MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Anatomy' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 08:10:09 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5659122&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22296102%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sizarov A, Lamers WH, Mohun TJ, Brown NA, Anderson RH, Moorman AF Abstract Labeling experiments in chicken and mouse embryos have revealed important roles for different cell lineages in the development of the cardiac arterial pole. These data can only fully be exploited when integrated into the continuously changing morphological context and compared with the patterns of gene expression. As yet, studies on the formation of separate ventricular outlets and arterial trunks in the human heart are exclusively based on histologically stained sections. So as to expand these studies, we performed immunohistochemical analyses of serially sectioned human embryos, along with three-dimensional reconstructions. The development of the cardiac arterial pole involves several parallel and... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5659122 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5659122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5659121&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22296163%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Marcos R, Monteiro RA, Rocha E Abstract Stereology offers a number of tools for the analysis of sections in microscopy (which usually provide only two-dimensional information) for the purpose of estimating geometric quantities, such as volume, surface area, length or number of particles (cells or other structures). The use of these tools enables recovery of the three-dimensional information that is inherent in biological tissues. This review uses the liver as a paradigm for summarizing the most commonly used state-of-the-art methods for quantitation in design-based stereology. Because it is often relevant to distinguish hyperplasia and hypertrophy in liver responses, we also focus on potential pitfalls in the sampling and processing of liver specimens for stereological pur... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5659121 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5659121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5659120&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22296183%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bruner E, de la Cuétara JM, Colom R, Martin-Loeches M Abstract The corpus callosum displays considerable morphological variability between individuals. Although some characteristics are thought to differ between male and female brains, there is no agreement regarding the source of this variation. Biomedical imaging and geometric morphometrics have provided tools to investigate shape and size variation in terms of integration and correlation. Here we analyze variations at the midsagittal outline of the corpus callosum in a sample of 102 young adults in order to describe and quantify the pattern of covariation associated with its morphology. Our results suggest that the shape of the corpus callosum is characterized by low levels of morphological integration, which explains ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5659120 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5659120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578520&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22220567%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Clarke J, Gillingwater T, Graham A, Milz S PMID: 22220567 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578520 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 16:36:29 +0100 5578520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5578519&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22220639%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Skedros JG, Knight AN, Farnsworth RW, Bloebaum RD Abstract Calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal 'compression' and plantar 'tension' cortices of any bone that has been studied. The opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi-osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. Support for these hypotheses could reveal a largely unrecognized capacity for phenotypic plasticity - the adaptability of trabecular bone material as a means for differentially enhancing mechanical properties for local strain environments produced by habitu... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5578519 Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5578519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5560264&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22211275%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bates KT, Maidment SC, Allen V, Barrett PM Abstract Ornithischia (the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs) encompasses bipedal, facultative quadrupedal and quadrupedal taxa. Primitive ornithischians were small bipeds, but large body size and obligate quadrupedality evolved independently in all major ornithischian lineages. Numerous pelvic and hind limb features distinguish ornithischians from the majority of other non-avian dinosaurs. However, some of these features, notably a retroverted pubis and elongate iliac preacetabular process, appeared convergently in maniraptoran theropods, and were inherited by their avian descendants. During maniraptoran/avian evolution these pelvic modifications led to significant changes in the functions of associated muscles, involving alterations to th... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5560264 Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5560264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5560263&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22212101%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we investigated early stages of directed axon growth in the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex, and studied the possible correlation with the expression of Satb2 and Ctip2. Electroporation of an EYFP-expressing plasmid at embryonic day 13.5 to label developing projection neurons revealed that directed axon growth is first seen in radially migrating neurons in the intermediate zone (IZ), prior to migration into the cortical plate, as has been suggested previously. Onset of expression of SATB2 and CTIP2 was also observed in the IZ, correlating well with this stage of migration and initiation of axon growth. Immunohistochemical staining through embryonic and early postnatal development revealed a significant population of Satb2/Ctip2 co-expressing cells, while retrograde axon tra... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5560263 Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5560263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535193&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22150032%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morriss-Kay G PMID: 22150032 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535193 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 00:12:32 +0100 5535193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535192&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22150089%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Waugh CM, Blazevich AJ, Fath F, Korff T Abstract The stiffness of a tendon, which influences muscular force transfer to the skeleton and increases during childhood, is dependent on its material properties and dimensions, both of which are influenced by chronic loading. The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the independent contributions of body mass, force production capabilities and tendon dimensions to tendon stiffness during childhood; and (ii) descriptively document age-related changes in tendon mechanical properties and dimensions. Achilles tendon mechanical and material properties were determined in 52 children (5-12 years) and 19 adults. Tendon stiffness and Young's modulus (YM) were calculated as the slopes of the force-elongation and stress-strain curves,... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535192 Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421378&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22077432%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gruber C, Nink N, Nikam S, Magdowski G, Kripp G, Voswinckel R, Mühlfeld C Abstract Changes in body weight due to changes in food intake are reflected by corresponding changes in the cardiac phenotype. Despite a growing body of literature on cardiac hypertrophy associated with obesity, little is known on the atrophic remodelling of the heart associated with calorie restriction. We hypothesized that, besides the cardiomyocyte compartment, capillaries and nerve fibres are involved in the atrophic process. C57Bl6 mice were kept on normal diet (control group) or at a calorie-restricted diet for 3 or 7 days (n = 5 each). At the end of the protocol, mice were killed and the hearts were processed for light and electron microscopic stereological analysis of cardiomyocytes, c... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421378 Sun, 13 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5421378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5421379&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22066944%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we investigated the capacity for wound regeneration in a denervated ear. The left ears of MRL/MpJ mice and C57BL/6 (a control strain known to have a poorer regenerative capacity) were surgically denervated at the base via an incision and nerve transection, immediately followed by a 2-mm ear punch wound. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a lack of neurofilament expression in the denervated ear wound. Histology revealed that denervation prevented blastema formation and chrondrogenesis, and also severely hindered normal healing, with disrupted re-epithelialisation, increasing wound size and progressive necrosis towards the ear tip. Denervation of the ear obliterated the regenerative capacity of the MRL/MpJ mouse, and also had a severe negative effect on the ear wound repair me... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5421379 Tue, 08 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5421379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380028&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050406%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Metcalfe R, Freemont T Abstract Immunohistochemistry is an important tool in the investigation of ancient mummified remains because of its ability not only to detect proteins but also to isolate their location to specific tissues and thereby improve confidence that the results are genuine. A mouse model of Egyptian mummification has been used to demonstrate that the survival of proteins, judged by the retention of immunohistochemical staining, varies markedly. Some survive the process well, whereas others become barely detectable despite the morphology of the tissue being excellently preserved. The results obtained show that protein preservation is multi-factorial, with tissue type and degradation, and the properties of the protein itself all having significant effects. Pr... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380028 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380027&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050626%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigates lumbar osteophyte development on the laminae and vertebral bodies to determine whether osteophyte development: (i) is related bilaterally, at different lumbar levels, and superior and inferior margins; (ii) on the laminae and vertebral bodies are reciprocally dependent responses; (iii) is correlated with sex, age and/or BMI. Seventy-six individuals (39 females, 37 males) were randomly selected from a modern skeletal collection (Bass Donated Collection). Osteophyte development was scored in eight regions on each vertebra at all five lumbar levels. A factor analysis considered all 40 scoring regions and Pearson's correlation analyses assessed the relatedness of age and BMI with the consequent factors. The factor analysis separated the variables into two similar factor... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380027 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380026&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050648%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was carried out on histological aspects of the extratympanic portion of the discomallear ligament (DL) in adult humans. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was dissected bilaterally in 20 cadavers; in 15 cases the articular disc (AD) and the retroarticular tissue were extirpated. The extratympanic portion of the DL had the shape of a base-down triangle, in relation to the AD, and an upper vertex, in relation to the petrotympanic fissure. In five cases, the base, measured bilaterally, had an average length of 6.4 mm, while the distance from the base to the upper vertex averaged 9.3 mm in length. The extratypanic portion of the DL is an intrinsic ligament of the TMJ, composed of collagen fibres and abundant elastic fibres. We propose that this ligament could act as a tensor of t... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380026 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380025&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050662%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Daver G, Berillon G, Grimaud-Hervé D Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide new data on carpal kinematics in primates in order to deepen our understanding of the relationships between wrist morphology and function. To that end, we provide preliminary data on carpal kinematics in seven species of quadrupedal monkeys that have not been previously investigated in this regard (cercopithecoids, n = 4; ceboids, n = 3). We radiographed wrists from cadavers at their maximum radial and ulnar deviations, as well as at maximum flexion and extension. We took angular measurements to quantify the contribution of the mobility of the two main wrist joints (antebrachiocarpal and midcarpal) with respect to total wrist mobility. We also recorded qualitative observations. O... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380025 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380024&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050694%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Britz HM, Jokihaara J, Leppänen OV, Järvinen TL, Cooper DM Abstract It is well established that bone is capable of adapting to changes in loading; however, little is known regarding how loading specifically affects the internal 3D microarchitecture of cortical bone. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the hypothesis that loading is a determinant of the 3D orientation of primary vascular canals in the rat tibial diaphysis. Left tibiae from 10 rats (30 weeks old) that had been immobilized (sciatic neurectomy) for 27 weeks, right SHAM-operated tibiae from these same rats (internal control) and right tibiae from 10 normal age-matched rats (external control) were scanned by micro-CT. Mean canal orientation (for the whole bone segment and by region), percent p... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380024 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380024 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380023&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22050714%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kikuchi Y, Takemoto H, Kuraoka A Abstract Shoulder morphology is functionally related to different patterns of locomotion in primates. To investigate this we performed a quantitative analysis of the relationship between cortical bone thickness (Cbt) of the muscle/tendon attachment site on the humerus and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of the shoulder muscle in primates with different locomotory habits. The deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus were investigated. A chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon, two species of macaque, a lutong, a capuchin, and a squirrel monkey were included in the study. The total length of the humerus was measured and the values were converted into three-dimensional reconstructed data on a computer by computed tomography. T... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380023 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380031&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22034929%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the aortic valves from 1 849 Syrian hamsters belonging to a family subjected to systematic inbreeding by full-sib mating. The incidence of the different trifoliate aortic valve (TAV) and bifoliate aortic valve (BAV) morphological variants widely varied in the successive inbred generations. TAVs with extensive fusion of the leaflets, and BAVs, accounted for five-sixths of the patterns found in Syrian hamsters considered to be genetically alike or virtually isogenic, with the probability of homozygosity being 0.999 or higher. The remaining one-sixth hamsters had aortic valves with a tricuspid design, but in most cases the right and left coronary leaflets were slightly fused. Results of crosses between genetically alike hamsters, with the probability of homozygosity being 0.989 ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380031 Sun, 30 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380030&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22034965%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cho KH, Cheong JS, Ha YS, Cho BH, Murakami G, Katori Y Abstract Using D2-40 immunohistochemistry, we assessed the distribution of peripheral lymphatic vessels (LVs) in the head-and-neck region of four midterm fetuses without nuchal edema, two of 10 weeks and two of 15 weeks' gestation. We observed abundant LVs in the subcutaneous layer, especially in and along the facial muscles. In the occipital region, only a few LVs were identified perforating the back muscles. The parotid and thyroid glands were surrounded by LVs, but the sublingual and submandibular glands were not. The numbers of submucosal LVs increased from 10 to 15 weeks' gestation in all of the nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cavities, but not in the palate. The laryngeal submucosa had an extremely h... