MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Applied Social Psychology' source. Sat, 20 Mar 2010 15:11:16 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278296&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00584.x This study examined stories and poems written by 205 students and rated by 108 different students. Females wrote poems that were judged to be more creative; there were no significant differences by ethnicity across all raters. Among notable findings, European Americans and African Americans both preferred stories written by European Americans. Reasons for this and other findings are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278296 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278295&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00583.x In a survey questionnaire, 81 Swedish managers working in the private and public sectors were presented with scenarios in which a manager chose among inefficient (i.e., economically worse) alternatives, implying equal rewards to subordinates; and efficient (i.e., economically better) alternatives, implying unequal rewards. The managers also rated 26 different emotion words, describing their responses to the inequality of rewards in the scenarios. The results showed stronger outward-directed and inward-directed negative emotions, and weaker inward-directed positive emotions when the inequality of rewards increased. Furthermore, negative emotions were found to mediate the choices among efficient and inefficient alternatives. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278295 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278294&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00582.x Does dyad members' motivation to take on a high or low power position influence the dyad's performance motivation when assigned to hierarchical roles? Participants in 69 dyads (33 all-women, 36 all-men) indicated whether they preferred the high-power role (owner of an art gallery) or the low power role (assistant to the owner). Power roles were then randomly assigned. The dyad's interaction during task solving was videotaped. Uninvolved coders rated performance motivation as the degree of quality of the superior's and the subordinate's task contributions and effort put into the task. Performance motivation was better if the boss preferred the high power to the low power role, irrespective of the subordinate's role preference. Leadership effectiveness is thus affected by the superior's powe... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278294 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278293&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00581.x Tipping is a multibillion dollar phenomenon and a major source of income for millions of workers. The results of a study conducted in the U.S. and Israel suggest that people tip mainly to show gratitude, conform to the social norm, and because they know that waiters' income depends on tips. Tipping is motivated more by the positive consequences of tipping than by the negative results of not tipping. Patronage frequency and dining alone had no systematic effects on the level of tips or their sensitivity to service quality. Respondents reported tipping much more for excellent service than for poor service, suggesting that tipping can provide significant incentives for high-quality service. A large majority prefers tipping to service charges. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278293 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278292&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00580.x This investigation examined the relationship between organizationally based financial incentives and a focus on profit vs. prosociality during decision making. Participants were 84 managers from a Fortune 200 corporation. Managers read a vignette containing a dilemma and freely generated issues that they considered important in resolving the dilemma. These responses were coded for their inclusion on 3 dimensions: financial profitability, well-being of nonpowerful stakeholders, and legal culpability. The results demonstrated that salary level predicted an increased focus on the dimension related to financial profitability and decreased focus on the dimensions of prosociality and legal concerns. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. (Source: Journal... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278292 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278291&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00579.x In a representative sample of the population (N = 950), this study investigated the influence of psychological resources on attitudes toward people with physical disabilities. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that 2 psychological resources (liking people, belief in a just world) had a significant influence on attitude toward people with disabilities, controlling for the demographic variables of age, education, and sex. Contact, social desirability, and the Big Five dimensions of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Openness also proved to be significant. The psychological resources of self-esteem, life satisfaction, and hope were not significant. Practical implications are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278291 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278290&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00578.x The author conducted a cross-sectional study on experiences with and resources for volunteering among 201 Israeli women at 4 life stages: adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, and late adulthood. The experiences examined were positive responses (satisfaction with volunteering; perceived contribution to others), and negative responses (burnout; difficulties with the provider organization and beneficiaries; sense of sacrifice). The resources examined were family support for volunteer activity and empowerment in volunteering. Women in the oldest group reported greater satisfaction and empowerment than did the adolescents, whereas perceived contribution to others was stronger among the adolescents than among women in the other age groups. Differences were found between the women in the old... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278290 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278289&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00577.x Integrative complexity is a useful tool for examining the complex way people think about dichotomous, highly charged issues. However, the qualitative nature of this research is lengthy and requires much work from respondents and investigators alike. This paper presents the process by which a combination open-ended and fixed-item scale was developed to measure the complexity of thought that is consistent with integrative complexity. We used the controversial issue of wildfire management in developing the scale because it has become a pervasive natural resource concern that has divided the public's perceptions regarding its management. The resulting scale is designed for use in large surveys across any number of natural resource issues. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278289 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278288&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00576.x We compared the magnitude of the hindsight bias in individuals and groups with the prediction that the plausibility of an outcome would affect the magnitude of the group[ndash]individual difference. We provided groups and individuals with outcomes of scientific studies, and asked them to predict the probability of those outcomes as if they did not know the given outcomes and to report their level of surprise at the outcomes. Overall, groups were more prone to hindsight bias than were individuals, but the group[ndash]individual difference was present only when the given outcomes were relatively implausible (Study 1). Moreover, this difference was not eliminated even when participants were asked to consider alternative outcomes (Study 2). Implications are discussed. (Source: Journal of Appli... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278288 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278287&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00575.x Despite the extreme improbability of contracting HIV from oral intercourse, individuals continue to claim seroconversion via such behaviors. Among a sample of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), those who attributed contracting HIV from oral intercourse or other non-anal intercourse sexual behaviors were 5 times more likely to be a racial minority and 2 times more likely to be of lower socioeconomic status. Those believing less in a just world were 2 times more likely to attribute contracting HIV from non-anal intercourse sexual behaviors. Attributing HIV contraction to improbable modes may be an attractive coping strategy to deflect the stigma more intensely felt among poorer, minority HIV-positive MSM, and among men who are sensitive to fairness and justice. (Source: Journal of... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278287 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278286&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00574.x This study tested the central propositions from the RPA framework among a group of immigrant Indian women (N = 413) in the Washington, DC area in their propensity to pay attention to breast cancer information and engage in self-exams and clinical screening. Self-efficacy and knowledge about breast cancer were consistent predictors of these outcomes. Use of the RPA framework explained 16% to 27% of the variance. Implications for breast cancer prevention campaigns are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278286 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3278285&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00573.x Adopting a longitudinal field study, this paper investigates whether entity theorists (students who believe human attributes are fixed) are less likely than incremental theorists (students who believe human attributes are malleable) to change their evaluations of a teacher in accordance with his behavioral changes. An instructor exhibited some forgetful behaviors in the first half of a course, and ceased doing so in the second half. Consistent with our hypothesis, incremental theorists adjusted their perceptions of the instructor. They rated him as less forgetful accordingly at the end of the course than at the middle. Entity theorists, however, did not show this change. With improved ecological validity, this study extends previous laboratory studies to teacher evaluation. (Source: Journa... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3278285 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3278285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174238&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00572.x Developing ways to manage terrorism effectively requires a better understanding of how the public perceives this threat. In the present study, Canadians' perceptions of terrorism risk and 4 other hazards were assessed using a word-association technique and rating scales reflecting key cognitive dimensions of risk (threat, uncertainty, control) and worry reactions. Data were collected in a national telephone survey. Canadians perceived terrorism as posing a lower threat, as more uncertain, and as less controllable, compared to the other hazards. Positive associations of perceived threat and of perceived uncertainty with worry about terrorism were observed. However, perceived control was unexpectedly positively associated with worry about terrorism. The findings also suggest that additional ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174238 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174237&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00571.x This paper explores the dimensions and means to implement a global dual-career expatriate couple mentoring program. The rationale is that learning from an experienced mentor mitigates the complexity of global assignments, leading to more successful completion of overseas assignments. We explored the impact of such mentoring programs on "nontraditional" global managers, along with their trailing spouses. Social learning theory was used as the foundation for the development of such a mentoring program. To add to the contextual understanding of global assignments imposed on global dual-career couples, we explored the effectiveness of mentoring by investigating temporal (before, during, after expatriation) and gender-related dimensions. Further, we analyzed the level of mentor involvement (per... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174237 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174236&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00570.x Since adults 18 to 64 years of age represent the fastest growing population, we conducted a community assessment to assess health status, chronic disease prevalence, health behaviors, utilization of health screenings, and access to health care. A total of 450 adults completed a 56-item assessment on quality of life. Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes were higher than Healthy People 2010 targets. Respondents reported poor health behaviors, such as a lack of physical activity. Data from this community assessment will be used for program development and to obtain funding. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174236 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174235&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00569.x In a situation indicating possible pseudo-participation, we examined whether outcome favorability affects perceived procedural fairness and resentment as a result of self-serving attributions for outcomes. Laboratory participants received a production target that was either substantially above (i.e., unfavorable outcome) or substantially below (i.e., favorable outcome) a target they had voiced to a supervisor. As hypothesized, outcome favorability was related to procedural fairness (positively) and resentment (negatively) among participants who lacked persuasive evidence of pseudo-participation. In support of the idea that these effects were a result of self-serving attributions, rather than instrumental concerns, they did not emerge among participants who had persuasive evidence of pseudo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174235 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174234&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00568.x This study investigates the role of similarity in ethnic origin between supervisor and employee as a potential moderator between subordinates' leader[ndash]member exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The results support the interaction effect of supervisor[ndash]subordinate ethnic differences with LMX and OCB. As hypothesized, OCB was positively related to LMX for both ethnically similar and dissimilar dyads, but the relationship was strongest for similar dyads. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174234 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174233&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00567.x This study discusses the impact of stress specific to being lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB)[mdash]measured by means of the concepts of stigma consciousness and internalized homonegativity[mdash]on the mental well-being of LGB youth. Also, the effects of positive and negative social support were considered within the model. The sample consisted of 743 LGBs less than 26 years old who were recruited during the online ZZZIP survey in Flanders, Belgium. Hierarchical regression shows that LGB-specific unsupportive social interactions have the greatest direct effect on mental well-being of LGB youth, followed respectively by stigma consciousness, internalized homonegativity, and confidant support. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174233 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174232&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00566.x This study examined the patterns of imagery use and motivational self-determination, and the relationships between them in regular exercisers (RE), non-exercisers who intend to exercise (NE-I), and non-exercisers who do not intend to exercise (NE-N). A survey was conducted through the random sampling of a large population. The NE-N group reported using the same amount of imagery as the other 2 groups. NE-N participants were the least and RE participants the most self-determined, with NE-I participants in between. The patterns of association among imagery and self-determination were different for the NE-N participants than the other 2 groups. It was concluded that imagery interventions that might be successful with RE and NE-I participants are unlikely to be effective with NE-N participants... