30- and 60-day-old rats were assigned to low freezing behavior (LFB) and high freezing behavior (HFB) groups using the contextual fear conditioning paradigm and subjected to eithe... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3973735 Wed, 08 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3973735 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3973734&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20833244%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Tucker ES, Lamantia AS DiGeorge, or 22q11 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS), the most common survivable human genetic deletion disorder, is caused by deletion of a minimum of 32 contiguous genes on human chromosome 22, and presumably results from diminished dosage of one, some, or all of these genes-particularly during development. Nevertheless, the normal functions of 22q11 genes in the embryo or neonate, and their contribution to developmental pathogenesis that must underlie 22q11DS are not well understood. Our data suggests that a substantial number of 22q11 genes act specifically and in concert to mediate early morphogenetic interactions and subsequent cellular differentiation at phenotypically compromised sites-the limbs, heart, face and forebrain. When ... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3973734 Wed, 08 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3973734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3912256&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20797429%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beneyto M, Lewis DA The hypothesis that schizophrenia results from a developmental, as opposed to a degenerative, process affecting the connectivity and network plasticity of the cerebral cortex is supported by findings from morphological and molecular postmortem studies. Specifically, abnormalities in the expression of protein markers of GABA neurotransmission and the lamina- and circuit-specificity of these changes in the cortex in schizophrenia, in concert with knowledge of their developmental trajectories, offer crucial insight into the vulnerability of specific cortical networks to environmental insults during different periods of development. These findings reveal potential targets for therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive function in individuals with schizophre... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3912256 Sun, 22 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3912256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3900625&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20727962%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lodge DJ, Grace AA Psychological stress is a contributing factor for a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases including substance use disorders, anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. However, it has not been conclusively determined how stress augments the symptoms of these diseases. Here we review evidence that the ventral hippocampus may be a site of convergence whereby a number of seemingly discrete risk factors, including stress, may interact to precipitate psychosis in schizophrenia. Specifically, aberrant hippocampal activity has been demonstrated to underlie both the elevated dopamine neuron activity and associated behavioral hyperactivity to dopamine agonists in a verified animal model of schizophrenia. In addition, stress, psychostimulant drug use, prenatal infecti... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3900625 Tue, 17 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3900625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885685&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20713150%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Babu CS, Ramanathan M The present study focuses on the temporal calcium significance in middle cerebral artery occluded (2h ischemia)-reperfused (70h reperfusion) rats treated with nimodipine (NM) through concurrent measurements of excitotoxicity, bioenergetics and neurobehavioural paradigms. Further, the suitable therapeutic time window of calcium channel antagonism in stroke was also ascertained. NM (5mg/kg, i.p.) was administered at pre (30min before the induction of ischemia), during (1h following occlusion of MCA) and post- ischemic (3h after begin of reperfusion) states. The magnitude of neuroprotection in terms of excitotoxicity (glutamate, glutamine synthetase, Na(+)K(+)ATPase), bioenergetics (ATP, NAD(+)) and neurobehavioural paradigms (neurological score and open fie... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885685 Thu, 12 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3885685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855610&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20691775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu F, Zou X, Sadovova N, Zhang X, Shi L, Guo L, Qian F, Wen Z, Patterson TA, Hanig JP, Paule MG, Slikker W, Wang C Repeated administration of phencyclidine (PCP), an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, during development, may result in neuronal damage that leads to behavioral deficits in adulthood. The present study examined the potential neurotoxic effects of PCP exposure (10mg/kg) in rats on postnatal days (PNDs) 7, 9 and 11 and the possible underlying mechanism(s) for neurotoxicity. Brain tissue was harvested for RNA extraction and morphological assessments. RNA was collected from the frontal cortex for DNA microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Gene expression profiling was determined using Illumina Rat Ref-12 Expression BeadChips containing 22,226 prob... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855610 Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3855610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855609&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20691776%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miller VM, Khanke T, Neu N, Sanchez-Morrissey SR, Brosch K, Andrews K, Seegal RF Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent lipophilic environmental contaminants which are found in fatty tissues of human and wild-life alike. Maternal transfer of PCBs to offspring is easily achieved across the placenta and via lactation. In male rats, perinatal PCB exposure induces behavioral abnormalities, in addition to hypothyroxinemia and white matter changes. There are sex differences in white matter volume synthesis and density in adult and aged rodents. Yet whether PCB exposure effects on white matter are sex-specific is unclear, because the previous studies were conducted in male offspring. Furthermore, although hypothyroxinemia induced by PCB exposure is thought to trigger white m... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855609 Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3855609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855612&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20691252%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Connor CM, Crawford BC, Akbarian S Increased density and altered spatial distribution of subcortical white matter neurons (WMN) represents one of the more well replicated cellular alterations found in schizophrenia and related disease. In many of the affected cases, the underlying genetic risk architecture for these WMN abnormalities remains unknown. Increased density of neurons immunoreactive for Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2) and Neuronal Nuclear Antigen (NeuN) have been reported by independent studies, though there are negative reports as well; additionally, group differences in some of the studies appear to be driven by a small subset of cases. Alterations in markers for inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons have also been described. For example, downregulation of neurop... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855612 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3855612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855611&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20691253%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, postnatal experiences specifically altered the behavioral phenotype in adulthood. While these changes were co-directional in the two strains and in both sexes, the degree of susceptibility varied. PMID: 20691253 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855611 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3855611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3824525&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20673797%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tanaka N, Kamei N, Nakamae T, Yamamoto R, Ishikawa M, Fujiwara H, Miyoshi H, Asahara T, Ochi M, Kudo Y To evaluate the effect of CD133(+) cells (endothelial progenitor cells) on the hypoxia-induced suppression of axonal growth of cortical neurons and the destruction of blood vessels (endothelial cells), we used anterograde axonal tracing and immunofluorescence in organ co-cultures of the cortex and the spinal cord from 3-day-old neonatal rats. CD133(+) cells prepared from human umbilical cord blood were added to the organ co-cultures after hypoxic insult, and axonal growth, vascular damage and apoptosis were evaluated. Anterograde axonal tracing with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate was used to analyze axonal projections from the cortex to the... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3824525 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3824525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3824524&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20673845%26dopt%3DAbstract CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal white matter intensities were associated with pathological clinical variables. White matter injury may not be a specific form of cerebral damage in preterm infants. For the precise evaluation of newborn brain imaging, it may be beneficial to account for corrected age even in term infants. PMID: 20673845 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience) International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3824524 Tue, 27 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3824524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795530&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20656006%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bürger S, Yafai Y, Bigl M, Wiedemann P, Schliebs R A large number of Alzheimer patients demonstrate cerebrovascular pathology, which has been assumed to be related to beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition. Abeta peptides have been described to inhibit angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, and deregulation of angiogenic factors may contribute to various neurological disorders including neurodegeneration. One of the key angiogenic factor is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Increased levels of VEGF have been observed in brains of Alzheimer patients, while the functional significance of VEGF up-regulation in the pathogenesis and progression of AD is still a matter of debate. To test whether VEGF may affect neuronal APP processing, primary neuronal cells derived from b... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795530 Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3795530 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3795531&cid=s_35638_168_f&fid=35638&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20654708%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dong J, Liu W, Wang Y, Xi Q, Chen J Developmental iodine deficiency (ID) leads to inadequate thyroid hormone that impairs learning and memory with an unclear mechanism. Here, we show that hippocampal neurogranin, calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), calmodulin (CaM) and calcineurin (CaN) are implicated in the brain impairment in lactational rat hippocampus following developmental ID and hypothyroidism. Three developmental rat models were created by administrating dam rats with either iodine-deficient diet or propylthiouracil (PTU, 5ppm or 15ppm)-added drinking water from gestational day (GD) 6 till postnatal day (PN) 28. Then, the neurogranin, CaMKII, CaM and CaN in the hippocampus were detected with immunohistochemistry and western blotting on PN14 and PN2... International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3795531 Mon, 19 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3795531