MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'International Journal of Drug Policy' source. Thu, 19 Jan 2012 13:04:44 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467335&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001277%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes consider the possibility that drug law enforcement may be ineffective, expensive and accompanied by serious unwanted adverse consequences. But why are they so tentative? Their tone is reminiscent of Emperor Hirohito explaining his decision to surrender after WWII: “the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage”. These days hardly a week passes without a police chief, senior politician or judge announcing () that the War on Drugs has failed dismally and that further attempts to achieve success are futile. Once it was just retired officials. But these days many senior serving officials demand that alternatives are considered. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467335 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5467335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455561&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001873%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The study showed the importance of sociological concepts of direct and indirect benefits of employment and of social capital in understanding the social context of controlled drug use amongst young people in the lorong. Additionally, drug policy should be more cognizant of the social vulnerability in the lorong and of the need to increase access to employment amongst young people in order to potentially decrease the likelihood of problematic drug use. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455561 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455554&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001708%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In the oldest work of literature, it takes seven pitchers of beer to make a savage man ‘fully human’ (Gligamesh, tr , p. 86). Alcohol has been integral to human social life for millennia. Historical evidence is patchier for other drugs as core components of civilizations, but some have been around a long time (). (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455554 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455564&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001861%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: If drug (prevention) policy is to appeal to vulnerable young people, their views on what would make a good prevention policy must be taken into account. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455564 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455564 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455550&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001848%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Sociology has contributed much to the study of drug use and dependence, as numerous reviews can attest (e.g. ). However, the study of drug policy has often been left to economists, with assistance from operational researchers, public policy specialists, lawyers and psychologists (e.g. ). As Peter Reuter recently stated, whilst economics has provided useful contributions to the analysis of the drug trade seen as a market, economists have too often failed to question or verify the – often grand – assumptions that they tend to bring to the study of these markets (). (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455550 Fri, 11 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467326&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100185X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In June 2011 the Global Commission on Drug Policy, of which I am proud to be the chair, released its report calling for fundamental reforms to drug policies. Together with my colleagues – former and serving heads of state including Ruth Dreifuss, George Papandreou, Ernesto Zedillo and Cesar Gaviria, prominent business people and intellectuals, and former high level UN officials including Kofi Annan – we called for urgent action to stem the tide of drug-related harm, organised crime and drug-related violence (). (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467326 Thu, 10 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5467326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455565&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100171X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Producing and implementing credible and effective policies on illicit drug use is generally seen as an important aspect of health governance in the West. Yet the controversy surrounding illicit drug use means this is no easy task. With public opinion perceived by policy makers to be set against illicit drug use, and understandings of its effects tending towards generalisation and pathologisation, the need for timely and rational responses is considered self evident. These responses are, however, regularly criticised as driven as much by electoral politics and expedience as by research findings or expert opinion. Destined to receive close critical scrutiny from all sides, these policies, and the processes undertaken to develop them, are obliged to negotiate a complex political dom... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455565 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455565 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455552&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001733%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes One of the most important changes brought about by sociological research on drug use is the visibility of ‘the drug user’ as an active and multidimensional participant in the social world. While the medical and psychological literature which dominates drug research investigates drug users in a broad sense, it tends to constitute users as clinical objects or monadic subjects who are extracted from the social world and placed into the flat empty space of ‘the study’ or ‘the data’. Epidemiology and public health also investigates drug users, but through a statistical and classificatory lens in which variables of risk and harm are foregrounded and the individual is massed into a distant and undifferentiated cast of thousands. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455552 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455553&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001745%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes How can we register the participation of a range of elements, extending beyond the human subject, in the production of drug effects? Recent work in social studies of drugs has considered the value of displacing the human subject as the sole emphasis of inquiry in favour of relational approaches that emphasize the activity of non-human as well as human actors in the materialization of drug effects (see Keane and Duff, this issue). Implicit in these discussions is a resistance to the conventional ontology of drugs. Where popular medical wisdom tends to attribute to drugs a series of linear and predictable effects linked exclusively to their biochemical properties, these relational approaches direct attention to the participation of various interacting elements in whatever it is that follows ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455553 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455551&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001721%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The sociological ‘imagination’ has long sustained theoretical and empirical interest in the consumption of alcohol and other drugs (AOD). Extending across the social sciences and into the arts and humanities, this impulse has inspired diverse accounts of the social, cultural, economic and political dimensions of AOD use in a range of disparate settings (). In documenting the social and cultural ‘contexts’ of AOD use, sociological research has also offered something of a corrective to ‘egocentric’ models, which typically explain AOD use as a function of individual biological, psychological and/or physiological factors (). This reflects an enduring division of labour in AOD research between disciplines which emphasise the social and structural dimensions of such behaviours, and t... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455551 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455551 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455562&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001629%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: This “studying up” approach is hoped to elicit more research on the office in which harm reduction policies are made into the backdrop of drug users on the street. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455562 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455558&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001551%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This paper analyses driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs (DUI) from a governmentality perspective. The paper is based on qualitative interviews with 25 persons, convicted of drink-driving and at the time of the interviews participating in Alcohol/Traffic courses in Denmark (mandatory courses for DUI-convicted people). Four drink-driver profiles are identified: regular heavy drinkers who regard themselves as addicted; regular drinkers who claim they are in control of both their alcohol use and their drink-driving; occasional multi-substance users who associate their DUI with strong feelings of control loss; and occasional drinkers or drug users with limited experience of drink-driving. The paper analyses drink-driving as a form of “failed self-governance” and shows how some ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455558 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467342&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001575%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Having established that a shift in normative focus has taken place in the past, the article concludes that it is timely for the international community to revisit the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs with a view to correcting past errors and inconsistencies within the regime, particularly those relating to Scheduling and traditional drug use. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467342 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467327&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001587%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Employment is widely recognised as a robust determinant of health. For this and other political, social and economic reasons, governments throughout the world invest heavily in efforts to promote employment and reduce unemployment amongst the general population. Unfortunately, when it comes to people who use illicit drugs, employment is typically relegated to the status of a second order problem, and the role of employment, particularly for non-treatment enrolled individuals, has been largely ignored in the scientific literature. The limited attention that employment amongst active illicit drug users has received has focused primarily on how drug use affects labour market participation in large representative samples, on whether or not people enrolled in addiction treatment become employed... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467327 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455560&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001617%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: In reality, American cultural and political–economic contexts may encourage the use of amphetamine to meet a variety of social expectations and economic needs. However, many policy and prevention efforts surrounding amphetamine use disproportionately target methamphetamine users and women. Because policy and prevention efforts can be influenced as much by social values as by data, it is important to examine the many arenas in which social values are produced and disseminated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455560 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455563&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001046%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: There is local variation in the pattern of problems and in implementation of national policies. In UK after 1997, New Labour policy aimed to promote a fair and cost-effective distribution of resources and improved availability and quality of treatment services and local policing. Tensions appeared between the drive to meet national targets and local perceptions of need. Ideas of localism, promoting market solutions and flexibility in provision, are now gaining ground in English social policy with the arrival of a Coalition (Conservative/Liberal Democrat) Government. These, together with an emphasis on abstinence and recovery, raise questions about the future adequacy of (a) attention to marginalised problems and stigmatised groups and (b) the distribution of resources in a cont... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455563 Wed, 07 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455563 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455559&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001356%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Few studies have explored drug injectors’ accounts of their initiation of others into injecting. There also lacks research on the social relations of initiating injecting drug use in transitional society. We draw upon analyses of 42 audio-recorded semi-structured interviews with current and recent injecting drug users, conducted in 2009 in the Republic of Moldova, a transitional society of south-eastern Europe. A thematic analysis informed by narrative theory was undertaken, focusing on accounts of self-initiation and the initiation of others. We also reflect upon the potential of peer efforts to dissuade would-be injectors from initiating. Findings emphasise initiation into injecting as a symbolic identity transition, enabled through everyday social relations. In turn, our ana... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455559 Wed, 07 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455557&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001368%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: A sociological approach to exploring the complex relationship between drinking and contextual social factors amongst young Australian females is an unchartered area of enquiry. We contribute new theoretically supported insights to create a more complete picture of young females’ drinking behaviours. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455557 Wed, 24 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235877&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001307%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In this paper, I conduct a review of the economics literature examining the relationship between alcohol use and the macro economy comparing methods, measures and findings. Like illicit drug consumption, the relationship between alcohol use and economic conditions is not entirely straightforward since there are various theoretical explanations for why they might be positively or negatively related. Empirical findings suggest that the relationship between drinking and the economy depends on the type of user and whether use is examined in developing or developed countries. In developed countries, heavy drinkers consume less in a downturn, while light drinkers consume more. This pro-cyclical relationship found for heavy drinking does not hold for developed countries where disposable... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235877 Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235877 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467343&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001344%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Switzerland in the 1980s was an epicentre of HIV as open drug injection became part of the urban scene, especially in Zurich. Cracks appeared in Switzerland's long commitment to policing as the main drug-control strategy as law enforcement was unable to contain the health and social consequences of the rapid spread of drug injection. In the early stages of the epidemic, the pioneering health care providers who brought technically illegal harm reduction services into the open drug scene in Zurich helped open the exploration at the federal level of more balanced drug policy. Carefully evaluated pilot experiences in low-threshold methadone, needle exchange, and eventually heroin-assisted therapy yielded evidence of significant HIV prevention and crime reduction that was convincing n... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467343 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467334&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001228%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes By calling for a “harm-reduction” approach to supply-side counternarcotics measures, make an important contribution to drug policy. In a sense, they call for a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis to supply-side counternarcotics measures, with costs and benefits broadly defined. Positively, costs in their definition include not only the negative effects of a policy, but also the resources needed to carry out the policy. By advocating a careful specification of baselines and suggesting a way to integrate the different costs and benefits, they propose a systematic policy evaluation framework that, if adopted by policymakers, would provide a much sounder basis for policy decisions as well as clearly improve the supply-side measures. Indeed, such a careful and comprehensive cost-benefit ana... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467334 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467333&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001216%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In their article put to rigorous scrutiny the highly relevant question of whether the harm reduction concept could be usefully applied to supply-oriented policies. The question itself is not new. In the development field the idea has been tentatively played with for quite a while now with regard to policies around the cultivation of drug-linked crops in poverty and conflict-stricken environments (see for example ). Those earlier attempts came perhaps too early to gain wider acceptance at times when the ideological fight about the concept of harm reduction even for the consumption side was still raging on at the UN level. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467333 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467332&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001265%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes I am an unabashed fan of paper and the general idea of grounding law enforcement prioritization in a broader framework than use reduction. Fulsome praise makes for boring commentary, so I will challenge them on terms and vision. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467332 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467331&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001253%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes At the International Harm Reduction Association's 21st international conference in Liverpool in 2010 I organised (with the Transnational Institute and the Institute for Policy Studies) a major session entitled “Harm reduction for producer nations? Farmers’ perspectives on the war on drugs”. In the run up to the conference and as the discussions unfolded I struggled with the question posed in the title. Can harm reduction be applied to supply side issues? Is it a useful paradigm for this? Does this discussion in fact expose the limits of harm reduction? Reading , which sets out their vision of the application of harm reduction to supply-oriented policy, has helped me to clarify my thinking. It can, in a nutshell, be summed up in four broad statements. Each, of course, open to debate. ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467331 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467330&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100123X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes looks at the utility of the concept of harm reduction when applied to drug law enforcement and supply reduction activities. Attention to this issue is very welcome, as it expands consideration of the concept of harm reduction beyond its traditional focus on public health issues. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467330 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467329&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001241%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Going forward… The argument put forth by has the same “intuitive and perhaps innate appeal” that the authors suggest “harm reduction” has in drug consumption policies and public health. The authors suggest a bold leap in adapting the philosophy and goals of harm reduction, which have thus far mostly pertained to drug consumption, and apply them to drug supply-oriented policies. In this they are making a shift from policies and activities which aim to decrease drug related harms to individuals to understanding those which may decrease harms to macro systems including nations and regions, particularly those involved in the growing and manufacture of drugs. The premise this is built upon is that current drug supply control policies are ineffective, at times enabling political unres... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467329 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235882&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000636%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Our empirical results confirm that the creation of job prospects adds significantly to the willingness of unemployed drug users to enter treatment. This lends support to the idea that drug treatment should be embedded in programmes to improve the job prospects of drug users. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235882 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235876&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001320%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The publication of this special focus issue represents a unique opportunity to discuss the impact of what has been called the “Great Recession” of 2008–2009 on drug use. There are few studies on how drug use is influenced by the main macro-economic variables, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and unemployment. This collection of articles from different parts of the world studying a variety of drugs, aims to trigger debate and shed some light on future developments. Though the number of articles selected is relatively small, each of them adds an element to an understanding of the problem. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235876 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235876 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455556&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001022%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Through a consideration of quantitative and qualitative data obtained from young women aged 18–28 in the later years of the North West England Longitudinal Study, this paper explores how women's drug careers develop, progressing the authors’ normalisation thesis of ‘recreational’ drug use from adolescence into adulthood. Longitudinal studies are here compared with repeated cross-sectional surveys more usually favoured and funded by governments. The authors argue that firstly, in relation to methodology, longitudinal studies provide a unique opportunity to elucidate how drug careers develop across the life course and to chart the various impacts of life events and transitions on these careers and vice versa. Secondly, through this exploration of gender differences in drug ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455556 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235886&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000624%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Our study suggests that alcohol injecting is more of a rare event than a so far undiscovered research and prevention priority. Still, providers of harm reduction services should be aware that alcohol injecting happens, albeit rarely, especially amongst socially marginalised IDUs, who should be counselled about the risks of and discouraged from alcohol injecting. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235886 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235886 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467339&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001010%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Background: In many countries, including New Zealand, alcohol availability and promotion have increased markedly in the last three decades as a result of liberalised central and/or state government alcohol policies. Accordingly, communities are increasingly relying on local government to manage alcohol-related problems. New Zealand's states the purpose of local government as facilitating public decision-making and promoting community well-being. We sought to describe public sentiment towards alcohol and local government alcohol policies.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2007 with a sample of 2337 residents aged 18 years and over in a diverse set of New Zealand communities. Data were collected via a self-administered pen-and-paper questionnaire.Results: There were... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467339 Mon, 11 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235885&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000934%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Conceptualizing addictions as a health and social justice issue, and providing appropriate interventions, may reduce some of the harms experienced by users and family members thus encouraging sustained relationships and greater integration of harm reduction approaches into the relationship. Targeted education to family members about harm reduction may also further encourage their involvement in such efforts. Likewise, supporting family members who are already providing harm reduction supports will likely assist in the scaling-up of harm reduction efforts. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235885 Mon, 11 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455555&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911001034%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The goal of seeking to understand the development over time of drug policies is a specific version of the more general intellectual project of finding ways of explaining social change. The latter has been a preoccupation of some of the greatest thinkers within the social sciences of the last 200 years, from Foucault all the way back to the three nineteenth-century pioneers, Marx, Durkheim and Weber. I describe this body of work as ‘historical sociology’. In this paper, I outline how a particular approach to historical sociology can be fruitfully drawn upon to understand the development of drug policy, using by way of illustration the example of the analysis of a recent transformation in British drug policy: the rise of the criminal justice agenda. I conclude by arguing that b... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455555 Thu, 07 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5455555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467336&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000922%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Drug-users in Scotland are exposed to variously increased mortality risks. HCV-diagnosed individuals are particularly vulnerable, and may need additional support. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467336 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467341&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000995%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: SimAmph provides a useful tool for integrating diverse data and exploring drug policy scenarios. Its integrated approach goes some way towards overcoming the compartmentalisation that characterises existing data, and its structure, parameters and values can be modified as new data and understandings emerge. In a companion paper (), we use the model outlined here to explore the possible consequences of two policy scenarios. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467341 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467337&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000971%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: More LTF attendees were in the MT group, bringing to light an underappreciated LTF clientele with specific needs. The MT group consumption profile may reflect therapeutic failure or deficits in treatment quality and it is necessary to acknowledge this and to strengthen the awareness of LTF personnel about potential needs of MT attendees to meet their therapeutic goals. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467337 Mon, 27 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467337 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028021&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000673%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: So far, in Bhutan, cigarette neo-prohibitionist arguments that stringent anti-tobacco tax and regulatory approaches including a sales prohibition will induce tobacco consumption to cease or nearly cease has not occurred. In addition, the best scientific evidence indicates that a harm reduction-oriented nicotine replacement therapy approach will not be entirely effective. The results of this study provide an important lesson learned for health practitioners and advocates considering or advocating, albeit a gradual, but total cigarette ban as public policy. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028021 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028019&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000661%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: SCUK distribution in Victoria appears to result in a variety of individual and community health benefits. These benefits could be solidified by addressing current programme limitations, including better resourcing, expanding geographic distributions and eliminating police interference. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028019 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028018&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000892%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Media reporting on illicit drugs is heavily distorted towards crime and deviance framings, but may be less overtly sensationalised, biased and narrowly framed than previously suggested. This is not to suggest there is no sensationalism or imbalance, but this appears more associated with particular drug types and episodes of heightened public concern. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028018 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028013&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000685%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: We observed high rates of HCV and HIV infection amongst IDUs in Mauritius. The scale up of targeted HCV and HIV prevention, care and treatment services for IDUs should be a high priority. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028013 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467344&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000958%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: This figure was lower than for previous less robust estimates, but still represents a substantial level of unmet need. Greater effort needs to be made to close this treatment gap. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467344 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028012&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000648%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: When the law came into force (2006), its restriction on smoking in public and work places made many smokers decide to give up smoking, decreasing the number of smokers and increasing the number of ex-smokers. In 2009, the majority of those who succeeded in giving up smoking did not return to the habit. However, the smoke-free law had no effect on new smokers and the number of smokers returned to previous levels, whereas the number of non-smokers decreased. Therefore, we can conclude that the law had a very positive effect in the first few years but this has dissipated over time, with the exception of ex-smokers, whose number is still higher than before the law. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028012 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467338&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100096X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Prescription opioid misuse was a key feature of trajectories into injection drug use and/or heroin use amongst this sample of young IDUs. A new pattern of drug use may be emerging whereby IDUs initiate prescription opioid misuse before using heroin. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467338 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467338 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467328&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000612%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Critics of the international drug-control regime contend that supply-oriented policy interventions are not just ineffective, but, in focusing almost exclusively on supply reduction, they also produce unintended adverse consequences. Evidence from the world heroin market supports their claims. The balance of the effects of policy is yet unknown, but the prospect of adverse consequences underlies a central paradox of contemporary supply-oriented policy. In this paper, we evaluate whether harm reduction, a subject of intense debate in the demand-oriented drug-policy community, can provide a unifying foundation for supply-oriented drug policy and speak more directly to policy goals. Our analysis rests on an extensive review of the literature on harm reduction and draws insight from o... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467328 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028014&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100065X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Individual drug use, drug use in social networks and recent incarceration were predictors of incident and recurrent involvement in the drug economy. These results suggest that interrupting drug use and/or minimizing the influence of drug-using networks may help prevent further involvement in the drug economy. The emergence of recent incarceration as a predictor for both models highlights the need for more appropriate drug rehabilitation programmes and demonstrates that continued criminalization of drug users may fuel Thailand's yaba epidemic. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028014 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235884&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000946%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Engagement in disorderly street-based income generation activities was associated with high intensity stimulant drug use and various markers of risk. We found that a high proportion of illicit drug users were willing to cease engagement in these activities if they had options for causal low-threshold employment. These findings indicate that there is a high demand for low-threshold employment that may offer important opportunities to reduce drug-related street disorder and associated harms. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235884 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5467340&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000909%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Mixed methods research is increasingly being promoted in the health sciences as a way to gain more comprehensive understandings of how social processes and individual behaviours shape human health. Mixed methods research most commonly combines qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis strategies. Often, integrating findings from multiple methods is assumed to confirm or validate the findings from one method with the findings from another, seeking convergence or agreement between methods. Cases in which findings from different methods are congruous are generally thought of as ideal, whilst conflicting findings may, at first glance, appear problematic. However, the latter situation provides the opportunity for a process through which apparently discordant results ar... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5467340 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5467340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028023&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000570%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In his book, Legalising Drugs: Debates and Dilemmas, Phillip Bean, who is an emeritus criminology professor and leading published authority in the field of drugs and crime, provides a unique overview of the drug legalization debate in the British context. As Bean explains, the rationale behind this book is partly based on suggestions by a reviewer on a similar chapter published by himself in another of his books. In meeting those criticisms, Bean noticed there was remarkable public silence in the area of drug legalization in the United Kingdom, which is mainly the purpose of this book—to identify this gap and stimulate debate in this area. Theoretically driven yet empirically complemented, Bean's book aims to “examine some of the proposals surrounding the “legalisation debate,”” ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028023 Wed, 08 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028020&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000594%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The authors explore possible strategies, including targeted trainings and new partnerships with local hospitals, to further reduce opiate overdose mortality in this resource-poor setting. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028020 Wed, 08 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028011&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000582%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In a 2010 Lancet paper Nutt et al. propose a model for evaluating and ranking drug harms, building on earlier work by incorporating multi criteria decision analysis. It is argued that problems arise in modelling drug harms using rankable single figure indices when determinants of harm reflect pharmacology translated through a complex prism of social and behavioural variables, in turn influenced by a range of policy environments. The delphic methodolgy used is highly vulnerable to subjective judgements and even the more robust measures, such as drug related death and dependence, can be understood as socially constructed. The failure of the model to dissaggregate drug use harms from those related to the policy environment is also highlighted. Beyond these methodological challenges ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028011 Tue, 07 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883503&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000533%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Although 2006 estimates overlap 1996 estimates, the results suggest a shift to improved syringe availability and coverage over time. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883503 Thu, 19 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235879&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100051X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Australia's recent economic slowdown has been characterised by rising unemployment rates without accompanying falls in income per capita. Based on our findings this slowdown should have encouraged young Australians aged 14–24 years to both drink and use cannabis more frequently. The slowdown would have had little impact on the frequency of drinking of older Australians. However it should have discouraged older Australians from using cannabis, and encouraged people in their late 30s and 40s to use less frequently, whilst encouraging those aged 25–34 years to use more frequently. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235879 Thu, 19 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235880&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000569%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: As the price and the income effect may pull in opposite directions, the full effect on drug use is difficult to predict. Still, it seems likely that an economic downturn of the current magnitude could increase the use of drugs. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235880 Tue, 10 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028015&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000521%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: RDS provided valuable information on injecting networks in Sydney. PWID were shown to be socially connected with a large number of other injectors, and affiliations were formed without regard to demographic or drug use characteristics. Linking information from the recruits with that of their recruiter was a useful way of organizing information to gain a more complete understanding of risk behaviour. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028015 Sun, 08 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883498&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000557%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Policy options for dealing with alcohol and drug dependence are hotly contested and usually involve ideological, existential and financial considerations. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the discourses surrounding abstinence and harm reduction. The original research by , described in this journal issue by , fuelled the fires of debate without contributing new information. Worse still, were the subsequent press statements from those vested in promoting an abstinence-only agenda and willing to make throwaway statements around harm reduction (). Thankfully, Neale and colleagues have constructively addressed some of the pitfalls of the DORIS study through the use of qualitative methods to further unpack the question of what do people seek when they enter treatment (). (Source: Internation... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883498 Sun, 08 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883497&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000545%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In their paper “What is the role of harm reduction when drug users say they want abstinence?” have raised one of the key questions that the field of addictions treatment needs now to grapple with. As Neale and her co-authors have pointed out, there is a growing movement within the U.K. in which emphasis is being given to the importance of ensuring that drug treatment services are working towards drug users becoming drug free. That newfound commitment to abstinence is evident in the “Road to Recovery” drug misuse strategy for Scotland (); in the current business plan for the National Treatment Agency (); and in the current UK drug strategy (). As a result of the attention that drug services are being encouraged to give to abstinence there are understandable concerns that the achieve... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883497 Sun, 08 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883502&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000491%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Introduction: Nearly 20% of the estimated 84,000 injecting drug users in Pakistan are HIV infected. Non-governmental organisations have implemented HIV interventions for IDUs in 7 cities in Pakistan. Here we report on the performance, coverage and costs of these interventions.Methods: National HIV bio-behavioural surveillance data were used to measure effectiveness of interventions by comparing HIV prevalence and behavioural trends in intervention and non-intervention cities. Coverage was measured by comparing the supply of syringes with the total syringe need and intervention cost per IDU served per year was calculated.Results: The NGOs registered 20,640 IDUs (original targets: (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883502 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235881&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100048X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: In times of economic recession, harm reduction policy has to be reinforced as injection behaviour can increase. As a result, economic and social policies should be an integral consideration for health policy issues. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235881 Fri, 22 Apr 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883504&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000235%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: There exists a sound, rational, extra-legal basis for the discussion of drug policy and related harms which enables commensurable discussion of drug policy options. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883504 Tue, 12 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235878&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000272%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The current economic crisis will likely increase both youth drug selling and drug use relative to what they would have otherwise been. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235878 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028016&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000260%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Despite the UK ‘Spice’ classification, classified synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists continue to be supplied over the Internet to UK users. Furthermore, new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists not covered by the legislation are appearing. Consideration needs to be given to reviewing the UK legislation so that suppliers cannot circumvent it by supplying legal alternatives to the classified synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028016 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883499&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000284%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Whilst the extant empirical research posits a negative attitude towards illegal performance enhancement combined with a positive inclination towards doping prevention, it also exposes a limited knowledge of anti-doping rules and regulations. Insufficient education, leading to a lack of awareness and understanding, could render this professional group at risk of doping offences considering Article 2.8 of the World Anti-Doping Agency Code (WADC). Moreover, in light of the incongruence between professional medical codes and WADC Article 2.8, medical professionals may face doping dilemmas and therefore further discourse is required. At present, the current evidence-base makes it difficult to plan developmentally appropriate education to span the exposure spectrum. Addressing this s... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883499 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883494&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000296%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Mathematical modelling analyses of drug injection-related HIV risk reduction interventions can provide policy makers, researchers, and others with important information that would be difficult to obtain through other means. The validity of the results of mathematical modelling analyses that rely on secondary data sources critically depends on the model(s) employed in the analyses and the parameter values used to populate the models. A recent article in the International Journal of Drug Policy by Andresen and Boyd (2010: 70–76) utilised four different mathematical models of injection-related HIV transmission to estimate the number of HIV infections prevented by Vancouver Canada's Insite supervised injection facility (SIF). The present article reviews and critiques the mathematic... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883494 Tue, 29 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028017&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000211%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Our study shows that although the opium poppy cultivation in North Myanmar has reduced over recent years, it remains a major producer of opium and to which the international community needs to pay attention, especially in those areas controlled by local armed forces. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028017 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5028017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658327&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001374%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that there is a high prevalence of human rights abuses among IDUs in Delhi. Given the alarming rate of suicidal ideation and its close relationship with human rights abuses it is essential that IDU interventions are executed within a rights-based framework. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658327 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4658327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235883&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000259%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Drug demand responds slowly to exogenous shocks because it is dominated by dependent users whose behaviours are slow to change. Hence, although the cumulative effect of the global recession may be large, it is not likely to produce an abrupt step-change in indicators driven by dependent use or total consumption. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235883 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5235883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658317&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000223%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Violence is amongst the primary concerns of communities around the world and research has demonstrated links between violence and the illicit drug trade, particularly in urban settings. Given the growing emphasis on evidence-based policy-making, and the ongoing severe drug market violence in Mexico and other settings, we conducted a systematic review to examine the impacts of drug law enforcement on drug market violence. We conducted a systematic review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Specifically, we undertook a search of English language electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, Social Service Abstracts, PAIS International and Lexis-Nexis), the I... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658317 Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883501&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000247%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: In Amsterdam, still-injecting DU who are exposed to systematic and integrated care, although not practising complete harm reduction, can be just as adherent to HAART as DU who make use of complete harm reduction and non-injecting DU with no dependence on harm reduction. These findings suggest the importance of a systematic and comprehensive support system including supervised housing and social and medical support to increase HAART adherence rates amongst all HIV-infected DU. When such programmes are introduced in settings where injecting drug use is highly prevalent, access to HAART for drug users in these settings can and should be increased. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883501 Thu, 10 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4883501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883505&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100017X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Employment of a community collaborative model combined with political leadership could move the policy debate about implementation of a SIF in San Francisco forward. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883505 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4883505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883500&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000193%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: ATS use was highly functional for young women engaged in sex work, facilitating a sense of power and agency and highlighting the occupational significance and normalization of ATS in this setting. This highly gendered dynamic supports the limited but emerging literature on women's use of ATS, which to date has been heavily focused on men. Results indicate an urgent need to increase awareness of the risks associated with ATS use, to provide women with sustainable alternatives for income generation, to better regulate the conditions of sex work, and to work with FSWs and their clients to develop and promote culturally appropriate harm reduction interventions. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883500 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4883500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5028022&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395911000181%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Given their central role in the needle-syringe exchange programme, the NGOs are well positioned to convince injecting drug users to opt for voluntary medical treatment. This can potentially reduce both the harm from drug use and the prevalence of it. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5028022 Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 5028022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883495&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001714%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: There have been debates amongst harm reduction practitioners regarding the relationship of universal human rights vis-à-vis public health demands. The ideological debates around these two slippery concepts often obfuscate the important theme of citizenship. The author, therefore, argues for the perspective of citizenship as an alternative to comprehend harm reduction practises more thoroughly. An introduction of the concept of citizenship is followed by a case example of Taiwan's harm reduction policy-making, wherein injection drug users were subjected to various disciplinary actions and made into citizen addicts. It is hoped that more harm reduction researchers will have increased familiarity with the notion of citizenship as a useful tool to examine the power dynamics taking p... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883495 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4883495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658329&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001696%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Capsule distribution is a promising harm reduction approach for injectors of methamphetamine or other stimulants; nonetheless its benefits and limitations should be further analysed in an in-depth longitudinal study. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658329 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658326&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000160X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Even though there are suggestions and theories on how to reduce unrecorded alcohol consumption, there is currently no clear evidence base on the effectiveness or cost effectiveness of available policy options. In addition, the differences in consumption levels, types of unrecorded alcohol, culture and tradition point to different measures in different parts of the world. Thus, the recommendation of a framework for moving forward in decision making currently seems premature. Instead, there is a need for systematic research. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658326 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658321&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001581%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The findings are discussed in the context of what appears to be a rapidly changing mephedrone market. We discuss the possible implications of criminalising mephedrone, including the potential displacement effects and the development of an illicit market. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658321 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658320&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001593%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the implementation of proven effective population-based interventions can reduce alcohol-attributable criminal burden and its costs to the Canadian society to a considerable degree. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658320 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658318&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001702%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: With increasing controls of BZP-party pills, and with the increasing numbers of ‘legal highs’ and new designer drugs on the market, we conclude that new legal alternatives will continue to surface to replace the drug in the future. Considering a harm reduction approach to drug taking, it is suggested that policy makers consider the creation of a legal holding category which restricts and regulates the market in legal highs whilst the social and health harms associated with each drug can be thoroughly investigated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658318 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4658318 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405693&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001428%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes IHRA's 21st international conference was held in harm reduction's ‘spiritual home’ Liverpool, England, from the 25 to 29th of April 2010. The first International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm was held in Liverpool in 1990, during a pioneering and formative era of harm reduction (). Whilst the Icelandic volcano threatened to overshadow events, the conference was attended by over 1100 delegates, from over 80 countries, no small achievement considering the significant impact of international flight cancellations. The five-day conference included keynote speakers, global plenary sessions, major and concurrent sessions, poster presentations, as well as the 7th Drugs and Harm Reduction Film Festival, which aired 33 films. This year the festival included a community stream,... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405693 Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4405693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405681&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591100003X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405681 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4405681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658325&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000143X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Whilst HIV prevalence is low, HCV prevalence and high risk behaviours were common in these populations. Regional variations should be considered in programming to prevent transmission of HIV and viral hepatitis amongst IDUs in Afghanistan. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658325 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658328&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001416%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Our data indicates that the inhalation of buprenorphine has occurred in a significant minority of Australian OST clients. The motivations, contexts and potential health consequences of buprenorphine use by these atypical routes of administration, particularly in a correctional setting, warrant further exploration. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658328 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658324&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001404%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: We describe a method for rapidly assessing, describing, and responding to unmet and under-met need among injecting drug users. The method is particularly well-suited to organizations with extremely limited resources. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658324 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658319&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001441%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The limited, and sometimes contradictory, evidence published in the worldwide literature highlights the need for more longitudinal studies of IDUs to fully understand the dynamics of the disease in this population. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658319 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658322&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001362%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: This profile of drug users is informative and valuable for drug prevention, intervention, and treatment in the Chinese setting because knowing and understanding the drug population is essential for effective control. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658322 Thu, 25 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883496&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001337%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Quantitative survey data indicate that most drug users starting treatment want abstinence rather than harm reduction (). This finding has been seized upon by those seeking ‘evidence’ that abstinence is the bedrock of recovery and harm reduction is a negative and oppositional philosophy. However, all research involves questions of meaning, definition and value and an alternative research paradigm and different study design can provide important additional insights into treatment aspirations, including the desire for abstinence. Qualitative interviews conducted with 30 recovering heroin users (15 males and 15 females) in Southern England in 2009 confirm that those starting treatment often report a desire for abstinence. Nonetheless, drug users are frequently uncertain about the... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883496 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4883496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658330&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001283%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A recent conference sponsored by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) in collaboration with the Heffter Research Institute, the Beckley Foundation and the Council on Spiritual Practices held from April 15th to 18th 2010, in San José, USA () united 90 presenters and 1100 participants with the goal of giving visibility to studies on the therapeutic potentials of psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA, ibogaine, ayahuasca, etc.) in the treatment of often intractable ailments such as anxiety in terminal cancer patients, cluster headaches, obsessive–compulsive disorders, drug addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorders, as well as the role of these substances in human enhancement and well-being in general. MAPS was chartered in 1986, with the mission to develop cannabi... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658330 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4658323&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001386%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: IDUs are not atypical or marginal to the Russian economy and society. However, their drug-dependency and related life-style make them particularly vulnerable to the impact of poverty, violence and social insecurity. A failure to effectively control the dual IDU/HIV epidemic can have a significant negative impact on the Russian labour force, health and social costs and overall economy. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4658323 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4658323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405691&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001325%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Substantial costs are associated with the treatment of HCV-related disease among Canadian IDUs. Given the lack of effective HCV prevention strategies in Canada, we must develop targeted evidence-based responses to prevent HCV transmission and ensure appropriate allocation of medical resources to meet the present and future treatment needs of HCV-infected IDUs. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405691 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190066&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001398%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In 2005, the journal Addiction, one of the highest-ranking addiction journals, published a review of qualitative methods in addictions research (). This review noted that Addiction had published only three qualitative research papers in the previous year; around 2% of the research papers it had published in 2004. Accepting that “such marginality prompts uncomfortable questions”, the authors posed the possibility that some addiction journals might “directly or indirectly militate against the publication of qualitative research” (p. 1584). To begin to remedy this situation, the authors emphasised two challenges. First, they argued that qualitative researchers “should have confidence in the scientific rigor and value of their methods” and thus, should “not hesitate in writing up... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190066 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190066 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405683&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001349%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Background: Opioid overdose has a high mortality, but is often reversible with appropriate overdose management and naloxone (opioid antagonist). Training in these skills has been successfully trialled internationally with opioid users themselves. Healthcare professionals working in substance misuse are in a prime position to deliver overdose prevention training to drug users and may themselves witness opioid overdoses. The best method of training dissemination has not been identified. The study assessed post-training change in clinician knowledge for managing an opioid overdose and administering naloxone, evaluated the ‘cascade method’ for disseminating training, and identified barriers to implementation.Methods: A repeated-measures design evaluated knowledge pre-and-post tra... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405683 Tue, 02 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190068&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001350%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: This study provides further evidence of the gap between drug policies and practice. It may be possible to increase the priority given to comprehensive drugs education and supportive drugs policies by modifying the incentive structures that schools work within. New targeted responses are unlikely to be effective at reducing drug-related harm at a population level because of the small number of students reached, and can be stigmatising. Further research is needed to explore schools’ focus on surveillance and targeted control rather than universal education, and to examine interventions that might ensure schools implement adequate drugs education. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190068 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190068 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190065&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001465%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190065 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405687&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001313%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: While OSAT facilities are poised to be primary intervention points for diagnosis and treatment of STIs, only a segment of these facilities provide this preventive practice or manage to refer clients out. As such, U.S. health care policy should ensure the adoption and comprehensive utilization, particularly among high risk clients, of this cost-effective prevention strategy in OSAT admission protocols. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405687 Fri, 22 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405692&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001258%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: While some patients may require lifetime maintenance, the issue of coming off treatment is important to many patients and should be discussed regularly throughout treatment and where appropriate supported by a menu of clinical options. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405692 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405689&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001301%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: We discuss our findings in relation to prior research and to critical theory. We suggest that drug users’ awareness of possible harm, and their personal investment in harm reduction, constitute a viable platform from which community-based and public health organisations may promote and strengthen harm reduction among gay and bisexual men from ethno-racially diverse backgrounds. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405689 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405688&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001295%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Alcohol use is common prior to sexual intercourse among FSWs and their clients in Senggigi, and the venue where FSWs meet their clients influences the women's alcohol use. Freelancers were likelier to use alcohol than those who work at brothels and recreational enterprises. Given the recognized links between alcohol use prior to sex and high risk behaviour, HIV prevention programmes that discourage alcohol use should be introduced to both women who engage in commercial sex and also sex-work venue managers, owners, and clients. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405688 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190078&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001271%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Pharmacy-based harm reduction interventions in Portugal have tended to follow strict policies favouring conservative approaches. Training and feedback adaptation seem indispensable to avoid service discontinuation and boost an activity with an essential humanitarian dimension. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190078 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190070&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000126X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Registration predicted increased condom use amongst FSWs enrolled in a behavioural intervention. Public health programmes designed to improve condom use amongst FSWs may benefit from understanding the impact of existing regulation systems on HIV risk behaviours. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190070 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190067&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001027%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The paper analyses the relationships between identity, consumption and citizenship by arguing that people's ability to imagine collectivist, spiritual or interconnected social worlds has been contained within neo-liberalism rhetoric. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190067 Wed, 01 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190067 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405684&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000988%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The proportion of heroin users with opioid overdose risk reduction behaviours is very low. Additional specific measures to prevent overdose are needed, as well as increased emphasis on reducing the risk of overdose in programmes to prevent HIV and other blood-borne infections in heroin injectors. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405684 Mon, 30 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405685&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001003%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Background: Female injecting drug users who are sex workers (IDUFSWs) are at high risk of contracting HIV. They may bridge HIV transmissions from injecting drug users to clients of female sex workers.Methods: A total of 216 non-institutionalised IDUFSWs were recruited by snowball sampling methods. Anonymous face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data. Univariate, multivariate and hierarchical logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the associations between background characteristics, cognitive variables, psychological stress and syringe sharing behaviours among IDUFSWs.Results: Respectively 33.8% and 27.8% of the respondents injected drugs with others’ used syringes and gave used syringes to others for drug injection in the last month. These two syringe... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405685 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405682&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000099X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses relevant literature on group sex events—defined as events at which some people have sex with more than one partner—as risk environments, with a particular focus on group sex events where people who take drugs by non-injection routes of administration participate and where the event is not primarily LGBT-identified, at a “classic” crack house, nor in a brothel. It also briefly presents some findings from a small ethnography of such events. Group sex participation by people who take drugs by non-injection routes of administration seems to be widespread. It involves both behavioural and network risk for HIV and STI infection, including documented high-risk behaviour and sexual mixing of STI- and HIV-infected people with those who are uninfected. Indeed several H... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405682 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190069&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001015%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Our results point to the need for political, economic, and social investment in the drug treatment system before offenders are sentenced to treatment under the revised national drug law. Resources are needed to strengthen program quality and ensure accountability. The public health impact of the new legislation that attempts to bring drug treatment to the forefront of national drug policy should be systematically evaluated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190069 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895802&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910001040%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895802 Tue, 24 Aug 2010 09:57:54 +0100 3895802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190073&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000964%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: MSM-IDU, and MSM in general, in Unguja practice multiple high-risk behaviours that put them at risk for blood-borne and sexual transmission of HIV and HCV infection. Targeted interventions for MSM-IDU must account for the overlap of high-risk sexual and drug-using networks and integrate injection drug use and HIV services. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190073 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190073 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895809&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000976%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The reduction in overall drug consumption and expenditure in response to price increases in heroin and methamphetamine observed in this sample lend support to supply-side enforcement strategies that aim to increase retail drug price. Notably, this analysis highlights the importance of accounting for the nature of users’ drug dependence in estimating price responsiveness. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895809 Thu, 08 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683543&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000915%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683543 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 07:55:38 +0100 3683543 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895805&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000769%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In our 2005 study of injection drug users (IDUs) in two Mexico/US border cities, 7% reported paid plasma donation, mainly in the US where it remains legal. This practice was banned in Mexico in 1987. In a response to our paper (), it was suggested that most study participants donated plasma prior to the 1980s before increased safety standards were introduced. This is not the case: 90% did not begin injecting until the late 1980s and three paid donations occurred within the prior two years. A key question is how this occurred when inspection for injection stigmata is embedded in plasma centres’ Donor History Questionnaire, and what can be done to avoid this from being repeated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895805 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190072&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000757%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: BAP facility availability is a marker of neighbourhood disadvantage associated with HCV seropositivity. Longitudinal analyses accounting for behaviour risk factors and neighbourhood characteristics do not support a temporal association between BAP acquisition, BAP facility availability, and HCV infection among IDUs. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190072 Mon, 14 Jun 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190072 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895804&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000733%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes provide an analysis of intravenous drug users (IDUs) in two Mexico–US border towns, some of whom donated plasma in centers on the US side of the border. Their findings demonstrate that most of the IDUs attempting to donate did so prior to the 1980s. This is confirmed through their specifying manual plasmapheresis as the collection technology; this procedure has been superseded by automated plasmapheresis for over 20 years. Nevertheless, their finding that two IDUs donated in the period 2003–2005 is of concern, as by this time the safety paradigm which has ensured the safety of plasma therapies was in place. Lack of veracity in answering the Donor History Questionnaire (DHQ) used to select plasma and blood donors or the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) used by Volkow et al. is clearly p... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895804 Sun, 23 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683556&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000708%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The publisher regrets the name of the fourth author appeared incorrectly in this article. The author name now appears correctly above. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683556 Wed, 19 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3683556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190074&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000745%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Our experience in Iran indicates that IDUs can be recruited effectively in a bio-behavioural survey through peer-driven sampling and using only a single primary incentive. The high prevalence of HCV associated with injecting Temgesic is important evidence for harm-reduction policies in Iran. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190074 Wed, 19 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405690&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000071X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: IDUs diagnosed with HCV infection have an increased risk of subsequent hospital admission for an alcohol-related cause. Because of the synergistic effect of HCV infection and excessive alcohol intake on the development of cirrhosis, it is imperative that alcohol intake is addressed in the management of chronic HCV infection in this population. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405690 Tue, 18 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190071&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000721%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Findings indicate that women are at greater risk than men of HCV infection during the early years of injection through higher rates of receptive sharing of needles and syringes and/or ancillary equipment. Our results suggest that women who are new to injecting, and Indigenous women in particular, should be identified as priority populations when developing and implementing harm reduction strategies that target people who inject illicit drugs. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190071 Mon, 17 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190071 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190077&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000691%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: These preliminary data reveal meaningful improvements in respiratory function, suggesting that a randomized clinical trial of the cannabis vaporizer is warranted. The vaporizer has potential for the administration of medical cannabis and as a harm reduction technique. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190077 Fri, 07 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190077 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405686&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000617%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that NSPs will implement empirically based best practice recommendations and welcome such guidance. The managers we surveyed not only reported increased implementation of practices that have been empirically shown to help reduce disease transmission among injection drug users (IDUs), they also used the best practices document for additional purposes, such as planning and advocacy, and expressed interest in having sets of recommendations developed for other areas of harm reduction. Ensuring high-quality and consistent NSP services is essential to prevent transmission of HIV among people who inject drugs and others in the community. Best practice recommendations can assist in achieving these goals. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405686 Fri, 23 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4405686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190076&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000605%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: IDUs who drank alcohol or who could not obtain new needles when needed were more likely to share injection equipment. Our results suggest that reducing alcohol use and increasing the availability of new needles and syringes might improve safer injection practices among male IDUs in Kathmandu, Nepal. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190076 Fri, 23 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895815&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000629%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Experiences in Iran suggest that access to MMT would be helpful for reducing illicit drug injection in a prison setting and can be considered as a major intervention for preventing the transmission of blood-borne infections among prisoners. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895815 Wed, 21 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4190075&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000599%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Practitioners in these settings accept and support some threshold of imposed service conditions as useful in treatment and service planning. When outpatient services are terminated clinically appropriate services are offered instead. Concerns for service accessibility should focus on the availability of medically intensive services. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4190075 Thu, 15 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4190075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683544&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000575%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Cannabis is the world's most commonly used illicit drug (), and a debate over competing policy approaches to govern its use has been at the forefront of the greater discourse concerning the effectiveness of current drug policies. Indeed, the importance of the cannabis question is evident from the many organisations dedicated to research, lobbying, public education and social marketing on both sides of the argument, including Partnership for a Drug-Free America, Drug-Free America Foundation, the NORML Foundation, the Drug Policy Alliance, and many other advocates and lobbyists (). (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683544 Thu, 08 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3683544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895811&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000587%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The composition of street cocaine is largely unknown to users. Users’ perceptions of cocaine quality are based partly on false beliefs and certain administration modes. This may contribute to favouring very risky practices. The effects of adulterants on users’ health should be investigated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895811 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895814&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000563%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The VANDU Alley Patrol SEP succeeded in reaching a group of IDU at heightened risk for adverse health outcomes. Importantly, access to this service was associated with lower levels of needle reuse. This form of peer-based SEP may extend the reach of HIV prevention programmes by contacting IDU traditionally underserved by conventional syringe exchange programmes. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895814 Thu, 01 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895810&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000484%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Our ethnographic research suggests that the dominant Australian approaches to the study of illicit drug markets, with their reliance on the elementary neoclassical economic market model, ignore the social processes and social relations through which such sites are made and remade. Nor do they adequately capture the complex character of the subjects who act within these sites. If we are to expand our understanding of illicit drug markets and marketplaces in Australia, we must look beyond the conceptions offered by surveillance and criminological approaches. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895810 Tue, 30 Mar 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3415949&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000435%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3415949 Mon, 29 Mar 2010 16:16:13 +0100 3415949 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895818&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000496%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: These results suggest the efficacy of the PD-GMI intervention for reducing alcohol consumption and adverse consequences among Thai male students. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895818 Sun, 28 Mar 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895813&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000460%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: There are many factors that influence the generation of policy and it is unrealistic, and perhaps disingenuous, to suggest in relation to drugs policy, that evidence is its primary focus. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895813 Sun, 28 Mar 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3895813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895819&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000174%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Re-directing opposition from SEPs to constructive ways of addressing fundamental causes of drug markets is recommended. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895819 Tue, 16 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895803&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000150%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The introduction of needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) during the 1980s is credited with averting an HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom and Australia, but hepatitis C (HCV) incidence continues to rise among injecting drug users (IDUs). NSPs incorporating additional harm reduction strategies have been highlighted as an approach that may impact on HCV incidence. This systematic review sought to determine which approaches to the organisation and delivery of NSPs are effective. Fifteen databases were searched for studies published since 1990. Two reviewers screened all titles and abstracts, and data extraction and quality assessment of individual studies were undertaken independently by one reviewer and checked for accuracy by a second. Sixteen studies met the criteria for inclusio... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895803 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358910&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000253%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358910 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358892&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000241%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358892 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895812&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000149%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The Tajik government agreed to introduce OST in order not to jeopardize its future funding from GFATM. If the interests of the OST-affected groups are ignored, there is a high chance that OST in Tajikistan may remain a perpetual pilot project even despite all the necessary resources would come from GFATM and other donors. Putting “narcology on pilot” may prove helpful in both tackling the OST “perpetual pilots” and shifting the focus of public attention towards major inadequacies of the existing state-funded drug treatment systems in the region. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895812 Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895817&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000137%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Current focus on drug related deaths detracts attention from other causes; in particular, the types of death which disproportionately affect older drug users. Ongoing debates about reintegration into society and employment presuppose that drug users are of working age and are healthy enough to work. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895817 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895808&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000113%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Quality of life (QoL) has become an important outcome indicator in health care evaluation. A clear distinction has to be made between QoL – focussing on individuals’ subjective satisfaction with life as a whole and different life domains – and health-related QoL (HRQoL), which refers to the absence of pathology. As opiate dependence is the primary drug of most persons entering treatment and as the attention for QoL in addiction research is growing, this review of the literature intends to summarise and differentiate the available information on QoL in opiate-dependent individuals. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, including database searches in Web of Science, Pubmed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were eligible for review if they assess... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895808 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683546&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000101%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The shift to (inter)regional production, trade and domestic cultivation has become an irreversible international trend. Until now, the focus of most empirical work has been on large-scale, commercially oriented and professionally organized segments of the cannabis industry, often based on police data and on the perspective of law enforcement agencies.This paper offers a review of recent Dutch-language research that focuses on cannabis cultivation. Empirical studies were identified through literature searches using relevant search terms and Web of Science, Elin, Social Science Research Network and Elsevier ScienceDirect.The paper presents the main findings of Dutch and Belgian empirical work on the factors that stimulated the import substitution process on the cannabis market, asp... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683546 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3683546 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358902&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000071%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Afghanistan has suffered decades of war, occupation and unrest. It is also the world's greatest producer of opium and drug production and trafficking account for a third of the total Afghan economy. Currently alongside the “War on Terrorism”, the control and eradication of opium production and related trafficking is a main concern of the international community. However, this focus on supply reduction has meant scant attention has been paid to increasing drug use problems within the country; it is estimated there are up to 25,000 opium users and 20,000 heroin users in Kabul city. Drug use is often a response to war, poverty and under-development, however, street opium and heroin manufactured in the country are widely available, affordable and of high purity. This paper docume... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358902 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358897&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000034%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Injecting drug use is a major driver of the HIV epidemic globally. Whilst robust evidence points to the effectiveness of harm reduction programmes to halt and reverse injecting drug use driven epidemics, uptake of these programmes in developing and transitional countries has been slow. In part, this slow uptake stems from inadequate financial resources for harm reduction; legal, socio-cultural and medical barriers leading to stigmatisation; and weak health systems unequipped to manage marginalized groups.The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, established in 2002, has become the major multilateral source of external funding for harm reduction programmes in countries experiencing concentrated HIV epidemics driven by injecting drug use. Between 2004 to end of 2008,... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358897 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358893&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000162%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This special focus issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy coincides with IHRA's 21st International Conference in Liverpool held from 25–29 April 2010. Twenty-one years ago, in 1990, the first ever International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm was held in Liverpool and attracted 420 people. That first conference was the culmination of a concerted strategy in Liverpool to promote and develop harm reduction as a first line public health response to drug use (), and the links between people in Liverpool and others around the world who were starting to introduce harm reduction projects and policies. The conferences now attract between 1200 and 1500 people from over 80 countries. They have become the key forum for the dissemination of harm reduction ideas and practi... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358893 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358904&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000125%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Multiple factors are implicated in the diffusion of injecting drug use (IDU), including individual and demographic characteristics, drug markets, economics, social networks and political and cultural environments. However, studies show that individual transitions away from injecting are possible, and that a recent diffusion of non-injecting routes of administration (NIROA) has occurred in several countries. Injecting is more risk-laden than other routes of drug administration, yet relatively little attention has been paid to reducing or preventing injecting drug use by promoting NIROA. This commentary reviews the case for, and examples of, ‘route transition interventions’ which seek to do this. These include: prescribing oral substitutes; providing non-injecting equipment; pr... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358904 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358894&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000058%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In the mid-1980s in Liverpool, and the area surrounding it (Merseyside and Cheshire), harm reduction was adopted on a large scale for the first time in the UK. The harm reduction model was based on a population approach to achieve the public health goal of reducing the harm to health associated with drug use. The particular concern at that time was the risk of HIV infection, but there was also the issue of the health of a group of young people who were under-served by health services. To achieve the goal, services were developed that would attract the majority of those at risk within the community, not simply the few who wished to stop using drugs, and which would enable contact with the target group to be maintained so as to bring about the necessary changes in behaviour require... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358894 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358898&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590900156X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aimed at estimating the financial resource needs and gaps for scaling-up harm reduction in the region, building on previous research conducted by the Independent Commission on AIDS in Asia. The overall resource need for achieving universal access in the target population in 2009 was US $0.5 billion, with NSP and OST accounting for nearly 70% of the overall regional resource need. A significant resource gap, approximately 90%, of the resource need in 2009, was identified for harm reduction in the region, representing less than 2% of the overall global resource need to address AIDS. Additional resources will be required to support the introduction and scaling-up of integrated, comprehensive harm-reduction programmes that provide a full range of services to reduce HIV transmission ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358898 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683552&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000083%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Reducing ketamine injection among young IDUs may best be accomplished by targeting particular groups of IDUs identified in this study, such as homeless youth and homeless travellers. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683552 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3683552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3415950&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000095%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The UN's World Drug Day on June 26th is also the UN International Day in Support of Victims of Torture. While coincidental, the conjunction is unfortunately apt. Across the world, whether the result of police apprehension, diversion to treatment as an alternative to incarceration, or involuntary commitment under health statutes or at the request of family members, people who use drugs are subjected to cruel, inhuman, or degrading practices, many of which rise to the level of torture. These breaches of international law are often conducted in the name of law enforcement or in facilities run by police or military personnel; this highlights the difficulty, and importance, of protecting the rights of criminalised groups in state custody, of whom drug users are almost always the most numerous. ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3415950 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3415950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358896&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001686%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Recent systematic reviews have provided a global picture of injecting drug use, HIV and the global response to HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs. They have also revealed significant gaps in our knowledge, in both the problem and the response. It is clear that the prevalence of injecting drug use, and of HIV among injecting populations, varies geographically, differing hugely both within and across countries. In many cases, however, data on the number of drug injectors, and of the proportion who are living with HIV, is often unavailable or inaccurate, and gaps exist in many low income countries. The response to injecting drug use and HIV also varies hugely; both the nature and the scale of the response show marked geographic variation. The lack of quality data acts as an... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358896 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895806&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001595%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) have become the focus of increasing attention worldwide. There are understandable concerns over potential harms including the transmission of HIV. However, there have been no previous global reviews of the extent to which these drugs are injected or levels of HIV among users. A comprehensive search of the international peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken. Multiple electronic databases were searched and documents and datasets were provided by UN agencies and key experts from around the world in response to requests for information on the epidemiology of use. Amphetamine or methamphetamine (meth/amphetamine, M/A) use was documented in 110 countries, and injection in 60 of those. Use may be more prevalent in East and South East Asia, No... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895806 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683554&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001698%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Structural inequities and ‘everyday’ violence are perilously damaging for women who use crack. Interventions to reduce these inequities are urgently needed if we are to reduce the significant suffering of women who are street-involved and use crack cocaine. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683554 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3683554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683553&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000046%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Both the demand for coffeeshops and local political preference influence coffeeshop policy in the Netherlands. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683553 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3683553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358909&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000006X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This commentary addresses some of the challenges posed by the broader normative, legal and policy framework of the United Nations for the international drug control system. The ‘purposes and principles’ of the United Nations are presented and set against the threat based rhetoric of the drug control system and the negative consequences of that system. Some of the challenges posed by human rights law and norms to the international drug control system are also described, and the need for an impact assessment of the current system alongside alternative policy options is highlighted as a necessary consequence of these analyses. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358909 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3895816&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001674%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Given the absence of syringe exchange programs and the relatively high prevalence of HCV and HIV among IDUs in the Raleigh-Durham area, the limited use of pharmacies as a source of syringes among African-American IDUs in this study sample is problematic. The study findings support the need for effective multilevel interventions to increase access to clean needles in this population, as well as for policy interventions, such as legalization of SEPs and elimination of penalties for carrying syringes, to reduce harm and eliminate the health threats posed by receptive syringe sharing. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3895816 Mon, 25 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3895816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683548&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001649%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: No previous study has shown the use of ketum to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms except for a single case reported in the US. Ketum was described as affordable, easily available and having no serious side effects despite prolonged use. It also permitted self-treatment that avoids stigmatisation as a drug dependent. The claims of so many subjects on the benefits of ketum merits serious scientific investigation. If prolonged use is safe, the potential for widening the scope and reach of substitution therapy and lowering its cost are tremendous, particularly in developing countries. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683548 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3683548 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358906&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000022%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Despite a plethora of health-related problems, access to primary healthcare is often limited for drug users (DUs). Many seek care at emergency departments and tertiary hospitals because of late presentation of illness. The costs to both DUs and the health system are such that harm reduction based healthcare centres (HRHCs) have been established in various settings and utilising a variety of models. These provide a range of medical and sometimes social services, in one, integrated, low-threshold facility, including (or closely linked with) programs such as needle syringe provision. In some countries these HRHCs are becoming an alternative healthcare system for DUs. However, the need to provide such services on a broad, public health scale, in a sustainable, cost-effective manner, ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358906 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358906