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174232 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174231&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00565.x The theory of cooperation and competition has the potential both to understand the conditions when organizational groups are productive and major ways to strengthen these groups. Work teams based in a high-technology company in Beijing, China, participated in a training workshop and a 2-month follow of feedback and development. Structural equation analyses of data taken before and after the workshop support the hypotheses. In addition, results suggest that the training and follow-up activities developed cooperative goals and constructive controversy. Findings also indicate that relationships among groups affected the productivity of individual teams. Results were interpreted as suggesting that cooperative goals and constructive controversy contribute to potent, creative, and productive tea... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174231 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174230&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00564.x Two studies were conducted examining the interactive effects of chronic pain, perceived perfectionism (e.g., self- and socially prescribed), and guilt on job tension and job satisfaction. It was hypothesized that chronic pain would have its most adverse effects on these work outcomes when concurrently coupled with high levels of perceived perfectionism and guilt. In both studies, the results supported the interaction effect of Chronic Pain × Socially Prescribed Perfectionism × Guilt on tension and satisfaction in the expected direction. As predicted, the results also indicated a Chronic Pain × Guilt × Self-Oriented Perfectionism interaction on job tension. Implications for theory and practice, strengths and limitations, and avenues for future research are provided. (Source: Journal of ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174230 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174229&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00563.x Hospital-based nurses (N = 832) and doctors (N = 603) in northern and eastern Spain completed a survey of job burnout, areas of work life, and management issues. Analysis of the results provides support for a mediation model of burnout that depicts employees' energy, involvement, and efficacy as intermediary experiences between their experiences of work life and their evaluations of organizational change. The key element of this model is its focus on employees' capacity to influence their work environments toward greater conformity with their core values. The model considers 3 aspects of that capacity: decision-making participation, organizational justice, and supervisory relationships. The analysis supports this model and emphasizes a central role for first-line supervisors in employees' ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174229 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174228&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00562.x The importance ratings of job competency dimensions on a 360-degree feedback instrument were examined. We hypothesized that men (incumbents and bosses) would rate agentic behaviors higher in importance than would women, and that women (incumbents and bosses) would rate communal behaviors higher in importance than would men. Differences were found for men and women across rating sources and across job level (organizational position). The present findings suggest that men and women incumbents view different factors as important for their jobs and that people in higher level jobs place more importance on agentic behaviors than do those in lower level positions, and people in lower level jobs place more importance on communal behaviors than do those in higher level positions. (Source: Journal ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174228 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174227&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00561.x We identified 129 pictures relating to AIDS/HIV in 94 abnormal psychology textbooks published between 1984 and 2005. Pictures included 189 persons with AIDS/HIV status or risk and 134 AIDS-related objects; they appeared in chapters on stress, sexual issues, substance abuse, and organic brain disorders. Individuals depicted were overwhelmingly male, White, adult, of unspecified sexual orientation, and undiagnosed with mental disorder. The most frequent AIDS-related objects were signs and posters, hospital furnishings, and drug paraphernalia. Thematic motifs across pictures included patient, information source, junkie, support group, celebrity, child victim, protesters, memorials, condom dispensary, and viral attack. Images of AIDS continue to invoke concepts of "the Other," death, victimiza... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174227 Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3174226&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00560.x This study examined the effects of food servers' sex, the use of generalized compliments, and the size of the dining party on tipping behavior in restaurants. Four food servers (2 males, 2 females) waited on 360 parties eating dinner, and either complimented or did not compliment the parties on their dinner selections. Results indicated that food servers received significantly higher tips when complimenting their parties than when not complimenting them, although as the size of the party increased, the effectiveness of compliments decreased. These results and their implications are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3174226 Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3174226 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069507&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00559.x The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between passion for driving and aggressive driving behavior in 3 studies. Study 1 examined the association between passion and aggressive driving behavior in a sample of undergraduate students. Results showed that an obsessive passion for driving was associated with aggressive driving behavior, while harmonious passion was not. Study 2 replicated these results with an ecologically valid sample of community-dwelling drivers. Finally, Study 3 replicated the results obtained in Studies 1 and 2 in a laboratory setting using a driving simulator under controlled frustrating driving situations with judges' assessment of aggressive driving behavior. Study 3 also showed that the emotion of anger mediated the obsessive-passion/a... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069507 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069506&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00558.x Meta-analysis was used to determine the predictive validity of anticipated affect and moral norms in the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991). Medium-to-large sample-weighted average correlations were obtained. Anticipated affect and moral norms increased the variance explained in intentions by 5% and 3%, respectively, controlling for TPB variables. Intention mediated the influence of both variables on behavior. Moderator analyses showed that younger samples and behaviors with a moral dimension were associated with stronger moral-norm/intention relations, and anticipated regret was associated with a stronger anticipated-affect/intention relation. The implications of the findings for the TPB are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069506 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069505&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00557.x This study explored how seeing an older adult receiving help triggers the dependency stereotype, by examining perceptions of older and younger adults helping and being helped by others. Participants (183 younger and older adults) read vignettes of young and old people helping others and rated the helpers and helpees on 2 variables: one a composite of dependency and capability; and the other composed of thoughtfulness, generosity, and unselfishness (i.e., considerateness). Participants rated older helpees as dependent, no matter who helped them. Younger helpers and those who helped the elderly rated high on considerateness. Females rated helpers more positively than did males. Implications of these findings for older adults are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069505 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069504&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00556.x The July 2005 London bombings highlight prevailing terrorist threats to the UK. The present study addressed the psychological response of a community indirectly exposed to the attacks. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), specific hypotheses examined associations between coping mechanisms (resilience, religious faith), emotions, and risk outcomes. Qualitative content analysis demonstrated the complexity of responses to terrorism. SEM analysis showed that resilience helped attenuate the effect of negative emotions; negative emotions heightened risk judgments; and respondents higher on religious faith displayed more positive emotions regarding the attacks. The content analysis supplemented quantitative results. Combined, these results highlight the importance of conveying accurate risk ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069504 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069503&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00555.x This study examined when and how charitable advertisements could be effective in the context of child poverty. An experiment investigated the influences of message framing, image valence, and temporal framing on a charitable appeal. The results indicate that image valence enhances framing effects on advertising effectiveness of a charitable appeal when the image is congruent with the framed message, especially when the image and the message are presented negatively. A short-term temporal frame facilitates effects of a negatively framed message with a negative pictorial presentation. Alternatively, a long-term temporal frame increases advertising influences of a positively framed message with a positive pictorial image. Relevance for information processing of charity advertising is discusse... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069503 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069502&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00554.x This study proposes that a shared organizational vision develops cooperative interdependence among departments that, in turn, facilitates cross-functional teams' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Team members indicated their organizations' shared vision, and leaders indicated the goal interdependence among departments and the OCB of the teams. Structural equation analysis suggested that a shared organizational vision shapes goal interdependence among departments that, in turn, affected the OCB of 101 cross-functional teams. The analysis suggested combining independent and competitive goals, and this combined measure negatively predicted team OCB. These results suggest that a shared organizational vision and cooperative goals among departments are important foundations for cross-fu... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069502 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069501&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00553.x This experiment concerned the effects of emotional content, self-relevance, and emotional tone of testimony on memory. Eyewitness accounts of 4 events were constructed that systematically differed in emotionality and self-relevance. The testimony, captured on videotape, was expressed with or without negative emotion. After viewing one of the videotaped accounts, participants were administered cued-recall and recognition memory tests. Significant main effects indicated that participants best remembered testimony that was emotional in content, self-relevant, and negatively expressed. Although emotional content and self-relevance interacted to affect state anxiety, the latter did not mediate memory effects. Overall, significant gender differences in state anxiety but not memory emerged. Impli... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069501 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069500&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00552.x In response to the American Psychological Association's Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls, the present study explored the role of sexually objectifying media[mdash]in this case, music television[mdash]in a host of psychological consequences among a community sample of adolescents girls (M age = 13 years). Objectification theory posits that the consequences of sexual objectification involve the process of self-objectification. As such, we hypothesized that music television consumption would first and foremost be associated with self-objectification, which would, in turn, predict a number of body-related consequences. The findings support a model in which self-objectification mediates a direct relation between music television viewing and body esteem, dieting, depressive symptoms, anx... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069500 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069498&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00551.x This study examines how individuals make predictions for tournament pools, one of the most popular forms of betting, in which individuals must correctly predict as many games in the tournament as possible. We demonstrate that individuals predict more upsets (i.e., wins by a higher seeded team) than would be considered rational by a normative choice model, and that individuals are no better than chance at doing so. These predictions fit a pattern of probability matching, in which individuals predict upsets at a rate equal to past frequency. This pattern emerges because individuals believe the outcomes of the games are nonrandom and, therefore, predictable. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069498 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069497&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00550.x Few experimental studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of disease characteristics, such as visibility, on the stigmatization of cancer. The current study tested the reactions of undergraduates to vignettes that manipulated the visibility of cancer and the context in which help was needed by an individual with cancer. Results showed that participants were less willing to help the target individual when the cancer was visible and the context allowed stigmatization to be subtle. Further research should consider the relationships among disease attributes, the specific context where help is needed, and the stigmatization of individuals with cancer. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069497 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069496&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00549.x Proactivity is the willingness and ability to take action to change a situation to one's advantage and has been studied in a wide range of contexts. The role of chronotype on proactivity has not been assessed. Individual differences in circadian rhythms have been widely acknowledged and are accepted as an interesting facet of human personality. Morning people were more proactive than evening types, and people with small differences in rise time between weekdays and free days were also more proactive persons. Sleep length (on weekdays and on free days) and total time spent in weekend oversleep did not show any relationship with proactivity. These results suggest that morning people are more proactive than are evening types. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069496 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3069495&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00548.x People are more willing to help those who belong to their own groups than to an out-group. Research on perspective taking has shown that many forms of in-group favoritism disappear when people are led to take the perspective of the other group. The current research explores the possibility of increasing the level of intergroup helping by a perspective-taking manipulation. An experiment in a Polish-Czech borderland community high school demonstrated that Polish students who were made to imagine that they became members of an out-group (perspective-taking manipulation) were more willing to help out-group members. The moderating role of perceived power is discussed in the context of perspective-taking theory. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3069495 Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3069495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929601&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00537.x People frequently judge saved lives as less valuable and deaths more acceptable when they are characterized as small fractions of larger "at-risk" groups. Two studies with U.S. college students demonstrated this effect in judgments concerning acceptable numbers of U.S. military and Middle Eastern civilian casualties. At the beginning of the current U.S.[ndash]Iraq conflict (Study 1), priming cost[ndash]benefit reasoning produced greater proportional devaluation for Iraqi civilian than for U.S. military lives. In a hypothetical armed intervention in Iran to halt weapons development (Study 2), women but not men showed greater proportional devaluation for U.S. military than for Iranian civilian lives. In both studies, proportional reasoners were willing to accept more casualties. Implications... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929601 Tue, 27 Oct 2009 15:11:47 +0100 2929601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929611&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00547.x This study examined differences in reported behaviors by assessment mode under differing privacy levels. Females were randomized to a computer-administered self-interview (CASI) or self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) assessment of sexual risk and substance use behaviors that was completed non-anonymously or anonymously. There were few differences in reported behaviors between assessment modes and privacy levels. However, an assessment mode by privacy-level interaction was found for 2 outcomes (unprotected oral sex, recent sexual partner). Greater disclosure occurred in the CASI-anonymous condition than the CASI-non-anonymous condition. Those in the CASI condition disclosed more instances of drinking until intoxicated than did those completing the SAQ. Overall, the findings suggest that C... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929611 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929610&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00546.x This study examined the effects of stereotype threat and pacing on older adult training outcomes. Older adults (N = 51; M age = 71 years) were randomly assigned to stereotype threat and pacing conditions and completed computerized library training. Contrary to expectations, stereotype threat was found to improve performance significantly on both training practice exercises and a post-training knowledge test. Self-pacing was not found to affect training performance, but did produce more positive reactions to the training course. Implications for training design and for stereotype threat research are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929610 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929609&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00545.x This study examined the 2 seemingly separated domains of research: risk taking and overconfidence. It compared individual and collective (both family and group) decisions among Chinese in Singapore. This permitted tests of both the cushion and the argument recruitment hypotheses. The overall results obtained no support for the cushion effect and partial support for the argument recruitment hypotheses. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929609 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929608&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00544.x An experiment (N = 68) explored how background music in a realistic web advertisement could condition implicit and explicit attitudes toward a novel brand. Conditioning effects were apparent in both traditional explicit attitude measures and also in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Further, brand choice was predicted by explicit attitudes, but prediction improved significantly when implicit attitudes were considered. Mood-congruent judgment, demand effects, and conditioning are considered as potential explanations for our results, and we argue that conditioning provides the most parsimonious explanation. Finally, the results are discussed within the context of the associative-propositional evaluation model (Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006). This model provides a framework for the integra... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929608 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929607&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00543.x This study investigated the influence of perceptions of politics on the consequences of turnover intentions and job frustration; 2 important outcomes in the organizational politics literature. Additionally, this study examined the role of supervisor communication as a moderator of these relationships. We investigated the relationships in a sample of 246 alumni from a midwestern university who were working in a wide range of occupations. Our results provide support for positive associations between POPs and intentions to turnover and job frustration; supervisor communication moderated these relationships. Managerial recommendations and suggestions for future research are offered. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929607 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929606&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00542.x The study of perceived organizational support (POS) has received considerable attention in the literature. Despite the acknowledged impact of sociocultural values on organizational behaviors, there is paucity in non-Western work environments. The current study empirically examined supportive perceptions in an African context. Workers' demographic variables and consequences of POS were examined in light of their sociocultural values. POS were measured with the short version of Eisenberger et al.'s (1990) survey. Sociocultural values that explain the associations of demographic variables with psychological variables (e.g., job satisfaction, POS) were examined. Older workers, the married, relatively higher educated, satisfied workers, relatively long-tenured, and supervisors expressed greater... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929606 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929605&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00541.x The study investigates relationships between 2 measures of religiosity (immanence orientation and religious fundamentalism) and 2 measures of attitudes toward diversity (universal-diverse orientation and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians). As expected, different conceptualizations of religiosity relate differently to diversity attitudes. Immanence orientation related positively and religious fundamentalism related negatively with both measures of diversity attitudes. However, when both measures were included in the hierarchical regression equation, immanence orientation no longer related significantly with attitudes toward lesbians and gay men; and religious fundamentalism no longer related significantly with universal-diverse orientation. Finally, gender and immanence interacted to pr... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929605 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929604&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00540.x The present investigation explores how judgments of responsibility influence affective and helping reactions toward natural-disaster victims. Guided by Weiner's (1995, 2006) theory of social motivation, we hypothesized that judging victims responsible for a disaster would indirectly lead to low rates of helping. Two studies tested this hypothesis. In Study 1, a bogus earthquake was used to test experimentally the effects of responsibility judgments (low, high). In Study 2, we surveyed attitudes about the victims of Hurricane Katrina. Our results showed that Weiner's model was supported across studies. Responsibility judgments led to anger and sympathy, and sympathy led to helping intentions, which in turn led to helping behavior. Comparisons across studies and the relationship between help... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929604 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929603&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00539.x This study investigated their relationship with economic internality. We hypothesized that individuals inclined to adopt defecting strategies would tend to have external economic locus of control (ELOC). A Greek sample of 175 participants completed the ELOC and Mach IV questionnaires and a scale of economic opportunism. Machiavellianism and opportunism were both positively correlated with the ELOC Chance factor. Opportunism was negatively correlated with the ELOC Internal factor. The findings confirmed the hypothesis and showed that this kind of defector overestimates the role of chance, uncertainty, and hazard as sources of economic reinforcements. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929603 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929603 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2929602&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00538.x A path model testing antecedents and consequences of perceived similarity was examined for Asian and European Australian participants (N = 240). Cultural background and values were measured, and participants read scenarios describing a target in distress acting according to individualistic or collectivistic values. Consistent with past research, feeling similar to the target was linked to perspective taking and empathy. Moreover, Asian participants were more collectivistic, and collectivistic values were linked to higher empathy. In the present data, however, both endorsed higher levels of collectivism than individualism; individualism scores were equal; and the two values were positively correlated. Moreover, neither cultural background nor values were consistently linked to similarity. I... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2929602 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2929602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849349&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00536.x The aim of this research was to explore the possibility that Wallston's (1992) modified social learning theory would apply to wealth creation behavior. We hypothesized that those who have high scores on internal wealth locus of control, perceived wealth competence, and wealth value would be more likely to engage in wealth creation behavior, both currently and in the future. A community sample of 317 adults completed measures of all these constructs. Factor structure and reliability of the scales were established prior to analysis. Two separate hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted: The moderation hypothesis was not supported. Perceived wealth competence was identified as a predictor of wealth creation behavior, current and future, in terms of both statistical and practical signi... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849349 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849348&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00535.x This study investigated the mediating roles of social and economic exchange perceptions on the relationship between perceived investment in permanent employee development in the client organization and exchange outcomes among 375 temporary employees. The results support full mediation by exchange perceptions, where social exchange perception is positively related to both task performance and organizational citizenship behavior, and economic exchange perception is negatively related to task performance. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849348 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849348 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849347&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00534.x This research investigated different forms of sex bias in teacher expectations relative to gymnastics performance. First, a laboratory experiment including 163 physical education teachers confirmed that stereotypes favorable to boys may influence teacher expectations in gymnastics. Next, a naturalistic study involving 15 teachers and 422 students showed that teachers expected no sex differences, even though girls performed better than boys. However, this sex bias was a result of reliance on nondiagnostic student personal characteristics favorable to boys, rather than on a stereotype per se. These results suggest that egalitarian beliefs may mask a bias in favor of a social group when group differences actually exist, and that sex-biased teacher expectations do not inevitably involve an inf... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849347 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849346&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00533.x This field study investigated the coping behaviors utilized by award-winning real-estate agents who, as a consequence of their outperformance, perceived that they were the targets of threatening upward comparisons by those they had outperformed. We hypothesized that outperformers' comparison target discomfort (i.e., discomfort associated with being a target of upward comparisons) would moderate the relationships between comparison threat experienced by those outperformed and outperformers' modest self-presentation, avoidance behaviors, and socially motivated underachievement. Our results provide partial (and counterintuitive) support for our hypotheses, confirming that comparison target discomfort plays a complex role in determining outperformers' behavioral responses to being the target (... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849346 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849345&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00532.x Electronic performance monitoring can monitor employee performance, while providing proximal goals and immediate feedback. A warehouse management system was enhanced to depict goal and performance on handheld wireless computers to improve order selection in an auto-parts aftermarket distribution center. Upon the onset of the intervention of an engineered labor standard and electronic performance monitoring, performance immediately increased by 24 units picked per hour per person and was maintained for the duration of the study, an increase of 12.9%. Evidence from this study suggests that performance goals and feedback can be aggregated beyond the work-unit level without decreasing the effectiveness of the intervention. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849345 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849344&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00531.x These studies examined the effects of expressions of anger and guilt in the workplace on escalation of commitment. Study 1 examined the relationship between employees' reports of coworkers' emotion expressions and continued investment in a poorly performing subordinate. Study 2 tested the effects of leader expressions of anger and guilt on continued investment in a failing project. Results of both studies demonstrate that expressions of anger lead to greater escalation of commitment, while expressions of guilt lead to de-escalation. Experimental results indicate that the effects of emotion expressions on escalation are strongest when individuals are collectively responsible for the initial decision, a finding that was mediated by feelings of psychological safety. (Source: Journal of Applie... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849344 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849343&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00530.x Previous research has demonstrated a positive relationship between leader[ndash]member exchange (LMX) quality and positive outcomes. However, little is known about how the dispositional variable of subordinate political skill impacts LMX[ndash]consequence relationships. Thus, this study investigated this interaction in predicting turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Additionally, we employed a relatively unexamined multidimensional measure of LMX, which could then help to establish the generalizability of outcomes related to LMX. We investigated these hypotheses in a sample of 239 working employees, and found support for the moderating role of subordinate political skill. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849343 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849342&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00529.x Social norms and attitudes play a critical role in adolescent smoking initiation and maintenance. Focus theory predicts that making a norm more salient[mdash]and thereby temporarily increasing its accessibility from memory[mdash]will increase the influence of the norm on behavior for as long as the norm remains salient. Likewise, the process model of the attitude[ndash]behavior relationship predicts that accessible attitudes are more predictive of behavior. The present research examining the role of the chronic accessibility of smoking related normative beliefs and attitudes in predicting smoking behavior in college students. Attitude and norm accessibility independently accounted for significant variability in smoking behavior beyond that accounted for by traditional measures of attitude ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849342 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849341&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00528.x Despite similarities between sexism, racism, sexual prejudice, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance, investigators do not routinely investigate these intolerant beliefs simultaneously. The purpose of this project was to create a brief, psychometrically sound measure of intolerance reflecting these 6 constructs. Data from existing measures (Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Neosexism Scale, Modern and Old-Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, Frabroni Scale of Ageism, Economic Beliefs Scale, and M-GRISM) and from items created by the authors were obtained from several college samples to create the Intolerant Schema Measure (ISM). Results support the internal consistency, test[ndash]retest reliability, and factor structure of the questionnaire. Expected relationships between me... