MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Applied Social Psychology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 02:31:50 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5651785&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00878.x The aim of this study was to investigate, among members of a large cooperative company, the role of worker status (partner vs. employee), length of service, and cooperative values in influencing organizational identification (OI) and organizational sense of community (OSC). The study involved the totality of members of the cooperative (N = 805; 67.7% partners, 32.3% employees), who completed a self‐administered questionnaire, measuring perceived cooperative values, OI, OSC, and, among partners, identification as a partner. The results indicate that partners, more than employees, perceived the cooperative as living up to its core values and scored higher on OI and OSC. The impact of worker status on OI and OSC was mediated by perceived cooperative values. (Source: Journal of Applied S... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5651785 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5651785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5651784&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00879.x Mindfulness (Langer, 1978, 1989, 1997, 2005)—a process of actively making novel distinctions about objects in one's awareness—has been shown to have personal, interpersonal, and health benefits. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mindfulness is (a) perceived and preferred by children; and (b) has positive effects on them. The results indicate that children ages 9 to 12 not only preferred to interact with mindful adults, but devalued themselves following the mindless interaction, despite the fact that only positive content was discussed. Potential implications of adults' mindless responding to children are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5651784 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5651784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5651783&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00880.x In this study, employees' affect‐based trust of their supervisor was used as the main predictor of turnover intention. It is hypothesized that affect‐based trust has a curvilinear U‐shaped relationship with turnover intention. The sample consisted of U.S., Polish, Russian, and Turkish participants, all with work experience. Regression results indicated that only the responses of the Russian sample supported the hypothesis, suggesting that Russian participants with either weak or strong affect‐based trust of the supervisor had higher intentions to the leave the organization. The Turkish, Polish, and U.S. results showed a negative linear relationship between affect‐based trust and turnover intention. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5651783 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5651783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5651782&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00881.x We examined the psychometric properties of the Big Five personality traits assessed through social networking profiles in 2 studies consisting of 274 and 244 social networking website (SNW) users. First, SNW ratings demonstrated sufficient interrater reliability and internal consistency. Second, ratings via SNWs demonstrated convergent validity with self‐ratings of the Big Five traits. Third, SNW ratings correlated with job performance, hirability, and academic performance criteria; and the magnitude of these correlations was generally larger than for self‐ratings. Finally, SNW ratings accounted for significant variance in the criterion measures beyond self‐ratings of personality and cognitive ability. We suggest that SNWs may provide useful information for potential use in organizat... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5651782 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5651782 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586402&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00877.x Because diversity is vital to many businesses, it is important to understand prospective racioethnic differences in employee engagement. Using survey data collected from a large (N = 5,537), diverse sample of retail employees, we found that more favorable appraisal reactions corresponded with more favorable psychological diversity climate perceptions; thus, higher levels of engagement. This indirect relationship was significantly stronger for ethnic minority employees (Blacks and Hispanics) than for White employees, indicating that members of traditionally disadvantaged groups respond differently to perceptions of appraisal systems. Finally, an exploratory assessment found that the hypothesized effects for racioethnicity do not generalize to sex, as the indirect effect of appraisal rea... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586402 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586401&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00874.x This study tests whether measurement of the cognitive aspect of organizational commitment can explain variance in behavioral expressions of commitment beyond Allen & Meyer's (1990) measure of the affective component of commitment. This cognitive component was measured by an index of belief accentuation. Undergraduates (N = 110) completed a questionnaire that measured all variables. Results show that students who polarize their judgments about the appropriateness of behavior at the university support the university more by defending it from criticism and praising it. This effect holds even after controlling for personality and demographic variables. Results also show that extraversion and agreeableness explain variance in the affective element of commitment and that conscientiousnes... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586401 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586401 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586400&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00872.x Hypochondriacal symptoms are associated with cognitive biases in the ways that illness is appraised. Self‐focused attention (SFA) may augment or reduce these biases. Using a healthy sample, this study examined relationships between hypochondriacal symptoms, assessed using the Illness Attitudes Scale; and illness appraisals, assessed using the Illness Perception Questionnaire–Revised. Participants were exposed to an SFA manipulation or a non‐SFA control, were given a health message about influenza, and were asked to imagine having the disease. Hypochondriacal symptoms were linked to higher symptom perceptions, greater perceptions of personal and treatment control, and higher disease coherence. SFA augmented the relationship between hypochondriacal symptoms and personal control. Findin... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586400 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586399&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00875.x This study attempted to apply theoretical concepts from personality and social psychology to understand the nomological network informing clinical models held by laypersons. Personal values and social axioms predicted the lay beliefs of Chinese adolescents about the causes and cures of 2 psychological problems (agoraphobia and schizophrenia) and 2 social problems (child abuse and corruption). Using path analyses, we developed a model of lay beliefs for each specific problem, and found that social problems were perceived to be caused by social‐personal factors, whereas psychological problems varied in their perceived etiology, with agoraphobia perceived to be caused by the environmental/hereditary factor and schizophrenia by the social‐personal factor. Clinical methods were perceived to... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586399 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586398&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00876.x This study examined the role of outcome expectancies in explaining sex differences in adolescents' inclination to engage in acts of aggression. Using a sample of Australian adolescents, 2 scales were developed to measure outcome expectancies of direct and indirect aggression. The data were used in subsequent mediation analyses. Sex differences in direct aggression were partially mediated by 2 types of aggression expectancies. Relative to females, males anticipated more overall benefits associated with acting aggressively and less fear of reprisals from authority figures. This pattern of expectancy beliefs predicted higher levels of self‐reported direct aggression. Sex differences in indirect aggression were fully mediated by anticipation of personal benefits, with males expecting greater... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586398 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586397&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00873.x The aims of this study were to investigate the degree of psychological and sociocultural adaptation among adolescents from returned Portuguese immigrant families and the factors that may predict adaptation. The study sample consisted of 360 adolescents from returned Portuguese immigrant families who answered a self‐report questionnaire. A control group involving 217 Portuguese youths was also included in the study. Adolescents from returned immigrant families revealed similar levels of psychological adaptation and better sociocultural adaptation in comparison with peers who have never migrated. Predictive factors—sociodemographic and intercultural contact variables—were significantly linked to youths' adaptation. It is concluded that perceived discrimination plays an essential role i... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586397 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586396&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00871.x The new global economic scenario has driven cities to urban entrepreneurialism and to a holistic marketing approach to define and manage successful redevelopment projects. Positioning in the chosen target market requires an image and a brand to communicate the city values, the assets that make her unique and better than her competitors. Urban design based on iconic buildings is one of the models of the culture‐led regeneration programs that are being developed to re‐image the city, to make her an attractive tourist destination. The present study analyzed the image and perception of Bilbao 10 years after the opening of the Guggenheim Museum, and concluded that more than the spectacular landmark should be considered to create a new image. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586396 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586395&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00868.x Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), a popular outcome measure in traditional work settings, was examined in a school context. On‐the‐job embeddedness (ONJE)—a component of a recently introduced antecedent of different organizational outcomes—and gender were included in a moderated regression analysis for predicting teacher OCB. ONJE and OCB scales were adapted for the present study and were administered to junior and senior high school teachers in Israel. The findings supported our hypotheses that ONJE predicts OCB and gender moderates this relationship such that high ONJE women scored higher on OCB than did low ONJE women. Men did not show any difference by ONJE level. The need for further research regarding other gendered occupations is discussed. (Source: Journal of Appli... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586395 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586394&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00869.x The present study examined the relationship between a person's leadership beliefs and the propensity to justify his or her unethical behavior by shifting responsibility to those people in leadership positions who ordered or condoned the behavior. Theoretical support for this relationship comes from the moral disengagement branch of social cognitive theory, which proposes that one cognitive mechanism people employ to justify unethical behavior involves displacing responsibility for their action onto someone else (Bandura, 1999b). The study's results revealed that leadership self‐efficacy, affective and noncalculative motivation to lead, and shared orientation toward leadership were related to moral disengagement through the displacement of responsibility. (Source: Journal of Applied Socia... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586394 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586393&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00870.x Research on subordinate help‐seeking in the workplace is limited. In the present research, we hypothesize that subordinates' help‐seeking behaviors will be influenced by 3 supervisor influences that are instrumentally and emotionally related to the subordinate: providing direct job‐related assistance and emotional support, and socializing with the supervisor outside of work. The results indicate that providing job‐related assistance and socializing are significant predictors of subordinates' help‐seeking behaviors. Dominance analysis reveals that socializing outside of work is the dominant factor influencing subordinates' help‐seeking behaviors. Implications from the findings and suggestions for future research are presented. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586393 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586392&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00867.x The present research developed the Self‐Regulation for Dental Home Care Questionnaire (SRDHCQ), based on self‐determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000), and used it in an SDT process model of dental health behaviors and self‐rated oral health. In this model, patients' perceptions of autonomy‐supportive (relative to controlling) dental professionals were expected to positively predict patients' psychological needs satisfaction in treatment. Needs satisfaction was expected to be positively related to autonomous motivation for dental home care and perceived dental competence, which were expected to be positively associated with self‐rated oral health and dental health behaviors. Confirmatory factor analysis of the 5‐factor SRDHCQ model fit the data very well, and a structu... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586392 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528102&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00882.x This study examined the extent to which intercultural effectiveness dimensions (cultural empathy, open‐mindedness, social initiative, emotional stability, flexibility) and right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) predicted the ethnic prejudice of 166 Australian respondents toward Indigenous Australians. Intercultural effectiveness was assessed on the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire, and RWA was assessed on the RWA scale, whereas ethnic prejudice was measured on the Modern Racism Scale. The results revealed that intercultural effectiveness (open‐mindedness, flexibility, cultural empathy) was inversely related to ethnic prejudice, with open‐mindedness being the main predictor. Intercultural effectiveness was also inversely related to RWA, the latter being directly related to ethnic ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528102 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528101&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00883.x Mock jurors (N = 224) read a trial summary varying the consistency of the eyewitness's initial lineup identification (ID) decision and confidence. In all conditions, a second positive lineup ID of the suspect/defendant was made. Jurors perceived the witness's description of the criminal, IDs, and testimony overall as more reliable when the witness initially made a positive ID of the suspect who also was the defendant vs. a positive ID of a different suspect or a non‐ID. Ratings were also higher when the witness initially made a foil vs. non‐ID. Additionally, the witness's first lineup ID was perceived as more reliable when made with higher vs. lower confidence. Verdicts did not vary as a function of ID consistency. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528101 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528101 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528100&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00884.x Possible selves theory (Markus & Nurius, 1986) suggests that future‐oriented expectations, fears, and strategies are constrained by feedback in one's sociocultural context. The current paper represents a preliminary look into the relationship between support in one's immediate context and the development of strategies for the achievement of desired future selves. Youthful offenders (N = 543) were surveyed in secured treatment facilities in Alaska, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon. Program belonging was a consistent predictor of strategy generation among both males and females, and attributional support from a staff person was significant among males. The findings support further examination of interpersonal interactions as they relate to future‐oriented planning and point to a need fo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528100 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528099&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00885.x This study identified somewhat both the why and how of junk‐food consumption in Iranian female adolescents. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528099 Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528114&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00862.x Career success is determined by a number of factors, including some combination of specific competencies and a performance record, along with network development, organizational politics, and reputation building. Theory and research suggest that employees' political skill predicts their career success, and that this relationship is mediated by employees' reputation in the workplace. These hypotheses were tested in a predictive study, collecting 2 waves of data from 135 career employees, covering a 1‐year timeframe. Political skill at Time 1 predicted hierarchical position, income, and career satisfaction at Time 2. Furthermore, reputation mediated the relationships between political skill, hierarchical position, and career satisfaction. Contributions, implications, limitations, strengths... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528114 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528113&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00856.x Unit nonresponse is a critical issue in survey methodology. The purpose of this paper is to understand better the mechanisms that underlie unit nonresponse; i.e., the individual's decision to participate in online panel surveys. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the determinants of unit nonresponse are one's attitude toward participating in online panel surveys, the subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Using a student sample at the University of Berne (N = 308), our results show only a marginal effect of the intention to predict participation behavior, and no effect was found for perceived behavioral control. Instead, additional explanatory variables (e.g., moral obligation, frequency of past behavior) led to a better explanatory power of the TPB. (Source: Jo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528113 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528112&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00857.x This research examined implicit exercise‐related bias between exercising groups. Participants (N = 53) completed an Implicit Association Test with neutrally valenced exerciser or couch potato exemplars. Participants who explicitly identified as exercisers had greater positive bias toward exercisers and against couch potatoes than did participants who identified as nonexercisers. Similarly, participants who reported greater exercise had significantly greater positive bias toward exercisers than did participants who reported less exercise. Our results expand on existing research on anti‐fat and exercise‐related stereotypes by providing evidence of implicit biases for exercisers and against couch potatoes among those who are already active. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychol... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528112 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528111&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00858.x A model of pseudo‐transformational leadership was tested in 4 experiments. Pseudo‐transformational leadership is defined by self‐serving, yet highly inspirational leadership behaviors, unwillingness to encourage independent thought in subordinates, and little caring for one's subordinates more generally. Study 1 (N = 167) used vignettes to differentiate among transformational, pseudo‐transformational, and laissez‐faire leadership styles. Study 2 (N = 179) replicated this model using ratings of characters in the film 12 Angry Men (Fonda, Rose, & Lumet, 1957). Study 3 (N = 120) tested the model, controlling for participant perceptions of leader affect and prototypical leadership behaviors. Study 4 (N = 127) extended the ecological validity of the model and range... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528111 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528111 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528110&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00864.x After being induced, via film clips, into either a positive (happy) or negative (sad) mood, high and low self‐monitors completed a moral reasoning task (the Defining Issues Test). The results indicate that mood had a significant impact on the moral decision making of low, but not high self‐monitors. In particular, low self‐monitors induced into a positive mood demonstrated more sophisticated and principled moral reasoning strategies than did low self‐monitors induced into a negative mood. In contrast, the level of moral reasoning among high self‐monitors did not differ significantly as a function of induced mood. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528110 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528109&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00860.x The study examined parent profiles among high school athletes transitioning to college and their association with high‐risk drinking in a multi‐site, randomized trial. Students (n = 587) were randomized to a control or combined parent‐based and brief motivational intervention condition and completed measures at baseline and at 5‐ and 10‐month follow‐ups. Four parent profiles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, indifferent) were observed among participants. Findings indicated control participants with authoritarian parenting were at the greatest risk for heavy drinking. Alternately, students exposed to permissive or authoritarian parenting reported lower peak drinking when administered the combined intervention, compared to controls. Findings suggest the combined inte... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528109 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528109 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528108&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00863.x The current study examined whether the association between perceived sexual stigma and psychological distress is influenced by individuals' level of identity disclosure and their typical coping strategies. Regression analyses were conducted with data from a survey of 79 gay men and lesbians. Results revealed a 3‐way interaction between participants' perceived level of stigma, the extent of their identity disclosure, and their utilization of avoidant coping strategies in predicting their endorsement of depressive symptoms. Findings also revealed an interaction between participants' perceived level of stigma, the extent of their identity disclosure, and their utilization of problem‐solving coping strategies in predicting their endorsement of depressive symptoms. The implications are disc... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528108 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528107&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00854.x We present evidence that pro‐company judgments can serve as psychological defenses under existential threat. In Study 1, following mortality salience, employees gave a more favorable evaluation of the company‐praising essay and a more negative evaluation of the critical one. In Study 2, employees and students at a German university were more likely to endorse aspects of organizational culture under mortality salience. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528107 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528106&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00861.x Five groups of participants (N = 150) with differing amounts of experience working with children were assessed on their ability to detect children's lying or truth telling. Children's lies were told for antisocial reasons (i.e., self‐serving lies) and for prosocial reasons (i.e., to benefit others). Overall, adults were more accurate at identifying children's dishonest statements than their true statements, and children's antisocial lies were detected more accurately than were their prosocial lies. While adults without experience were poor at detecting child lie tellers and truth tellers, adults with extensive child experience were better at distinguishing children's lies and truths. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528106 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528105&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00855.x Five types of denial to protect against the implications of a personal health threat message (cardiovascular disease or CVD) were examined. Undergraduates (N = 150) were randomly assigned to levels of threat and difficulty, read the message, and completed measures of objective risk for CVD, optimistic denial threat orientation, measures of 1 type of message‐oriented denial (message derogation) and 4 types of self‐oriented denial, and intentions to engage in protective action. High threat and difficulty both provoked message derogation, but low threat led to more self‐oriented denial. Individual differences were evident: Those higher in optimistic denial used more self‐oriented denial and had lower intention to engage in protective actions. Self‐oriented denial mediated the re... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528105 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528104&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00859.x The present study examined how group membership and need for help, variables that can operate independently or in combination, can affect reactions to receiving help. Arab participants (n = 164) received or did not receive help from an in‐group member (Arab helper) or from an out‐group high‐status member (Jewish helper) when the task was described as easy or difficult, or when no information was given. As predicted, Arab participants who received assistance from a Jewish helper or received assistance on an easy task showed more negative reactions than did those who received assistance from an Arab helper or on a difficult task. The theoretical implications for disentangling intergroup and interpersonal influences on reactions to receiving help are considered. (Source: Journal of ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528104 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528103&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00865.x The home advantage is the phenomenon in sports whereby the home team wins more often than the visiting team. The current data show that home crowd support is not a necessary precondition for the home advantage. In soccer games where no audience was present, the home team still had a home advantage. Furthermore, in some same‐stadium derbies (games played between 2 teams that share a stadium; e.g., AC Milan vs. Internazionale in soccer), the home team always has more crowd support, but in these games no home advantage existed. Together, these findings suggest that crowd support is not a necessary condition for a home advantage to occur. The phenomenon might thus be much broader than assumed so far. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528103 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5528098&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00888.x To evaluate the mediating effect of utilization propensity (UP) on gender differences in healthcare utilization (HCU), a representative sample of the German general population (N = 2,510) was assessed with questionnaires. Gender differences in HCU, UP, and the mediating effect of UP were investigated using regression analyses. UP was significantly associated with HCU. The explanatory power of gender for UP, and of UP for HCU was prevailingly weak. UP had a mediating effect on gender differences in HCU, but the effect was very small. This is partly attributable to common problems in the prediction of behavior by attitudes and the operationalization of UP. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5528098 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5528098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5451176&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00848.x We present the results of a field study (N = 1111) showing that diversity climate—an organizational climate characterized by openness toward and appreciation of diversity—may be the key to reducing these problems. The results show that diversity climate is positively related to cultural identity for majority members, and to organizational identity for minority members. In organizations with a strong diversity climate, both majority and minority members identify with the organization and their cultural groups simultaneously, thus displaying a dual identity. Diversity climate is positively related to job‐related outcomes for both groups, but particularly for minority members. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5451176 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5451176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5451175&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00850.x This study explored parents' intention to use social control following a hypothetical lapse in their child's activity. Also examined was the role of parent and child activity as predictors of parental social control use. Parents (N = 140) were presented with 2 activity lapse vignettes (health consequences and no health consequences) and reported their intention to use social control after reading each. Results revealed greater parental intention to use social control following the health‐consequences lapse. Active parents reported greater intentions of using positive and collaborative social control tactics. Findings provide preliminary evidence that parents, especially those who are active, may attempt to regulate their child's activity following a failure to engage in a health‐en... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5451175 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5451175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5451174&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00849.x This study assessed the role of behavior enjoyableness in development of long‐term behavior. First, as expected from the literature on attitude and behavior change (Ajzen, 1991; Ryan & Deci, 2000), initial enjoyableness of a behavior predicted how successful participants were in performing the behavior in the short term (i.e., the time until they first violated their behavioral intentions). Of primary interest, repeated successful performance was, in turn, associated with an increase in reported enjoyableness of the behavior in the longer term. The study demonstrates the importance of a reciprocal relationship of behavior enjoyableness and performance for behavior change, such that even initially non‐enjoyable behaviors can become more enjoyable with repeated performance. These fin... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5451174 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5451174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5451173&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00851.x The negative effects of discrimination on those who are stigmatized are well documented. What is less clear, however, is whether the source of the discrimination has differential outcomes on the person being discriminated against. Survey results from 685 injecting drug users (IDUs) revealed that IDUs who experienced discrimination from healthcare workers had poorer physical health, whereas physical health was unrelated to experiences of discrimination by those outside the healthcare system (family, friends, and partners). In contrast, IDUs' mental health status was less sensitive to the source of discrimination. Discrimination by healthcare workers and by others outside the healthcare industry were both related to IDUs' mental health. Implications and limitations of this research are discu... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5451173 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5451173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5451172&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00852.x This research is aimed at showing that interpersonal sensitivity (being attuned to and correctly inferring another person's thoughts and feelings) is an important aspect of what people expect from a good leader and that interpersonally sensitive leaders have more satisfied subordinates. In the first study, participants indicated how much they expected a good superior to be interpersonally sensitive (among other characteristics). People expect leaders to be interpersonally sensitive more so than subordinates. In the second study, participants interacted in same‐gender dyads as leaders and subordinates. We measured subordinate satisfaction and leader interpersonal sensitivity. More interpersonally sensitive leaders had more satisfied subordinates. Interpersonal sensitivity is important for... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5451172 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5451172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5451171&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00853.x The thrust of this study is to understand the responses of anxiety‐prone people to threats like natural disasters. It examines whether anxiety influences disaster preparedness, and whether disaster education and resources mediate between anxiety and disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 300 people, each from flood‐prone and heat‐wave‐affected areas in Orissa, India. Controlling for the influence of age and family type, the results revealed that trait anxiety decreased flood and heat‐wave preparedness. Further, it was found that disaster education and resources are partial mediators between anxiety and flood preparedness and full mediators between anxiety and heat‐wave preparedness. Implications of the findings are discussed within the socioeconomic and cultural contex... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5451171 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5451171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412331&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00839.x We examined the role of occupation in how people regulate emotional responses. Graduate nursing students were compared to undergraduate psychology students on self‐reported emotional reactions to videos depicting graphic medical procedures. Skin conductance was also recorded. Overall, nursing students reported less disgust and fear, but more sadness while watching the clips, compared to psychology students. The 2 groups did not differ in skin conductance activity when watching a video with no specific instructions. When instructed to suppress or reappraise their emotional reactions to the videos, however, the psychology students showed increases in skin conductance arousal, whereas the nursing students did not. The results are discussed within the context of research on strategies to reg... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412331 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412330&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00843.x Two laboratory studies identified conditions under which individuals are willing to misrepresent information regarding another person's performance to protect that other person's public self‐image (i.e., to provide deceptive strategic identity support). The extent to which deceptive strategic identity support arises is determined by the salience of another person's need for impression‐management assistance. Factors increasing the salience of a person in need (including performance discrepancy, relationship closeness, location of the target, and trait empathy) motivated individuals' willingness to engage in deceptive strategic identity support. State empathy was found to mediate the effects. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412330 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412329&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00847.x On May 12, 2008, a major magnitude‐8.0 earthquake shook Wenchuan, China. An opportunity sample of 104 college students was obtained to conduct a within‐subject study investigating the influence of the earthquake on intertemporal choices. The findings indicated that after the earthquake, delayed gains were discounted significantly more steeply than before it, and that delayed losses tended to be discounted more steeply after the earthquake, although this tendency did not reach statistical significance. These results suggest that after the disaster, people might be more shortsighted when they make decisions with intertemporal tradeoffs. Implications of these findings for intervention and management in the aftermath of disasters are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412329 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412328&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00836.x Hispanics recently became the nation's largest minority. By 2050, they will be one third of the population. As their power and influence grows, it is important to have knowledge of their prejudice. There are many studies of prejudice toward Hispanics, largely negative; but little is known about their prejudice toward others. To provide more knowledge of the subject, responses by 758 Hispanics to items about prejudice contained on nationwide surveys were analyzed. Hispanics generally preferred their own kind for marriage and as neighbors. They saw many differences between themselves and Blacks, Asians, Jews, and Whites with respect to intelligence and to being wealthy, hardworking, and prone to violence. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. (Source: Journal of App... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412328 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412327&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00846.x The current study examined the factors related to body‐image concerns among adolescent boys in Fiji and Tonga. This qualitative study determined the impact of messages from family, peers, and the media on body image among 24 adolescent boys from the following cultural groups: Indo‐Fijian, Indigenous Fijian, Tongan, and Australian boys of European heritage. Boys from Fiji and Tonga had a high focus on their bodies. Fijian and Tongan boys also demonstrated high levels of body dissatisfaction and wanted to be bigger. Tongan and Indigenous Fijian boys evidenced high levels of sociocultural pressures. Indo‐Fijian and Australian boys received few messages about their bodies. Boys from Fiji and Tonga appear to have strong pressures to achieve a large, muscular body. (Source: Journal of Appl... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412327 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412326&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00845.x The present research examined the relation between choice preferences in elections and 2 peripheral cues: presentation order and familiarity. Relevant previous evidence concerns mainly voters' choices in political elections, where primacy effects were found (i.e., candidates listed earlier had an advantage over candidates listed subsequently). Also, some studies found recency effects in various competitions. However, evidence on the role of familiarity in voting preferences seems rather limited. In 3 studies, data from political and nonpolitical elections were examined with respect to order and familiarity effects. All studies demonstrated the concurrent presence of order and familiarity effects. The findings are viewed in relation to theoretical ideas pertaining to heuristic processing an... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412326 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412325&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00841.x This article describes 2 studies that verify this hypothesis. In the first study, over two thirds of participants declared that they would vote more willingly if they had a “for or against” choice at the election. The second study shows that the “pro or anti” formula is especially attractive to participants with a prevention regulatory focus. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412325 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412324&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00844.x This study examined how caregivers' biased perceptions of ability to help traumatized patients relates to the caregivers' secondary traumatic stress (STS). There is reason to believe that caregivers overestimate their ability to help and underestimate their vulnerability to develop STS, but it is unclear how such unrealistic optimism relates to STS. The results show that Israeli caregivers working with terror victims believed that their ability to help traumatic patients is superior to their peers' while their likelihood to be negatively affected by such treatment is lower. Beyond the impact of the number of patients treated and caregivers' experience, unrealistic optimism was positively correlated to caregivers' STS. Theoretical and practical implications for those working with traumatize... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412324 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412323&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00837.x This study integrates the goal‐commitment and role‐stress literatures in a model to reveal functional and dysfunctional influences of goal commitment on role performance. In a sample of headmasters, we found empirical support for a role‐clarifying process suggesting that high commitment reduces role ambiguity and is ultimately positive for role performance. Our model also supports the dysfunctional effect of commitment through a role‐complicating process in which commitment drives role overload, which is negative for role performance. By including self‐efficacy in our model, we were better able to understand the positive and negative experiences of highly committed individuals. Contributing to the existing literature on role stressors, this study's results indicate that self‐ef... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412323 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412322&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00840.x We examined the impact of acculturation on attitudes toward gay men and lesbians in the Vietnamese American community. We recruited 114 Vietnamese American participants at a large community organization. The Suinn–Lew Asian Self‐Identity Acculturation Scale (Suinn, 1992) was used to measure participants' acculturation levels, while the Attitudes Toward Lesbian and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 2004) was used to measure participants' attitudes toward homosexuality. It was hypothesized that Vietnamese Americans with higher levels of acculturation would have more positive attitudes toward homosexuality. The results supported this hypothesis. Additionally, we found a complicated pattern of results explaining attitudes based on acculturation level, age, and gender. (Source: Journal of Applied Socia... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412322 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412321&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00842.x This study investigated Italian high school students' negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and their exposure to aspects of homophobia in their schools. Female students viewed gay men and lesbians in similar ways. Male students, on the other hand, held more negative attitudes toward gay men than toward lesbians. Participants reported widespread experiences of homophobic behaviors in their schools, especially verbal abuse. Students' perceptions of a homophobic school climate and respondent sex predicted homophobic attitudes among participants. Homophobic school climate mediated the relationship between respondent sex (male) and homophobia against gay men. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412321 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412320&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00838.x Two studies examined modern homonegative attitudes among nonstudents. In Study 1, participants completed the Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS; Morrison & Morrison, 2002) and other measures. Results indicated that MHS scores correlated positively with neoracism, neosexism, and the Protestant work ethic, and negatively with humanitarianism–egalitarianism. Gender differences were found and, irrespective of participant sex, greater modern homonegativity was directed toward gay, rather than lesbian targets. Study 2 extended research in the realm of modern homonegativity by investigating the linkage between modern homonegative attitudes and behavioral intentions in a sample of 196 community participants. As expected, modern homonegativity predicted discriminatory behavioral intentions towa... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412320 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5412319&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00828.x This research investigated gender differences in and behavioral sequelae of adult vs. childhood sexual victimization among a group of undergraduates in a midwestern city. We administered a survey about sexual experiences, eating habits, and weight to individuals who were first victimized in childhood (< age 15); were first victimized in adulthood (> age 18); or had not been sexually victimized. We predicted that those victimized as children would have higher body weight and display more sexual activity than would those victimized as adults. We demonstrated that participants victimized in childhood had significantly higher body mass and weight than did nonvictims or those victimized in adulthood. Men sexually abused as children displayed more promiscuity than did men victimized in adu... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5412319 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5412319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339292&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00830.x The relationship between risk taking, impulsivity, temporal discounting, and shopping choices in an onsite token‐economy store was investigated with 10 women in a long‐term residential drug‐treatment center. Participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Eysenck Impulsivity Scale, and a delay discounting task, which were then correlated with the mean amount spent on slow‐ and fast‐moving consumer items for self, child, and household (cash‐and‐carry store items and catalog items). Of particular importance, purchases of slow‐ and fast‐moving items for the child seemed to mirror one another, suggesting that these women are valuing their children's well‐being (in terms of consumer goods) more highly than their own. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psycholog... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339292 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339291&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00832.x The study investigates differences between Jewish and Arab employees vis‐à‐vis their evaluation of the effectiveness of several influence tactics, and examines whether these differences are mediated by cultural differences. Rational persuasion was the only influence tactic that was evaluated as more effective by Jewish employees, in comparison with Arab employees. In contrast, ingratiation, pressure, and coalition were evaluated as more effective by Arab employees, in comparison with Jewish employees. Regarding cultural values, we found indulgence higher among Jewish employees than among Arabs, whereas uncertainty avoidance was higher among Arab employees. Examination of the mediating processes indicates that even after removing the influence of cultural values, Arab employees still j... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339291 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339290&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00831.x The present study longitudinally assesses fairness allocation rule importance and equity allocation preference under conditions of evolving team trust. We predicted an interchangeable relationship between trust and allocation rules using an uncertainty management theory framework (Lind & Van den Bos, 2002; Van den Bos & Lind, 2002). From an interindividual perspective, lower initial trust toward team members predicted a higher degree of importance for the use of preferred allocation rules and greater use of the equity heuristic. An intraindividual change in trust predicted an inverse change in use of the equity heuristic, but not the expected change in allocation rule importance. Implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed. (Source: Journal of Appli... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339290 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339289&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00833.x It has been hypothesized recently that many social phenomena and consumer choices are characterized by a long‐tail distribution. We investigated the preferences of 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children in the domain of television programs, and found a long‐tail distribution of children's preference, characterized by Zipf's law. We also found a high awareness of parents about the preferences of their children, even about those that they judged negatively. Our findings might have useful implications for the study of consumers' behavior and for research on complex interactions between psychological and socioeconomic factors. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339289 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339288&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00834.x Spiritual leadership process was investigated across 2 major Chinese societies (China and Taiwan) and 3 major Chinese industries (manufacturing, financial/banking, and retailing service industries). The leader's factors of spiritual leadership, vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love by Fry (2003) were found to be mediated by 3 types of follower's factors to influence organizational outcomes; namely, (a) employee spiritual attribute toward work—meaning/calling; (b) employee spiritual attribute toward organization/team—membership; and (c) employee spiritual attribute toward inner self—self‐esteem and self‐efficacy. The inner‐self aspect of spirituality was found, over and above the other 2 types of follower's factors, to impact on the organizational outcomes, including self‐ca... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339288 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339303&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00824.x Emerging research suggests that the cues we glean from first impressions depend on our goals. This research uses sorority recruitment to examine whether groups that vary in social status rely on disparate cues to form first impressions of potential new group members. Current sorority members were given 500 ms to view pictures of women who wanted to join their sororities, and were then asked how likely it was that each prospective member would receive a bid from their sorority (bid expectancy). Prospective members were also rated on their attractiveness. Data were analyzed separately for high‐ vs. low‐status houses. Results revealed that attractiveness was more predictive of liking and bid expectancy for the high‐status houses, as compared to the low‐status houses. (Source: Journa... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339303 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339302&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00823.x This paper examines Rolls' (2005) propositions that emotional responses can be systematically related to environmental contingencies and that individual differences are related to emotional responses. In addition, consumer situations, defined functionally in terms of the reinforcement pattern they uniquely portray, as proposed by the behavioral perspective model (BPM) of consumer choice are predictably associated with patterns of self‐reported pleasure, arousal, and dominance (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974). Rolls' argument that individual differences influence conditionality and emotionality is examined via hypotheses from the theory of adaptive–innovative cognitive style (Kirton, 1976, 2003). The results confirm that affective response to consumer environments is consistently predict... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339302 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339301&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00827.x This study investigated frequency of deception when getting to know a stranger face to face or using computer‐mediated technologies. Same‐sex pairs of undergraduate participants engaged in 15‐min conversations using e‐mail, instant messenger, or speaking face to face. Afterward, target participants reviewed transcripts of their conversations and recorded inaccuracies. The results showed increased deception in the computer conditions, compared to the face‐to‐face condition, with the most lies found in e‐mail messages. Lie content, rationale, and type were also affected by the communication medium. The findings suggest that it may be normative to distort reality online. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339301 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339300&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00821.x It has been suggested that involvement in massively multiplayer online role‐playing games (MMORPGs) provides users with a sense of support and community. In the present study, we examined the possible buffering effects of MMORPGs on depression. First, we examined whether higher involvement in MMORPGs was associated with higher levels of perceived social support. Second, we examined whether, consistent with past research, higher levels of perceived social support were associated with lower levels of nonclinical depression. Using structural equation modeling, we found that involvement in MMORPGs was not associated with perceived social support. However, we further confirmed that a lack of perceived social support is associated with higher levels of depression. Implications for MMORPGs and ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339300 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339299&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00829.x Two studies examined the relations between regulatory focus and collective action. In Study 1, undergraduate women expressed stronger action intentions when they were primed to consider prevention (ought‐self) self‐discrepancies than promotion (ideal‐self) self‐discrepancies, suggesting that collective action is more likely to occur when individuals are prevention‐ rather than promotion‐focused. In Study 2, however, prevention‐focused women expressed stronger action intentions in response to security framing, whereas promotion‐focused women expressed stronger action intentions in response to achievement framing. This suggests that the relative disinterest in collective action among promotion‐focused individuals can be overcome with the appropriate promotion‐focused fram... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339299 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339298&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00820.x Correlational research has shown that lower social standing is associated with poorer health, but it is unknown if this association is causal. Two experiments tested whether randomly assigned low subjective social status would promote ruminative coping, a mechanism leading to the development of poor health outcomes. Participants were college females, split about evenly between Blacks and Whites. Experiment 1 (N = 39) found those imagining themselves at the bottom (vs. top) of a social ladder showed more ruminative coping using rater‐assessed responses. Experiment 2 (N = 42) replicated these results, extended them with a self‐report outcome measure, and demonstrated that negative affect did not mediate between subjective social status and ruminative coping. Across both experimen... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339298 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339297&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00819.x Studies report higher levels of spectator aggression at the end rather than the beginning of sports games. None of these studies have examined the effect of chanting in this context. Based on contagion theory, we hypothesized that at the end of a football (soccer) game, spectators who had taken part in collective chanting would report higher levels of aggression than would spectators who had not chanted. Male football fans (N = 80) participated in the study: Half completed the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory before the game, and half completed it after the game. Findings show that chanting spectators reported a heightened level of aggression in comparison with non‐chanting spectators. Theoretical explanations for these findings are discussed. Practical recommendations are suggested... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339297 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339297 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339296&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00822.x This study examined a two‐way ANOVA interaction between name and sales job type on White sales professionals' pre‐interview impressions of Black applicants. Results indicated a significant interaction between applicant name and sales job type on pre‐interview impressions. For outside sales jobs, Anglicized‐named applicants received more favorable pre‐interview impressions than did ethnic‐named applicants. In addition, pre‐interview impressions of Anglicized‐named applicants were more favorable for outside versus inside sales jobs. Findings, implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339296 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339295&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00825.x This paper examines the attitudes toward poverty and welfare reform of a sample of social workers and inner‐city school teachers. More specifically, it focuses on the impact of poverty attributions on attitudes toward welfare reform among members of this sample. There is a mystery about attitudes toward welfare reform that the paper attempts to explain. These social workers and teachers rejected most of the 1996 changes to welfare, but they were surprisingly positive about the impact these reforms have on the families with whom they work. This contradictory set of beliefs is explained as a function of the family‐oriented view of poverty that is peculiar to this group. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339295 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339294&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00826.x University faculty hired for short‐term contracts rated occupational rank‐based mistreatment; as well as willingness to protest, leave their position, or engage in workplace deviance. How respondents reacted to mistreatment was shaped by identification with their occupational rank and source of mistreatment (administrators or colleagues). Administrative mistreatment increased willingness to protest and engage in workplace deviance for respondents who were less identified; faculty mistreatment decreased willingness to protest. Respondents who identified more with occupational rank were less sensitive to differences in mistreatment. These data suggest that if the mistreatment source “fits” the intergroup context, people will challenge the situation, but if it does not fit respondent ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339294 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339293&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00818.x The present study examined attitudes toward diversity as a moderator of outcomes of diversity in workgroups. Two studies were conducted that focused on the development of the Attitudes Toward Diverse Workgroups Scale (ADWS) and on the impact of diversity attitudes on task performance and psychological reactions in actual face‐to‐face diverse brainstorming groups. The first study supported the internal consistency and stability of the ADWS and revealed that it was related, in the predicted way, to the Big Five and general prejudice. The second study revealed that high scores on the productive and affective dimensions of the ADWS enhanced brainstorming performance (quality of ideas) in actual diverse groups and positive psychological reactions to the group experiences, respectively. (Sou... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339293 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5339287&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00835.x The significance that romantic partners ascribe to joint activities and the impact these activities have on relationship quality were examined in the context of self‐determination theory. Individuals who practice ballroom dancing with a romantic partner were invited to complete measures of motivation and perception of dyadic adjustment for their relationship and when dancing. Results from path analyses suggested direct and indirect effects of relationship motivation on satisfaction when dancing with a partner. Additionally, direct and indirect effects of motivation for dancing with a partner on relationship satisfaction were also found. Overall, this study suggests that couple functioning plays a role in joint activity functioning and satisfaction. Satisfaction in joint activities can al... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5339287 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5339287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264071&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00813.x Prior literature has found evidence that pleasant weather (namely, sunshine) leads to higher tipping rates, presumably because it improves the moods of either servers or patrons. However, studies examining the relationship between pleasant weather and tipping behavior have involved relatively small samples of participants and daily observations. In addition, only one such study (Cunningham, 1979) used actual weather data to examine this relationship. We address these shortcomings by testing empirically the weather–tipping relationship on 2 years of actual sales data from a busy restaurant. We found no statistically significant relationship between sunshine and tipping. Tipping appears to be better explained as an institutional standard or norm, rather than as a prosocial behavior that ca... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264071 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264071 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264070&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00814.x Given that 68% of Americans are overweight or obese, research indicates that weight discrimination occurs in the workplace at each stage of the employment process, from selection to separation. Building from attribution, social exchange, and social cognitive theories, this study explores generalized self‐efficacy (GSE) as a moderator to determine if it alters the relationship between perceived weight discrimination (PWD) and the employee attitudes and behaviors of organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment (OC), job satisfaction (JS), and turnover intentions. Using ANOVA and moderated hierarchical regression to analyze the data, it was determined that GSE moderated the relationship between PWD and both OC and JS. Implications for practitioners and researchers are indi... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264070 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264070 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264069&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00815.x The naturalistic fallacy is the erroneous belief that what is natural is morally acceptable. Two studies assessed whether people commit the naturalistic fallacy by testing whether genetic explanations for killing and male promiscuity, as compared to experiential explanations (i.e., learning/“nurture” explanations) increase acceptance of these behaviors. In Study 1, participants who read a genetic explanation for why people kill bugs viewed bug killing as more morally acceptable than participants who read an experiential explanation, although they did not reliably kill more bugs. In Study 2, men who read a genetic explanation for why men are more promiscuous than women reported decreased interest in long‐term romantic commitment compared with men who read experiential explanations and... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264069 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264068&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00816.x Social cynicism, a general belief about the malevolent nature of people and social institutions, shows a negative influence on many attitudes and behaviors, but little is known about the factors that give rise to this belief syndrome. We hypothesized and confirmed the role of low evaluation of societal conditions as an antecedent of social cynicism in a longitudinal study in 3 Chinese cities. Consistent with the person specificity argument, we found that low evaluation of societal conditions exerted little influence on distress, a self‐relevant outcome variable. Instead, work–family conflict, which reflects one's personal experiences, was found to be a significant antecedent of distress, but it exerted little influence on social cynicism, a worldview. Implications of the findings are d... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264068 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264068 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5264067&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00817.x This paper presents 2 online studies that were conducted on students' travel‐mode choice to determine the theoretical status of a script‐based habit construct. Study 1 (N = 3,755) showed that habits mediate the influence of 3 aspects of travel‐mode socialization: (a) frequency of parents' use of public transportation; (b) experiencing acquisition of driver's license as initiation to adulthood; and (c) multi‐mobility of peer group. Study 2 (N = 430) demonstrated in a cross‐lagged panel design that car choice habits are directly influenced only by past behavior and not by personal norms or perceived behavioral control. Taken together, both studies suggest that habits do include socialization influences, but that these influences must be mediated through the intermediate ste... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5264067 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5264067 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241460&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00866.x (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241460 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241459&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00803.x With the encouragement of marketing scholars, many companies are tying employee incentives to customer ratings of satisfaction, service quality, or employee performance. One potential drawback to these practices is that customers' evaluations of employees—and, therefore, any associated rewards—may be biased by employee race. This possibility was examined in a restaurant setting. We found that customers rated the promptness and attentiveness of same race servers more favorably than different race servers, but there were no differences for assessments of server friendliness or appearance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241459 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241459 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241458&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00806.x We tested the hypothesis that school “athletes” and “non‐athletes” differ in intentions to consume alcohol and get drunk, attitudes toward alcohol, and perceptions of subjective norms. We also investigated, using the theory of reasoned action, whether athletic involvement is a factor in predicting alcohol‐related intentions. Data were obtained from students in a stratified sample of schools in a major Welsh city. Male athletes were significantly more likely than male non‐athletes to intend to get drunk and to believe friends would approve of their alcohol consumption. For males, sporting involvement was a significant predictor of likelihood of getting drunk. In contrast, female athletes showed significantly more negative attitudes than did female non‐athletes toward drinkin... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241458 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241457&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00804.x This study examines the impact of social context and perception of weight on calories purchased by college students in a natural setting. Not only did women in mixed‐gender groups purchase fewer calories than did women in same‐gender groups, but significant interaction effects exist among the gender composition of groups, perception of being overweight, and gender of respondents. Men modified calories purchased across mixed‐gender and same‐gender groups, purchasing more when in mixed‐gender groups. The study helps address theoretical and methodological gaps in prior research and frames the findings in terms of variation of gender salience across social relational contexts. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241457 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241456&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00802.x According to social identity theory, when group status is threatened, highly committed group members respond with greater in‐group favoritism. However, some of the groups build their identities on negative self‐stereotypes. For such groups, status‐threatening information should lead their members to confirmation of the group's negative self‐image. Study 1 examined the effects of group‐directed threat in a group with a long tradition of negative self‐perception. The manipulation led participants to higher ratings of the out‐group, and reduced adherence to in‐group‐defending ideologies. Study 2 provided further support to our predictions: Participants holding negative self‐stereotypes reacted to group‐image threats with more positive feelings about out‐groups. Finding... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241456 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241455&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00807.x Despite their prominence in civil rights movements, out‐group allies have been understudied. The current research examined out‐group alliance, focusing on predictors of heterosexuals' advocacy for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights. Heterosexuals who were recruited through an online panel of research participants completed a survey containing measures of empathy, out‐group contact, gender, education, and attitudes toward gays and lesbians. Additionally, participants indicated whether they had engaged in several allied behaviors (e.g., donating money for LGBT causes). Women, educated individuals, and those with gay and lesbian friends were more likely to be allies. Additionally, alliance was greatest among individuals lower in prejudice and simultaneously higher in ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241455 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241455 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241453&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00811.x We investigated general confidence as a psychological buffer for coping with environmental uncertainty and threat. In Study 1, a new scale to measure general confidence was developed and cross‐validated with different samples. Study 2 examined general confidence as a moderator of the influence of environmental stress on individual strains. Two groups of participants were presented with photographs either of terrorist attacks or of neutral scenes. We found a significant interaction between presented scenes and general confidence. Study 3 examined the effect of general confidence on acceptance of mobile phone stations while controlling for relevant variables. The results showed good incremental validity for the General Confidence Scale over related personality and social psychological cons... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241453 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241452&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00812.x This study explored whether broad and narrow personality traits were associated with perceived lack of reciprocity (organizational and interpersonal levels), and whether personality moderated the relationship between reciprocity and emotional exhaustion, in a sample of 322 civil servants. Extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, internal locus of control, and Type A behavior predicted reciprocity. The relationship between perceived lack of reciprocity with the organization and emotional exhaustion was stronger for individuals reporting lower negative affect or higher extraversion. These findings highlight the importance of personality for understanding perceived reciprocity at work and its impact on emotional exhaustion. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241452 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241451&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00808.x We examined the perception of deserved outcomes associated with religious fundamentalism (RF). Interviews with videotaped targets varied in target's religiosity, responsibility, and outcome valence (good/bad). Participants either low (LF) or high (HF) on RF formulated an impression of how deserving a target was for a situational outcome. Participants low in RF held targets to be less deserving of a bad outcome than a good one; the HF group showed this to a lesser degree. HFs believed the target was more deserving of a bad outcome than did LFs, even when the target was not responsible for the outcome. Religious fundamentalism is related to attributing greater deservingness of bad outcomes, possibly because of a greater belief in a just world. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241451 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241450&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00810.x While research has shown that religious individuals are perceived as being more moral than the nonreligious, the present studies suggest that these findings are affected by in‐group bias. Participants low and high in religious fundamentalism (RF) were asked to form an impression of a target's moral and social dimensions. The target's religious identity was presented either explicitly (in Studies 1 and 2) or implicitly (Study 3). Participants high in RF consistently rated the religious target more favorably than the nonreligious target on both dimensions. In contrast, LF individuals' morality ratings did not differ as a function of target religiosity across all 3 studies. Our results suggest that future research exploring the religion–morality link must control for perceiver religiosity... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241450 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241449&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00809.x Do preventive‐behavior framing and outcomes of action framing moderate behavioral intention to stop smoking when health messages are illustrated by pictures? We manipulated arguments about preventive action (presence or absence), as well as arguments about the outcome of action (gain or loss), and the pictures that illustrated outcome action (healthy or unhealthy mouths). Behavioral intention was higher when pictures of unhealthy mouths were presented, regardless of framing, and when pictures of healthy mouths illustrated the presence of preventive action. Applications of this study on tobacco risk health campaigns based on text and pictures are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241449 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5241448&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00805.x This study attempts to fill this void by examining work–family conflict (WFC) as a potential consequence stemming from technology‐related pressure. Additionally, we examine negative affectivity, social stressors, and job control as moderators of the technology‐related pressure/WFC association. We investigated these relationships in a sample of 283 workers, all of whom complete the majority of their work on the computer. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5241448 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5241448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121760&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00796.x This study examined the impact of moral norms, self‐identity, and past behavior on intention to buy organic tomatoes and organic tomato sauce, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The questionnaire, which included measures of attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, moral norms, past behavior, and self‐identity was completed by approximately 500 people for each food. Multiple regressions showed that for both foods, moral norms and self‐identity added significantly to the prediction of intention over and above the other variables, even when the effect of past behavior was included. There was some evidence of past behavior moderating the self‐identity/intention relationship for processed organic tomato sauce, but not for fresh organic tomatoes. Implications of... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121760 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121760 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121759&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00797.x The present study examined the mediating role of perceived job characteristics on the relationship between procedural justice and turnover intentions. The results of a longitudinal field study (N = 82) indicate that the relationship between procedural justice and turnover intentions was partially mediated by perceived job characteristics. Additionally, it was found that the mediating effects remained significant, even when controlling for negative affectivity. The implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121759 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121759 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121758&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00798.x We tested the usefulness of the competence–contingency–control model to account for well‐being and job seeking in the unemployed. We surveyed 216 job seekers (M age = 35 years; M unemployment = 12.4 months) with measures of personal competency, beliefs about contingency relationships, job seeking, and well‐being. We hypothesized that control (i.e., competency and contingency) would be positively related to well‐being and job seeking, and that job seeking would be positively associated with well‐being and would mediate or moderate between control and well‐being. We found that control accounted for one third of the variance in well‐being, and was positively associated with job seeking (7% of variance). Job seeking did not mediate or moderate between control and well�... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121758 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121758 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121757&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00800.x This study examined the effect of self‐control on attentional bias among male heavy drinkers. To manipulate self‐control resources, an expression control task was used. Attentional bias was measured with a visual probe task. The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS; Anton, Moak, & Latham, 1996) assessed the urge to drink and persistent thoughts about alcohol. The results suggest that participants who scored relatively high on the OCDS showed more attentional bias after controlled emotional expression, compared to free emotional expression. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121757 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121757 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121756&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00799.x The stories of history tend to favor dominant groups. Two longitudinal studies indicated that ideologies negating historical injustice experienced by Māori (the indigenous peoples of New Zealand) predicted increased opposition toward social policies promoting material reparation among New Zealand European undergraduates. Historical negation was, in turn, predicted by right‐wing authoritarianism (Study 2). These findings suggest that the authoritarian motivation to protect the positive history of the in‐group causes New Zealand Europeans to actively position historical injustices performed by earlier colonial generations as irrelevant. Positioning history in this fashion has important consequences for the mobilization of political attitudes and, in particular, opposition toward social ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121756 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121756 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121770&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00792.x Support from an intimate partner predicts recovery in individuals who have survived a traumatic injury, but not all partners are willing or able to provide support. To account for support provision after a traumatic injury, both members of 58 young couples were interviewed shortly after one member experienced a traumatic injury. Characteristics of the situation, the support recipient, and the support provider accounted for unique variance in support provision. Specifically, partners of trauma survivors reported providing more support when the injury was more severe, they were more religious, and their partners were higher in neuroticism. Contrary to expectations, no relationship variables were significantly associated with support provision. Results highlight the need to examine predictors... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121770 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121769&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00790.x Exposure to digital media is reconfiguring the neural networks of young people, possibly at the expense of empathy and social skills. Extraverts with high self‐esteem and certain personality traits tend to initiate face‐to‐face (FtF) contact with strangers; introverts lower in self‐esteem use computer‐mediated communication (CMC). Those who are overreliant on CMC miss nonverbal cues indicating deception and insincerity. This research suggests that many who have been raised in the Internet Age may be ill suited for high‐trust professions involving the establishment of FtF relationships. Greater use of psychological tests and observations of applicants engaged in behaviors that reveal desired personality traits are in order. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121769 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121768&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00786.x This research examined the effects of the labels “fat” vs. “overweight” in the expression of weight bias, with the prediction that the label “fat” biases individuals to respond more negatively than does the label “overweight.” In Study 1, participants' attitudes toward people labeled as fat were less favorable than were their attitudes toward people labeled as overweight. In Studies 2 and 3, although participants chose similar‐sized figures to depict fat and overweight targets, weight stereotypes and weight attitudes were more negative toward people labeled as fat than those labeled as overweight. In addition, the endorsement of weight stereotypes mediated the biasing effect of the “fat” label on weight prejudice. Implications of this work for prejudice researchers an... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121768 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121767&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00787.x This study examines how emotional intelligence (EI), personality, and social problem‐solving skills were linked to depression and life dissatisfaction in 144 Chinese undergraduate students in Hong Kong. Factor analyses of questionnaire responses yielded 3 separate dimensions of depression (affective, somative, and cognitive). Structural equation modeling showed that EI (self‐emotions appraisal and use of emotion) was linked to somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression, after controlling for personality. Also, social problem solving was linked to psychological distress, and moderated its links with personality and EI. These results underscore the differences among the links between the components of EI and of psychological health, and support the possibility of promoting people's psy... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121767 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121766&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00788.x Consumers want more information about the food they consider buying. One way to provide such information is via food labeling, but not all label information can be used effectively. We tested how information on actual meat labels from a supermarket environment analysis was evaluated against a realistic new label when labels were seen separately vs. in a conjoint (simultaneous) presentation. Participants (M = 24 years; 49% women) evaluated how much money they would pay for identical meat products with different label information. Conjoint presentation of labels led to opposite product rankings compared to separate presentations in some conditions (preference‐reversal effect). We discuss the importance of food labels that provide transparent, evaluable information for supporting inform... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121766 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121765&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00789.x Affective forecasting in public transport was investigated in 2 studies. Study 1 revealed differences in satisfaction between users (n = 870) and non‐users (n = 137). Users were more satisfied than were non‐users with regard to reliability and safety, as well as with regard to overall satisfaction. It was also found that non‐users mispredicted their satisfaction with public transport. Study 2 revealed that habitual car users (n = 106) reported greater satisfaction after using public transport for 1 month than they had predicted initially, which provided additional support for the hypothesis that habitual car users would mispredict their satisfaction with public transport. Satisfaction with public transport also increased in comparison with a random sample of car users (n�... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121765 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121764&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00791.x This study analyzed the effects of playing a violent computer game on emotional desensitization and aggressive behavior. College students (N = 58) were randomly assigned to play a violent game (VG) or a nonviolent game (NVG), and then were exposed to a set of emotional pictures. Participants' physiological responses were recorded, and the Self‐Assessment Manikin scale was used to assess affective valence and arousal while viewing the pictures. Participants were then asked to replay the game, after which aggressive behavior was measured. Participants' violent game habits (VGH) were also measured. We found that VG playing interacted with participants' VGH to influence aggression, and that self‐reported valence mediated this effect by lowering the feelings of pleasure and displeasure ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121764 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121763&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00793.x This study addressed the impact of perceived familial and peer norms, gender, and intergroup anxiety on the relationship between the quality of inter‐ethnic contact and blatant and subtle ethnic attitudes of adolescents. With regard to the main focus of the study—the moderating effect of perceived norms—familial norms had a gender‐specific impact on the relationship between contact quality and subtle attitudes. Further, both familial and peer norms predicted the blatant and subtle attitudes of youth. Contact quantity had no effect, but contact quality had strong effects on both attitudes. Intergroup anxiety had direct and mediating effects on both kinds of attitudes. The results are discussed in relation to social‐contextual and developmental factors affecting the formation of et... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121763 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121762&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00794.x In 2 field studies (Ns = 71 and 113), we tested the prediction that in‐group identification would mediate the acquisition of group norms by new group members. Study 1 demonstrated that participants surveyed after a team‐development program reported greater awareness of in‐group norms of teamwork and cooperation, compared to those surveyed at the start. Moreover, there was evidence that this effect was mediated by increased in‐group identification. Study 2 replicated this finding, and showed that the effects were specific to the norm of teamwork. Acquisition of alternative norms of individualism and competitiveness did not increase after participation in the program, and did not correlate with identification. Practical implications and future work are discussed. (Source: Journal... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121762 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121761&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00795.x The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the role of self‐concordance and implementation planning on the progress made by university students in the pursuit of their academic and physical activity goals over a 1‐month period. A sample of 205 students completed measures of self‐concordance at Time 1, and implementation planning and goal progress at Time 2. Results of structural equation modeling analyses indicated that implementation planning partially mediated the relationship between self‐concordance and academic goal progress, and fully mediated this relationship for goals related to physical activity. The results attest to the importance of selecting goals that are congruent with the self and the use of planning strategies for the facilitation of goal progress in 2 l... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121761 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121761 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5121755&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00801.x The present research attempts to integrate behavioral and social science theories (e.g., theory of reasoned action, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model) in assessing the effect and sources of social support of persons in various stages of physical exercise. Using multinomial regression to analyze the data collected via interviews from a sample of over 1,500 working adults in Jamaica, strong statistical support was found for the role of social support in initiating and maintaining exercise. The importance of various providers depends on the individual's stage of behavioral change. Health workers, relatives, and friends are important during early stages; while friends and physical trainers are important during later stages. Other results, limitations, and suggestions for future r... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5121755 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5121755 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043664&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00780.x This research contributes to progress in comprehension of the construct of opportunism and defection through investigation of some personality correlates of opportunism. It reports the results of 3 studies that aim to explore the relationships between economic opportunism and autonomy, agreeableness, and well‐being. The first 2 studies (Ns = 193 and 169) examined the correlation between opportunistic propensity, as measured by an economic opportunism scale with measures of autonomy, control, impersonal orientation, Big Five, and psychological well‐being. Consistent with predictions, opportunism was positively correlated with control and impersonal orientations; and negatively correlated with autonomy, agreeableness, and psychological well‐being. Study 3 (N = 61) showed that t... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043664 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043663&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00781.x Though research has demonstrated that media coverage of men and women politicians differ, fewer studies have examined the dual influence of gender stereotypes and types of media coverage in influencing public perceptions of women politicians. Study 1 (N = 329) examined how pre‐existing attitudes toward women leaders and valence of media message impacted perceptions of a woman senator and evaluations of the media source. Study 2 (N = 246) explored how media focus on a woman politician's personality or ability impacted perceptions of her warmth/likability and competence. Results suggest the media has particular influence on judgments of women politicians' likability (the “competent but cold” effect), providing evidence that women politicians need to be vigilant in monitoring th... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043663 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043662&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00782.x The present research examined whether different types of educative expert testimony can increase mock jurors' knowledge of problems associated with hearsay witnesses and decrease guilty verdicts. Studies 1 (N = 304 college students) and 2 (N = 196 college students) varied the length and types of expert testimony in a trial transcript. While all types of expert testimony did inform mock jurors' knowledge, guilty verdicts decreased when multiple problems with hearsay were presented. The length of the testimony had no effect on verdict. The results suggest that experts who present multiple problems with hearsay testimony are more likely to impact guilty decisions than is no expert or an expert who presents only one problem. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043662 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043661&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00783.x To assess the impact of televised, competitive, dangerous automobile racing (NASCAR) mass media on viewers' driving behaviors, all automobile accidents and injuries as a result of aggressive driving on file at the West Virginia Division of Highways for the years 2003 through 2006 were subjected to a regression analysis controlling for confounding variables, such as weather and road conditions. While the number of accidents declined on the day of the televised events, the number of accidents and injuries increased 5 days following the events. A priming theory of mass‐media influence is discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043661 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043660&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00784.x College students frequently encounter prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes, but there is no research on effective teacher responses to classroom bias. Three studies examined students' perceptions of teacher responses to bias in the classroom. Study 1 experimentally manipulated the level of bias expressed and the teacher's response. Students perceived responding to bias as more effective than ignoring bias. Study 2 demonstrated that students perceive differences in the intensity of common responses to bias. Study 3 manipulated if bias occurred publicly or privately and if the target of bias was present or not, and students evaluated teacher responses of differing intensity for their effectiveness in achieving specific goals. The results provide evidence for the efficacy of matching re... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043660 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5043659&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00785.x This study examines the relationship between individuals' financial reality and alienation—a psychological state that negatively affects employee performance. Using hierarchical regression to analyze 311 questionnaires completed by full‐time employees, income‐related variables were found to explain a substantial part of the variance in alienation. A negative relationship between income and alienation was identified, but was moderated by the value that individuals attributed to money and was related to pay satisfaction. Pay composition had an independent effect on alienation: Higher control over amount of income and a recent increase in income were related to lower levels of alienation beyond the effect of income level. Potential practices to reduce alienation include spreading wage i... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5043659 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5043659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013189&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00772.x The relationship between self‐reported gossip, evaluative conversation about other people, and the self was examined with 243 university students completing questionnaires measuring gossip from 2 theoretical viewpoints: as an individual‐difference characteristic, or as having social functions. The self was examined using several perspectives: self‐concept clarity, self‐efficacy, locus of control, and self‐monitoring. Using structural equation modeling, gossip was related to external locus of control, high‐self‐monitoring, low self‐concept clarity, and low self‐efficacy. The final model is that high self‐monitoring and locus of control mediate the relationship between self‐clarity/efficacy and gossip. The study demonstrates the important role of self‐monitoring and l... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013189 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013188&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00773.x Organizational identification has traditionally been associated with positive organizational outcomes, whereas negative affectivity (NA) has most often been associated with negative individual outcomes. We hypothesize that organizational identification will positively influence self‐reported performance for individuals high in NA. Conversely, individuals low in NA will not experience feelings of enhanced performance as organizational identification increases. The findings from 2 samples provided support for the research hypothesis; specifically, the personality factor of NA moderated the organizational‐identification/self‐reported performance relationship. We discuss our findings in light of important implications for the positive psychology movement and practicing managers. (Source:... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013188 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013187&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00779.x Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of implausible anchors on initial salary offers. Participants provided a salary offer to a candidate after receiving a relevant anchor and an implausible anchor. The results of Study 1 indicated that a high implausible anchor influenced salary offers, even in the presence of the relevant anchor. Study 2 examined whether a more extreme implausible anchor would also affect salary offers. The results indicated that both the high anchor and the extremely high anchor led to higher salary offers than did the control condition. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013187 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013186&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00769.x The present study examined responses to romantic breakup as a function of relationship contingency of self‐worth (CSW)—the degree to which individuals base self‐worth on being in a romantic relationship. Relationship CSW was hypothesized to be a vulnerability factor, exacerbating affective and behavioral responses to romantic relationship dissolution. Results of structural equation modeling (N = 312) revealed that among participants who reported a breakup over the past year, those who more strongly based self‐worth on being in a relationship reported greater emotional distress and obsessive pursuit of their ex‐partners than did those with lower relationship CSW. Specifically, emotional distress partially mediated the link between relationship CSW and obsessive pursuit. Implic... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013186 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013185&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00774.x This paper reports 2 studies of the own‐anchor effect (i.e., assimilation in age, height, and weight estimates) in same‐ and cross‐gender age, height, and weight estimates. The own‐anchor effect is believed to be stronger for same‐gender estimates, but the investigation reported here is the first to test this hypothesis with participants and target persons of both genders. Several own‐anchor effects were found in females' same‐ and cross‐gender estimates, whereas males only showed own‐anchor effects in same‐gender estimates. These results lean toward the possibility that women assimilate across gender, whereas men do not. Explanations of these results with reference to Krueger's (Krueger & Zeiger, 1993; Robbins & Krueger, 2005) theory of social projection and th... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013185 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013184&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00778.x In this study, we examined the impact of seeding teams to create maximal and minimal levels of extroversion and conscientiousness variance. Using the theories of complementary and supplementary fit, we make predictions regarding the main and interactive effects of extroversion and conscientiousness variance on performance. Testing our hypotheses in a longitudinal study of MBA teams, our results demonstrate that the combination of minimizing conscientiousness variance (consistent with complementary fit) and maximizing extroversion variance (consistent with supplementary fit) produced the highest levels of short‐term and long‐term performance. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013184 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013184 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013183&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00771.x The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001, was an act of terrorism that had many potential influences on the city and state, including influences on families. We analyzed divorce data from 1991 to 2005 for all 62 New York counties to assess divorce response to the attack on the WTC. The results suggested that there were lower observed divorce rates in New York following the attack on the WTC than the prevailing 10‐year cubic divorce trend would have predicted. We also compared counties in and around New York City to those farther away, and we compared metropolitan to nonmetropolitan counties in New York. In metropolitan counties, divorces were lower in the predicted direction. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013183 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013183 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013182&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00777.x The current study incorporates predictions from socioemotional selectivity theory to evaluate the role of future time perspective in moderating the effects of work–family and family–work conflict on continuance and affective commitment. Results derived from a sample of managers (n = 251) supported the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, when work interfered with family, employees who had a more shallow future time perspective experienced lower continuance commitment. Further, those with a deep future time perspective experienced lower affective commitment than did employees with a more shallow future time perspective in situations in which family interfered with work. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013182 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013182 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013181&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00770.x We report the results of 3 studies used for item generation and analyses and exploratory factor structure analysis (Study 1), confirmatory factor structure analyses (Studies 1, 2, and 3), and construct validity (Study 3). Collectively, these studies illustrate the psychometric properties of a new measure of identity that is multidimensional and adaptable to various identity bases (i.e., organizational, family, social). Based on exploratory and confirmatory studies, our measure demonstrates the same factor structure for organization‐based identity and social‐based identity and a similar factor structure for family‐based identity. Convergent and discriminant validity are demonstrated. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013181 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013181 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013180&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00776.x In this field study (n = 514), we examined the relationships among interpersonal trust, interpersonal emotion, cooperation, and the characteristics of both the trustor and trustee at work. We found that interpersonal trust and interpersonal emotion were positively related to willingness to cooperate among members working in teams. We also found that interpersonal emotion was positively related to interpersonal trust. Interpersonal trust and interpersonal emotion, in turn, were predicted by 3 trustee characteristics: ability, benevolence, and integrity. Together, interpersonal trust, interpersonal emotion, and trustee characteristics accounted for 70% of the variance in willingness to cooperate among the team members. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013180 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5013179&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00775.x Political tolerance for extremist groups often involves a conflict between the competing values of freedom of speech and public order and safety. In 2 experiments, we investigated the role of these values in tolerance for a political rally by right‐wing extremists and Islamic fundamentalists. The combination of individual differences in value priorities and written media framing was examined. Participants who valued order and safety expressed higher tolerance when the rally was framed as a free‐speech issue. Participants who valued freedom of speech showed higher tolerance when this value was either reinforced or contradicted by the media framing. In addition, concerns about a safe and secure society only predicted tolerance for Islamic fundamentalists. (Source: Journal of Applied Soci... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5013179 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5013179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963833&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00766.x (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963833 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963832&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00757.x Students' perceptions of lesbian and gay professors were examined in 2 studies (Ns = 622 and 545). An ethnically diverse sample of undergraduates read and responded to a syllabus for a proposed Psychology of Human Sexuality course. Syllabuses varied according to the political ideology, carefulness, sexual orientation, and gender of the professor. Students rated professors on dimensions such as political bias, professional competence, and warmth. Lesbian and gay professors were rated as having a political agenda, compared to heterosexual professors with the same syllabus. Student responses differed according to their homonegativity and modern homonegativity scores. The findings from these studies suggest that students may use different criteria to evaluate lesbian, gay, and heterosexual... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963832 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963831&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00758.x Situations in which the formulation of a target request is preceded by another request are a frequent field of research for social psychologists. So far, however, increased compliance with the target request has been found in conditions in which the initial request was either easier than the target request and was fulfilled (i.e., foot‐in‐the‐door technique) or more difficult and was rejected (i.e., door‐in‐the‐face technique). In the series of 3 field studies presented in this article, it is shown that increased compliance with the final request can also be observed when the initial request has more or less the same degree of difficulty as the final request. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963831 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963830&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00760.x Both ongoing practice and the theory of interaction ritual chains imply the significance of the contribution that ritual makes to group solidarity, such as national identification. This contribution is in need of empirical examination as in this study, which surveyed 1,788 schoolchildren in Hong Kong, a special administrative region of China. The results show that, controlling for earlier national identification behavior (within the previous year) and other predictors, ritualized interaction in an activity for national cause (within the previous 6 months) manifested both linear and quadratic positive effects on current national identification sentiment. The effect was stronger for children who previously displayed lower national identification behavior. These results favor the use of ritua... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963830 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963829&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00764.x We examined the relationships of role clarity and organization‐based self‐esteem with 4 dimensions of commitment to supervisors and organizations (affective, normative, perceived high sacrifice, perceived lack of alternatives) and turnover intentions. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesized 8‐factor model of commitment. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that role clarity was positively related to affective, normative, and perceived high sacrifice supervisory commitment; while it was not related to organizational commitments. Organization‐based self‐esteem was positively associated with affective commitment to organizations and supervisors; it was also negatively associated with the lack of alternatives component of supervisory and organizational commi... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963829 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963828&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00767.x Extending previous research regarding the relationship between leader positive moods and team performance, the present study examined 2 mediating mechanisms that explain the leader positive moods–team performance linkage: transformational leadership, and positive group affective tone. Data were collected from 85 sales teams (85 team leaders, 365 team members). Structural equation modeling analyses were performed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that leader positive moods not only directly enhanced team performance, but also indirectly led to improved team performance through the explicit mediating process (i.e., transformational leadership) and the implicit mediating process (i.e., positive group affective tone). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (Source: Jo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963828 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963827&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00759.x This study examined the influence of medical authoritarianism (MA) on physicians' treatment decisions and attitudes regarding chronic pain among a randomly selected sample of primary care physicians (N = 382) who responded to a mail survey. As hypothesized, high‐MA physicians had more negative attitudes toward chronic pain patients, greater concerns about prescription drug abuse, and more negative attitudes toward the use of opioids to treat chronic pain than did low‐MA physicians. Despite these negative attitudes, high‐MA physicians were more likely than were low‐MA physicians to recommend the aggressive use of opioids. The results point to the complex relationship between MA and physician attitudes and decisions, and provide insights into how political ideology might influenc... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963827 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963826&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00768.x This study examined whether display rules operationalized as process accountability (being held accountable for the quality of emotional displays during social interactions) and as outcome accountability (being held responsible for producing desired outcomes in others) would affect participants' emotional labor. In a simulated job interview, process accountability increased emotional labor; this occurred only in the absence of outcome accountability. The findings imply that display rules that encourage attention to sustaining quality interactions are likely to be more successful in achieving organizational goals than are rules that focus directly on producing predetermined outcomes. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963826 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963825&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00765.x McCutcheon, Lange, & Houran (2002) proposed the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) to identify celebrity worshipers, useful for identifying individuals who are overly absorbed or addicted to their interest in a celebrity. Problematic is the absence of a conceptual definition for celebrity worshiper and how this term relates to use of the term fan. Currently, these terms are most often used as if they were synonyms (Haspel, 2006; Maltby, Day, McCutcheon, Gillett et al., 2004; McCutcheon, Lange, & Houran, 2002). Sampled groups of serious fans contained many individuals who met none of the criteria for celebrity worship, as identified by the CAS. The use of celebrity worshiper as a synonym for fan appears to be conceptually flawed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963825 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963824&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00762.x This study explored the mediating role of stereotypes and evaluations in the relationships between intergroup conflict, social contact, and behavioral intentions to engage in intergroup contact. The hypotheses, derived from realistic group conflict theory and intergroup contact theory, were tested on samples of Arab and Jewish high school students in the context of an ethno‐racial intergroup conflict. As hypothesized, the less participants perceived a conflict between the groups, and the greater their past contact with out‐group members, the more they were willing to engage in intergroup contact. Moreover, stereotypes and evaluations mediated these effects in the Jewish sample. The implications of these findings for the study of the mechanisms underlying prejudice are discussed. (Sourc... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963824 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963823&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00761.x Three studies tested relations between self‐related constructs and approach and avoidance achievement goals in a health‐related physical activity context. Physical self‐concept was hypothesized to be positively related, and social physique anxiety to be negatively related, to approach goals in physical activity. Achievement goals were also expected to mediate relations between the self‐related constructs and behavior. Structural equation models supported the hypothesized pattern of effects in a physical activity context (Study 1). The model for physical activity was invariant across collectivistic and individualistic cultures (Study 2). Relations between physical self‐concept, social physique anxiety, and achievement goals were stronger among regular gym and fitness center users ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963823 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4963822&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00763.x We propose that role conflict and role ambiguity act as stressors to increase burnout. Personality, however, serves as a resource that moderates the negative effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on burnout. To test these hypotheses, we used a sample of 263 faculty members at a large state university. Stepwise regression shows that role conflict increased emotional exhaustion, while extraversion and emotional stability reduced emotional exhaustion. Role conflict increased depersonalization, while agreeableness decreased depersonalization. Role ambiguity reduced personal accomplishments, while agreeableness and emotional stability increased personal accomplishments. Role conflict combined with extraversion, and role ambiguity combined with conscientiousness to increase personal accomp... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4963822 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4963822 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835499&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00756.x This investigation is a preliminary examination of sexual orientation as a social vulnerability for experiencing HIV‐/AIDS‐related stigma, specifically concerns about disclosure and public attitudes. Participants were 36 heterosexual men and 82 gay men with HIV/AIDS. Consistent with predictions, a heterosexual sexual orientation was significantly associated with HIV/AIDS disclosure concerns. This effect was evident after controlling for various demographic variables, CD4 T‐cell count, time since HIV diagnosis, self‐esteem, and coping styles. Also as predicted, similar levels of enacted stigma were evident, regardless of sexual orientation. Further work is needed to understand the process of HIV/AIDS disclosure for heterosexual men with this illness and to differentiate the experien... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835499 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835498&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00755.x This study was designed to examine the extent to which masculine gender‐role stress, sexual prejudice, and antigay anger collectively facilitate antigay aggression. Participants were 135 heterosexual men who completed a structured interview assessing masculine gender‐role stress, sexual prejudice, anger in response to a vignette depicting a non‐erotic male–male intimate relationship (i.e., partners holding hands, kissing), and past perpetration of antigay aggression. The results indicate that the association between masculine gender‐role stress and antigay aggression is partially mediated by antigay anger among sexually prejudiced men. These findings contribute to theoretical understanding of antigay aggression. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed. (So... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835498 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835497&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00754.x This study extended past research and investigated how post‐apology behavioral consistency influences subsequent forgiveness in an organizational setting. Using a sample of 326 working adults, we confirmed that post‐apology behavioral consistency is an important boundary condition of the effectiveness of apology in eliciting forgiveness. Despite having received an apology, the victim's intention to forgive would be low if the perpetrator displayed behaviors inconsistent with the apology made, but would be reinforced by the offending colleague's behaving in accordance with the apology. People who have initially forgiven their colleagues are less susceptible to influences by subsequent post‐apology behavioral inconsistency, although trust continues to be harmed by repeat violations. (S... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835497 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835496&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00753.x Research addressing customer satisfaction has not been conducted within an integrated framework. Two approaches have been developed separately with different levels of construct and analysis: organizational behavior and consumer behavior. Our research study provides an initial step in developing integrative strategies with the joint consideration of service climate and disconfirmation of expectations. We link these 2 concepts to customer satisfaction with services, using a cross‐level approach. Data from 105 work units and 1,033 customers confirmed the existence of a dual corridor of relationships, with independent and significant links from disconfirmation and service climate to customer satisfaction. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. (Source: Journal of Appli... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835496 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835495&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00752.x People generally evaluate their own attributes and abilities more favorably than those of an average peer. The current study explored whether age moderates this better‐than‐average effect. We asked young (n = 87), middle‐aged (n = 75), and older adults (n = 77) to evaluate themselves and an average peer on a variety of trait and ability dimensions. On most dimensions, a better‐than‐average effect was observed for young, middle‐aged, and older adults. However, on dimensions for which older individuals have clear deficiencies (i.e., athleticism, physical attractiveness), a better‐than‐average effect was observed for young and middle‐aged adults, while a worse‐than‐average effect was observed for older adults. We argue that egocentrism accounts for these age ... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835495 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835494&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00751.x Two studies examined the link between intergroup discrimination involving negative outcomes (i.e., removal of positive resources and allocation of noxious resources), global self‐esteem (GSE), and collective self‐esteem (CSE). Study 1 found that New Zealanders who took away more positive resources from out‐group than in‐group members experienced enhanced CSE, but not GSE. These findings were replicated in Study 2, with respect to the allocation of noxious resources (i.e., white noise). New Zealanders' GSE and CSE assessed prior to the allocation of noxious resources were unrelated to the subsequent allocation of white noise. The data are interpreted to indicate that intergroup discrimination involving negative outcomes leads to enhanced CSE. However, neither GSE nor CSE predict suc... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835494 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835493&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00750.x The present study examined relationships between leaders' emotional intelligence (EI) and subordinates' emotion and work attitudes and between leaders' and subordinates' EI and work outcomes. School directors and educators completed measures of EI, affect at work, job satisfaction, and burnout. A series of multilevel analyses found that leaders' use of emotion was positively related to subordinates' work emotionality and attitudes, whereas leaders' emotion regulation and self‐emotion appraisal were negatively related to subordinates' emotion and work attitudes. Leaders' and subordinates' own EI was positively related to their own work emotionality and job satisfaction. These findings support a social interactionist perspective on emotions at work and a multilevel understanding of the eff... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835493 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835492&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00749.x The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between reward and altruism. It was hypothesized that the altruistic behavior of someone who has been asked for help will occur only after the person asking for help has been evaluated. As a result, if the situation of a person asking for help is perceived as less fortunate, help will be given even if no proportional award is received in return, according to a principle based on need that makes people feel they should help the needy. Results show that when the participants received an unfair award, they tended to offer much bigger donations only in the condition in which the other was perceived as less fortunate. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835492 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835491&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00748.x We argue that perceptions of organizational support and obstruction will have unique implications for employees' cognitive association and disassociation with their employers. As expected, the results of 2 studies support the hypothesis that perceived organizational support is positively related to an overlap in individual and organizational identities (i.e., organizational identification). Further, perceptions of organizational obstruction predict cognitive separation in individual and organizational identities (i.e., disidentification, ambivalent identification, and neutral identification). Implications for research and practice are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835491 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835490&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00747.x This study examined young (n = 40) and middle‐aged (n = 30) adults' susceptibility to comparative optimism and comparative pessimism regarding disability in old age and their willingness to save for long‐term care. Participants rated their risk of diverse levels of disability in old age, compared to another similar person, and indicated the amount of money they would be willing to save for future long‐term care. While middle‐aged participants showed the same level of comparative optimism for diverse disability levels, younger participants showed increasing levels of comparative optimism with increasing disability. Participants' comparative optimism levels and age both predicted their intentions to save. The findings are discussed in terms of theories of judgment and behavio... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835490 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835489&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00746.x This study examined employee perceptions of a variety of workplace violence acts and different perpetrators at a large, public university in the midwestern United States. The results indicate that employees perceive various types of workplace violence acts and different perpetrators in a variety of ways. Based on these findings, recommendations on how to improve awareness are suggested. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835489 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4835488&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00745.x By integrating work‐engagement theory with conflict framework, this paper presents a model to demonstrate how 2 types of conflict (task and relationship conflict) affect employees' knowledge sharing through 3 psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced safety, experienced availability) and work engagement. Employees (N = 139) in 2 software development companies in China responded to a survey. The results show that task conflict improved 2 psychological states (experienced safety, experienced availability) and work engagement, which, in turn, increased knowledge sharing. Relationship conflict deteriorated the 3 psychological states and work engagement, which, in turn, affected knowledge sharing. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed. (S... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4835488 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4835488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728482&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00744.x This study examined the relationships among cooperative experiences, social interdependence predispositions, harm‐intended aggression, victimization, and prosocial behaviors with 217 elementary school children from 3rd to 5th grade. Path analysis using LISREL indicates that cooperative experiences predicted cooperative predispositions, the absence of individualistic predispositions, and prosocial behaviors. Cooperative predisposition predicted prosocial behaviors and the absence of harm‐intended aggression. Competitive predisposition predicted harm‐intended aggression. These findings validate social interdependence theory and partially support theories related to social dominance. Providing frequent cooperative learning experiences may be an important tool to increase students' coope... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728482 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728481&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00743.x A study by Howard (1990) proposed a compliance technique built on a social routine. We tested a technique based on an alternative routine. Our hypothesis was that asking people about their availability before making a request would result in increased compliance. A group of 1,791 participants were asked to answer a questionnaire by phone for a consumer survey. The results showed that compliance rates were higher when the requester inquired about respondents' availability and waited for a response than when he pursued his set speech without waiting and inquiring about respondents' availability. The results are discussed based on 2 complementary consistency mechanisms (Aune & Basil, 1994; Tedeschi, Schlenker, & Bonoma, 1971). (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728481 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728480&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00742.x There has been little research focus to date on individual level reactions to corporate citizenship. Our study attempted to understand better how corporate citizenship affects job behaviors and employee feelings by examining a hypothesized positive effect of perceived corporate citizenship (PCC) on 3 dependent variables: work‐role definitions, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational identification. Additionally, the personal value of other‐regarding value orientation was hypothesized to interact with PCC. The findings supported 4 of 6 hypotheses. We consider theoretical and practical implications of how corporate citizenship impacts employees. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728480 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728479&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00741.x We conducted 2 Web‐based survey studies to examine factors associated with the incidence of workplace romance. In Study 1, results based on data collected from 197 employees indicate that their degrees of perceived workplace sexualization and task interdependence were related to their observations of workplace romance. In addition, employees were most likely to report participating in a workplace romance when workplace sexualization and male–female social contact were high. In Study 2, results based on data collected from 80 employees indicate that their degrees of perceived workplace sexualization was related to their observations of workplace romance. Taken together, the results of the 2 studies suggest that work context is associated with the incidence of workplace romance. (Source:... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728479 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728478&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00740.x We present a model that explains such support in terms of 2 underlying components: (a) support for violating general principles of human rights (SVHRG); and (b) lack of trust toward the specific out‐group. This model was successful (R2 = .47) in predicting Jewish‐Israeli support for violating human rights of Palestinians (SVHRP). Structural equation modeling indicated that, consistent with our hypotheses, SVHRG and distrust of Palestinians each significantly contributed to predicting SVHRP; and contact with Palestinians and religiosity each significantly contributed to predicting trust in Palestinians, with more contact predicting higher trust and more religiosity predicting lower trust. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728478 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728477&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00739.x Stereotype threat theory posits an explanation for cognitive underperformance in groups based on social stereotypes. When stereotypes are negatively related to a cognitive task, awareness of this relationship leads to decreased performance on that task; however, this underperformance can be reduced by actively dismissing the stereotype or disguising the nature of the task. This meta‐analysis examined the effects of stereotype threat nullification among African Americans and Hispanic Americans. There was a moderate improvement in scores for both African American and Hispanic Americans' performance when stereotype threat was nullified (d = 0.52). However, there were no differences between African Americans and Hispanic Americans or between the experimental methods used to create stereo... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728477 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728476&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00738.x Helping behavior can affect the power dynamics between social groups (Nadler, 2002). The present research investigated whether helping also affects one's views of those power dynamics, as indexed by social dominance orientation (SDO) scores (Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994). College students in an introductory psychology course were randomly assigned to a helping (service learning) group or a control group. Students in the helping group participated in 18 hr of community service over 9 weeks, and showed a significant decrease in SDO, compared to the control group. Empathy mediated the relationship between helping and SDO. The pedagogical implications of service learning are also discussed, as are the potential moderating roles of helping type and contact. (Source: Journal... Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728476 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4728475&cid=s_27198_36_f&fid=27198&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1559-1816.2011.00737.x We explored students' beliefs about what should be important in determining an employee's pay. Ratings of 12 different work input items fell into 4 factors reflecting different methods of status attainment: 3 were achievement‐related and 1 was ascriptive. Overall, participants reported that the 3 achievement‐related factors should be more important in pay decisions than the ascriptive factor, but the precise amount of importance assigned to each factor differed by gender. Women said more importance should go to the 3 achieved status factors, and men said more should go to the ascribed status factor. We use system justification theory to explain that the system in which unequal distribution of pay occurs is justified through status beliefs. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology) Journal of Applied Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4728475 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4728475