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380030 Sun, 30 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5380029&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22034995%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Myatt JP, Crompton RH, Payne-Davis RC, Vereecke EE, Isler K, Savage R, D'Août K, Günther MM, Thorpe SK Abstract The maximum capability of a muscle can be estimated from simple measurements of muscle architecture such as muscle belly mass, fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area. While the hindlimb anatomy of the non-human apes has been studied in some detail, a comparative study of the forelimb architecture across a number of species has never been undertaken. Here we present data from chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and an orangutan to ascertain if, and where, there are functional differences relating to their different locomotor repertoires and habitat usage. We employed a combination of analyses including allometric scaling and ancovas to explore the dat... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5380029 Sun, 30 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5380029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5329231&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999913%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Genbrugge A, Herrel A, Boone M, Van Hoorebeke L, Podos J, Dirckx J, Aerts P, Dominique A Abstract Despite the large number of studies devoted to the evolution of beak shape in Darwin's finches, surprisingly little is known about the morphology of the skull and jaw musculature in these birds. Moreover, it remains currently unclear whether Darwin's finches are unusual in their cranial morphology compared with other seed-cracking birds. Here, we provide a detailed description of the morphology of the cranial system in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) and compare it with that of another seed-cracking bird of similar overall size and appearance, the Java finch (Padda oryzivora). Our data show an overall similarity in beak size and cranial morphology. Yet, differences i... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5329231 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5329231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5329230&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21999926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mayhew TM Abstract An important tool in cell biology is the combination of immunogold labelling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by which target molecules (e.g. antigens) are bound specifically to affinity markers (primary antibodies) and then detected and localised with visualisation probes (e.g. colloidal gold particles bound to protein A). Gold particles are electron-dense, punctate and available in different sizes whilst TEM provides high-resolution images of particles and cell compartments. By virtue of these properties, the combination can be used also to quantify one or more defined targets in cell compartments. During the past decade, new ways of quantifying gold labelling within cells have been devised. Their efficiency and validity rely on sound princip... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5329230 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5329230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5329229&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22004111%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilkinson T PMID: 22004111 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5329229 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5329229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297786&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21978088%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Kawakami K Abstract Six family genes encode homeobox transcription factors, and a deficiency in them leads to abnormal structures of the sensory organs. In a previous paper, Six1 was reported to be expressed in the taste bud-bearing lingual papillae of mice, and loss of Six1 affected the development of these gustatory papillae. We show here that embryos lacking both Six1 and Six4 revealed more severe abnormalities than those lacking Six1 alone during morphogenesis of their gustatory papillae. By in situ hybridization, Six4 was shown to be broadly distributed in the epithelium of the lateral lingual swellings at embryonic day (E) 11.5, and in the tongue epithelium, mesenchyme, and muscles at E12.5. From E14, Six4 was similar in expression pattern to Six1,... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297786 Fri, 07 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297790&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21974720%26dopt%3DAbstract This study evaluates the sensitivity of FE models of rodent crania to elastic properties of the materials, loading direction, and the location and orientation of the models' constraints. Three FE models were constructed of squirrel, guinea pig and rat skulls. Each was loaded to simulate biting on the incisors, and the first and the third molars, with the angle of the incisal bite varied over a range of 45°. The Young's moduli of the bone and teeth components were varied between limits defined by findings from our own and previously published tests of material properties. Geometric morphometrics (GMM) was used to analyse the resulting skull deformations. Bone stiffness was found to have the strongest influence on the results in all three rodents, followed by bite position, and then bite an... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297790 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281305&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21954840%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miyashita T, Arbour VM, Witmer LM, Currie PJ Abstract Internal cranial anatomy is a challenging area to study in fossilized skulls because of small sample sizes and varied post-mortem preservational alterations. This difficulty has led to the lack of correspondence between results obtained from direct osteological observation and from more indirect reconstruction methods. This paper presents corroborating evidence from direct osteological observation and from reconstruction based on computed X-ray tomography (CT) on the internal cranial anatomy of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Euoplocephalus tutus. A remarkable specimen of Euoplocephalus preserves rarely observed internal cranial structures such as vascular impressions in the nasal cavity, olfactory turbinates and possible imp... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281305 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281301&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21954879%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sato T, Koizumi M, Kim JH, Kim JH, Wang BJ, Murakami G, Cho BH Abstract Fetal development of human deep back muscles has not yet been fully described, possibly because of the difficulty in identifying muscle bundle directions in horizontal sections. Here, we prepared near-frontal sections along the thoracic back skin (eight fetuses) as well as horizontal sections (six fetuses) from 14 mid-term fetuses at 9-15 weeks of gestation. In the deep side of the trapezius and rhomboideus muscles, the CD34-positive thoracolumbar fascia was evident even at 9 weeks. Desmin-reactivity was strong and homogeneous in the superficial muscle fibers in contrast to the spotty expression in the deep fibers. Thus, in back muscles, formation of the myotendinous junction may start from the sup... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281301 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281310&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21951210%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Skedros JG, Sybrowsky CL, Anderson WE, Chow F Abstract Natural loading of the calcanei of deer, elk, sheep and horses produces marked regional differences in prevalent/predominant strain modes: compression in the dorsal cortex, shear in medial-lateral cortices, and tension/shear in the plantar cortex. This consistent non-uniform strain distribution is useful for investigating mechanisms that mediate the development of the remarkable regional material variations of these bones (e.g. collagen orientation, mineralization, remodeling rates and secondary osteon morphotypes, size and population density). Regional differences in strain-mode-specific microdamage prevalence and/or morphology might evoke and sustain the remodeling that produces this material heterogeneity in accorda... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281310 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281309&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21951233%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, eye drops containing melatonin or RA were applied to corneas exposed to CL in vivo or in organ culture, and effects on corneal mass and hydration were measured. We applied a melatonin blocker, luzindole, to chick corneas in normal light/dark conditions to confirm that the observed melatonin effects are mediated at the cell membrane. Anterior chamber depth and refraction in vivo were measured. We found that, during CL exposure, combined application of melatonin and RA eye drops increased the depth of the anterior segment in vivo, (P = 0.003) and interestingly, both also reduced the hyperopia of CL exposure after 2 weeks (P = 0.002), thus partially reversing the effects of CL. RA increased corneal hydration in vivo (P = 0.030) but not in organ culture. Melatonin ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281309 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281308&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21951275%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee SH, Ichii O, Otsuka S, Yaser Hosney E, Namiki Y, Hashimoto Y, Kon Y Abstract MRL/MpJ (MRL) mice, commonly used as a model for autoimmune disease, have a high frequency of ovarian cysts originating from the rete ovarii. In the present study, to clarify how the rete ovarii, which are remnants of mesonephric tubules during embryogenesis, progress to cystic formation with aging, the morphology of MRL rete ovarii was analyzed and compared with that of normal C57BL/6N (B6) mice. In B6 mice, the rete ovarii consisted of a series of tubules, including the extraovarian rete (ER), the connecting rete (CR), and the intraovarian rete (IR), based on their location. Whereas the ER of B6 mice was composed of highly convoluted tubules lined by both ciliated and non-ciliated epithelia,... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281308 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281307&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21951307%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Conway CD, Price DJ, Pratt T, Mason JO Abstract During embryonic development of the visual system, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project their axons towards the brain, passing through the optic chiasm. Axons are guided on this journey by molecular cues in the environment. The heparan sulphate sulphotransferase (Hst) enzymes Hs2st and Hs6st1 are each known to be required for specific aspects of axon guidance in the developing visual system, as revealed by studies of Hs2st(-/-) and Hs6st1(-/-) mutant embryos. However, it remained possible that these two enzymes have additional, overlapping, functions in RGC axon guidance; but that no effect is manifest in single mutant embryos, because the other enzyme is sufficient to fulfil the shared function. To investigate this possibil... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281307 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5281307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5247262&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21923720%26dopt%3DAbstract This study used a broad interspecific sample of anthropoid primates to elaborate upon and test the predictions of a previously proposed model of AE function. This model suggests that AE inclination acts to resist non-normal forces at the TMJ, thereby maximizing bite forces (BFs). AE inclination was predicted to covary with two specific features of the masticatory apparatus: height of the TMJ above the occlusal plane; and inclination of the masticatory muscles. A correlate of this model is that taxa utilizing more resistant food objects should also exhibit relatively more inclined AEs. Results of the correlation analyses found that AE inclination is strongly correlated with height of the TMJ above the occlusal plane, but less so with inclination of the masticatory muscles. Furthermore, pair... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5247262 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5247262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5247261&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21923862%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tuljapurkar SR, McGuire TR, Brusnahan SK, Jackson JD, Garvin KL, Kessinger MA, Lane JT, O' Kane BJ, Sharp JG Abstract Hematological deficiencies increase with aging, including anemias, reduced responses to hematopoietic stress and myelodysplasias. This investigation tested the hypothesis that increased bone marrow (BM) fat content in humans with age was associated with decreased numbers of side population (SP) hematopoietic stem cells, and this decrease correlated with changes in cytokine levels. BM was obtained from the femoral head and trochanteric region of the femur removed at surgery for total hip replacement (N = 100 subjects). In addition, BM from cadavers (N = 36), with no evidence of hip disease, was evaluated for fat content. Whole trabecular marrow sampl... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5247261 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5247261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5247260&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21929743%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Taniguchi Y, Tanaka O, Sekiguchi M, Takekoshi S, Tsukamoto H, Kimura M, Imai K, Inoko H Abstract HOX genes expressed in a specific spatial and temporal manner play a crucial role in determining the body plan during the early development of vertebrates. In adult tissues, many HOX genes participate in normal hematopoiesis and carcinogenesis. We previously found that overexpression of the homeobox gene HOXD3 alters expression levels of cell adhesion molecules in human cancer cell lines. Here, we have investigated whether HOXD3 expression is related to the cell adhesion processes during mouse development focusing on dorsal midline cells or roof-plate cells of the neural tube and neural crest cells. We created transgenic mouse embryos, in which HOXD3 is expressed in the dorsal ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5247260 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5247260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5193021&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21883201%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we confirm the presence of transcriptional activity in STB nuclei by demonstrating immunoreactivity for a transcription factor and an RNA polymerase I (RNA Pol I) co-factor, phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein and phospho-upstream binding factor, respectively. We also show, through immunoco-localisation studies, that a proportion of STB nuclei are both RNA Pol I and II transcriptionally active. Finally, we quantify the numerical densities of nuclei immunopositive and immunonegative for RNA Pol II in the STB of normal placentas of 11-39 weeks gestational age using an unbiased stereological counting tool, the physical disector. These data were combined with estimates of the volume of trophoblast to calculate total numbers of both types of nuclei at each gestational... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5193021 Tue, 23 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5193021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5141578&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21848602%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Campanelli V, Fantini M, Faccioli N, Cangemi A, Pozzo A, Sbarbati A Abstract Heel fat pad cushioning efficiency is the result of its structure, shape and thickness. However, while a number of studies have investigated heel fat pad (HFP) anatomy, structural behavior and material properties, no previous study has described its three-dimensional morphology in situ. The assessment of the healthy, unloaded, three-dimensional morphology of heel pad may contribute to deepen the understanding of its role and behavior during locomotion. It is the basis for the assessment of possible HFP morphological modifications due to changes in the amount or distribution of the loads normally sustained by the foot. It may also help in guiding the surgical reconstruction of the pad and in improv... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5141578 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5141578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103911&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21812776%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu F, Zhang Z, Lin X, Teng G, Meng H, Yu T, Fang F, Zang F, Li Z, Liu S The cerebellum is one of the most important structures in the posterior cranial fossa, but the characterization of its development by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is incomplete. We scanned 40 fetuses that had no morphological brain disorder at 14-22 weeks of gestation using 7.0 T MRI. Amira 4.1 software was used to determine morphological parameters of the fetal cerebellum, which included the cerebellar volume (CV), transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD), and the length and width of the vermis. The relationship between these measurements and gestational age (GA) was analysed. We found that the primary fissure was visible at week 14 of gestation. From week 16, the prepyramidal fissure, the secondary ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103911 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103911 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103910&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21812777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ngeow WC, Atkins S, Morgan CR, Metcalfe AD, Boissonade FM, Loescher AR, Robinson PP Microsurgical repair of transected peripheral nerves is compromised by the formation of scar tissue and the development of a neuroma, thereby limiting the success of regeneration. The aim of this study was to quantify histomorphometrically the structural changes in neural tissue that result from repair, and determine the effect of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P), a scar-reducing agent previously shown to enhance regeneration. In anaesthetised C57-black-6 mice, the left sciatic nerve was sectioned and repaired using four epineurial sutures. Either 100 μL of 600 mm M6P (five animals) or 100 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (placebo controls, five animals) was injected into and around the nerve r... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103910 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103910 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103913&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21781093%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mazzoni M, Bosi P, De Sordi N, Lalatta-Costerbosa G Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is the initial inductive site for mucosal immunity. It is present in the different layers of the mucosal wall and consists of organized lymphoid tissue which may occur as isolated or aggregated lymphoid follicles (LFs) and interfollicular areas. It is present in many organs, including the pig stomach. Gastric MALT has been intensely studied in experimentally infected pigs but few data are available in healthy, non-gnotobiotic or germ-free animals. In the present study we described the gastric MALT in conventional piglets in the cardiac mucosa of the gastric diverticulum, in the pyloric mucosa, and in the sites of transition from cardiac to oxyntic and from cardiac to pyloric mucosa by ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103913 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103913 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5103912&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21781094%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, the pelvic structures responsible for sphincter continence and sexual function receive dual innervation from the autonomic supralevator and the somatic infralevator pathways. These two pathways displayed proximal, intermediate and distal communication. The distal communication between the CN and branches of the DN extended nitrergic activity to the distal part of the cavernous bodies in fetuses of both sexes. These structures are important for erectile function, and care should therefore be taken to conserve this communication during reconstructive surgery. PMID: 21781094 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5103912 Thu, 21 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5103912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057998&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21767263%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Martino J, De Witt Hamer PC, Vergani F, Brogna C, de Lucas EM, Vázquez-Barquero A, García-Porrero JA, Duffau H Classical fiber dissection of post mortem human brains enables us to isolate a fiber tract by removing the cortex and overlying white matter. In the current work, a modification of the dissection methodology is presented that preserves the cortex and the relationships within the brain during all stages of dissection, i.e. 'cortex-sparing fiber dissection'. Thirty post mortem human hemispheres (15 right side and 15 left side) were dissected using cortex-sparing fiber dissection. Magnetic resonance imaging study of a healthy brain was analyzed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based tractography software. DTI fiber tract reconstructions were compared with cortex-sp... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057998 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5057998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058002&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21740424%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Moore HM, Gohel M, Davies AH Although deep venous insufficiency is common and important, the anatomy of deep vein valves is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, number and consistency of venous valves in the femoral and popliteal veins in normal subjects. A detailed literature search of PubMed was performed. Abstracts and selected full text articles were scrutinised and relevant studies published between 1949 and 2010 reporting anatomical details of deep vein valves were included. From 7470 articles identified by the initial search strategy, nine studies with a total of 476 legs were included in this review. All studies were cadaveric and subjects ranged from stillborn fetuses to 103 years of age. Studies suggested that femoral veins cont... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058002 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5058002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058001&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21740425%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gómez O, Ballester-Lurbe B, Mesonero JE, Terrado J Peripheral nerve axotomy in adult mice elicits a complex response that includes increased glucose uptake in regenerating nerve cells. This work analyses the expression of the neuronal glucose transporters GLUT3, GLUT4 and GLUT8 in the facial nucleus of adult mice during the first days after facial nerve axotomy. Our results show that whereas GLUT3 levels do not vary, GLUT4 and GLUT8 immunoreactivity increases in the cell body of the injured motoneurons after the lesion. A sharp increase in GLUT4 immunoreactivity was detected 3 days after the nerve injury and levels remained high on Day 8, but to a lesser extent. GLUT8 also increased the levels but later than GLUT4, as they only rose on Day 8 post-lesion. These results indic... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058001 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5058001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5058000&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21740426%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Claes P, Walters M, Vandermeulen D, Clement JG Mild facial asymmetries are common in typical growth patterns. Therefore, detection of disordered facial growth patterns in individuals characterized by asymmetries is preferably accomplished by reference to the typical variation found in the general population rather than to some ideal of perfect symmetry, which rarely exists. This presents a challenge in developing an asymmetry assessment tool that is applicable, without modification, to detect both mild and severe facial asymmetries. In this paper we use concepts from geometric morphometrics to obtain robust and spatially-dense asymmetry assessments using a superimposition protocol for comparison of a face with its mirror image. Spatially-dense localization of asymmetries was a... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5058000 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5058000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057999&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21740437%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Giovanna BM, Antonio T, Gino F, Valentina M The famous castrato singer Farinelli (1705-1782) was exhumed by our research group in July 2006 for the purpose of gaining some insight into his biological profile through a study of his skeletal remains. Farinelli was castrated before puberty to preserve the treble pitch of the boy's voice into adult life. His powerful and sweet voice became legendary. In spite of its bad preservation state, the skeleton displayed some interesting characteristics that are probably related to the effects of castration, including long limb-bones, persistence of epiphyseal lines and osteoporosis. In particular, the frontal bone was affected by severe hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI). This condition consists in a symmetrical thickening of the inner ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057999 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5057999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009091&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21722103%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we employ both ultrasound imaging and a novel spatial anisotropy measure - incorporating Moran's I spatial autocorrelation calculations - to investigate the structuromechanical features of subcutaneous tissues within the extremities of 16 healthy volunteers. This approach is based on the understanding that spatial anisotropy can be an effective surrogate for the summative, tensile forces experienced by biological tissue. We found that spatial anisotropy in the arm, thigh and calf was attributed to the echogenic bands spanning the width of the ultrasound images. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, the calf was significantly associated with greater anisotropy compared with the thigh and arm. Spatial anisotropy was inversely related to subcutaneous thickness, and wa... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009091 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5009091 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009092&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21718316%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bright JA, Rayfield EJ A finite element (FE) validation and sensitivity study was undertaken on a modern domestic pig cranium. Bone strain data were collected ex vivo from strain gauges, and compared with results from specimen-specific FE models. An isotropic, homogeneous model was created, then input parameters were altered to investigate model sensitivity. Heterogeneous, isotropic models investigated the effects of a constant-thickness, stiffer outer layer (representing cortical bone) atop a more compliant interior (representing cancellous bone). Loading direction and placement of strain gauges were also varied, and the use of 2D membrane elements at strain gauge locations as a method of projecting 3D model strains into the plane of the gauge was investigated. The models cor... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009092 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5009092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961633&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21689099%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bots J, Wijnaendts LC, Delen S, Van Dongen S, Heikinheimo K, Galis F In humans, an increasing body of evidence has linked the frequency of cervical ribs to stillbirths, other malformations and early childhood cancers. However, the frequency of cervical ribs in a putatively healthy fetal population is not sufficiently known to assess the actual medical risks of these prenatal findings. We therefore analyzed the presence of skeletal anomalies in a series of 199 electively aborted fetuses, which were whole-mount stained with alizarin red specific for skeletal tissues. Results show that approximately 40% of the fetuses had cervical ribs, even though external congenital abnormalities such as craniofacial and limb defects were absent. A literature overview indicates that the observe... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961633 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961632&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21689100%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diogo R, Wood B Apart from molecular data, nearly all the evidence used to study primate relationships comes from hard tissues. Here, we provide details of the first parsimony and Bayesian cladistic analyses of the order Primates based exclusively on muscle data. The most parsimonious tree obtained from the cladistic analysis of 166 characters taken from the head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature is fully congruent with the most recent evolutionary molecular tree of Primates. That is, this tree recovers not only the relationships among the major groups of primates, i.e. Strepsirrhini {Tarsiiformes [Platyrrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hominoidea)]}, but it also recovers the relationships within each of these inclusive groups. Of the 301 character state changes occurring in t... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961632 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961635&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21679183%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miyako H, Suzuki A, Nozawa-Inoue K, Magara J, Kawano Y, Ono K, Maeda T The articular disc is a dense collagenous tissue containing disc cells that are phenotypically described as chondrocyte-like cells or fibrochondrocytes. Despite the possible existence of these phenotypes in systemic joints, little is known about the detailed classification of the articular disc cells in the temporomandibular joint. In this immunocytochemical study we examined the localization and distribution patterns of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the articular disc of the rat temporomandibular joint at postnatal day 1, and weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8, based on the status of tooth eruption and occlusion. Nestin and GFAP are intermediate filament proteins whose expression patterns are close... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961635 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961634&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21679184%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Teshima TH, Ianez RF, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Buim ME, Soares FA, Lourenço SV The formation of salivary glands entails the proliferation of epithelial cells from the stomatodeum into the underlying ectomesenchyme, culminating in a complex network of ducts and acinar bulbs. The extent to which mucins regulate this process is unknown, but they appear to mediate luminal space formation and maturation. Our aim was to examine mucin expression patterns during the morphogenesis of human salivary glands. Mucin expression - MUC1, 2, 3, 4, 5AC, 5B, 6, and 16 - was analyzed in specimens of developing human salivary glands, obtained from fetuses at 4-24 weeks' gestation, and fully developed salivary glands by immunohistochemistry. Expression patterns were analyzed qualitatively according ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961634 Wed, 15 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4961636&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21668895%26dopt%3DAbstract This study raises questions about the evolution and diversification of pinniped locomotory behaviours, but also provides the necessary framework to begin to examine axial mechanics and locomotory stages in other fossil pinnipedimorphs and their relatives in more detail. PMID: 21668895 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4961636 Mon, 13 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4961636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912743&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21644971%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Butt AM, Bay V PMID: 21644971 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912743 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 11:54:17 +0100 4912743 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4912713&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21644972%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooper DM, Erickson B, Peele AG, Hannah K, Thomas CD, Clement JG Cortical bone histology has been the subject of scientific inquiry since the advent of the earliest microscopes. Histology - literally the study of tissue - is a field nearly synonymous with 2D thin sections. That said, progressive developments in high-resolution X-ray imaging are enabling 3D visualization to reach ever smaller structures. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), employing conventional X-ray sources, has become the gold standard for 3D analysis of trabecular bone and is capable of detecting the structure of vascular (osteonal) porosity in cortical bone. To date, however, direct 3D visualization of secondary osteons has eluded micro-CT based upon absorption-derived contrast. Synchrotron radiation mic... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4912713 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4912713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4813742&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21534951%26dopt%3DAbstract This study shows that (i) airway growth in diameter and length is not linear with age, (ii) growth of airway length is faster than that of diameter during the 15-81-day postnatal period, and (iii) asymmetry in airway diameter (ratio of major to minor daughter diameter) increases with age. PMID: 21534951 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4813742 Thu, 12 May 2011 13:15:18 +0100 4813742 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4813740&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21557745%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morgan CC, Verzi DH Among the ecomorphologically diverse Octodontoidea rodents, fossorial habits are prevalent in Ctenomyidae and Octodontidae and occur in some members of Echimyidae. To detect traits linked to scratch-digging, we analyzed morpho-structural variation in the carpus and metacarpus of 27 species of extinct and living octodontoids with epigean, fossorial and subterranean habits. Within a context of relative morphological uniformity, we detected the following specialized traits in the burrowing Clyomys (Echimyidae), Spalacopus (Octodontidae), Ctenomys and †Eucelophorus (Ctenomyidae): broad shortened carpus, robust metacarpals, markedly broad and short metacarpal V, and predominance of ray III (mesaxony, incipient in Spalacopus). In addition, the specialized subte... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4813740 Tue, 10 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4813740 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4813741&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21539540%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zollikofer CP, Weissmann JD Interosseous sutures exhibit highly variable patterns of interdigitation and corrugation. Recent research has identified fundamental molecular mechanisms of suture formation, and computer models have been used to simulate suture morphogenesis. However, the role of bone strain in the development of complex sutures is largely unknown, and measuring suture morphologies beyond the evaluation of fractal dimensions remains a challenge. Here we propose a morphogenetic model of suture formation, which is based on the paradigm of Laplacian interface growth. Computer simulations of suture morphogenesis under various boundary conditions generate a wide variety of synthetic sutural forms. Their morphologies are quantified with a combination of Fourier analysis ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4813741 Tue, 03 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4813741 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759355&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457258%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Suárez R, Santibáñez R, Parra D, Coppi AA, Abrahão LM, Sasahara TH, Mpodozis J The vomeronasal system is crucial for social and sexual communication in mammals. Two populations of vomeronasal sensory neurons, each expressing Gαi2 or Gαo proteins, send projections to glomeruli of the rostral or caudal accessory olfactory bulb, rAOB and cAOB, respectively. In rodents, the Gαi2- and Gαo-expressing vomeronasal pathways have shown differential responses to small/volatile vs. large/non-volatile semiochemicals, respectively. Moreover, early gene expression suggests predominant activation of rAOB and cAOB neurons in sexual vs. aggressive contexts, respectively. We recently described the AOB of Octodon degus, a semiarid-inhabiting diurnal caviomorph. Their AOB has a cell indent... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759355 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 14:46:13 +0100 4759355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759354&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457259%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21457259 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759354 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 14:46:09 +0100 4759354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759341&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21517841%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu Y, Pan J, Qi S, Shi J, Zhang X, Wu K In recent years, the transsphenoidal approach has been extensively used surgically to treat parasellar, suprasellar, clival, and even petrous lesions. Extended pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus (SS) is considered an indispensable element for the extended transsphenoidal (ETS) approach. Because most anatomical studies of the ETS approach use Caucasian subjects, the present study aims to clarify the pneumatic extension types in Chinese individuals as well as any differences from those in Caucasians and analyze these differences with respect to the application of the ETS approach. A total of 200 computed tomography (CT) images of SSs and 18 adult cadaveric heads were selected for observation and measurement. The conchal, presellar, and s... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759341 Sun, 24 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759343&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21507000%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Myatt JP, Crompton RH, Thorpe SK By relating an animal's morphology to its functional role and the behaviours performed, we can further develop our understanding of the selective factors and constraints acting on the adaptations of great apes. Comparison of muscle architecture between different ape species, however, is difficult because only small sample sizes are ever available. Further, such samples are often comprised of different age-sex classes, so studies have to rely on scaling techniques to remove body mass differences. However, the reliability of such scaling techniques has been questioned. As datasets increase in size, more reliable statistical analysis may eventually become possible. Here we employ geometric and allometric scaling techniques, and ancovas (a form of ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759343 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759342&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21507001%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bachmann T, Wagner H Barn owl feathers at the leading edge of the wing are equipped with comb-like structures termed serrations on their outer vanes. Each serration is formed by one barb ending that separates and bends upwards. This structure is considered to play a role in air-flow control and noise reduction during flight. Hence, it has considerable potential for engineering applications, particularly in the aviation industry. Several publications have reported possible functions of serrations at artificial airfoils. However, only crude approximations of natural serrations have so far been investigated. We refer to these attempts as zero-order approximations of serrations. It was the goal of this study to present a quantitative three-dimensional characterization of natural s... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759342 Tue, 19 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759345&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21496014%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V, Evans J, Fowler L, Powers N, Walker D, Webb H, Witkin A The study of anatomy in England during the 18th and 19th century has become infamous for bodysnatching from graveyards to provide a sufficient supply of cadavers. However, recent discoveries have improved our understanding of how and why anatomy was studied during the enlightenment, and allow us to see the context in which dissection of the human body took place. Excavations of infirmary burial grounds and medical school cemeteries, study of hospital archives, and analysis of the content of surviving anatomical collections in medical museums enables us to re-evaluate the field from a fresh perspective. The pathway from a death in poverty, sale of the corpse to b... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759345 Sun, 17 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759344&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21496015%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yamamoto M, Abe S, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Fujimiya M, Murakami G, Ide Y Desmin is a member of the intermediate filaments, which play crucial roles in the maturation, maintenance and recovery of muscle fibers. Its expression has been examined in human cardiac muscle, rat and chicken, but its spatial distribution in the human fetal heart has not been described. The present study investigated desmin expression in the human fetal heart and associated great vessels in 14 mid-term fetuses from 9 to 18 weeks of gestation. Immunoreactivity for myosin heavy chain (MHC) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), as well as neuron-specific enolase (NSE), was also examined. Increased expression of desmin from 9 to 18 weeks was clearly localized in the atrial wall, the proximal portions ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759344 Sun, 17 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759346&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21492160%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Jong WC, Korfage JA, Langenbach GE Muscles are considered to play an important role in the ongoing daily loading of bone, especially in the masticatory apparatus. Currently, there are no measurements describing this role over longer periods of time. We made simultaneous and wireless in vivo recordings of habitual strains of the rabbit mandible and masseter muscle and digastric muscle activity up to ∼ 25 h. The extent to which habitually occurring bone strains were related to muscle-activity bursts in time and in amplitude is described. The data reveal the masseter muscle to load the mandible almost continuously throughout the day, either within cyclic activity bouts or with thousands of isolated muscle bursts. Mandibular strain events rarely took place without simulta... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759346 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759347&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21480891%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quimby S, Fern R Capillary endothelia and pericytes form a close morphological arrangement allowing pericytes to regulate capillary blood flow, in addition to contributing to vascular development and support. Vascular changes associated with oxidative stress are implicated in important pathologies in developing whiter matter, but little is known about the vascular unit in white matter of the appropriate age or how it responds to oxidative stress. We show that the ultrastructural arrangement of post-natal day 10 (P10) capillaries involves the apposition of pericyte somata to the capillary inner basement membrane and penetration of pericyte processes onto the abluminal surface where they form close connections with endothelial cells. Some pericytes have an unusual stellate morph... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759347 Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759350&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21477146%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined paraffin-embedded specimens of 20 mid-term human fetuses at 8-25 weeks of ovulation age (crown-rump length or CRL, 38-220 mm). After 9 weeks, the tympanic bone and the squamous part of the temporal bone, each of which was cranial or caudal to Meckel's cartilage, grew to close the lateral part of the tympanosquamosal fissure. At the same time, the cartilaginous tegmen tympani appeared independently of the petrous part of the temporal bone and resulted in the petrosquamosal fissure. Subsequently, the medial part of the tympanosquamosal fissure was closed by the descent of a cartilaginous inferior process of the tegmen tympani. When Meckel's cartilage changed into the sphenomandibular ligament and the anterior ligament of the malleus, the inferior process of the tegmen tympa... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759350 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759349&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21477151%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fujiwara SI, Endo H, Hutchinson JR Some tetrapods hang upside down from tree branches when moving horizontally. The ability to walk in quadrupedal suspension has been acquired independently in at least 14 mammalian lineages. During the stance (supportive) phase of quadrupedal suspension, the elbow joint flexor muscles (not the extensors as in upright vertebrates moving overground) are expected to contract to maintain the flexed limb posture. Therefore muscular control in inverted, suspended quadrupeds may require changes of muscle control, and even morphologies, to conditions opposite to those in upright animals. However, the relationships between musculoskeletal morphologies and elbow joint postures during the stance phase in suspended quadrupeds have not been investigated. O... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759349 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759348&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21477184%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, significant alterations of the trabecular architecture under the tibial plateau were observed following 12 months of oestrogen-deficiency in this ovine model. Despite these marked morphological and structural density differences, the material densities were equal in the two groups. PMID: 21477184 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759348 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759351&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21466551%26dopt%3DAbstract We described abundant fibres composed of both fibrillin 1 and fibrillin 2, which had a similar pattern of distribution to oxytalan fibres. NDIC demonstrated complex interfascicular and interbundle anatomy in the CL complex. The distribution of elastin fibres is suggestive of a mechanical role in bundle reorganisation following ligament deformation. The presence and location of fibrillin 2 in oxytalan fibres in ligament differs from the solely fibrillin 1-containing oxytalan fibres previously described in tendon and may demonstrate a fundamental difference between ligament and tendon. PMID: 21466551 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759351 Tue, 05 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759352&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21463299%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bard J The formation of any tissue involves differentiation, cell dynamics and interactions with adjacent tissues. This paper suggests that the complexity of the system as a whole can be represented as a mathematical graph, that is, a set of connected triples of the general form [term] <relationship> [term]. Computationally, such graphs are widely used for modeling data; visually, they form hierarchies and networks. For morphogenesis, the triples are of the general structure <noun > <verb > <noun >, where nouns cover tissues, molecules and networks and verbs describe processes such as moves, differentiates, grows and apoptoses. The paper considers the general formalism of graphs, where graphs are already used in biology, and how developmental anatomy ma... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759352 Mon, 04 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4759353&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21457260%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, our findings suggest that both VEGF and endostatin play a role in the structural reorganization of the articular cartilage and endostatin may be involved in the maintenance of its avascularity. In the growth plate, however, endostatin does not appear to counteract VEGF, allowing vascular invasion of hypertrophic cartilage and bone growth. PMID: 21457260 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4759353 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4759353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650939&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21413985%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Knop E, Knop N, Zhivov A, Kraak R, Korb DR, Blackie C, Greiner JV, Guthoff R The inner border of the eyelid margin is critically important for ocular surface integrity because it guarantees the thin spread of the tear film. Its exact morphology in the human is still insufficiently known. The histology in serial sections of upper and lower lid margins in whole-mount specimens from 10 human body donors was compared to in vivo confocal microscopy of eight eyes with a Heidelberg retina-tomograph (HRT II) and attached Rostock cornea module. Behind the posterior margin of the Meibomian orifices, the cornified epidermis stopped abruptly and was replaced by a continuous layer of para-keratinized (pk) cells followed by discontinuous pk cells. The pk cells covered the muco-cutaneous jun... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650939 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 00:45:31 +0100 4650939 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650938&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21413986%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21413986 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650938 Wed, 30 Mar 2011 00:45:27 +0100 4650938 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650934&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21434911%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Henderson J, Terenghi G, Ferguson MW Fetal wounds can heal without scarring. There is evidence that the sensory nervous system plays a role in mediating inflammation and healing, and that the reinnervation pattern of adult wounds differs from that of unwounded skin. Ectoderm is required for development of the cutaneous nerve plexus in early gestation. It was hypothesised that scarless fetal wounds might completely regenerate their neural and vascular architecture. Wounds were made on mouse fetuses at embryonic day 16.5 of a 19.5-day gestation, which healed without visible scars. Immunohistochemical analysis of wound sites was performed to assess reinnervation, using antibodies to the pan neuronal marker PGP9.5 as well as to the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650934 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4650934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650933&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21434912%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Murphy BF, Parker SL, Murphy CR, Thompson MB The eastern water skink (Eulamprus quoyii) has lecithotrophic embryos and was previously described as having a simple Type I chorioallantoic placenta. Indeed, it was the species upon which the definition of a Type I placenta was thought to be based, although we had cause to question that assumption. Hence we have described the morphology of the uterus of E. quoyii and found it to be more complex than previously supposed. The mesometrial pole of the uterus in E. quoyii displays a vessel-dense elliptical structure (the VDE) with columnar uterine epithelial cells. As pregnancy proceeds, the uterine epithelium near the mesometrial pole becomes folded and glands become hypertrophied, so that the morphology of VDE resembles that of a pl... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650933 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4650933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650935&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21418206%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lungová V, Radlanski RJ, Tucker AS, Renz H, Míšek I, Matalová E The first mouse molar (M1) is the most common model for odontogenesis, with research particularly focused on prenatal development. However, the functional dentition forms postnatally, when the histogenesis and morphogenesis of the tooth is completed, the roots form and the tooth physically anchors into the jaw. In this work, M1 was studied from birth to eruption, assessing morphogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis, and correlating these with remodeling of the surrounding bony tissue. The M1 completed crown formation between postnatal (P) days 0-2, and the development of the tooth root was initiated at P4. From P2 until P12, cell proliferation in the dental epithelium reduced and shifted downward to the apic... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650935 Tue, 22 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4650935 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650937&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21413987%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frey R, Volodin I, Volodina E, Soldatova NV, Juldaschev ET Similar to male humans, Homo sapiens, the males of a few polygynous ruminants - red deer Cervus elaphus, fallow deer Dama dama and Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa- have a more or less enlarged, low-resting larynx and are capable of additional dynamic vocal tract elongation by larynx retraction during their rutting calls. The vocal correlates of a large larynx and an elongated vocal tract, a low fundamental frequency and low vocal tract resonance frequencies, deter rival males and attract receptive females. The males of the polygynous goitred gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, provide another, independently evolved, example of an enlarged and low-resting larynx of high mobility. Relevant aspects of the rutting behaviou... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650937 Fri, 18 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4650937 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650936&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21413988%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, single and double-labeling immunofluorescence histochemistry, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to study the expression of P2Y(6) receptors in developing mouse skeletal muscle and during injury and repair. The results show that P2Y(6) receptor immunoreactive (ir) cells were first detected in the dermamyotome at embryonic (E) day 9. The number and immunostaining intensity of the P2Y(6) receptor-ir cells increased from E9 to E13, but decreased from E15 to postnatal day 60 in the developing skeletal muscle system. The expression levels of P2Y(6) receptor protein and mRNA increased rapidly from 1 to 5 days after skeletal muscle injury and then decreased almost to the control level from 7 to 10 days, at the beginning of regeneration. P2Y(6) recept... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650936 Fri, 18 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4650936 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4650940&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21401588%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gruenenfelder FI, Thomson G, Penderis J, Edgar JM In the central nervous system (CNS) the majority of axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath, which is produced by oligodendrocytes. Myelin is a lipid-rich insulating material that facilitates the rapid conduction of electrical impulses along the myelinated nerve fibre. Proteolipid protein and its isoform DM20 constitute the most abundant protein component of CNS myelin. Mutations in the PLP1 gene encoding these myelin proteins cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and the related allelic disorder, spastic paraplegia type 2. Animal models of these diseases, particularly models lacking or overexpressing Plp1, have shed light on the interplay between axons and oligodendrocytes, and how one component influences the other. PMID: 21... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4650940 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4650940 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582684&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21395579%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sakry D, Karram K, Trotter J NG2-expressing glia are precursors to oligodendrocytes and subpopulations of astrocytes. They are unique among glial cells in that they enter into synaptic specialisations with neurons throughout all areas of grey and white matter and at all ages. To date, the NG2 cells appear to represent a postsynaptic compartment, and synapses are formed with axons. With differentiation to oligodendrocytes, NG2 is downregulated and myelin antigens upregulated: this coincides with a loss of the synaptic contacts between neurons and NG2 glial cells. The functional roles of this glial-neuron synapse in regulation of differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes or additionally responding to and modulating neuronal network activity remain to be elucidated. P... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582684 Sun, 13 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582685&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21385182%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cray Jr J, Cooper GM, Mooney MP, Siegel MI Research has shown that Pan and Homo have similar ectocranial suture synostosis patterns and a similar suture ontogeny (relative timing of suture fusion during the species ontogeny). This ontogeny includes patency during and after neurocranial expansion with a delayed bony response associated with adaptation to biomechanical forces generated by mastication. Here we investigate these relationships for Gorilla by examining the association among ectocranial suture morphology, cranial volume (as a proxy for neurocranial expansion) and dental development (as a proxy for the length of time that it has been masticating hard foods and exerting such strains on the cranial vault) in a large sample of Gorilla gorilla skulls. Two-hundred and fift... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582685 Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4582686&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21371032%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the expression of CTRP3/cartducin mRNA in Meckel's cartilage and in condylar cartilage of the fetal mouse mandible. Based on in situ hybridization studies, CTRP3/cartducin mRNA was not expressed in the anlagen of Meckel's cartilage at embryonic day (E)11.5, but it was strongly expressed in Meckel's cartilage at E14.0, and then reduced in the hypertrophic chondrocytes at E16.0. CTRP3/cartducin mRNA was not expressed in the condylar anlagen at E14.0, but was expressed in the upper part of newly formed condylar cartilage at E15.0. At E16.0, CTRP3/cartducin mRNA was expressed from the polymorphic cell zone to the upper part of the hypertrophic cell zone, but was reduced in the lower part of the hypertrophic cell zone. CTRP3/cartducin-antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) treatmen... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4582686 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4582686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530625&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323914%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Su PH, Wang TC, Wong ZR, Huang BM, Yang HY The muscularis externa of the developing rodent esophagus is initially composed of smooth muscle, and later replaced by skeletal muscle in a craniocaudal progression. There is growing evidence of distinct developmental origins for esophageal smooth and skeletal muscles. However, the identification of skeletal muscle progenitor cells is controversial, and the detailed cell lineage of their descendants remains elusive. In the current study, we carried out multiple labeling immunofluorescence microscopy of nestin and muscle type-specific markers to characterize the dynamic process of rat esophageal myogenesis. The results showed that nestin was transiently expressed in immature esophageal smooth muscle cells in early developing stages. A... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530625 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530624&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323915%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abel R, Macho GA Trabecular architecture forms an important structural component of bone and, depending on the loading conditions encountered during life, is organised in a systematic, bone- and species-specific manner. However, recent studies suggested that gross trabecular arrangement (e.g. density distribution), like overall bone shape, is predetermined and/or affected by factors other than loading and perhaps less plastic than commonly assumed. To explore this issue further, the present cross-sectional ontogenetic study investigated morphological changes in external bone shape in relation to changes in trabecular bundle orientation and anisotropy. Radiographs of 73 modern human ilia were assessed using radiographic and Geometric Morphometric techniques. The study confirmed... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530624 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530623&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323916%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Sterkenburg MN, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Niek van Dijk C The source of pain and the background to the pain mechanisms associated with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy have not yet been clarified. Intratendinous degenerative changes are most often addressed when present. However, it is questionable if degeneration of the tendon itself is the main cause of pain. Pain is often most prominent on the medial side, 2-7 cm from the insertion onto the calcaneus. The medial location of the pain has been explained to be caused by enhanced stress on the calcaneal tendon due to hyperpronation. However, on this medial side the plantaris tendon is also located. It has been postulated that the plantaris tendon might play a role in these medially located symptoms. To our knowledge, th... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530623 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530622&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323917%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Siegel DS, Miralles A, Aldridge RD Since the advent of molecular character sets in phylogenetic systematics our understanding of the evolutionary history of snakes has changed considerably. In some cases the novel topologies reconstructed from molecular datasets have left researchers puzzled, as no morphological feature seems to support the new relationships found. This is the case for 'Amerophidia'sensu Vidal et al. (2007; Biology of the Boas and Pythons, Eagle Mountain: Eagle Mountain Publishing; Aniliidae + Tropidophiidae), a grouping of the Red Pipesnakes and Neotropical Dwarf Boas. We contend that in some cases the apparent lack of historical morphological support for the molecular phylogenies is due to our poor understanding of the organisms as a whole, and not the ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530622 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530621&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323918%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 21323918 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530621 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530619&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21332715%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hudson PE, Corr SA, Payne-Davis RC, Clancy SN, Lane E, Wilson AM Despite the cheetah being the fastest living land mammal, we know remarkably little about how it attains such high top speeds (29 m s(-1) ). Here we aim to describe and quantify the musculoskeletal anatomy of the cheetah forelimb and compare it to the racing greyhound, an animal of similar mass, but which can only attain a top speed of 17 m s(-1) . Measurements were made of muscle mass, fascicle length and moment arms, enabling calculations of muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and estimates of joint torques and rotational velocities. Bone lengths, masses and mid-shaft cross-sectional areas were also measured. Several species differences were observed and have been discussed, such a... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530619 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530618&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21332716%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Green DJ, Hamrick MW, Richmond BG Mechanical loads, particularly those generated by skeletal muscle, play a significant role in determining long-bone shape and strength, but it is less clear how these loads influence the morphology of flat bones like the scapula. While scapular morphology has been shown to vary with locomotor mode in mammals, this study seeks to better understand whether genetically modified muscle size can influence scapular shape in the absence of significant locomotor differences. The soft- and hard-tissue morphological characteristics were examined in 11 hypermuscular, mutant (myostatin-deficient), 20 heterozygote, and 15 wild-type mouse shoulders. Body mass did not significantly differ among the genotype groups, but homozygous mutant and heterozygote mice... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530618 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530617&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21332717%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Porntaveetus T, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Albert Basson M, Moon AM, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A Fgf signalling is known to play critical roles in tooth development. Twenty-two Fgf ligands have been identified in mammals, but expression of only 10 in molars and three in the incisor loop stem cell region have been documented in murine tooth development. Our understanding of Fgf signalling in tooth development thus remains incomplete and we therefore carried out comparative in situ hybridisation analysis of unexamined Fgf ligands (eight in molars and 15 in cervical loops of incisors; Fgf11-Fgf14 were excluded from this analysis because they are not secreted and do not activate Fgf receptors) during tooth development. To identify where Fgf signalling is activated, we also examined the expression ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530617 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530629&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323664%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rodríguez JJ, Verkhratsky A It is widely acknowledged that neural stem cells generate new neurons through the process of neurogenesis in the adult brain. In mammals, adult neurogenesis occurs in two areas of the CNS: the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The newly generated cells display neuronal morphology, generate action potentials and receive functional synaptic inputs, their properties being equivalent to those of mature neurons. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the widespread cause of dementia, and is an age-related, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease that results in massive neuronal death and deterioration of cognitive functions. Here, we overview the relations between adult neurogenesis and AD, and try... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530629 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530628&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323665%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lalatta-Costerbosa G, Clavenzani P, Petrosino G, Mazzoni M The reticular groove (RG) is a specialized region of ruminant forestomach which, in suckling animals, via a vagovagal reflex, transforms itself into a tube to ensure the direct transport of milk from the esophagus to the abomasum. The nervous mechanism controlling the RG movement is not fully understood; however, at this level, the enteric nervous system (ENS) shows the highest neuronal density when compared with other forestomach compartments. Because nitric oxide is considered the putative major mediator of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic smooth muscle relaxation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the ENS of the RG of suckling lambs, both in the floor and in the lip, with particular regard to nitric oxid... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530628 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530627&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323666%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gkantidis N, Halazonetis DJ The primary aim of the present study was to assess morphological covariation between the face and the basicranium (midline and lateral), and to evaluate patterns of integration at two specific developmental stages. A group of 71 children (6-10 years) was compared with a group of 71 adults (20-35 years). Lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized and a total of 28 landmarks were placed on three areas; the midline cranial base, the lateral cranial base and the face. Geometric morphometric methods were applied and partial least squares analysis was used to evaluate correlation between the three shape blocks. Morphological integration was tested both with and without removing the effect of allometry. In children, mainly the midline and, to a l... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530627 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530626&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323667%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Skedros JG, Kiser CJ, Keenan KE, Thomas SC Osteon morphotype scores (MTSs) allow for quantification of mechanically important collagen/lamellar variations between secondary osteons when viewed in circularly polarized ight (CPL). We recently modified the 6-point MTS method of Martin et al. (Martin RB, Gibson VA, Stover SM, Gibeling JC, Griffin LV (1996a) Osteonal structure in the equine third metacarpus. Bone 19, 165-71) and reported superiority of this modified method in correlating with 'tension' and 'compression' cortices of both chimpanzee proximal femoral diaphyses and diaphyses of other non-anthropoid bones that are loaded in habitual bending (Skedros et al. 2009, 2011). In these studies, the 'tension' and 'compression' cortices differed significantly in predominant col... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530626 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4530620&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21323919%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Parr WC, Chatterjee HJ, Soligo C The morphology of postcranial articular surfaces is expected to reflect their weight-bearing properties, as well as the stability and mobility of the articulations to which they contribute. Previous studies have mainly confirmed earlier predictions of isometric scaling between articular surface areas and body mass; the exception to this is 'male-type', convex articular surface areas, which may scale allometrically due to differences in locomotor strategies within the analysed samples. In the present study, we used new surface scanning technology to quantify more accurately articular surface areas and to test those predictions within the talus of hominoid primates, including modern humans. Our results, contrary to predictions, suggest that there... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4530620 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4530620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4345817&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21208206%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elashry MI, Otto A, Matsakas A, El-Morsy SE, Jones L, Anderson B, Patel K Germline deletion of the myostatin gene results in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the tension-generating (extrafusal) fibres in skeletal muscle. As this gene is expressed predominantly in myogenic tissues it offers an excellent model with which to investigate the quantitative relationship between muscle and axonal development. Here we show that skeletal muscle hyperplasia in myostatin null mouse is accompanied by an increase in nerve fibres in major nerves of both the fore- and hindlimbs. We show that axons within these nerves undergo hypertrophy. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the age-related neural atrophic process is delayed in the absence of myostatin. Finally, we show that skeletal muscle hyp... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4345817 Fri, 14 Jan 2011 16:00:27 +0100 4345817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4345816&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21208207%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gómez-Robles A, de Castro JM, Martinón-Torres M, Prado-Simón L A recent evaluation of upper first molar (M(1) ) crown size and cusp proportions in the genus Homo (Quam et al. 2009) describes Homo antecessor as maintaining a primitive pattern of cusp proportions, similar to that identified in australopithecines and the earliest members of the genus Homo. These results contrast with those of Gómez-Robles et al. (2007), who described the crown shape in these molars as derived and similar to Neanderthals and European Homo heidelbergensis. The reassessment of these measurements following the same methodology described by Quam et al. (2009) in all the M(1) s that are currently part of the hypodigm of H. antecessor demonstrates that the fossils from TD6 not only have the same... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4345816 Fri, 14 Jan 2011 16:00:22 +0100 4345816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4345815&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21223256%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bailey JF, Liebenberg E, Degmetich S, Lotz JC Intervertebral disc injury or degeneration is a common cause of low back pain, and yet the specific source of pain remains ambiguous in many cases. Previous research indicates that the central vertebral endplate is highly innervated and can elicit pain responses to pressure. In effort to trace the origin of nerves located at the endplate, we used protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) to stain neurofibers and then quantified the spatial pattern of nerve distribution within a human L4 lumbar vertebra. The majority of nerves were adjacent to blood vessel walls, and consequently the nerve distribution closely resembled previously established vascularity patterns. We observed that the majority of nerves enter the vertebral body posteriorly... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4345815 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4345815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4345814&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21223257%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, appositional and resorptive periostea differ strikingly in morphology and cell content. Resorptive periosteum is a poor choice for osteogenic grafting. PMID: 21223257 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4345814 Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4345814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4345818&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21198587%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Van Valkenburgh B, Curtis A, Samuels JX, Bird D, Fulkerson B, Meachen-Samuels J, Slater GJ Inside the mammalian nose lies a labyrinth of bony plates covered in epithelium collectively known as turbinates. Respiratory turbinates lie anteriorly and aid in heat and water conservation, while more posterior olfactory turbinates function in olfaction. Previous observations on a few carnivorans revealed that aquatic species have relatively large, complex respiratory turbinates and greatly reduced olfactory turbinates compared with terrestrial species. Body heat is lost more quickly in water than air and increased respiratory surface area likely evolved to minimize heat loss. At the same time, olfactory surface area probably diminished due to a decreased reliance on olfaction when for... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4345818 Tue, 04 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4345818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4345819&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21197696%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cobb SN PMID: 21197696 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4345819 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4345819 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4279179&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21158857%26dopt%3DAbstract This study uses finite elements analysis (FEA) to investigate whether the presence of developing incisors in the juvenile symphysis increases strains on the superior transverse torus. Two FE models of a juvenile Macaca fascicularis mandible were created: one included all the developing teeth; the second was modified to remove the incisor tooth crypts by filling them with trabecular bone. The models were loaded identically to simulate static physiological unilateral biting on dp(4) and strain magnitudes, patterns and distributions of the two FE models were compared. The FEA results show a notable increase in strain magnitudes by up to 40% when the developing incisors are present. The results indicate that, in order to maintain the same symphyseal strain magnitudes during chewing, the presen... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4279179 Wed, 22 Dec 2010 20:40:07 +0100 4279179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4252022&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21138433%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gonzalez PN, Hallgrímsson B, Oyhenart EE Environmental perturbations of many kinds influence growth and development. Little is known, however, about the influence of environmental factors on the patterns of phenotypic integration observed in complex morphological traits. We analyze the changes in phenotypic variance-covariance structure of the rat skull throughout the early postnatal ontogeny (from birth to weaning) and evaluate the effect of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on this structure. Using 2D coordinates taken from lateral radiographs obtained every 4 days, from birth to 21 days old, we show that the pattern of covariance is temporally dynamic from birth to 21 days. The environmental perturbation provoked during pregnancy altered the skull growth, and re... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4252022 Wed, 08 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4252022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4202743&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21108526%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hermans JJ, Beumer A, de Jong TA, Kleinrensink GJ A syndesmosis is defined as a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments.This definition also applies for the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis, which is a syndesmotic joint formed by two bones and four ligaments. The distal tibia and fibula form the osseous part of the syndesmosis and are linked by the distal anterior tibiofibular ligament, the distal posterior tibiofibular ligament, the transverse ligament and the interosseous ligament. Although the syndesmosis is a joint, in the literature the term syndesmotic injury is used to describe injury of the syndesmotic ligaments. In an estimated 1–11% of all ankle sprains, injury of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis occurs. Forty percen... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4202743 Fri, 26 Nov 2010 16:05:10 +0100 4202743 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4202744&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21105871%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ross CF, Berthaume MA, Dechow PC, Iriarte-Diaz J, Porro LB, Richmond BG, Spencer M, Strait D Hypotheses regarding patterns of stress, strain and deformation in the craniofacial skeleton are central to adaptive explanations for the evolution of primate craniofacial form. The complexity of craniofacial skeletal morphology makes it difficult to evaluate these hypotheses with in vivo bone strain data. In this paper, new in vivo bone strain data from the intraorbital surfaces of the supraorbital torus, postorbital bar and postorbital septum, the anterior surface of the postorbital bar, and the anterior root of the zygoma are combined with published data from the supraorbital region and zygomatic arch to evaluate the validity of a finite-element model (FEM) of a macaque cranium duri... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4202744 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4202744 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4202745&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21091693%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reed DA, Porro LB, Iriarte-Diaz J, Lemberg JB, Holliday CM, Anapol F, Ross CF The functional effects of bone and suture stiffness were considered here using finite element models representing three different theoretical phenotypes of an Alligator mississippiensis mandible. The models were loaded using force estimates derived from muscle architecture in dissected specimens, constrained at the 18th and 19th teeth in the upper jaw and 19th tooth of the lower jaw, as well as at the quadrate-articular joint. Stiffness was varied systematically in each theoretical phenotype. The three theoretical phenotypes included: (i) linear elastic isotropic bone of varying stiffness and no sutures; (ii) linear elastic orthotropic bone of varying stiffness with no sutures; and (iii) linear elast... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4202745 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4202745 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4187165&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21073453%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examines assumptions of orthotropic or transversely isotropic material structure in cortical bone through the investigation of off-axis ultrasonic velocities in the cortical plane in 10 samples each from a human femur, mandible and cranium. Longitudinal ultrasonic velocities were measured twice through each bone sample by rotating the perimeter of each sample in 1 ° angular intervals between two ultrasonic transducers. The data were fit to sine curves f(x) = (A × sin(x + B) + C) and the goodness of fit was examined. All the data from the femur fit closely with the ideal sine curve model, and all three coefficients were similar among specimens, indicating similar elastic properties, anisotropies and orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness. Off-axis ultra... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4187165 Sun, 14 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4187165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4169245&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21070237%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nakashige M, Smith AL, Strait DS Finite element analysis was used to assess whether the postorbital septum plays a meaningful biomechanical role as a structural support for the circumorbital region in a species of macaque, an anthropoid primate. A finite element model was constructed of a Macaca fascicularis cranium that was subsequently modified to create a second model in which the septum was removed bilaterally. The models were subjected to forces and constraints simulating a molar bite, and resulting strains and displacements were recorded. Strain magnitudes at selected locations on the models were typically lower or unchanged in the model lacking septae, which would seem to be contrary to expectations. However, more broadly, relative to the model containing septae, the mo... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4169245 Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4169245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4155423&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21062282%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hudson PE, Corr SA, Payne-Davis RC, Clancy SN, Lane E, Wilson AM The cheetah is capable of a top speed of 29 ms(-1) compared with the maximum speed of 17 ms(-1) achieved by the racing greyhound. The musculoskeletal anatomy of the cheetah and greyhound were quantified and compared to identify any differences that may account for this variation in their locomotor abilities. Specifically, bone length, mass and mid-shaft diameter were measured, along with muscle mass, fascicle lengths, pennation angles and moment arms to enable estimates of maximal isometric force, joint torques and joint rotational velocities to be calculated. Surprisingly, the cheetahs were found to have a smaller volume of hip extensor musculature than the greyhounds, and we therefore propose that the cheet... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4155423 Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4155423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4155422&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21062283%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Curtis N Multibody modelling is underutilised in craniofacial analyses, particularly when compared to other computational methods such as finite element analysis. However, there are many potential applications within this area, where bony movements, muscle forces, joint kinematics and bite forces can all be studied. This paper provides an overview of recent, three-dimensional, multibody modelling studies related to the analysis of skulls. The goal of this paper is not to offer a critical review of past studies, but instead intends to inform the reader of what has been achieved with multibody modelling. PMID: 21062283 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4155422 Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4155422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139965&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21050205%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schmidt J, Schuff M, Olsson L The origin of morphological novelties is a controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology. The heads of anuran larvae have several unique structures, including the supra- and infrarostral cartilages, the specialised structure of the gill basket (used for filtration), and novel cranial muscle arrangements. FoxN3, a member of the forkhead/winged helix family of transcription factors, has been implicated as important for normal craniofacial development in the pipid anuran Xenopus laevis. We have investigated the effects of functional knockdown of FoxN3 (using antisense oligonucleotide morpholino) on the development of the larval head skeleton and the associated cranial muscles in X. laevis. Our data complement earlier studies and provide ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139965 Wed, 03 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4139965 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4139966&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21044064%26dopt%3DAbstract This study aimed to estimate finger lengths and the 2D : 4D ratios for the first time in Saudi Arabian subjects using direct and indirect measurements, and to evaluate the correlations between both indirect and direct 2D : 4D with adult testosterone and various sexually dimorphic physical traits. The results revealed the following: (i) mean 2D : 4D in Saudi Arabian samples varied from 0.96 to 0.99; (ii) mean 2D : 4D was lower for indirect compared to direct 2D : 4D; (iii) sex differences in indirect 2D : 4D were higher than in direct 2D : 4D measurements; (iv) there were no significant correlations between indirect or direct 2D : 4D and testosterone level; (v) there were four significant correlations between direct 2D : 4D and body size traits but no sig... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4139966 Tue, 02 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4139966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4125352&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20979588%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carmona FD, Ou J, Jiménez R, Collinson JM Corneal development and structure were studied in the Iberian mole Talpa occidentalis, which has permanently closed eyelids, and the European mole Talpa europaea, in which the eyes are open. The vertebrate cornea typically maintains a three-layered structure - a stratified epithelium with protective and sensory function, an avascular, hypocellular, collagenous stroma, and an endothelium with both barrier and transport functions that regulates corneal hydration, hence maintaining transparency. Compared to mouse, both mole species had significant corneal specializations, but the Iberian mole had the most divergent phenotype, with no endothelium and a flattened monolayer epithelium. Nevertheless, normal epithelial cell junctions were obs... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4125352 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4125352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4125351&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20979589%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Demertzis S, Hurni S, Stalder M, Gahl B, Herrmann G, Van den Berg J Anatomical features of the aortic arch such as its steepness, the take-off angles and the distances between its supra-aortic branches can influence the feasibility and difficulty of interventional and/or surgical maneuvers. These anatomical characteristics were assessed by means of 3D multiplanar reconstruction of thoracic angio-computed tomography scans of 92 living patients (79 males, 13 females, mean age 69.4 ± 9.9 years) carried out for various indications (gross pathology of the thoracic aorta excluded). There was a significant variation of all measured parameters between the subjects - a standard aortic arch (i.e. with all measured parameters within 2 SD) does not seem to exist. There were no sign... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4125351 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4125351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4108256&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20977475%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we investigate the effects of changes in VOI size and location on standard trabecular parameters in two bones of the hand, the capitate and third metacarpal, in a diverse sample of nonhuman primates that vary greatly in morphology, body mass and positional behavior. Results demonstrate that changes in VOI location and, to a lesser extent, changes in VOI size had a dramatic affect on many trabecular parameters, especially trabecular connectivity and structure (rods vs. plates), degree of anisotropy, and the primary orientation of the trabeculae. Although previous research has shown that some trabecular parameters are susceptible to slight variations in methodology (e.g. VOI location, scan resolution), this study provides a quantification of these effects in hand bones of a div... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4108256 Mon, 25 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4108256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4088908&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20950365%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Buckley G, Metcalfe AD, Ferguson MW The MRL/MpJ mouse displays an accelerated ability to heal ear punch wounds without scar formation (whereas wounds on the dorsal surface of the trunk heal with scar formation), offering a rare opportunity for studying tissue regeneration in adult mammals. A blastema-like structure develops and subsequently the structure of the wounded ear is restored, including cartilage, skin, hair follicles and adipose tissue. We sought to assess if the MRL/MpJ strain also possessed an enhanced capacity for peripheral nerve regeneration. Female MRL/MpJ and C57BL/6 mice were wounded with a 2-mm excisional biopsy punch to the centre of each ear and two 4-mm excisional biopsy punches to the dorsal skin. Immunohistochemical dual staining of pan-neurofilament an... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4088908 Sun, 17 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4088908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4077928&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946540%26dopt%3DAbstract This study reveals an alternative in-vivo approach by magnetic resonance imaging to visualise the muscle in the fossa pterygopalatina on 78 head halves, describe the connections with the musculus temporalis and pterygoïdeus lateralis as well as report the incidence without dealing with the known inconveniences of the dissection approach. The results show an incidence of 12.82% for the musculus pterygoïdeus proprius equally divided between both genders. Two different types of bridging between the musculus temporalis and musculus pterygoïdeus lateralis were also found: (i) 'O' shape (6.41%) and (ii) 'Y' shape (6.41%). This study suggests the use of magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the different connections between vascular and muscular structures in the fossa pterygopalatina. Fur... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4077928 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4077928 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4077927&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20946541%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chang HM, Mai FD, Lei SL, Ling YC Biological rhythms are a ubiquitous feature of all higher organisms. The rhythmic center of mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which projects to a number of brainstem centers to exert diurnal control over many physiological processes, including cardiovascular regulation. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) is a harmful condition known to impair cardiovascular activity, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. As the inward sodium current has long been suggested as playing an important role in driving the spontaneous firing of the SCN, the present study aimed to determine if changes in sodium expression, together with its molecular machinery (Na-K ATPase) and rhythmic activity within the SCN, would occur during TSD. Adult rats ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4077927 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4077927 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045670&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20887391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Loukas M, Lanteri A, Ferrauiola J, Tubbs RS, Maharaja G, Shoja MM, Yadav A, Rao VC This review focuses on how the study of anatomy in India has evolved through the centuries. Anatomical knowledge in ancient India was derived principally from animal sacrifice, chance observations of improperly buried human bodies, and examinations of patients made by doctors during treatment. The Vedic philosophies form the basis of the Ayurvedic tradition, which is considered to be one of the oldest known systems of medicine. Two sets of texts form the foundation of Ayurvedic medicine, the Susruta Samhita and the Charaka Samhita. The Susruta Samhita provided important surgical and anatomical information of the understanding of anatomy by Indians in the 6th century BCE. Here we review the anato... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045670 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045673&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20880075%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Higgins P, Cobb SN, Fitton LC, Gröning F, Phillips R, Liu J, Fagan MJ The development of virtual methods for anatomical reconstruction and functional simulation of skeletal structures offers great promise in evolutionary and ontogenetic investigations of form-function relationships. Key developments reviewed here include geometric morphometric methods for the analysis and visualization of variations in form (size and shape), finite element methods for the prediction of mechanical performance of skeletal structures under load and multibody dynamics methods for the simulation and prediction of musculoskeletal function. These techniques are all used in studies of form and function in biology, but only recently have they been combined in novel ways to facilitate biomechanical m... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045673 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045672&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20880086%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Koppang EO, Fischer U, Moore L, Tranulis MA, Dijkstra JM, Köllner B, Aune L, Jirillo E, Hordvik I In modern bony fishes, or teleost fish, the general lack of leucocyte markers has greatly hampered investigations of the anatomy of the immune system and its reactions involved in inflammatory responses. We have previously reported the cloning and sequencing of the salmon CD3 complex, molecules that are specifically expressed in T cells. Here, we generate and validate sera recognizing a peptide sequence of the CD3ε chain. Flow cytometry analysis revealed high numbers of CD3ε(+) or T cells in the thymus, gill and intestine, whereas lower numbers were detected in the head kidney, spleen and peripheral blood leucocytes. Subsequent morphological analysis showed accumulations of T c... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045672 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045671&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20880316%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, culture of Caco-2 cells with underlying macrophages produced a lower, less organised epithelium and greater microparticle uptake. PMID: 20880316 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045671 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4045674&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20874819%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hassoun R, Schwartz P, Rath D, Viebahn C, Männer J Relative to recent advances in understanding molecular requirements for endoderm differentiation, the dynamics of germ layer morphology and the topographical distribution of molecular factors involved in endoderm formation at the caudal pole of the embryonic disc are still poorly defined. To discover common principles of mammalian germ layer development, pig and rabbit embryos at late gastrulation and early neurulation stages were analysed as species with a human-like embryonic disc morphology, using correlative light and electron microscopy. Close intercellular contact but no direct structural evidence of endoderm formation such as mesenchymal-epithelial transition between posterior primitive streak mesoderm and the emerging... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4045674 Mon, 27 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4045674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4011336&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20846282%26dopt%3DAbstract This study highlights the predictive potential of even simple FE models for studies in extant and extinct vertebrates, but also emphasizes the importance of geometry and sutures. It raises the question of whether different parameters are of lesser or greater importance to FE validation for different taxonomic groups. PMID: 20846282 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4011336 Wed, 15 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4011336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3973789&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20840351%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Becker I, Woodley SJ, Stringer MD The pubic symphysis is a unique joint consisting of a fibrocartilaginous disc sandwiched between the articular surfaces of the pubic bones. It resists tensile, shearing and compressive forces and is capable of a small amount of movement under physiological conditions in most adults (up to 2 mm shift and 1° rotation). During pregnancy, circulating hormones such as relaxin induce resorption of the symphyseal margins and structural changes in the fibrocartilaginous disc, increasing symphyseal width and mobility. This systematic review of the English, German and French literature focuses on the normal anatomy of the adult human pubic symphysis. Although scientific studies of the joint have yielded useful descriptive data, comparison of res... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3973789 Mon, 13 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3973789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3973788&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20840354%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Freem LJ, Escot S, Tannahill D, Druckenbrod NR, Thapar N, Burns AJ Within the embryonic lung, intrinsic nerve ganglia, which innervate airway smooth muscle, are required for normal lung development and function. We studied the development of neural crest-derived intrinsic neurons within the embryonic mouse lung by crossing Wnt1-Cre mice with R26R-EYFP reporter mice to generate double transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in all neural crest cells (NCCs) and their derivatives. In addition to utilizing conventional immunohistochemistry on frozen lung sections, the complex organization of lung innervation was visualized in three dimensions by combining the genetic labelling of NCCs with optical projection tomography, a novel imaging technique that is parti... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3973788 Mon, 13 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3973788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3956301&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20819116%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maina JN, Jimoh SA, Hosie M Abstract To identify the forces that may exist in the parabronchus of the avian lung and that which may explain the reported strengths of the terminal respiratory units, the air capillaries and the blood capillaries, the arrangement of the parabronchial collagen fibers (CF) of the lung of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus was investigated by discriminatory staining, selective alkali digestion, and vascular casting followed by alkali digestion. On the luminal circumference, the atrial and the infundibular CF are directly connected to the smooth muscle fibers and the elastic tissue fibers. The CF in this part of the parabronchus form the internal column (the axial scaffold), whereas the CF in the interparabronchial septa and those as... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3956301 Sun, 05 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3956301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3956308&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20819114%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mohsin S PMID: 20819114 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3956308 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3956308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3956303&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20819115%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meskell M PMID: 20819115 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3956303 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3956303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855652&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20695926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tay SS PMID: 20695926 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855652 Thu, 12 Aug 2010 00:42:08 +0100 3855652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3855651&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20695927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ferguson MW PMID: 20695927 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3855651 Thu, 12 Aug 2010 00:42:05 +0100 3855651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3825433&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20673298%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Michilsens F, Vereecke EE, D'Août K, Aerts P Abstract Moment arms have an important modulating impact on muscle function, as they represent the capacity of the muscle to convert muscle action into limb movements. In the current paper, we provide muscle moment arm data of the forelimb of four siamangs, collected by detailed dissections on unfixed cadavers. The aim of this study is to assess the role of different forelimb muscles during brachiation. Moment arm data are compared with similar published data of non-brachiating primates such as macaques, chimpanzees and humans. Our data show that shoulder adductors and endorotators and the elbow flexors are built for force generation, whereas the shoulder abductors, flexors and exorotators are best suited to gain speed and to cha... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3825433 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3825433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3786439&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20649910%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Staudt M Abstract The developing human brain can compensate for pre- and perinatally acquired focal lesions more effectively than the adult brain. The mechanisms by which this effective reorganization is achieved vary considerably between different functional systems, reflecting differences in the normal maturation of these systems. In the motor system, descending cortico-spinal motor projections have already reached their spinal target zones at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy, with initially bilateral projections from each hemisphere. During normal development, the ipsilateral projections are gradually withdrawn, whereas the contralateral projections persist. When, during this period, a unilateral brain lesion disrupts the cortico-spinal projections of one h... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3786439 Thu, 22 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3786439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3786440&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20649707%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Germanà A, Sánchez-Ramos C, Guerrera MC, Calavia MG, Navarro M, Zichichi R, García-Suárez O, Pérez-Piñera P, Vega JA Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through TrkB regulates different aspects of neuronal development, including survival, axonal and dendritic growth, and synapse formation. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the functional significance of BDNF and TrkB in the retina, the cell types in the retina that express BDNF and TrkB, and the variations in their levels of expression during development, remain poorly defined. The goal of the present study is to determine the age-dependent changes in the levels of expression and localization of BDNF and TrkB in the zebrafish retina. Zebrafish retinas from 10 days post-fe... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3786440 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3786440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3777648&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20636325%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Murakami T, Fukunaga T, Takeshita N, Hiratsuka K, Abiko Y, Yamashiro T, Takano-Yamamoto T Abstract It has been speculated that the mandibular condyle develops via the differentiation of the fibroblast-like cells covering the condyle into chondrocytes; however, the developmental mechanisms behind this process have not been revealed. We used laser-capture microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis to elucidate the genes that are highly expressed in these fibroblast-like cells. Among these genes, the transcription of Ten-m/Odz3 was significantly increased in the fibroblast-like cells compared with other cartilage tissues. For the first time, we describe the temporal and spatial expression of Ten-m/Odz3 mRNA in relation to the expression of type I, II, and X collagen mRNA, as de... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3777648 Wed, 14 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3777648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3777647&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20646107%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Caravaggi P, Pataky T, Günther M, Savage R, Crompton R Abstract The plantar aponeurosis (PA), in spanning the whole length of the plantar aspect of the foot, is clearly identified as one of the key structures that is likely to affect compliance and stability of the longitudinal arch. A recent study performed in our laboratory showed that tension/elongation in the PA can be predicted from the kinematics of the segments to which the PA is attached. In the present investigation, stereophotogrammetry and inverse kinematics were employed to shed light on the mechanics of the longitudinal arch and its main passive stabilizer, the PA, in relation to walking speed. When compared with a neutral unloaded position, the medial longitudinal arch underwent greater collapse during the wei... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3777647 Tue, 13 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3777647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3777646&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20646108%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brown SH, Banuelos K, Ward SR, Lieber RL Abstract The abdominal wall is a composite of muscles that are important for the mechanical stability of the spine and pelvis. Tremendous clinical attention is given to these muscles, yet little is known about how they function in isolation or how they interact with one another. Given the morphological, vascular, and innervation complexities associated with these muscles and their proximity to the internal organs, an appropriate animal model is important for understanding their physiological and mechanical significance during function. To determine the extent to which the rat abdominal wall resembles that of human, 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed and formalin-fixed for architectural and morphological analyses of the four a... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3777646 Tue, 13 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3777646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3777645&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20646109%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Julkunen P, Halmesmäki EP, Iivarinen J, Rieppo L, Närhi T, Marjanen J, Rieppo J, Arokoski J, Brama PA, Jurvelin JS, Helminen HJ Abstract Articular cartilage composition and structure are maintained and remodeled by chondrocytes under the influence of loading. Exercise-induced changes in the composition, structure, mechanical properties and tissue integrity of growing and aging hamster articular cartilage were investigated. Articular cartilage samples (n = 191) were harvested from the proximal tibiae of hamsters aged 1, 3, 6, 12 and 15 months. The hamsters were divided into runners and controls. The runners had free access to a running wheel between 1 and 3 months (runner groups 3-, 12- and 15-month-old hamsters) or 1 and 6 months (runner group 6-month-old hamsters) of ag... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3777645 Tue, 13 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3777645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3777644&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20646110%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we have therefore analysed the expression of Oct4 and other genes associated with pluripotency throughout development of the mouse CNS and in neural stem cells grown in vitro. We find that Oct4 is still expressed in the CNS by E8.5, but that this expression declines rapidly until it is undetectable by E15.5. This decline is coincident with the gradual methylation of the Oct4 promoter and proximal enhancer. Immunostaining suggests that the Oct4 protein is predominantly cytoplasmic in location. We also found that neural stem cells from all ages expressed the pluripotency associated genes, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4 and Nanog. These data provide an explanation for the varying behaviour of cells from the early neuroepithelium at different stages of development. The expression of these gen... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3777644 Tue, 13 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3777644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761821&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20629983%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study we test whether variation in cusp 6 (C6) presence in common chimpanzee and bonobo lower molars (n = 55) is consistent with predictions derived from the patterning cascade model. Using microcomputed tomography we imaged the enamel-dentine junction of lower molars and used geometric morphometrics to examine shape variation in the molar crown correlated with variation in C6 presence (in particular the size and spacing of the dentine horns). Results indicate that C6 presence is consistent with predictions of a patterning cascade model, with larger molars exhibiting a higher frequency of C6 and with the location and size of later-forming cusps correlated with C6 variation. These results demonstrate that a patterning cascade model is appropriate for interpreting cusp variation in P... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761821 Sun, 11 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3761821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761820&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20629984%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sizemore RJ, Reynolds JN, Oorschot DE Abstract Knowledge of the innervation of interneurons within the striatum is critical to determining their role in the functioning of the striatal network. To this end, the synaptic innervation of a distal dendrite of a rat striatal cholinergic interneuron was quantified for the first time. These synaptic data were compared to three other dendrites from rat striatal interneurons and to published data from dendrites in the mammalian cerebral cortex. To label the cholinergic interneurons and their distal dendrites, a male Wistar rat was perfused and the striatum was double-immunolabelled with an antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and an antibody to m2 muscarinic receptor. After processing for transmission electron microscopy, a cho... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761820 Sun, 11 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3761820 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761823&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20626497%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, analysis of the twitch mechanics and fatigue of two sphincters showed that the EUS contained more fatigue-resistant muscle fibres compared with the EAS. PMID: 20626497 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy) Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761823 Sat, 03 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3761823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3761822&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20626498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Meyer G Abstract Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are the most significant source of reelin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein essential for cortical development. Strategically located in the marginal zone, CR cells control radial migration and laminar positioning of pyramidal neurons of the cortical plate. They degenerate and undergo cell death when cortical migration is completed. In human cortex development, reelin-expressing CR cells are already present in the early preplate, and continue to increase in number after the appearance of the cortical plate. In the course of the first half of gestation, the reelin signal in the marginal zone undergoes a huge amplification in parallel with the growth of the cortical plate and the expansion of the cortical surface. A significant sourc... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3761822 Sat, 03 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3761822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3726823&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20579177%26dopt%3DAbstract This study therefore introduced and applied a novel measurement protocol for comparatively bias-free analysis of cerebellar asymmetries. Volumetric measurements were performed on magnetic resonance images from a single pair of monozygotic handedness-discordant twins. Against a background of functional cortical asymmetry for verbal and visuo-spatial functional magnetic resonance imaging activation, which was mirrored in the left-handed twin (Lux et al. 2008), between-twin differences in cerebellar asymmetry are described. Interestingly, asymmetry measures for the whole cerebellum did not correspond to either the direction of hand preference or to the weaker (functional magnetic resonance imaging) lateralization of the left-handed twin. The twins both showed clockwise cerebellar torques. Thi... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3726823 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3726823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3726822&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20584094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Panagiotopoulou O, Kupczik K, Cobb SN Abstract Whilst the periodontal ligament (PDL) acts as an attachment tissue between bone and tooth, hypotheses regarding the role of the PDL as a hydrodynamic damping mechanism during intraoral food processing have highlighted its potential importance in finite element (FE) analysis. Although experimental and constitutive models have correlated the mechanical function of the PDL tissue with its anisotropic, heterogeneous, viscoelastic and non-linear elastic nature, in many FE simulations the PDL is either present or absent, and when present is variably modelled. In addition, the small space the PDL occupies and the inability to visualize the PDL tissue using muCT scans poses issues during FE model construction and so protocols for the PDL ... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3726822 Wed, 23 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3726822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3726825&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20579171%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lynch CD, O'Sullivan VR, Dockery P, McGillycuddy CT, Sloan AJ Abstract Using light microscopy, we examined Hunter-Schreger Band (HSB) patterns on the axial and occlusal/incisal surfaces of 160 human teeth, sectioned in both the buccolingual and mesiodistal planes. We found regional variations in HSB packing densities (number of HSBs per mm of amelodentinal junction length) and patterns throughout the crown of each class of tooth (maxillary and mandibular: incisor, canine, premolar, and molar) examined. HSB packing densities were greatest in areas where functional and occlusal loads are greatest, such as the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth and the incisal regions of incisors and canines. From this it is possible to infer that the behaviour of ameloblasts forming enamel pri... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3726825 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3726825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3726824&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20579172%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ip BK, Wappler I, Peters H, Lindsay S, Clowry GJ, Bayatti N Abstract The division of the neocortex into functional areas (the cortical map) differs little between individuals, although brain lesions in development can lead to substantial re-organization of regional identity. We are studying how the cortical map is established in the human brain as a first step towards understanding this plasticity. Previous work on rodent development has identified certain transcription factors (e.g. Pax6, Emx2) expressed in gradients across the neocortex that appear to control regional expression of cell adhesion molecules and organization of area-specific thalamocortical afferent projections. Although mechanisms may be shared, the human neocortex is composed of different and more complex loc... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3726824 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3726824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3702148&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20572900%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heuzé Y, Boyadjiev SA, Marsh JL, Kane AA, Cherkez E, Boggan JE, Richtsmeier JT Abstract Premature closure of the sagittal suture occurs as an isolated (nonsyndromic) birth defect or as a syndromic anomaly in combination with other congenital dysmorphologies. The genetic causes of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) remain unknown. Although variation of the dysmorphic (scaphocephaly) skull shape of sagittal NSC cases has been acknowledged, this variation has not been quantitatively studied three-dimensionally (3D). We have analyzed the computed tomography skull images of 43 infants (aged 0.9-9 months) with sagittal NSC using anatomical landmarks and semilandmarks to quantify and characterize the within-sample phenotypic variation. Suture closure patterns were define... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3702148 Mon, 21 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3702148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3702150&cid=s_32033_170_f&fid=32033&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20572898%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dumont ER, Davis JL, Grosse IR, Burrows AM Abstract Reliance on plant exudates is a relatively rare dietary specialization among mammals. One well-studied example of closely related exudate feeders is the New World marmosets and tamarins. Whereas marmosets actively gouge tree bark with their incisors to stimulate the flow of sap, tamarins are opportunistic exudate feeders that do not gouge bark. Several studies of the dentaries and jaw adductors indicate that marmosets exhibit specializations for increased gape at the expense of bite force. Few studies, however, have looked to the cranium of marmosets for evidence of functional specializations. Using 3D finite element models of the marmoset Callithrix jacchus and the tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis, we investigated the performanc... Journal of Anatomy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3702150 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3702150