MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'International Journal of Drug Policy' source. Sat, 20 Mar 2010 16:42:39 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358910&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000253%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358910 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358892&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000241%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358892 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358902&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000071%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Afghanistan has suffered decades of war, occupation and unrest. It is also the world's greatest producer of opium and drug production and trafficking account for a third of the total Afghan economy. Currently alongside the “War on Terrorism”, the control and eradication of opium production and related trafficking is a main concern of the international community. However, this focus on supply reduction has meant scant attention has been paid to increasing drug use problems within the country; it is estimated there are up to 25,000 opium users and 20,000 heroin users in Kabul city. Drug use is often a response to war, poverty and under-development, however, street opium and heroin manufactured in the country are widely available, affordable and of high purity. This paper docume... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358902 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358897&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000034%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Injecting drug use is a major driver of the HIV epidemic globally. Whilst robust evidence points to the effectiveness of harm reduction programmes to halt and reverse injecting drug use driven epidemics, uptake of these programmes in developing and transitional countries has been slow. In part, this slow uptake stems from inadequate financial resources for harm reduction; legal, socio-cultural and medical barriers leading to stigmatisation; and weak health systems unequipped to manage marginalized groups.The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, established in 2002, has become the major multilateral source of external funding for harm reduction programmes in countries experiencing concentrated HIV epidemics driven by injecting drug use. Between 2004 to end of 2008,... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358897 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358893&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000162%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This special focus issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy coincides with IHRA's 21st International Conference in Liverpool held from 25–29 April 2010. Twenty-one years ago, in 1990, the first ever International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm was held in Liverpool and attracted 420 people. That first conference was the culmination of a concerted strategy in Liverpool to promote and develop harm reduction as a first line public health response to drug use (), and the links between people in Liverpool and others around the world who were starting to introduce harm reduction projects and policies. The conferences now attract between 1200 and 1500 people from over 80 countries. They have become the key forum for the dissemination of harm reduction ideas and practi... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358893 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358904&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000125%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Multiple factors are implicated in the diffusion of injecting drug use (IDU), including individual and demographic characteristics, drug markets, economics, social networks and political and cultural environments. However, studies show that individual transitions away from injecting are possible, and that a recent diffusion of non-injecting routes of administration (NIROA) has occurred in several countries. Injecting is more risk-laden than other routes of drug administration, yet relatively little attention has been paid to reducing or preventing injecting drug use by promoting NIROA. This commentary reviews the case for, and examples of, ‘route transition interventions’ which seek to do this. These include: prescribing oral substitutes; providing non-injecting equipment; pr... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358904 Thu, 18 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358894&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000058%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In the mid-1980s in Liverpool, and the area surrounding it (Merseyside and Cheshire), harm reduction was adopted on a large scale for the first time in the UK. The harm reduction model was based on a population approach to achieve the public health goal of reducing the harm to health associated with drug use. The particular concern at that time was the risk of HIV infection, but there was also the issue of the health of a group of young people who were under-served by health services. To achieve the goal, services were developed that would attract the majority of those at risk within the community, not simply the few who wished to stop using drugs, and which would enable contact with the target group to be maintained so as to bring about the necessary changes in behaviour require... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358894 Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358898&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590900156X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aimed at estimating the financial resource needs and gaps for scaling-up harm reduction in the region, building on previous research conducted by the Independent Commission on AIDS in Asia. The overall resource need for achieving universal access in the target population in 2009 was US $0.5 billion, with NSP and OST accounting for nearly 70% of the overall regional resource need. A significant resource gap, approximately 90%, of the resource need in 2009, was identified for harm reduction in the region, representing less than 2% of the overall global resource need to address AIDS. Additional resources will be required to support the introduction and scaling-up of integrated, comprehensive harm-reduction programmes that provide a full range of services to reduce HIV transmission ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358898 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358896&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001686%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Recent systematic reviews have provided a global picture of injecting drug use, HIV and the global response to HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs. They have also revealed significant gaps in our knowledge, in both the problem and the response. It is clear that the prevalence of injecting drug use, and of HIV among injecting populations, varies geographically, differing hugely both within and across countries. In many cases, however, data on the number of drug injectors, and of the proportion who are living with HIV, is often unavailable or inaccurate, and gaps exist in many low income countries. The response to injecting drug use and HIV also varies hugely; both the nature and the scale of the response show marked geographic variation. The lack of quality data acts as an... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358896 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358909&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539591000006X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This commentary addresses some of the challenges posed by the broader normative, legal and policy framework of the United Nations for the international drug control system. The ‘purposes and principles’ of the United Nations are presented and set against the threat based rhetoric of the drug control system and the negative consequences of that system. Some of the challenges posed by human rights law and norms to the international drug control system are also described, and the need for an impact assessment of the current system alongside alternative policy options is highlighted as a necessary consequence of these analyses. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358909 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358906&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395910000022%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Despite a plethora of health-related problems, access to primary healthcare is often limited for drug users (DUs). Many seek care at emergency departments and tertiary hospitals because of late presentation of illness. The costs to both DUs and the health system are such that harm reduction based healthcare centres (HRHCs) have been established in various settings and utilising a variety of models. These provide a range of medical and sometimes social services, in one, integrated, low-threshold facility, including (or closely linked with) programs such as needle syringe provision. In some countries these HRHCs are becoming an alternative healthcare system for DUs. However, the need to provide such services on a broad, public health scale, in a sustainable, cost-effective manner, ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358906 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358907&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001650%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The response to the HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs in Asia began to emerge in the early to mid 1990s, with the rather hesitant implementation of small-scale needle syringe programmes and community care initiatives aiming to support those who were already living with the virus. Since then Asia has seen a significant scaling up of harm reduction, despite very limited resources and difficult policy and legislative environments. One of the major reasons this has happened, is the utilisation of programme based approaches and the firm entrenchment of harm reduction thinking within national HIV/AIDS programmes and strategic plans—in most cases aided by multilateral and bilateral donors. Several models of scale up have been noted in Asia. The transition away from project b... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358907 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3358907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358900&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001583%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Globally, young people under 25 accounted for an estimated 45% of all new HIV infections in 2007. Across the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region as many as 25% of injecting drug users (IDUs) are younger than 20. The Eurasian Harm Reduction assessment of young peoples’ (under 25) drug use, risk behaviours and service availability and accessibility confirms, young people at risk of injecting, or those already experimenting with injecting drugs, find themselves isolated from health and prevention services, which increases the risks for health and social harms, while the approach towards young peoples’ use rely heavily on law enforcement. Denying young drug users’ access to life-saving drug treatment and other harm reduction services contributes to the risk environment surro... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358900 Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358908&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001571%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: An affinity between the evidence and arguments for drug normalization and the policy and programme directions favoured by harm reduction is often assumed but seldom critically examined. This commentary looks at parallels and contradictions emerging with respect to different cultures, social settings, types of problems and responses where the match is less than perfect. Mounting evidence of normalization has also led to backlash in some countries and the mobilization of forces reaffirming prohibition. We call for further research on normalization that focuses on substance use, risks, harms, and social context across a broader spectrum of the population, and in a variety of cultures. By emphasizing the most serious harms experienced by persons in the smallest segments of drug using... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358908 Fri, 18 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358895&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001364%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: HIV/AIDS was the defining issue for international harm reduction during its first twenty years. This issue was marked by strong contrasts: rapid HIV transmission in some populations of injecting drug users, and close to elimination of HIV in other populations; a formidable research base for designing effective HIV programmes and persistent political problems in implementing evidence-based programmes on a public health scale. Elevated rates of HIV infection among ethnic minority drug users have occurred in many different countries. We do not yet have systematic knowledge of how to reduce stigmatization of AIDS or people who use drugs. Nevertheless, international harm reduction for people who use drugs has moved beyond HIV/AIDS to a variety of other health and social problems, whil... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358895 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358895 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358901&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001558%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Although drugs are haram and therefore prohibited in Islam, illicit drug use is widespread in many Islamic countries throughout the world. In the last several years increased prevalence of this problem has been observed in many of these countries which has in turn led to increasing injecting drug use driven HIV/AIDS epidemic across the Islamic world. Whilst some countries have recently responded to the threat through the implementation of harm reduction programmes, many others have been slow to respond. In Islam, The Quran and the Prophetic traditions or the Sunnah are the central sources of references for the laws and principles that guide the Muslims’ way of life and by which policies and guidelines for responses including that of contemporary social and health problems can b... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358901 Mon, 14 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358905&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001340%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Tobacco harm reduction is a controversial policy due to the experience with filtered and ‘light’ cigarettes and concerns that the tobacco industry will use reduced harm products to undermine tobacco control strategies. The most promising harm reduction products are high dose pharmaceutical nicotine preparations and low nitrosamine smokeless tobacco, such as Swedish snus. However, despite widespread availability, existing pharmaceutical nicotine preparations have not been taken up by smokers as an alternative to smoking. In Sweden, increased snus use was associated with decreased cigarette smoking and mortality from tobacco-related disease. We suggest a graduated series of policies to explore of the public health costs and benefits of encouraging smokers to switch to these les... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358905 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358899&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001352%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The development of the international drug users’ movement has been intrinsically linked to the growth and development of the international harm reduction movement but more particularly with the annual International Harm Reduction Association (IHRA) conferences. These conferences gave drug user activists a chance to meet in an environment where our lives were being talked about and our treatments decided and our views have, over the years, been given increasing consideration. The impetus for us to have a visible presence was extremely important. We had not had much success in making an impact on the drug and alcohol fields in our individual countries. It was the outbreak of HIV/AIDS that gave us our voice in the local situation and led to the birth of harm reduction initiatives, in partic... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358899 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3358903&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001303%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The link between injection drug use and HIV has been extensively described. Despite worldwide prevention efforts, injection drug use continues to be a risk factor for HIV transmission and both HIV and injection drug use continues to spread across the globe. Although methadone has demonstrated multiple health benefits including the reduction in injection drug use and HIV acquisition, the utilisation of methadone in many areas of the world remains one of secondary, rather than primary, HIV prevention. As a result, many who finally begin methadone enter treatment having accumulated medical and mental health problems as a result of delayed treatment. Rapid access to treatment and a more aggressive policy that realizes that methadone can help reduce opioid drug use is necessary if met... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3358903 Fri, 20 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3358903 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063206&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001339%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) was formed in 1946 as the United Nations’ central policy-making body in matters relating to drugs: it “analyses the world drug situation and develops proposals to strengthen the international drug control system to combat the world drug problem.” (CND website, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/commissions/CND/01-its-mandate-and-functions.html accessed 09.10.09). It is the form that this analysis takes, and the information upon which it is based, which provide the objects of discussion for this editorial. Taking as our starting point a resolution on the improvement of data relating to the production, trade in and use of drugs, endorsed at the 52nd CND in March 2009, we will examine one of the most commonly used, reported and reviewed report on the “wo... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063206 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862408&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001248%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862408 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 19:05:11 +0100 2862408 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063208&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001182%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Over the past five years, the release of cohort studies assessing the link between cannabis and psychosis has increased attention on this relationship. Existing reviews generally conclude that these cohort studies show cannabis has a causal relationship to psychosis, or at least that one cannot be excluded. Few studies have evaluated the relative strengths and limitations of these methodologically heterogeneous cohort studies, and how their relative merits and weaknesses might influence the way the link between cannabis use and psychosis is interpreted. This paper reviews the methodological strengths and limitations of major cohort studies which have looked at the link between cannabis and psychosis, and considers research findings against criteria for causal inference.Cohort stu... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063208 Mon, 28 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063207&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001133%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved health outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS. However, significant rates of HIV-related morbidity and mortality have persisted among HIV-positive injection drug users (IDU) globally. To date, research as well as programmatic and policy responses have failed to adequately address barriers to HAART access and adherence among IDU both in developing/transitional and developed countries. A review of existing literature suggests that this is due to a shortage of context-specific evidence and an overemphasis on individual-level and behavioural variables. We propose a conceptual shift away from understanding suboptimal HAART adherence as determined predominantly by individual factors modifiable through individual... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063207 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653609&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001029%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653609 Thu, 30 Jul 2009 12:45:43 +0100 2653609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862409&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001078%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This issue contains selection of papers from the 2nd Annual Conference of the International Society for the Study of Drug Policy (ISSDP), which was held in Lisbon, Portugal in March 2008. The goal of the ISSDP, as the name suggests, is to promote research related to policies on how societies respond to illegal drugs and to create an international community of scholars interested in this topic. Whilst papers on alcohol and tobacco are not excluded, policies towards those substances are used mainly as a foil for understanding those directed at cannabis, cocaine, heroin and other controlled drugs. The second conference attracted 110 participants from about 20 countries, mostly from developed nations. A selection of papers from the first conference, in Oslo in March 2007, appeared as a special... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862409 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862409 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862417&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909001066%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The empirical work from Africa provides a strong argument for promoting evidence-based approaches to khat regulation, harnessing the positive aspects of the khat economy to develop a control model that incorporates the voices and respects the needs of rural producers. Ultimately, the framework for khat may provide both a model and an opportunity for revising the international treaties governing the control of other plant psychoactive-based substances. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862417 Tue, 16 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063210&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000632%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: While the attribution of observed crime and disorder trends to the specific clinical interventions in Montreal and Vancouver is difficult and many extrinsic factors may play a role, this study has not generated any clear evidence from institutional police data to suggest increases or decreases in community-based problems associated with HAT programs in Canada. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063210 Mon, 18 May 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862419&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000619%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: While this review did not support school drug testing, there are alternative evidence-based strategies that schools can implement to prevent drug-related problems among student populations. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862419 Sun, 17 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862419 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862414&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000462%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Law enforcement measures increase the risk premia received by the lower and higher level traffickers. Consequently, trafficking intermediation margins tend to increase. However, globalisation has the opposite effect. It lowers intermediation margins and, then, pushes retail prices down, thereby stimulating consumption. In doing so, globalisation offsets the effects of supply containment policies. Finally, we discuss how the effectiveness of supply containment policies can be enhanced by combining them with demand reduction policies. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862414 Sun, 17 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2403017&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000784%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2403017 Mon, 11 May 2009 06:11:08 +0100 2403017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063216&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000607%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Vancouver's SIF appears to be an effective and efficient use of public health care resources, based on a modelling study of only two specific and measurable benefits—HIV infection and overdose death. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063216 Fri, 08 May 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063212&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000589%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The article concludes that at a time when prison-based drug treatment is growing, it is crucial that we thoroughly research and critically discuss its content and the restrictions facing such treatment programmes. One way of doing this is through research with counsellors involved in delivering drug treatment services. By so doing, the programmes can become more pragmatic and focused, and alternatives to prison-based drug treatment can be seriously considered. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063212 Fri, 08 May 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509806&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000620%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We are long past the day when anyone doubts that drug laws and law enforcement policies can have a powerful, negative impact on the risks of infection, injury and death among drug users (). Police and corrections staff through their day-to-day interactions with drug users shape “the risk environment” by making it more or less feasible to obtain or carry sterile injection equipment, and to take the time to safely conduct an injection (). Law enforcement officials often have a considerable political say in whether harm reduction programs will be authorized, and police on the street have a practical say in whether programs aimed at drug users can operate effectively (). Corrections staff can facilitate or prevent harm reduction programs in prisons (). (Source: International Journal of Dru... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509806 Tue, 28 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2509806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063214&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000553%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The injection of fentanyl is associated with elevated injecting risk behaviour derived from injection practice and situational risk factors, and needs urgently targeted interventions. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063214 Thu, 23 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353689&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002041%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Political-economic transitions in the Soviet Union, Indonesia, and China, but not the Philippines, were followed by HIV epidemics among drug users. Wars also may sometimes increase HIV risk. Based on similarities in some of the causal pathways through which wars and transitions can affect HIV risk, we use the term “Big Events” to include both. We first critique several prior epidemiological models of Big Events as inadequately incorporating social agency and as somewhat imprecise and over-generalizing in their sociology. We then suggest a model using the following concepts: first, event-specific HIV transmission probabilities are functions of (a) the probability that partners are infection-discordant; (b) the infection-susceptibility of the uninfected partner; (c) the infecti... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353689 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:37:11 +0100 2353689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353688&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001734%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Source and type of heroin are structural factors in the risk environment of heroin users: source dictates distribution and type predicts practice. How specific types of heroin are used and with what risk is therefore distributed geographically. Continued flux in the heroin market and its effects on the risk environment for drug users deserves further attention. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353688 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:37:06 +0100 2353688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353687&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001667%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Local social and structural elements influence risk environments for overdose. Interventions at the community and structural levels to prevent and respond to opioid overdoses are needed for and integral to reducing overdose mortality in St. Petersburg. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353687 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:37:00 +0100 2353687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353686&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002016%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Drug dealers shape, and are shaped by, their risk environments. A ‘determinants’ approach to understanding the economic dimension to drug use risk environments needs to be refined. Community resilience policies such “neighbourhood renewal” need to take into account the embodied aspects of economic structures in the experience of drug use and drug dealing. The economic relations, the processes that disable the transformation of different forms of capital, the memories and the practices that make drug users, are embodied. Community resilience policies need to bring into focus the embodiment of the economic dimensions of risk environments if they are to successfully reduce harm. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353686 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:59 +0100 2353686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353685&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001710%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Social networks are central to young people’s management of the risk environment associated with post-Soviet economic transformation. However, such networks are culturally as well as structurally determined and may be sites not only of cooperation, support and trust but also of mutual exploitation, deceit and distrust. This does not imply these regions are devoid of social capital. Rather it suggests that the notion of social capital as a natural by-product of a self-regulating economy and its institutions needs to be reconsidered in the context of local configurations of capital and social relations as well as their cultural and normative context. This reconsideration should include further reflection on whether the kinds of social networks described might be better underst... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353685 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:56 +0100 2353685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353684&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001746%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Inner-city schools may both reflect and reproduce existing patterns of drug use. The concept of risk hierarchies may be important when designing and evaluating school-based drug-prevention strategies. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353684 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:50 +0100 2353684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353683&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908000327%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: To be more effective, the existing harm reduction programmes in Makassar that focus on individualistic behavioural changes need to be complemented with community-based programmes that take into consideration the social and structural context of risk-taking practices amongst young people in the lorong. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353683 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:37 +0100 2353683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353682&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002028%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Interventions which do not specifically target smoking but which contribute to improving poor smokers’ living conditions, are necessary to promote smoking cessation. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353682 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:16 +0100 2353682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353681&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590800248X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes An individual's behaviour undoubtedly results from a set of complicated processes involving interactions between environmental factors, personal characteristics, and biology. Moreover it is clear that social processes, both through their influence on the social and physical environments in which people live and work, as well as through the transmission of norms and attitudes through social networks, play a key role in shaping behaviours. Understanding these social processes and the ways in which they affect behaviour is fundamental to the identification of the most effective interventions to improve health and reduce inequalities in health. The papers by and emphasize the need to study these social determinants in the specific case of drug use. More specifically, they discuss important met... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353681 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:09 +0100 2353681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353680&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590800176X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The concept of the “risk environment” – defined as the “space … [where] factors exogenous to the individual interact to increase the chances of HIV transmission” – draws together the disciplines of public health and geography. Researchers have increasingly turned to geographic methods to quantify dimensions of the risk environment that are both structural and spatial (e.g., local poverty rates). The scientific power of the intersection between public health and geography, however, has yet to be fully mined. In particular, research on the risk environment has rarely applied geographic methods to create neighbourhood-based measures of syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) or of drug-related law enforcement activities, despite the fact that these interventions are widely ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353680 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:06 +0100 2353680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353679&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001722%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A social epidemiologic perspective considers factors at multiple levels of influence (e.g., social networks, neighbourhoods, states) that may individually or jointly affect health and health behaviour. This provides a useful lens through which to understand the production of health behaviours in general, and drug use in particular. However, the analytic models that are commonly applied in population health sciences limit the inference we are able to draw about the determination of health behaviour by factors, likely interrelated, across levels of influence. Complex system dynamic modelling techniques may be useful in enabling the adoption of a social epidemiologic approach in health behaviour and drug use research. We provide an example of a model that aims to incorporate factors... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353679 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:36:02 +0100 2353679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353678&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001709%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Greater attention to the array of assets and opportunities present in urban settings offers fresh insights into the nature of enabling environments and their role in reducing drug related harms and facilitating healthy growth and development. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353678 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:35:59 +0100 2353678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2353677&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590800203X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A ‘risk environment’ framework promotes an understanding of harm, and harm reduction, as a matter of ‘contingent causation’. Harm is contingent upon social context, comprising interactions between individuals and environments. There is a momentum of interest in understanding how the relations between individuals and environments impact on the production and reduction of drug harms, and this is reflected by broader debates in the social epidemiology, political economy, and sociology of health. This essay maps some of these developments, and a number of challenges. These include: social epidemiological approaches seeking to capture the socially constructed and dynamic nature of individual-environment interactions; political–economic approaches giving sufficient attention ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2353677 Wed, 22 Apr 2009 03:35:25 +0100 2353677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862410&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000504%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Politically, evidence of adverse health effects favours the status quo in developed countries like Australia where cannabis policy has been framed by the media as a choice between two views: (1) either cannabis use is largely harmless to most users and so we should legalize, or at the very least decriminalize its use; or (2) it harms some of its users so we should continue to prohibit its use. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862410 Sun, 12 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862410 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063209&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000565%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Drug users in LMI countries have a high prevalence of syphilis but data are limited and, in some regions, entirely lacking. Further data are needed, including studies targeting the risks of women. Interventions to promote safer sex, testing, counselling and education, as well as health care worker awareness, should be integrated in harm reduction programs and health care settings to prevent new syphilis infections and reduce HIV transmission among drug users and their partners in LMI countries. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063209 Fri, 10 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862413&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590900053X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: To the extent that drug use patterns involve feedback effects, any shock to initiation – from harm reduction or any other source – can produce changes in use that are more than proportional, or less than proportional, to the shock. Hence, advocates in the use vs. harm reduction debate may wish to explain why their preferred policy is particularly appropriate at the current stage of a country's drug use trajectory, rather than arguing for universal applicability of their preferred programme. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862413 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063219&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000486%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: A number of factors may have contributed to the greater harm from BZP/TFMPP party pills among South Island users including a higher proportion of student users with higher consumption of alcohol and other drugs. Users from both Islands commonly exceeded the dosage of BZP/TFMPP recommended by STANZ suggesting the STANZ code of conduct was largely ineffective. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063219 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862412&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000498%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: One of the challenges for drug policy research is being able to compare policy options and outcomes. The development of indexes, such as the UK Drug Harm Index or the UNODC Illicit Drug Index is a way to systematically enable such comparisons. An Index is a single common metric that represents the diverse outcomes or consequences of drug use.An Index may be used for performance monitoring within one country/region over time; to establish societal benefit of drug policies as expressed in social costs saved; to compare countries or regions; or for comparative policy analysis. Clarity of purpose is important in how an Index is used.The consequences or outcomes that can be combined into a single Index include health consequences, crime consequences, public amenity, pain and suffering... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862412 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862418&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000541%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Harm reduction may in fact represent goals, methods, priorities and understandings which are to a considerable extent at odds with the opposite of harm reduction – here termed ‘non-harm reduction’. This insight may be overlooked if assuming complementarity. To describe and analyse harm reduction by way of juxtaposing opposites seems a feasible and illuminative approach. The instruments provided could perhaps facilitate better understanding of conflicts of vision and contribute towards illuminating policy barriers. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862418 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862415&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000516%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The introduction of low-threshold methadone treatment has not resulted in lower heroin prices and the increased police activity during the 90s has not led to higher heroin prices, even though the higher police activity in the late 90s may have contributed to the prevention of a re-establishment of open drug scenes. In conclusion, we did not find a close relationship between street prices of heroin, police activity, and incidence of problematic heroin use. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862415 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862411&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000528%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: These results emphasise the need to design policies that concern not just the prevention of drug use among youth, but also youth involvement in the supply of drugs. In addition, it underlines the difficulty of planning general interventions in what appears to be a very heterogeneous population of growers. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862411 Thu, 02 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2862411 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063217&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000450%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: These data provide a unique insight into the tension between positive and negative harm reduction messages relating to the legal nature of psychoactive drugs and as such begin to fill an information void in this area. The legal status of these ‘party pills’ conveys mixed messages to young people and whilst being seen as potentially safe and of good quality, this often leads to higher than ‘recommended’ doses being used. Nevertheless, not breaking the law or having to access BZP-party pills from ‘dealers’, and being able to discuss their use with their parents are all potentially positive harm reduction issues. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063217 Wed, 25 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063215&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000474%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The lower prevalence of adolescent drinking and drunkenness (except among Dutch girls) in the United States is consistent with the contention that strict drinking policies may limit drinking among 10th graders. However, the finding that cannabis use rates did not differ across countries is not consistent with the contention that prohibition-oriented policies deter use or that liberal cannabis policies are associated with elevated adolescent use. Based on these findings, the case for strict laws and policies is considerably weaker for cannabis than for alcohol. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063215 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2862416&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000449%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Since it began in the mid-1990s, the debate surrounding the normalisation of adolescent recreational drug use has attracted considerable attention and has tended to polarise opinion within the field. In this article two of the main protagonists in the debate come together to discuss its legacy. Focusing on the twin themes of continuity and change the authors begin by considering the relevance of early developments in the sociology of drug use, noting that this earlier work anticipated much that has recently been written on the subject, including the emphasis on hedonism and consumption in leisure lifestyles. From here they go on to critically reflect on the role that structure and agency have played in the normalisation debate, suggesting that the original thesis underplayed the ... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2862416 Mon, 23 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2862416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063218&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000437%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Collective results suggest MS programme dissolution was associated with adverse conditions for assignees and the larger treatment setting, and reinforce the need for pragmatic, humane treatment policies to facilitate retention of opiate-dependent persons. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063218 Thu, 12 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653621&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000188%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The majority of clients were chronic opiate users with high rates of risk behaviour. However, they did have recent contact with the drug treatment system. DCFs may be particularly important for opiate users after prison or treatment and/or for those with unstable accommodation. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653621 Mon, 09 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063213&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000425%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: HRIB did not vary according to urban environment but for inner-city IDUs was differentially related to socioeconomic markers. Associations between HRIB and neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and lower educational attainment, positive and negative, respectively, indicate that adverse socioeconomic circumstances are not related to a uniformly greater likelihood of HRIB. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063213 Mon, 02 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3063213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653617&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002545%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: China's opium-replacement policy has contributed to a type of unregulated frontier capitalism with socio-economic and environmental effects that threaten the principles and goals of alternative development and even to marginalise the role international development organisations in northern Laos. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653617 Tue, 24 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653615&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000176%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: The EDRS has effectively monitored the increase in GHB amongst REU over the past seven years in Sydney, Australia. This increase is unlikely to have been as readily identified by other surveillance systems. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653615 Tue, 24 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653614&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002557%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Although selling plasma appears uncommon among IDUs in these two Mexican border cities, the majority sold plasma in the U.S. and only one-third were deferred as high-risk donors. Paying donors for plasma should be a matter of public inquiry to encourage strict compliance with regulations. Plasma clinics should defer donors not only on behavioral risks, but should specifically inspect for injection stigmata. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653614 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653612&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002508%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: These analyses reveal trends to historically low-cost heroin in many US cities. These changes correspond to the entrance into and rapid domination of the US heroin market by Colombian-sourced heroin. The implications of these changes are discussed. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653612 Mon, 09 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653619&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395909000024%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: We do not make any definitive conclusions on the legitimacy of the stories or myths discussed here but instead suggest that labelling drug stories as myths might lead to dismissing facts that hold partial truth. The subsequent dismissal of cold cook methods among policy and public health officials risks a range of unintended consequences among vulnerable populations. We present our case for more research attention on the myths of methamphetamine production. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653619 Fri, 06 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653620&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002491%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Background: Vacations at international nightlife resorts represent an important but also risky element in the lives of youth in many countries. There is an urgent need for evaluating the role played by bars and nightclubs in producing and reducing risks; this task is important, especially at upcoming nightlife resorts with limited experience in managing young partygoers from other countries.Methods: Seven weeks of ethnographic fieldwork was conducted during the summer 2007 at the emerging Bulgarian nightlife resort, Sunny Beach. The research instrument “KAReN” was used as a guideline to evaluate the safety conditions in nine bars and three nightclubs.Results: The evaluation highlights five key factors at the venues that put young tourists in danger: violent security staff, ov... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653620 Tue, 27 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653613&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590800251X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The findings of the paper have implications for harm reduction policy. In particular, dexamphetamine use facilitates heavy drinking and polydrug use amongst young adults, which may increase the harms associated with such use. Further, current interventions targeting young psychostimulant users, which emphasise their adulterated and illegal nature, may inadvertently contribute to the cultural construction of dexamphetamine as a relatively ‘safe’ drug. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653613 Tue, 27 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653618&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002533%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: This paper concludes that contrary to popular opinion political venues and politicisation may offer valuable opportunities for drug policy reform. The challenge for researchers and policy advocates is to see how they can best utilise political venues to obtain pragmatic reform. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653618 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653611&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002478%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper exposes contemporary drug policy challenges in Central Asia by focusing on a single point in the history of drug control, in a single region of the global war against drugs and terrorism, and on one agency whose mission is to help make the world safer from crime, drugs and terrorism. By looking closely at the post 9/11 security-oriented donor priorities, I conclude that, in Central Asia, the rhetoric of the taking a more ‘balanced approach’ to drug policy is bankrupt. When enacted by the national law enforcement agencies in the Central Asian republics, the ‘Drug Free’ aspirational goal is driving the HIV epidemic among IDUs. The face-saving ‘containment’ thesis does not reflect the drug situation in this region but rather the failure to adopt an evidence-ba... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653611 Mon, 05 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2653611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509807&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002004%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper is a sociological examination of policies and practices in Health Canada's Marihuana Medical Access Division (MMAD) that presume the illicit intentions and inherent “guilt” of medical cannabis users, hampering safe access to a medicine to which many are legally entitled, and raising doubts about this federal programme's overall effectiveness and constitutional legitimacy. Beginning with a brief historical overview of Canada's federal medical cannabis programme, this paper examines the failure of the MMAD to meet the needs of many sick and suffering Canadians through Hunt's [Hunt, A. (1999). Governing morals: A social history of moral regulation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press] work on moral regulation and Wodak's [Wodak, A. (2007). Ethics and drug policy... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509807 Mon, 05 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2509807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509819&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002272%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Construction of all cannabis cultivators as “dangerous” disavows other possibilities and shores up neo-liberal practices of government that draw on multi-partner initiatives to implement extraordinary methods of social control not necessarily subject to public accountability. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509819 Mon, 29 Dec 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653622&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002053%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This essay reviews four texts which critically analyse methadone maintenance therapy using Foucault as a key theoretical framework: [Friedman, J., & Alicea, M. (2001). Surviving heroin: Interviews with women in methadone clinics. Florida: University Press of Florida], [Bourgois, P. (2000). Disciplining addictions: The bio-politics of methadone and heroin in the United States. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 24, 165–195], [Bull, M. (2008). Governing the heroin trade: From treaties to treatment. Ashgate: Aldershot], and [Fraser, S., & valentine, k. (2008). Substance & substitution: Methadone subjects in liberal societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan]. Taken together these works demonstrate one trajectory in the development of critical drug studies over the past decade. While al... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653622 Mon, 22 Dec 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2653622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509818&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908002065%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Discussion: Increased acceptance of harm reduction in China, particularly among public security, implies a new level of optimism towards addressing the HIV epidemic among drug users, and parallels an impressive expansion of harm reduction interventions. Nevertheless, scaling up a response to the ongoing dual epidemic of drug use and HIV remains an enormous challenge. With appropriate technical education and training, ongoing advocacy, and a cohesive, coordinated multi-sectoral effort, the capacity of the government and community to adopt, support and promote measures to reduce HIV and other drug related harm would be markedly strengthened. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509818 Mon, 22 Dec 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653610&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001758%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: For more than 30 years Colombia has waged an internal War on Drugs with the support of the international community. During this time, the illegal economy has evolved toward integrating cultivation with processing and trafficking, making Colombia the largest grower of coca in the world. The environmental impact of coca production and processing is vast, accounting for large quantities of toxic chemicals directly dumped onto the soil and watersheds, as well as most deforestation since the 1990s. The policies pursued to stem the coca economy, however, are based on unfounded assumptions about the behaviour of coca growers in the context of international markets. Despite their unfounded premises, these assumptions have acquired a mythical stature. In this article we review the most pe... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653610 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2653610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509817&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001989%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence for the development of age appropriate school focused harm reduction initiatives and continued monitoring of contemporary trends of use of cocaine amongst school aged young people. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509817 Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509816&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001990%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: IDUs who inject socially and IDUs who share needles are likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviours and may serve as an important bridge group for epidemic HIV transmission in Vietnam. In addition to messages regarding the dangers of sharing needles and other injection equipment, preventive interventions among newly initiated IDUs should also focus on reducing sexual risk. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509816 Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653616&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001953%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Federal legislation passed in 1996 in the United States changed the eligibility criteria for public disability benefit programmes. After 1996, persons with a primary diagnosis of substance abuse no longer qualified to receive disability benefits. Using a framework of social construction, a qualitative comparative analysis examines how the national disability systems of eight countries – Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the US – address issues of substance abuse. The US is the only country among the focal countries that does not currently allow disability benefits to be awarded to those with primary conditions of substance use disorders. International experience in providing disability benefits to persons with su... International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653616 Mon, 03 Nov 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2653616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509815&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001965%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Although Ukrainian government regulations have limited access to precursor chemicals, IDUs have continued to make and use boltushka. The actual extent and demographics of boltushka use are unknown. Besides risk of bloodborne disease, the health effects of injected homemade ATSs and their constituent chemicals are poorly documented. Interventions beyond available harm reduction efforts may be required. Education/treatment specific to boltushka users and screening for other physical harms are critical interventions. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509815 Fri, 31 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509812&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001941%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Increasing HIV infection rates among injection drug users in Tijuana have prompted interest in public health responses. Our results may assist policy strategists in implementing social-structural interventions that will help create enabling environments that facilitate the scale-up and implementation of harm reduction in Tijuana. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509812 Wed, 29 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509808&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001977%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Clients need to receive an adequate methadone dose to assure continued retention. Patients who expect to be treated for life have higher retention rates than patients who anticipate only short-term treatment. Key factors associated with successful clinics in China need to be elucidated. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509808 Mon, 27 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0100 2509808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653623&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001771%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Philip Cook’s book, Paying the Tab, is an excellent book for academics, policy analysts, and graduate students to use as a primary source on U.S. alcohol policy. He combines historical, political, and economic data into an easily-understood text. In the final chapter, Cook summarizes his research in such a way that it will assist them in developing comprehensive national, state, and local alcohol policies. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653623 Thu, 23 Oct 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2653623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509814&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001369%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Discussion: Health education campaigns to address the potentially negative consequences of gel capsule groin injection will not be successful unless health workers and policy makers work with drug users and incorporate local understandings and meanings of risk in health promotion activities. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509814 Wed, 01 Oct 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2509814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509820&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001631%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Body packing is a common method of smuggling cocaine where individuals ingest several drug-filled parcels for transport. When identified by the authorities, body packers are usually taken to hospital for evaluation.There are several points during management of these patients when the health care team may be placed at risk. We explore the hazards encountered during the management of these patients in developing Caribbean nations. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509820 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2509820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3063211&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001692%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Barriers to treatment entry could be overcome by an infusion of public financial support to expand treatment access, which would reduce or eliminate waiting lists, waive treatment-related fees, and/or provide health insurance coverage for treatment. Treatment programmes could overcome some of the barriers by waiving their photo I.D. requirements, permitting time-limited treatment with the option to extend such treatment upon request, and working with corrections agencies to ensure continued methadone treatment upon incarceration. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3063211 Mon, 22 Sep 2008 00:00:00 +0100 3063211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509813&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS095539590800162X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions: Owing to the success of the trial in terms of feasibility and outcomes for both IDUs and for the broader community, it is desirable that providing sterile injecting equipment through SVMs continues and be expanded as an integral component of harm reduction strategies. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509813 Sun, 14 Sep 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2509813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509810&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001618%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: Injection initiation should be viewed as a communicable process. New injectors are unlikely to have experienced the negative effects of injecting and may facilitate the initiation of their drug-using friends. Prevention messages should therefore aim to find innovative ways of targeting beginning injectors and present a realistic appraisal of the long-term consequences of injecting. Interventionists should also work with current injectors to develop strategies to refuse requests from non-injectors for their help to initiate. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509810 Sun, 14 Sep 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2509810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509809&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001679%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: The findings support the usefulness of the concept of resilience in understanding cognitive and behavioural change among IDUs, and provide a promising direction for future research. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509809 Mon, 08 Sep 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2509809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2509811&cid=s_38481_2_f&fid=38481&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdp.org%2Farticle%2FPIIS0955395908001643%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusion: SE is a common activity in south east Sydney but does not appear to be highly organised, usually taking place in small networks of friends and/or partners for altruistic reasons. Harm reduction programs could capitalise on the prevalence of SE to reach injecting drug users who do not use formal distribution services. (Source: International Journal of Drug Policy) International Journal of Drug Policy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2509811 Thu, 07 Aug 2008 23:00:00 +0100 2509811