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849341 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849340&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00527.x This study examined the effect of implementation intentions on adherence and SE over an 11-week exercise program. Women (N = 72) were randomly assigned to an experimental (i.e., implementation intention) or a control group, with 52 participants completing the study. Results showed that while adherence decreased over time in both groups, the experimental group had better adherence than did the control group. Scheduling SE was also higher in the experimental group. Implementation intentions may help to maintain adherence and scheduling SE. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849340 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2849339&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00526.x The current article attempts to extend previous research by testing the effects of customer satisfaction and 2 types of switching barriers[mdash]negative and positive[mdash]on key manifestations of attitudinal loyalty (repurchase intentions, positive recommendations, and price tolerance). The work also studies whether the effect of customer satisfaction is linear or nonlinear. Finally, the paper analyzes whether switching barriers moderate the relative strength of the customer satisfaction/attitudinal loyalty relation. To this end, a total of 554 private mobile-phone customers were surveyed. The distinction between negative and positive switching barriers is important to draw theoretical and managerial implications. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2849339 Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2849339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764653&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00523.x This study assessed potential barriers of the employment of individuals with disabilities. Participants reviewed the interview notes and résumé of a simulated applicant with a disability, along with the job description for a simulated position. Hiring ratings were assigned, followed by a series of measures assessing personality and attitudes toward people with disabilities. Results indicate that variance in both hiring ratings and attitudes differed as a function of individual differences in raters, suggesting that individual differences not only affect attitudes toward individuals with disabilities, but also impact subsequent hiring recommendations. Findings can be used by human resource professionals to eliminate attitudinal barriers in employment of applicants with disabilities, as we... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764653 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764652&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00522.x The present study investigated whether personality hardiness predicts peer ratings of leadership style in Navy officer cadets. Cadets (n = 71) completed the Dispositional Resiliency (hardiness) Scale, and later rated their peers using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (full range of leadership model). Results show the hardy[ndash]commitment facet predicted peer ratings of all leadership styles covered in the model, both before and after and intensive military exercise. The challenge facet was a positive predictor of transformational and transactional leadership and was negatively related to passive-avoidant leadership. Transformational leadership predicted leader performance, as indexed by military development grades; and a partial mediation effect was found for hardiness on the rel... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764652 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764651&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00521.x Web-based training programs commonly capture data reflecting e-learners' activities, yet little is known about the effects of this practice. Social facilitation theory suggests that it may adversely affect people by heightening distraction and arousal. This experiment examined the issue by asking volunteers to complete a Web-based training program designed to teach online search skills. Half of participants were told their training activities would be tracked; the others received no information about monitoring. Results supported the hypothesized effects on satisfaction, performance, and mental workload (measured via heart rate variability). Explicit awareness of monitoring appeared to tax e-learners mentally during training, thereby hindering performance on a later skills test. Additional... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764651 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764650&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00520.x Contemporary theories of prejudice suggest that racism still exists in society, but is expressed in subtle and justifiable manners. Employing such theoretical frameworks, the present study examined subtle ways in which social category information is used differentially in personnel decisions. Participants (managers or undergraduates) were presented with background information and a résumé (with a typical Muslim or European American name) for a hypothetical job applicant. After reviewing the résumés, participants judged the applicant on hirability, salary assignment, and other job-related characteristics. Results showed that the Muslim applicant, relative to the American, was unfavorably judged in salary assignment and job-related characteristics in the presence of negative information.... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764650 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764649&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00519.x Episodic envy, the unpleasant emotion resulting from a specific negative social comparison, is discussed. A new measure designed to assess it is developed, validated, and cross-validated in 3 studies. The implications of episodic envy are also examined. Results show that episodic envy is composed of a feeling component and a comparison component; and is different from unfairness, admiration, and competition. The feeling component is strongly correlated with negative emotional reactions (anxiety, depression, negative mood, hostility) and behavioral reactions (e.g., harming the other, creating a negative work atmosphere) to envy. The comparison component is correlated with behaviors intended to improve one's position in the organization. Episodic envy predicts reactions to envy above and bey... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764649 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764648&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00518.x This study examines whether the relationship between workplace bullying and intention to leave is mediated by affective commitment. Based on data from 142 schoolteachers in China, a partial least squares analysis revealed that affective commitment partially mediates the effect of bullying on intention to leave. Furthermore, the direct effect of bullying on intention to leave is stronger than the indirect effect. Theoretical and practical implications include that awareness needs to be raised about what constitutes bullying behavior and that more emphasis needs to be placed on preventing bullying in the workplace. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764648 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764647&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00517.x Blame attributions are influenced by various extralegal factors, although at present there is no compelling evidence to link what may be one of the most pervasive sources of bias in blame judgments[mdash]an actor's social attractiveness or likableness[mdash]to blame attributions. We conducted 2 studies that varied an actor's social attractiveness and assessed its influence on blame. Social attractiveness influenced blame ratings in both studies, and perceptions of the actor's likableness mediated this effect. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764647 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764646&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00516.x This study examined the influence of identification decision type and DNA evidence on mock jurors' ratings of evidence reliability, witness credibility, and verdict decisions. Type of identification decision was found to influence jurors' perceptions of the reliability of eyewitnesses' descriptions of various details related to the crime. Specifically, positive identifications resulted in the highest reliability ratings. Type of DNA evidence presented was found to impact on ratings of expert witness reliability. Overall, inconsistent DNA evidence that was statistical in nature resulted in the lowest reliability ratings. DNA-consistent evidence led to more convictions than did DNA-inconsistent evidence. Furthermore, jurors rendered more guilty verdicts when witnesses made a non-identificati... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764646 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764645&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00515.x The Distress Disclosure Index (Kahn & Hessling, 2001) measures the tendency to disclose psychological distress and is important in understanding psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships, and help seeking. This paper used the disclosure decision model (Omarzu, 2000) to explore the theoretical antecedents of distress disclosure. Results of a community-based survey of 17[ndash]18-year-olds in South Wales (United Kingdom), suggesting that private self-consciousness, social support, and femininity were associated with higher distress disclosure. Shame was associated with lower distress disclosure. Moderating effects of gender and gender identity were also explored. Social support and femininity both interacted with gender to predict distress disclosure. The results suggest a number... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764645 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2764644&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00514.x In this study, survey responses from 135 adolescent clinic users in the western U.S. support a client-satisfaction model that differs from the traditional coping response framework by featuring negative emotions as a primary antecedent of service-quality evaluations, rather than a consequence. Quality evaluations directly impacted satisfaction, which, in turn, affected word of mouth and intentions to return to the clinic. This research represents an initial step toward better understanding of ways that adolescents may differ from adults on factors influencing satisfaction with clinical reproductive healthcare and, hence, holds both theoretical and managerial significance. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2764644 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2764644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643678&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00503.x We explored bias and its perception in newspaper reports of the 2002 Olympics figure skating controversy. American and Russian articles were examined for their perceptions of the Canadian and Russian pairs' performances, directionality of the Russian and American media and publics' biases, and media awareness of those biases. Reporters' accounts varied as a function of country of affiliation and indicated a one-sided acknowledgment of media and public bias. The American media acknowledged a pro-Canadian bias in their reporting; there was no self-bias acknowledgment in the Russian press. Country of affiliation produced one-sided coverage of this event, and even the American media's awareness of self-biases did not ensure bias-free reporting. These findings are discussed amid respective coun... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643678 Tue, 28 Jul 2009 11:37:51 +0100 2643678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643690&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00525.x (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643690 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643689&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00524.x (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643689 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643688&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00513.x In a questionnaire study, we examined the age of "coming out" (i.e., acknowledging one's sexual identity) in gay and bisexual men as predicted by belief in a just world (BJW), personal efficacy (PE), physical attractiveness, childhood gender identity/role, and demographics. As hypothesized, men with a higher BJW, greater physical attractiveness, greater degree of same-sex behavior, and younger age reported an earlier age of coming out. An interaction between BJW and childhood gender identity/role showed, as expected, that the relation with BJW only occurred among men with greater childhood femininity. Unexpectedly, PE was unrelated to age of coming out. Results add to previous studies on the coming-out process and to work suggesting a buffering effect of BJW in other contexts. (Source: Jou... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643688 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643687&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00512.x The effects of a 2-semester college-level humanities course were examined in a group of economically and educationally disadvantaged individuals in Portland, OR, and a group of incarcerated males at a medium-security prison in Pendleton, OR. Student responses on a pre- and post-course survey were compared. Within-group comparisons indicated that Portland students displayed significant improvement in participation in volunteer organizations, enrollment in college classes, life satisfaction, verbal ability, and analysis of the major course themes. Inmates improved on desire to participate in community organizations, vote in elections, critical thinking, life satisfaction, and applying major course themes. These results demonstrate that the power of literary classics brings about a wide range... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643687 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643686&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00511.x We examined if race salience could reduce White juror racial bias, even for individuals who reported high levels of racism. Making race salient reduced White juror racial bias toward a Black defendant. Jurors' racist beliefs were only associated with the verdict when the defendant's race was not made salient. This finding suggests that the effects of individual prejudice toward a Black defendant can be reduced by making the defendant's race salient. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643686 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643685&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00510.x By borrowing from the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat, we may understand when health communications adequately motivate behavior change or when they are overly distressing and inhibit behavior change. The present studies were guided by the biobehavioral model of persuasion, which predicts that different health appeals should evoke different appraisals, as well as psychological and physiological responses that motivate the adoption or rejection of health behaviors. Challenging messages should be associated with approach motivational tendencies, whereas threatening messages should be linked to avoidance. Findings from 2 experiments support the biobehavioral model of persuasion and offer mechanisms that confer message effectiveness. By understanding the psychological and physiol... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643685 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643684&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00509.x Although self-efficacy is a construct found throughout research literature, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that give rise to perceptions of personal confidence. This situation is changing as a result of the introduction of the knowledge-and-appraisal personality architecture (KAPA; Cervone, 2004), a theory proposed to explain the origins of self-efficacy percepts. In the present study, KAPA's framework was utilized to predict university students' self-efficacy toward 3 physically demanding leisure activities. The results support the theory's validity. Confidence was strongly related to how personal characteristics were thought to influence performance of a leisure activity. Self-efficacy was significantly higher when personal attributes were thought to help with perform... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643684 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643683&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00508.x Although higher education has been linked to better income, longer life expectancy, and better health, about 25[ndash]45% of incoming college freshmen never graduate. The current study examined whether optimistic expectancies are associated with college retention. Participants (N = 2,189) were given surveys when entering college, and academic records were attained after freshman year completion. Dispositional and academic optimism were associated with less chance of dropping out of college, as well as better motivation and adjustment. Academic optimism was also associated with higher grade point average (GPA). Structural equation models revealed that dispositional optimism predicted retention through motivation and adjustment, which in turn predicted retention. Academic optimism, on the ot... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643683 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643682&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00507.x In a field study involving 209 leader[ndash]follower dyads, we examined leader[ndash]follower agreement regarding perceptions of the leaders' behavior style and follower outcomes of performance, organizational citizenship behavior, affective commitment, and trust in the leader. Using the self[ndash]other agreement paradigm, we found that agreement about a leader's style as transactional was positively related to these outcomes, whereas there was no relationship between agreement about a leader's transformational style and any of the outcomes. These findings support our view that a shared interpretation of the leader's transactional behavior is essential for positive follower outcomes, and may also be a necessary precondition for the effective use of transformational leader behavior. Implic... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643682 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643681&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00506.x A field study of supported employment for adults with mental illness provided an experimental test of cognitive dissonance theory. We predicted that most work-interested individuals randomly assigned to a non-preferred program would reject services and lower their work aspirations. However, individuals who chose to pursue employment through a non-preferred program were expected to resolve this dissonance through favorable service evaluations and strong efforts to succeed at work. Significant Work Interest × Service Preference interactions supported these predictions. Over 2 years, participants interested in employment who obtained work through a non-preferred program stayed employed a median of 362 days vs. 108 days for those assigned to a preferred program; participants who obtained work... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643681 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643680&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00505.x This manuscript presents the results of the application of an extended norm activation model to the explanation of car use on the way to the university with a sample of 430 students of 3 German universities. The proposed two-stage structural model is supported by the data. First, a norm activation process starting with awareness of consequences activates subjective and personal norms. Second, behavior is determined by car-use habits, perceived behavioral control (PBC), car access, and effort to use public transportation. The influence of personal norms on behavior is mediated by habits. Subgroup analyses of the second stage of the model show a high structural stability, but differences in the regression weights. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643680 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2643679&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00504.x Moral evaluations of ecologically damaging events were studied in 5th, 8th, and 11th graders and college students (N = 246). Participants made 4 kinds of judgments about 2 scenarios: decision rightness, damage rightness, blame of the decision maker, and blame of the agents causing the damage. In both scenarios, the decision maker's intentions varied (biocentric vs. anthropocentric) as did the damage severity. Overall, participants' judgments were less harsh when the decision maker had biocentric intentions and when the damage was less severe. However, there were age differences in use of intentions to judge decision rightness. The proposition that judgments of blame of the decision maker should be a joint function of decision and damage rightness was also supported. (Source: Journal of App... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2643679 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2643679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575177&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00502.x Within Berkman et al.'s (2000) framework, we examined sociodemographic correlates of social networks (SN) and social support (SS) in 155 heart patients (33 women, 122 men), who completed measures of sociodemographics, SN, and SS. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the relationship between sociodemographic factors and SN; and between sociodemographic factors, SN, and SS. Higher social status and more income were related to larger, more diverse networks and more SS. Higher social status and being married were related to more SS. Being married was related to more belonging and tangible support. Results show the complex relationship between higher level social factors and specific SS functions offering areas for future interventions to increase SS in heart patients. (Source: Journal of ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575177 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575176&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00501.x The theory of psychological reactance predicts that, to the extent that smoking-control measures are perceived as threatening the individual's freedom to choose among behavioral alternatives, they may be met with resistance. Data were collected from a national representative sample of 2,400 young people (ages 16[ndash]20) by telephone interviews. Dispositional reactance was shown to be associated with smoking. Principal components analyses revealed that a distinction should be made between attitudes toward weak and attitudes toward strong smoking-control measures. Attitudes toward strong measures were particularly negative among regular smokers. Among regular smokers, dispositional reactance was found to be significantly associated with attitudes toward strong tobacco-control measures. Pro... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575176 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575175&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00500.x This research aimed to study those factors that predict different types of ethnic prejudice in a representative subsample of Spanish young people. The instrument we used was Pettigrew & Meertens' (1995) blatant/subtle prejudice scale. Results show that although there is a similar underlying pattern in both types of ethnic prejudice, subtle prejudice is based more on cultural differences, whereas blatant prejudice also stresses the racial, economic, and labor effects of immigration. Moreover, blatant prejudice is also influenced by the formal level of education and political position. The results are interpreted within the Spanish context; and the implications for identity formation and maintenance, and practical programs directed toward ethnic prejudice awareness are discussed. (Source: Jo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575175 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575174&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00499.x We investigated the effects of defendant race, victim race, and juror gender on non-African American mock jurors' perceptions of crimes committed by juvenile offenders. We predicted that mock jurors, particularly men, would render more pro-prosecution case judgments when the defendant was African American than White. We also predicted that defendants would be judged more harshly when the crime victim was portrayed as White rather than as African American. Although there were few main effects of defendant race or victim race on case judgments, defendant and victim race by juror gender interactions revealed that men (but not women) demonstrated the predicted bias against African American defendants and victims. Explanations and implications are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social P... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575174 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575173&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00498.x This study surveyed 800 students in the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan to determine associations between the components of the theory of reasoned action and early communication about organ-donation decisions within the family. Results showed that among the 3 ethnic groups, Japanese students reported the least favorable attitudes and subjective norms about organ donation and were also the least likely to discuss this topic with their families. Moreover, the moderating effect of ethnicity indicated that attitudes were a significant factor of family discussion among American and Japanese students but not among Chinese students. Subjective norms were more predictive of family discussion among Chinese students than among American and Japanese students. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Ps... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575173 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575172&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00497.x This article describes 3 studies in which students evaluated the same professors' teaching effectiveness. In each study, students' evaluations were strongly influenced by their personal tastes regarding teaching. Moreover, personal tastes in teaching were related in meaningful ways to students' positive affect and memory for lectures. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575172 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575171&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00496.x This article shifts the focus of prior research examining virtual work to investigate how supervisors who work virtually use subordinate performance information. Drawing insights from several research streams, in Study 1, we propose that supervisors who work virtually bias performance ratings in the direction of information that is observed directly in the office, rather than that which is received when working virtually. In Study 2, we replicate and extend these results to show that this bias is independent of the level of performance information received. Results also indicate that, for high-performing workers, performance information received virtually is evaluated more extremely than information observed directly. We did not find evidence for this extremity effect when low-performing w... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575171 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575170&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00495.x This study's central research question is: "How do managers evaluate the desirability of early retirement of their employees, and under what circumstances and for what types of workers are they in favor of delay?" We sought to compare managers' and business students' decision making regarding older workers. We examined the extent to which student samples are appropriate to study organizational behavior. An identical factorial survey was carried out among 26 managers and 25 business school students. The results revealed that business students concentrate on performance-related individual characteristics when making selection decisions, whereas managers also recognize contextual factors (need for downsizing, tight labor market) and older workers' attitudes toward retirement. (Source: Journal... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575170 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575169&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00494.x The present research explored the role of leader morality in the interaction effect of procedural justice and outcome favorability, and attempted to connect justice and morality construct in a new direction. Two studies in different settings and using different designs (a scenario experiment and a survey) yielded convergent results. When leader morality was high, the interaction effect of procedural justice and outcome favorability was significant, and fair procedures mitigated the negative effect of low outcome favorability. When leader morality was low, however, the interaction between procedural justice and outcome favorability was absent. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575169 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575168&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00493.x Acquaintance rape attributions of responsibility were investigated. In Study 1, participants viewed videotapes that varied the female victim's resistance (verbal, physical, verbal/physical) and the reaction of the perpetrator (anger, no reaction) or a control videotape. The victim was held less responsible and the perpetrator was held more responsible when the victim resisted. In Study 2, participants viewed videotapes that manipulated victim and perpetrator reputation. Victims were held more responsible when they had a bad reputation; perpetrators were held more responsible when the victim had a good reputation or the perpetrator had a bad reputation. Hostile sexism predicted victim responsibility in both studies; rape myth predicted victim and perpetrator responsibility in Study 2. Impli... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575168 Sun, 05 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575167&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00492.x We examined whether attitudes toward IPV varied as a function of sample (student, general, and incarcerated), participant gender, and abuse history, or as a function of perpetrator gender. Additionally, participants' conflict-resolution strategies were examined. Findings revealed that perpetrator gender and participant abuse history were the most influential factors in shaping attitudes. Males and females evaluated violence similarly. Overall, there was greater acceptance for abuse perpetrated by females than by males, and participants who had either perpetrated or received abuse were the most condoning of IPV. A lack of conflict skills was associated with IPV. For males, this lack of skills generalized to situations outside of the relationship. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psycholog... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575167 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2575167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461677&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00491.x Loneliness has been linked to emotional knowledge and interpersonal distrust, but it is unknown whether it is mediated or moderated by these variables. Using self-report measures, the relationship between loneliness, interpersonal distrust, and alexithymia was investigated in undergraduate students (N = 224). Analyses showed a direct relationship between alexithymia and social, family, and romantic loneliness. We also found that interpersonal distrust partly mediates this relationship, and that alexithymia and interpersonal distrust interacted to predict social and family loneliness. These findings suggest that links between the different facets of alexithymia, interpersonal distrust, and loneliness are complex and multifaceted, and they are discussed with regard to interventions for young... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461677 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461676&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00490.x The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which a proactive diversity-management strategy moderated the relationship between racial diversity and organizational performance. Data were gathered from 75 NCAA athletic departments. Hierarchal regression analysis indicated that, after controlling for the department expenditures and department size, racial diversity was positively associated with objective measures of overall performance. These effects were qualified by the moderating effects of a proactive diversity-management strategy, as departments that were racially diverse and followed a proactive diversity-management strategy had the greatest performance. The total model explained 68% of the variance in the department's performance. Results are discussed in terms of contribut... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461676 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461675&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00489.x To investigate racial discrimination in the marketplace, we conducted a field experiment to examine both overt and subtle forms of retail discrimination. "Customers" browsing in high-end retail stores asked a salesperson if they would remove a security sensor from a pair of sunglasses prior to trying them on in front of a mirror. Although the request to remove the sensor was granted in all conditions, the salespersons showed greater levels of suspicion (i.e., staring, following) in the Black conditions, especially in the male-group condition. These findings are consistent with current field research examining subtle biases toward other stigmatized groups. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461675 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461674&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00488.x According to the positive illusions model (Murray, Holmes, & Griffin, 1996a), people in romantic relationships are more satisfied when they view their partners more favorably than the partners see themselves. By contrast, shared reality theory (Hardin & Conley, 2001) emphasizes the benefits of perceiving a partner as the partner sees himself or herself. We analyzed archived data from the American Couples Study (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983) to test the applicability of the positive illusions model to gay and lesbian relationships. Structural equation models demonstrated that the positive illusions model effectively explains relationships among lesbian, gay, heterosexual cohabitating, and married couples. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461674 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461673&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00487.x Participants (N = 251) used an Internet-based information board to learn about fictional U.S. presidential candidates in a voting simulation task. Need for cognition and conscientiousness interacted to predict political interest. Participants high in need for cognition and participants high in conscientiousness, regardless of the magnitude of the other construct, exhibited high political interest. Participants low in need for cognition and conscientiousness exhibited low political interest. Additionally, participants high in need for cognition or low in conscientiousness preferred an issue-based voting strategy, whereas those low in need for cognition or high in conscientiousness preferred a candidate-based voting strategy. These findings have important implications for how political infor... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461673 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461672&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00486.x Tucker, Orlando, Elliott, and Klein (2006) proposed that the associations between social control attempts and health behaviors are mediated by affects. The evidence is mixed regarding whether affects fully mediate these associations. In a sample of 317 college students involved in heterosexual dating relationships, we tested Tucker's mediational model and an expanded mediational model that incorporated the action readiness component of emotions (motivation to change and reactance). Full mediation of the associations between (a) positive social control and health behavior change; and (b) negative social control and hiding unhealthy behavior were found only when motivation to change and reactance were included in the model. Unexpectedly, reactance and negative social control exerted direct e... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461672 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461671&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00485.x Implementation intentions are said to transfer control over goal-directed behavior to situational cues, thereby automating initiation of the behavior (Gollwitzer, 1999). Alternatively, implementation intentions may be effective because they create commitment to the intended behavior. In an empirical study, implementation intentions regarding a simple task (rating TV newscasts) varied in their specificity. In addition, explicit commitment to the task was manipulated, and chronic conscientiousness was assessed. Consistent with the commitment hypothesis, general and specific implementation intentions were equally effective in raising level of task performance, and they were no more effective than asking for an explicit commitment to carry out the task. Also, individuals high in conscientiousn... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461671 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461670&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00484.x We explored the content of possible selves of low-income mothers and the strategies they have to work on their possible selves. Positive expected possible selves focus on getting a job, making ends meet, and caregiving. Negative to-be-avoided possible selves focus on failing to make ends meet, losing (or not getting) jobs, and problems with mental health. Immediate social context[mdash]rather than demographic characteristics or global work[ndash]family variables[mdash]was associated with content of possible selves. Controlling for demographic and work[ndash]family variables, job-focused possible selves (and strategies to attain them) were more salient; and caregiving and mental-health-related possible selves were less salient to mothers in job-training programs vs. welfare offices. (Source... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461670 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461669&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00483.x This representative study among 2,539 Norwegian employees examines interpersonal problems among targets and perpetrators of workplace bullying. Both targets and perpetrators portrayed elevated levels of interpersonal problems. Yet, the results question the role of a general target personality in explaining exposure to workplace bullying. Although interpersonal problems were reported among 50% of the targets, interpersonal problems were also prevalent in a large proportion of the non-exposed employees. Accordingly, level of interpersonal problems does not easily differentiate targets from non-targets and calls for a broader frame of reference in order to understand the bullying process. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461669 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461668&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00482.x We investigated the hypotheses that personal belief in a just world (BJW) would enhance evaluations of working life (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment), increase occupational trust (e.g., entrepreneurial self-efficacy, occupational self-efficacy), and boost mental health (e.g., life satisfaction, self-esteem). To test these hypotheses, we conducted 3 studies with employees and unemployed individuals in different career situations (total N = 593). Regression analyses revealed positive relationships between BJW and mental health, as well as occupational trust in all participant groups. These relationships persisted when controlling for objective success criteria and global personality traits. In addition, BJW was found to be associated with subjective quality of working life ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461668 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2461667&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00481.x This study meta-analytically reviews the influence of individuals' dispositional negative affectivity (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) on a broad range of work-related outcomes grouped into 3 categories: (a) work attitudes; (b) workplace experiences; and (c) work behavior. Across cumulative studies, it was found that NA and PA demonstrated significant effects on most of these outcomes. Moreover, we found some interesting differences in NA's and PA's relationships with work outcomes. Specifically, while NA had more influence on variables pertinent to work stressors (e.g., role problems), PA demonstrated a stronger effect on variables related to positive job and organizational context (e.g., job autonomy, procedural justice). Implications for theory advancement and future research in this ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2461667 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2461667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372279&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00470.x The current study investigates the interactive effects of perceptions of organizational support on 2 emotional labor outcomes: job satisfaction and job performance. A sample of 2 retail service firms (n = 338) supported the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) on the emotional labor/outcomes relationships. POS attenuated the negative effects of the emotional labor/job satisfaction and emotional labor/performance relationships. Implications of these results, strengths and limitations of the current study, and directions for future research are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372279 Wed, 29 Apr 2009 04:20:01 +0100 2372279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372289&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00480.x Although the term respect is widely used in society, its determinants and consequences on group-related factors are unclear. In 4 studies (2 pilot studies, validation study, main study), we examined these issues. In the main study, high-level rowing crew members completed measures of respect, liking, and group identification pre- and post-competition; and attribution items post-competition. Although respect and liking did not predict team success, success was associated with subsequent levels of respect, but not liking. The effect of success on group identification was mediated by respect. Moderation analyses indicated that intragroup liking, but not respect, increased the likelihood of group-serving attributions. Results highlight the determinants of respect and its role in group processe... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372289 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372288&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00479.x The purpose of this study was to identify patterns in Portuguese television advertisements and interpret changes in the portrayal of gender roles using data collected 7 years apart: 1996 and 2003. We grouped 11 attributes of the central figure displayed in 623 evening commercials using a k-means cluster procedure. There were 4 distinct groups of advertisements that emerged, 2 of them characterizing a predominantly male central figure and the other 2 a female central figure. The overall increase in women portrayed in advertisements from 1996 (32.9%) to 2003 (40.8%) is reflected in a shift toward an increase of advertisements with a female central figure in the typically male "narrator" cluster. Practical implications of these findings are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psycho... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372288 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372287&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00478.x This paper examined the relationship among social cognitive factors and physical activity in college freshmen. Students from a midwestern university (N = 69; 56.5% female) participated in this prospective study. Psychosocial data were collected at the beginning of a semester, and physical activity measurement by accelerometry was completed at semester's end. Multiple regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy and physical activity goals were significant predictors of vigorous activity (r2 = .16). However, these constructs were not significant for moderate activity (r2 = .16). Social cognitive constructs appear to be related to vigorous, but not moderate activity in college freshmen. Future studies should consider assessing social cognitive and physical activity variables at multiple ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372287 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372286&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00477.x Research on omission neglect has shown that people are insensitive to many different types of missing, unmentioned, or unknown information. However, prior research has not examined the role of omission neglect in non-gain and non-loss framing. The present research shows that gain/loss framing effects are greater than non-gain/non-loss framing effects on judgments of the ease with which various scenarios can be imagined, judgments of believability, attributions to price gouging, and attributions to inflation. The results also show that negative outcomes are more influential than are positive outcomes in judgments of imaginability, believability, and fairness, and in attribution judgments. Considered together, the results suggest that omission neglect plays an important role in insensitivity... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372286 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372285&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00476.x Those with differing levels of religious fundamentalism (RF) may be selective in their memory for religious information. In Study 1, participants read a text about money or sex, with a judgmental or not-judgmental message. Higher RF was associated with more accurate recall and fewer intrusions. In Study 2, participants high or low in RF read texts about sex. High-RF participants had more accurate recall and fewer intrusions. However, high-RF participants had more recognition false alarms to sentences that were not presented. High RF may aid memory for religious information, but also increase familiarity of related but not presented information. Exposure to not-judgmental messages decreased RF scores, suggesting that textual messages can impact responses to fundamentalism scales. (Source: J... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372285 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372284&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00475.x The present research tests a model of predicted relationships among right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), nationalism, internationalism, perceived United Nations (UN) irrelevance, and support for the use of aggressive military action against countries perceived to support terrorism. In the hypothesized model, nationalism and internationalism were expected to mediate the relationship between authoritarian dispositions and support for aggressive military policies, while internationalism was expected to predict perceived UN irrelevance. Perceived UN irrelevance was also expected to predict support for military aggression directly. Across samples of community adults, hypotheses were largely supported, with only minor changes being made to the proposed model in ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372284 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372283&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00474.x This study investigated the influence of homophobia and gender-role traditionality (GRT) on perceptions of male rape victims. Victims were assigned more blame in acquaintance rape than in stranger rape, and homosexual victims were blamed more than were heterosexual victims. Homophobia predicted patterns in rape minimization only when the victim was homosexual. Homophobia also predicted patterns of victim blame attribution in both homosexual and heterosexual victims, with a greater impact when the victim was homosexual. GRT predicted patterns of rape minimization in acquaintance rape, but not in stranger rape; and GRT did not predict differences in victim blame attribution. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372283 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372282&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00473.x This study examined the interactive effects of imagined rejection and narcissism on cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). Participants completed measures of overt narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979), overt[ndash]covert narcissism (Margolis & Thomas, 1980), and trait self-esteem. They then imagined 2 scenarios culminating in either interpersonal acceptance or rejection. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed before, during, and after the imagery. Overt[ndash]covert narcissism was positively associated with task increases in SBP and DBP and recovery elevation of HR following rejection, but not acceptance. Similar effects on SBP were found for the Entitlement/Exploitativeness dimension of the NPI. Lower self-esteem ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372282 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372281&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00472.x Research investigating homeless youth or, as they prefer, "street kids," has primarily described their dysfunction. In order to more thoroughly document their psychological reality and account for variability in their functioning, this study explored the close relationships and personal projects of 50 street kids. Self-determination theory provides a theoretical framework for hypotheses concerning the relationships that social networks and goals have with motivation and subjective well-being. The size of participants' social networks was positively related to internalization and positive well-being. Goal pursuit was also positively related to internalization and positive well-being. These findings[mdash]along with descriptive information documenting street kids' motivation, well-being, and... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372281 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2372280&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00471.x This article summarizes 2 studies that evaluated the effectiveness of a state-sponsored public service announcement aimed at reducing improper disposal of used motor oil among do-it-yourself oil changers. Study 1 was a field experiment with 120 oil changers in San Diego County. Inertial resistance and low perceived behavioral control were identified as obstacles to proper disposal. In Study 2, we used the disrupt-then-reframe technique to successfully overcome these obstacles and promote proper disposal of used oil. The results underscore the usefulness of empirically validated persuasion techniques in changing behavior via mass media. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2372280 Mon, 27 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2372280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336756&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00469.x We examined the correlations of sex and gender identification with SDO using the Bem Sex Role Inventory in Study 1 and a gender diagnostic measure in Study 2. Both studies showed that gender identification was significantly associated with SDO. In Study 1, gender identification partially mediated the effect of sex on SDO; and in Study 2, this mediation was complete. There were no indications that gender identification moderated the effect of sex on SDO. The results are discussed against the background of the gender invariance hypothesis of SDO. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336756 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336756 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336755&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00468.x This study examined the effectiveness of attributional retraining (AR) in an employment interview setting. Our sample consisted of 50 co-operative education students completing job interviews who were randomly assigned to a control or writing-based AR condition. Dependent measures included attributions, expectations, and affect, as well as behavior with respect to an interview skills workshop, and actual employment outcomes. Results showed AR to promote controllable failure attributions, expectations, motivated behavior, and interview success, particularly among participants with maladaptive baseline attributions. Findings further revealed AR effects on emotions mediated by post-treatment attributions. Implications for attribution theory and research on AR in employment settings are discus... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336755 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336755 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336754&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00467.x We presented mock jurors with a homeowner's defensive gun use. Reasonable arguments were for shooting or not in the scenario by the defendant. The firearm varied in type. Assault rifle use led to harsher legal outcomes than did other firearms. A female defendant was at more risk than a male. In the last experiment, a police shooting scenario was tested. In that case, the male officer was at more risk than the female officer when wielding the assault rifle. Weapons and gender interactions were, for the most part, congruent with social cognitive theories of attribution and weapons priming of aggressive ideation. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336754 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336754 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336753&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00466.x This study addresses how people devalue romantic relationships without devaluing the individuals in the relationship. We examined perceptions of condom use in close relationships in 3 studies. Relationships of couples who used condoms were devalued, relative to relationships of those who used oral contraceptives. However, the perceptions of individuals in the relationships were unchanged by type of birth-control use. In 2 studies, the dyadic devaluation concept was extended to relationships in which one partner was significantly older than the other. Participants believed that relationships in which the woman was substantially older than the man were of lesser quality than relationships in which the man and woman were the same age. Implications for stigma and person perception research are... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336753 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336753 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336752&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00465.x How is preferring same- vs. cross-sex friendships related to one's perceptions of these friendships? In Phase 1, college students (N = 122) listed qualities they valued in their same- and cross-sex friends. In Phase 2, survey items constructed from the responses were administered to 231 students who indicated a preference for same- vs. cross-sex friendship. Those who reported a preference for opposite-sex friends rated these friendships as higher in closeness, trust, caring, having common interests, and providing narcissistic benefits, compared to those who reported a preference for same-sex friends. Results demonstrate that gender differences often associated with close friendships are greatly attenuated and sometimes reversed when preference for same- vs. cross-sex friendship is included... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336752 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336752 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336751&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00464.x Using a theory of planned behavior (TPB) perspective, individual intentions to register and discuss the decision of organ donation with significant others were examined. In addition to standard TPB variables (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control [PBC]), self-identity and moral norm were incorporated into the TPB as predictors. Australian university students (N = 303) completed a survey comprising standard and additional TPB constructs. Separate analyses were conducted for both registered and nonregistered participants. In general, results provide support for the extended TPB model in predicting intentions to register and discuss the donation decision, with the exceptions that self-identity did not predict discussion intentions for either registered or nonregistered p... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336751 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336751 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336750&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00463.x This study investigated the impact of the gender composition of the leader[ndash]subordinate dyad on the relationship between leaders' transformational leadership behavior and their subordinates' ratings of the leaders' effectiveness. There were 109 dyads of leaders (58 male, 51 female) paired with a subordinate who was either the same or a different gender from themselves. The relationship between a leader's self-report on transformational leadership and their subordinates' evaluation of their performance was significantly less positive for female leaders with male subordinates than for female leaders with female subordinates. The male and female subordinates of male leaders rated their performance as equally effective, regardless of their levels of transformational leadership. (Source: J... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336750 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336750 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336749&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00462.x In 2 countries differing on individualistic[ndash]collectivistic orientation, we investigated resistance to a request made by a manager perceived as lacking personal power based on a key attribute (e.g., expertise, relationality). Results of an experiment with Polish and American participants were consistent with cultural differences in the preferred attribute of leaders in the 2 nations. Participants were more resistant to a manager who lacked the attribute more valued in their culture: Americans were more resistant to managers perceived as lacking in expertise, whereas Poles were more resistant to managers perceived as lacking in relational skills. This effect occurred only under conditions of well-established workplace relationships, suggesting that group connectedness creates a tendenc... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336749 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336749 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336748&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00461.x We examined how organizational culture relates to similarity among individuals' salience of their team members' diversity characteristics. Moreover, we introduced a new approach to studying multiple diversity characteristics simultaneously. Team members who perceive their organizational culture as emphasizing respect for people were found to be unlikely to hold convergent views of their team members' demographics. Also, high-performing team members were found to view the salience of demographic characteristics similarly to other team members. Our findings suggest that an organizational culture emphasizing respect for people may be associated with unexpected barriers among team members that pose a threat to effective team functioning. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336748 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336747&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00460.x We examined parents' attitudes and behaviors regarding roadside supervision of children aged 4 to 6 years using self-report and observational measures. Although parents perceived sons as less careful than daughters, they reported no sex differences in the age children would be allowed out unsupervised. There were no self-report differences in supervision according to socioeconomic status. However, roadside observations showed that boys and children from a lower socioeconomic area received less supervision than girls or those from a higher socioeconomic area. Such findings contribute to our understanding of the sex and socioeconomic differences in accident involvement and the role of parental monitoring. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336747 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2336747 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2213713&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00449.x Despite the shift from traditional to progressive discourse among disability activists and social science academics, the former remains the dominant discourse of disability. In the present study, we examine how Greek teacher candidates, although being considerably exposed to a progressive discourse during their lectures, represent disability in the context of their disability simulations, which favor traditional discourse. The critical discourse analysis of their written accounts reveals that, in quantitative terms, teacher candidates represent disability by drawing upon both traditional and progressive discourses. Seen qualitatively, however, it appears that progressive discourse is a subjugated discourse, compared with the dominant traditional one. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psyc... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2213713 Thu, 26 Feb 2009 08:56:01 +0100 2213713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208223&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00459.x The Terri Schiavo case received intense national and international media coverage. The current investigation examined students' beliefs on whether or not Terri's feeding tube should have been removed, as well as attitudes and behavior. Students either received a persuasive message that came from the husband's perspective or the parents' perspective, crossed with a picture that either suggested Terri was interactive vs. one that suggested she was not. The results indicate that beliefs were altered by the perspective that students received, even after intense media coverage had presumably "hardened" attitudes. Students with low or high need for cognition were also influenced by pictures that either matched or mismatched the perspective they received. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psycho... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208223 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208222&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00458.x Anti-globalization protest is analyzed as a function of ideological opposition to social hierarchy and identification with the social movement. Demonstrators (N = 145) at the Summit of the Americas in Québec City in April 2001 completed measures of social dominance orientation (SDO), social identification with the anti-globalization movement, and the likelihood of engaging in various protest behaviors. Results supported the hypothesis that social identification mediates the link between SDO and inclinations toward 2 forms of collective action (anti-globalization protest and indirect protest), whereas non-normative protest tended to be endorsed most strongly by male demonstrators. These relationships inform theoretical perspectives on politicized collective identity and the social psycholo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208222 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208221&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00457.x From a social psychological process framework, this study examines how children's self-esteem influences whether their friends motivate them to go online. Children (ages 8[ndash]14; n = 293) completed an online questionnaire. Locus of control orientation is included as mediating the relationship between self-esteem and motivation. Hypotheses were tested using a structural equation model. Results reveal that children with healthy self-esteem perceive themselves as having control of their environments. This positively influences peer-related motivation to go online. Children with lower self-esteem see the world as controlled by others or as the result of luck. This external locus also positively influences peer-related motivation to go online. Girls maintained higher self-esteem, and boys we... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208221 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208220&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00456.x Research has supported a negative correlation between cigarette smoking and exercise; however, the temporal nature of this association is not obvious. We modeled the relationships among smoking, exercise, and self-perceived health over time, within a college population. We collected 5 waves of data from 1,023 undergraduate students over a 14-month period. The results verified that smoking and exercise each made independent contributions in the prediction of health. Smoking was associated with reduced exercise over time, while no evidence was found for the reverse relationship. Our final mediation model demonstrates that smoking is related to poorer self-perceived health, and that this effect is partially mediated by the fact that smokers are less likely to engage in exercise. (Source: Jour... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208220 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208219&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00455.x This study focuses on the interactive effects of antismoking warnings and cigarette-brand familiarity on teenagers' smoking intent, attitudes toward the website, and sponsoring brand when exposed to entertainment websites sponsored by cigarette brands. Findings from a 3 (Warning Type) × 2 (Level of Cigarette-Brand Familiarity) factorial design experiment with nonsmoking teenagers demonstrated that text and picture warnings significantly reduced attitudes toward cigarette brands, compared to text-only or no warning. Warnings had assimilation effects on attitudes (toward brand and website) and on smoking intent in the case of familiar brands; and marginally significant contrast effects in the case of unfamiliar brands, which better reflects the repetition priming paradigm than the recency p... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208219 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208218&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00454.x A study was designed to examine the consequences of hearing a mental health professional referred to as a "shrink." Participants (N = 129) viewed a videotape of a simulated therapy session after hearing a psychologist referred to as a shrink, a psychologist, or Mr. Smith. As hypothesized, exposure to shrink lowered evaluations of the therapist. However, this was focused on specific characteristics (e.g., expertise). After hearing the label shrink, participants expressed less interest in seeking therapy from the psychologist portrayed. The commenter of the shrink label was also viewed more negatively. The findings imply that the use of the term shrink may undermine people's attitudes toward mental health professionals, a consequence with implications for the utilization of their services. (... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208218 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208217&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00453.x This study was designed to account for inconsistencies between past research indicating that executives in general are more ethically oriented than employees. The reality in Japan's society is that it has been mostly top executives who violate business ethics. Japanese students (N = 201) assumed that they were "executives" or "employees" in a manufacturing company, and their company had "high" or "low" financial prospects. The high-prospect executives were most ethically oriented, while the low-prospect executives were least ethically oriented. Ethical orientation did not change across the two prospect conditions for the employees. The findings are interpreted in terms of ethical dissonance created by dual pressures from acceptance of Western global ethical standards and strength of indige... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208217 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208216&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00452.x Although claimed differences in values have played a prominent role in recent U.S. politics, the value systems of typical Republicans and Democrats have not been evaluated within a relevant dimensional framework. In 4 studies, party members were compared on extrinsic (money, popularity, image) and intrinsic (intimacy, helping, growth) values. Republicans were consistently higher on extrinsic relative to intrinsic values, a pattern suggested by past research to be personally and socially problematic. In Study 4, Republicans were also lower in a different measure of prosocial values, derived from social-dilemma research. All studies found an interaction such that only nonreligious Republicans were lower than Democrats on the intrinsic value of helping needy others. Implications for contempor... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208216 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208215&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00451.x Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is introduced as a new tool for investigating decision making in commons dilemmas. University undergraduates (N = 171) managed a virtual fishery, with 2 computer-simulated fishers, over 60 seasons. Level 1 HLM analyses revealed that participants took significantly more fish during seasons when feedback suggested fish stocks, fish value, and fishing expenses were high; and when noncooperative and cooperative others had taken more fish and fewer fish, respectively, in the previous season. Level 2 analyses produced several cross-level interactions, indicating that participants' use of feedback information varied as a function of their social values and environmental attitudes. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208215 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2208214&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2009.00450.x Two studies (one field, one experimental) found that the more accurately individuals evaluated their performance, the better they performed on a subsequent task. The first study also found that the more individuals overestimated their previous performance, the lower was their performance on the next task. In contrast, the evaluation accuracy of the underestimators was unrelated to their subsequent performance. The second study found that when participants received feedback from an external authority, the effect of the inaccuracy of self-performance evaluation on subsequent performance was reduced. The results of the 2 studies are explained in motivational and cognitive terms. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2208214 Mon, 23 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2208214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176119&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00448.x Using a variety of approaches and an array of methodologies, research has shown that mortality salience enhances people's self-esteem. In line with previous work on terror management theory, the current study tested the hypothesis that when mortality salience is high, implicit self-esteem (ISE) is, paradoxically, more positive than when mortality salience is low. Participants were given an implicit measure of self-evaluation either before or after completion of a series of terrorism-related questions. As predicted, participants who completed the terrorism questionnaire first exhibited significantly more positive ISE than did those who completed it second. Ironically, it seems that implicitly, people may feel better about themselves in the face of terrorist attacks designed to demoralize th... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176119 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176118&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00447.x Unhealthy and healthy eating intentions are predicted in a sample of 154 university students by the theory of planned behavior variables, in interaction with life stress. Specifically, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are shown to interact with life stress in relation to intentions to eat unhealthy foods, such that at high stress, the effects of subjective norms and PBC are attenuated. Implications are discussed for studies involving the planned behavior model and the study of life stress and unhealthy eating, for the theory of planned behavior more broadly, as well as for interventions targeting university students' eating intentions. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176118 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176117&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00446.x This study investigates the effects of targeted health messages toward reducing fat consumption by applying the unified theory of behavior change (Fishbein et al., 2001) and the stages of change model. In Study 1, affect and outcome expectancies significantly discriminated individuals within each stage of change. In Study 2, affect was more effective in changing intention for precontemplative individuals, whereas outcome expectancies were more effective in changing intention for contemplative individuals. Gender was a higher-order moderator of this relationship: Precontemplative males were more influenced by an affective message, whereas contemplative males were more affected by a cognitive message. For females, a cognitive message was more effective for precontemplative individuals. There... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176117 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176116&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00445.x Current models of affect and health posit that affective disturbance influences health through behavioral pathways. The current research explores this hypothesis in the domain of sexual risk behavior by testing explicit and implicit hopelessness as predictors of condom use. Male and female undergraduates (n = 60) completed implicit and explicit measures of depression, hopelessness, and self-reported condom use frequency. Findings revealed that implicit hopelessness predicted less condom use. However, this relationship was moderated by gender such that implicit hopelessness predicted less condom use for men, but not for women. The applicability of the findings to broader health theories is discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176116 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176115&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00444.x This study investigated dimensions of socioeconomic status (SES) and self-reported racism among a convenience sample of 418 U.S.-born, Black and Latino(a) urban-dwelling adults. Predictors included indexes of individual and neighborhood SES. Self-reported racism was assessed with the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire[ndash]Community Version. Individuals at all levels of SES report racism, but the type of exposure varies by SES. Lower levels of SES predict higher levels of lifetime exposure to race-related stigmatization and threat/harassment, and more past-week discrimination. In contrast, higher levels of SES predict greater workplace discrimination. The findings highlight the importance of considering the complex ways in which SES and racism, 2 contributors to racial disparit... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176115 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176114&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00443.x Despite the fact that few people appear to endorse negative stereotypes of Blacks, such stereotypes are widely disseminated in our culture. Consequently, such stereotypes can have pervasive consequences on one's impressions of African Americans, even by low-prejudice Whites and by Blacks themselves. Thus, we predicted that student judgments of intellectual competence would be more important when students were making global performance evaluations of Black faculty than of White faculty. Furthermore, to the extent that intellectual competence is more salient in the judgment of Black faculty, such judgments should be essentially the same among Black and White students, and for low- and high-prejudice students. For the most part, analyses of instructor evaluations at a major American universit... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176114 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176113&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00442.x This study used the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT) and investigated priming through positioning of demographic items, as well as high/low threat. Positioning of the demographic items after the WPT was associated with an increase in test scores. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176113 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176112&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00441.x Much disagreement and confusion has surrounded the nature of the relationship between halo and performance rating accuracy. Traditionally, the relationship has been assumed to be linear (Cooper, 1981), but Fisicaro (1988) proposed that the relationship between halo and performance rating accuracy is, instead, curvilinear. Using the halo index suggested by Balzer & Sulsky (1992), the results of the present study provided empirical evidence to support Fisicaro's proposal. Future research examining the relationship between halo and accuracy should consider the use of quadratic models, instead of linear ones. For the practitioner, this result implies that low rating dimension intercorrelations (negative halo) may lead to inaccuracy in ratings in much the same way as do high rating dimension in... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176112 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176111&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00440.x Considerable research has examined how procedural injustice affects victims and witnesses of unfavorable outcomes, with little attention to the "performers" who deliver these outcomes. Drawing on dissonance theory, we hypothesized that performers' reactions to procedural injustice in delivering unfavorable outcomes are moderated by prosocial identity[mdash]a helping-focused self-concept. Across 2 experiments, individuals communicated unfavorable outcomes decided by a superior. Consistent with justice research, when prosocial identities were not primed, performers experienced greater negative affect and behaved more prosocially toward victims when a superior's decision-making procedures were unjust. Subtly activating performers' prosocial identities reversed these reactions. Results highlig... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176111 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176111 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2176110&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00439.x Researchers have suggested that diversity is beneficial in organizational settings under conditions in which managers can manage it effectively. The goal of the current paper was to develop a general, theoretically anchored measure of diversity needs. Such an instrument could be used to evaluate the existing diversity climate in an organization. Once the climate is assessed, managers can, if necessary, develop, implement, and assess a customized training program to improve their institution's diversity-management practices. A two-study approach is used to examine, determine, and test an eight-dimension instrument, designated the Organizational Diversity Needs Analysis survey. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2176110 Tue, 10 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2176110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2106207&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00437.x Two studies tested an interdependence model of trust development and the links between trust and influence in the in extremis environment of combat, and a non-combat replication. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model. Results from both studies suggested that a modified interdependence model provided a plausible explanation for how leaders may earn subordinate trust, through fostering the establishment of cooperative interdependence and being perceived as credible. Credibility was demonstrated through both competence and good character, and organizational structures that were in place contributed to trust by encouraging leaders to behave cooperatively toward group members. Most importantly, the level of trust subordinates had in their leaders determined the amount of leade... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2106207 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2106207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2106206&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00436.x Each day, thousands of televised images of the workplace fill the airwaves through programs such as Law and Order, ER, and The Simpsons. Although communications research has suggested that the social reality of television is often accepted by high-level viewers (Perry & Roesch, 2004; Potter, 1994), management researchers have been slow to examine television as work socialization. This paper addresses possible concerns of scale and theoretical rigor through development of reliable scales based on televised content and the testing of relationships through an interdisciplinary framework. Regression results indicate that heavy television exposure may influence viewer perceptions regarding access to managers and resources. The results also indicate that non-media work information can moderate t... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2106206 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2106206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2106205&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00435.x The moderating role of behavioral difficulty in the attitude[ndash]behavior relationship remains a controversial topic in social psychology. Previous research has been unclear in establishing the direction of this moderation, and 3 theoretical models have been proposed: positive and linear; negative and monotonic; and quadratic. The current paper reports analyses of survey data from 5 different studies that afford measures of environmental attitude, behavior, and behavioral difficulty. Across these studies, we found a substantial and unmoderated average attitude[ndash]behavior relationship (r = .54). The data also show that the attitude[ndash]behavior relationship is weaker for extremely easy and extremely difficult behaviors. Additional analyses suggest, however, that these reductions in ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2106205 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2106205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2106204&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2008.00434.x Social interruptions are frequent occurrences that often have distressing consequences for employees, yet little research has gauged their effect on individuals. Participants were exposed to 2 social interruptions as they engaged in a computer task with an accepted performance goal. Participants who were able to anticipate social interruptions performed significantly better than did those who could not anticipate them. Participants who had the opportunity to prevent interruptions reported significantly less stress than those who did not have this opportunity. This reduction in stress resulted even when participants did not take advantage of this opportunity. Implications for job performance and job satisfaction are discussed. Organizational strategies for how leaders can help employees man... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2106204 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2106204